Idea Transcript
Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654
Development of Equations for Estimating Energy Requirements in Processing Local Alcoholic Beverage (Burukutu) In Nigeria Ibrahim, J. Sunday1, Ierve, I.Aondover2 1
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Nigeria Works and Housing Department, Buruku Local Government Council, Benue State, Nigeria.
2
ABSTRACT Determination of the energy consumption in the processing of local alcoholic beverage, burukutu in selected commercially viable six (6) local government areas in Benue state of Nigeria was conducted. Eighteen cases were randomly investigated within these locations. Mathematical expression was developed to evaluate the energy requirement for each of the seven (7) readily defined unit operations, namely steeping (St), grinding (Gr), washing (W), mashing (M), filtering (Fl), boiling (B) and re-filtering (Re-Fl). The equations were exploited to compute energy expenditure in the production using measured input data. Empirical equation was developed for each unit operation to relate energy requirement to red sorghum input in kg. The application test of the equations indicated that about 3122.90MJ was averagely needed to process about 150 kg of red sorghum in each location while energy requirement for each unit operation in each location was also estimated. Results showed no significant difference at 95% confidence level of the energy requirements for the 18 cases studied with respect to the identified unit process of production.
Keywords: Beverage, burukutu, development, energy equation, requirement, empirical.
I.
Introduction
Energy audit is an important management tool required for economic utilization of energy resources in any manufacturing outfit. Inefficient energy utilization could lead to huge economic losses and energy is one of the most critical input resources in the manufacturing industry. Energy cost outweighs the cost of other resources such as raw materials, personnel, depreciation and maintenance. Excessive energy consumption adds to the cost of goods produced especially in energy intensive industries. Energy produced by crude oil has over the past five years contributed average of 13.5% of Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), representing the highest contributor after crop production. Consequently, energy in Nigeria serves not only as a tradable commodity for earning of national income, but also as an input to the production of all goods and services as well as an instrument for politics, security and diplomacy.
The major energy issues in Nigeria include inefficient energy utilization and environmental concerns. Therefore, there is a need to understand the mechanisms which degrade the quality of energy and energy systems. Burukutu production relies on energy to carry out the desired operations and obtain high processing efficiencies. Energy is primarily invested in Buruku production in various forms such as mechanical (human-labour), chemical (fossil fuel) and heat (wood fuel). The amount of energy used is significantly high in order to meet the demand for the expanding population, especially with the present high cost of factory manufactured beer. In Nigeria, Burukutu is consumed in various festivals and ceremonies (marriage, birth, dowry and so on) and constitute a source of economic return for the women producers. The raw materials used in manufacturing the drink are produced in the tropical regions of Africa particularly in the Northern Guinea savanna areas of Nigeria [1, 2]. Currently the production of this local beer is increasing because of the high cost of factory beer as compared to the local alcoholic beverage, NGN300.00 to NGN40.00 (2 to 0.27 USD) respectively yet giving the same effect. This Burukutu has come to provide a lot of women with jobs, especially those living in rural and semi-urban areas. The annual growth rate in women employment in this enterprise is about 8 percent, while young girls and older women are keen on learning the trade. Many young girls learn it when helping their mothers in the local enterprise. Most Women in the business confirmed that the business is lucrative [3]. Burukutu is an alcoholic beverage drink that contains ethanol (commonly called alcohol). Alcoholic beverages are divided into three (3) general classes: beers, wines and spirits. Alcoholic beverages that have lower alcohol content (beer and wine) are produced by fermentation of sugar- or starchcontaining plant materials. Beverages of higher alcohol content (spirits) are produced by fermentation followed by distillation. The major local alcoholic beverages produced in Nigeria are Burukutu, palmwine, pito, and Ogogoro. Burukutu beer is a traditional cereal-based fermented beverage. Cereals are important in many parts of the world as food sources, and starches from them differ in physicochemical properties and molecular structures
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Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654 [5]. A majority of African traditional cereal-based food as shown in Table 1 are mainly processed by fermentation. Millet and sorghum are important TABLE 1: FERMENTED CEREAL BASED FOODS Cereal Food Class Sorghum Burukutu Alcoholic beverage
cereal crops grown in Nigeria. The main chemical component of millet and sorghum grain is starch.
