Idea Transcript
Lilitus Ponedjeljak, 05.10.2009.
Economy Sviđa mi se
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Benefits: competitive and very creative middle class. Specifies the fashion world in the field of design and manufacture of products, clothing and household appliances. The leading companies include Fiat (automotive industry), Montedison (plastics), Olivetti (communication), Benetton (clothing). Highly productive agriculture and manufacturing products for tourists, well-known fashion houses. Weaknesses: the government deficit and increasing debt are still high. Small growth of the economy, an inefficient service sector, which is heavily privatized. Unequal distribution of wealth between the rich North and poor South, where unemployment is 3 times higher. Lack of fiscal discipline, improving in recent years. Relatively small, oriented to international competition of the enterprise. Strong dependence on energy imports. Italy - a highly developed industrial-agrarian country. Mainly an industrial and highly developed North and the poor, agrarian South. Gross national product per capita 30000 dollars a year. Key industries: machine building, metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, light and food industries. Italy is among the largest manufacturers and suppliers to the world market of cars, bicycles and mopeds, tractors, washing machines and refrigerators, typewriters and adding machines, electronic products, industrial equipment, steel pipes, plastics and fibers, tires and clothing and leather shoes, pasta, cheese, olive oil, wine, fruit and tomato preserves. Large-scale production of cement, natural essences and essential oils from flowers and fruits, art products made of glass and pottery, jewelry. Extraction of pyrites, mercury ore, natural gas, potassium salt, dolomite, asbestos. In agriculture, the dominant crop. Main crops - wheat, corn, rice (1 st place for the collection in Europe, over 1 million tons per year), sugar beets. Italy - one of the largest in the world and the leading European producer of citrus fruits (more than 3.3 million tons per year), tomatoes (over 5.5 million tons), grapes (about 10 million tons per year, over 90% recycled wine), olives. Development of floriculture and poultry. Italy - the largest area of international tourism (over 50 million people per year). Tourism in Italy is one of the leading sectors of the economy and accounts for 12% of GDP. The share of Italy had 5.6% of the world tourism market. According to this indicator, the country ranks 3rd place in the EU after France and Spain. The currency - euro. Employment Structure The total number of economically active population: 24.86 million (in 2007) Agriculture - 4%, industry - 31%, tertiary sector - 65%. At present, regional disparities in Italy in the structure of employment are as follows: 1. Differences between the North-West and North-East region are insignificant. Percentage of employed in the industrial sector in these regions are exactly the same. Differences are observed only in the number of employed in the tertiary sector and agriculture. Northwest region has traditionally been more developed region, in which earlier formed a powerful industry (here is the main industrial triangle of Italy, MilanTurin-Genoa). Northeast same region acquired its industrial structure since 1970, when it was built strong aluminum industry, energy, oil refining and petrochemical industries. 2. The Center has traditionally been characterized by national averages, and this region was considered a transition between the industrial North and the agrarian south. The Center is currently well preserved, these mid-position, but before the gap between the North and the Center was more significant than at present. We can say that now the distribution of employment by sector in the northern and central region is almost identical. Only in the rate of employment in the tertiary sector, the Central District is well ahead of their northern neighbors (at 8-11%). This increase in the number of employed in the tertiary sector is due to the region of Lazio, which is the capital and in which, naturally, there is the highest in the country share of employment in the services sector. In two districts of the Central region (Tuscany and Umbria), rates remain at roughly the same as the national average, but it's not smoothing too high of a tertiary sector of the region of Lazio. 3. The southern part of Italy, which may be divided on the physical-geographical basis in two regions (island and peninsular) proposes to share a little differently. Through analysis of employment in the sectors of the economy of Southern Italy, we can conclude that here, by analogy with the northern part, the same can be isolated south-western and south-eastern regions. Between the western and eastern regions of the South (as opposed to northern) there is no such uniformity in the distribution of the number of employed by sectors of the economy. Thus, South-West region is different from the South-East more marked predominance in the employment structure of tertiary sector of the economy, and in South-East region more developed industrial sector. And uniting the South-West and South-East region is a very high rate of employment in agriculture, 7% and 9