Location Northern part of Nigeria, Ghana
Pito Alcoholic beverage Mid-western part of Nigeria Obiolor Non-alcoholic beverage Igala in Nigeria Ogi Gruel Nigeria Bogobe Sorghum porridge Botswana Kisra Sorghum bread Sudan Injera Sorghum bread Ethiopia Merrisa Alcoholic drink Sudan Ogi Gruel Maize Kenkey Solid/dough Nigeria Burukutu* Alcoholic beverage Northern part of Nigeria Millet Kunu-Zaki Non-alcoholic beverage Bouza Alcoholic beverage Egypt and some Wheat Kishk Hamma Arabian countries Barley Beer Alcoholic drink Nigeria Source: Mbajuika et al., (2010) Burukutu production as practiced in the middle belt The basic characteristics of Burukutu region of Nigeria with specific study area of Benue include a sour taste due to the presence of lactic State. acid, a pH of 3.3 to 3.5 and an opaque colour Grain millet and sorghum because of suspended solids and yeast. It contains vitamins, iron, manganese, magnesium, potassium and calcium and also contains about 26.7g of starch Soak with water overnight and 5.9g of protein per liter [7, 8]. The local beverage is known as Techoukoutou in Benin or Malt (germinate) for 4days Togo, Dolo in Burkina-Faso, Pito in Ghana, Burukutu or Otika in Nigeria, Bilibili in Tchad, Mtama in Tanzania, Kigage in Rwanda [9, 10, 12, Sun-dry the malt and14]. The manufacturing processes are very Grind the sun-dried malt variable and dependent on the geographical location. Generally the production process of cereals involves, malting, steeping, germination, Mashing ( with warm water, and adjunct) milling, mashing, boiling, fermentation and maturation [15]. Figure 1 presents the flow sheet Sieving for traditional production of Burukutu. Boil mash In traditional Burukutu production, the three stone open fire is used to boil the mash, with fuel wood Innoculate with old brew of Burukutu (or pure (from biomass energy). In view of the huge amount culture of yeast in case of modified method) of wood fuel required in most cottage industries in Nigeria, the increasing energy demand coupled Ferment for 48 hrs (2 days) at room with the finite energy resources, the rising cost of temperature fossil fuel, deforestation and its attendant environmental impacts necessitate an understanding into energy requirements of Boil to stop fermentation Burukutu production industry. Allow to mature for two days There is therefore no known report of any work in the literature on the energy requirement in Burukutu production in Nigeria or elsewhere in the Burukutu world. Figure 1: Flow Sheet for the Traditional The aim of this study is to develop an Production of Burukutu, from sorghum grains energy use equation which can assess energy (red varieties) requirements of all processing operations in
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Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654 II.
(Tse-Kucha, Gboko 1, Gboko 2); Makurdi (North bank, Wurukum 1, Wurukum 2); Katsina-Ala (Katssina-Ala 1, Katsina-Ala 2, Katsina-Ala3); Oju (Oju 1, Oju 2, Oju3); Vandeikya (Vandeikya 1, Vandeikya 2, Vandeikya 3). Burukutu beer was prepared by the skilled producers in each of these 18 sites. The process raw materials input for different sites are presented in Table 2.
Study Area and Burukutu Production
The study was carried out in Benue state in the middle belt region of Nigeria which is one of the major producers of Burukutu beer in Nigeria. Six local governments (locations) were selected randomly for the study. Each local government was made up of three randomly selected case areas (sites) of Burukutu processing industries. A total of eighteen sites were used for the study which were Buruku (Abwa, Tyowanye 1, Tyowanye 2); Gboko
TABLE 2: RAW MATERIALS (RED SORGHUM) INPUT FOR DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF STUDY Locations Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Raw Material Input (Kg) Raw Material Input Raw Material Input (Kg) (Kg) Location 1 125 150 150 Buruku Location 2 150 150 290 Gboko Location 3 110 250 100 Makurdi Location 4 100 125 250 Katsina-Ala Location 5 Oju Location 6 Vandeikya
160
95
120
165
285
115
the energy input is a function of the technology employed as well as the quantity of burukutu being At each stage of unit operation, some level of processed. To compute these energy demands, energy input was required in the form of manual, quantitative data on operating conditions for each thermal and fossil fuels. The type and magnitude of unit operation were measured (Table 3). TABLE 3: MEASURED PARAMETERS IN EVALUATING ENERGY INPUT DATA S/No. Operations Required parameters 1 Steeping Time taken for steeping (h) Number of persons hundred in steeping (N) 2 Washing Time taken for washing (h) Number of persons involved in washing (N) 3 Grinding Time taken for grinding (h) Number of persons involved (N) Quantity of fuel used for grinding (L) 4 Mashing Time taken for washing (h) Number of persons involved in washing (N) 5 Filtering Time taken for washing (h) Number of persons involved in filtering (N) 6 Boiling Time taken for boiling (h) Quantity of wood fuel used (kg) Number of persons involved (N) 7 Re-filtering Number of persons involved in re-filtering(N) Time taken for re-filtering (h)
III.
Development of Energy Equations
From the observed operating conditions for all the unit operations in Burukutu production, it was concluded that energy demand for operations
utilizing fuel to run internal combustion engine, is directly proportional to the quantity of fuel used ( ), , equation 1 [20,21, 22].
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Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654 (MJ) (1) Where, is the constant of proportionality which represents the calorific value (heating value) of fuel used. Similarly fossil fuel energy input was calculated using the expression in equation 2. (2) 47.8 = Unit energy value of diesel, MJL-1 D = Amount of diesel fuel consumed per unit operation, (liter) For Petrol, MJ (3) Where = liquid fuel energy input for petrol, MJ 42.3 = Unit value of petrol, MJL-P = Amount of petrol consumed per unit operation, (liter). Manual energy estimation can be computed based on the value recommended by Odigboh. For any unit operation the manual energy expenditure is calculated using the expression of equation 4 [25, 26] (4) Where 0.075 = the average power of a normal human labour in kW; = number of person involved in the operation; and Ta = useful time spent to accomplish a given task (operation), h. To perform any of the unit operation wood fuel, liquid fuel, or manual energy is used. It is possible to use a combination of two. The evaluation method for each unit operation follows: 3.1 Steeping Manual energy was involved in steeping. The energy required for steeping operation was computed using the expression: = (4) 3.2 Washing Manual Energy was involved in washing. The washing operation was computed using the expression: (2) 3.3 Grinding Both manual and energy from liquid fuel was involved in grinding operation. The energy required for grinding (MJ) was evaluated from the expression: (5) 3.4 Mashing Mashing was done manually with hands. The energy required for mashing was computed from the expression: = 3.6( ) (6)
3.5 Filtering Filtering was done manually. The energy required for filtering operation was evaluated using the expression: = 3.6( ) (7) 3.6 Boiling Manual and wood fuel energy was involved in boiling. The energy required for boiling was obtained from the expression: (8) 3.7 Re-filtering Manual energy was involved in Refiltering. The energy required for re-filtering operation was obtained from the expression: (9) 3.8 Total Energy The total energy expended in producing a given quantity of Burukutu evaluated by summing up all the energy components involved in the process. Thus the total energy, , becomes (10) Equation (10) was used to determine the total energy required in the industry producing Burukutu at a given production rate. For the Burukutu mills under study, the determination of energy use was done using Microsoft Excel. The data obtained from the computations were further employed to generate equations relating energy requirement and red sorghum grains input for different unit operations.
IV.
Results of Application Test of Equations
Result of Analysis of variation (ANOVA) at 5% significant difference was conducted for the 18 cases which make up the locations of study for the energy requirement and the different unit operations for the production of the local alcoholic beverage as presented in Table 4. There was no significant difference in the energy requirements for all the 18 cases for at 95% confidence level implying that the system has been standardized. The mean values therefore became consequential to be employed for analysis. The results of application tests of the developed equations using mean value of red sorghum input in the study area are presented in Figure 2. Table 5 presents regression equations relating energy consumption to red sorghum input for each unit operation in the study area.
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Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654 Table 4: ANOVA of Burukutu Production Sites Rows
599483.5
17
35263.74
1.121219
0.344688
1.723833
Columns
1.43E+08
6
23753584
755.2512
3.96E-82
2.188761
Error
3208026
102
31451.24
Total
1.46E+08
125
Ho: F ≤ F Critical
α = 0.05
Ha: F > F Critical 3500 3000 2500 Manual energy (MJ)
2000
Wood fuel energy (MJ)
1500
Liquid fuel energy (MJ) 1000 500 0 1
2
3
4
5
6
Figure 2: Mean Energy Types and Consumption Levels for Burukutu Production in the Study Area Table 5: Model equations for energy requirements and raw material input for location 4 (mean case material input - 160.53kg) Model Equations
R2 Value
Energy Requirement (Unit Operations)
Mean Cases
Steeping
Case 1, 2, 3
= 0.47 - 0.2833
0.8515
Washing
Case 1, 2 ,3
= 0.46 - 0.3267
0.7906
Grinding
Case 1, 2, 3
= 43.235 + 10.1
0.7624
Mashing
Case 1, 2, 3
= 0.3 + 0.32
0.8242
Filtering
Case 1, 2, 3
= 0.46 + 0.14
0.8758
Boiling
Case 1, 2, 3
= 585.32 + 1931
0.8285
Re-filtering
Case 1, 2,
= 0.28 - 0.0667
0.8906
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Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654 The for the estimated regression in all cases considered are greater than 0.7 showing that red sorghum mostly influenced the quantity of energy consumption assuming that all factors are constant. The results so far discussed emphasize the usefulness of the development of energy use profiles in the study area. Figure 2, shows that wood fuel energy was the most used energy source, followed by liquid fuel energy and manual energy.
V. 1.
[7]
[8]
Conclusion
A study was conducted in 18 Burukutu production areas in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria to develop a set of spreadsheet equations that were capable of estimating energy requirements in each of the processing operations involved in processing Burukutu. 2. The results of application test of the developed equations show an average energy consumption of 3122.MJ. 3. The study has provided the basis upon which optimization of energy consumption of Burukutu can be carried out. The equations developed have provided fundamental information for carrying out budgeting and expansion planning, and predicting energy requirement in Burukutu production industries. References [1] Ettasoe, C. Sorghum and Pearl Millet: in Leaky C. L. and Wills J.B. ed(s). Food Crops of lower Tropics. Oxford University Press, Great Britain, 1972,. pp. 191-192. [2] Asiedu, J. J. Processing Tropical Crops. A Technological Approach, Macmillan Education Ltd, 1989, pp.189-222. [3] Alimba, J. O. and Mgbada, J. U. Socioeconomic consequences of technological change on the rural non-farm Igbo Women entrepreneurs of Southern Nigeria: Implications for farm and non-farm linkages. African Technology Policy Studies Network Working Paper Series No. 40. ATPS Communication Department, 2003, p. 52. [4] Jideani, I.A., Takeda, Y. and Hizukuri, S. (1996). Structures and physico- chemical properties of starches from Acha (Digitaria exillis), Iburu (D. iburua) and Tamba (Eleusine coracana). Cereal Chem. 1996, 73: 677-685. [5] Togo, C. A., Feresu, S.B. and Mutukumira, A.N. (2002). Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from opaque beer for potential use as a starter culture. J. of Food Technol. 7:93-2002, 97. [6] Egbema, K. C. and Etuk, V.E. A kinetic study of Burukutu fermentation. Journal
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Ibrahim, J. Sunday, Ierve, I.Aondover / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.648-654
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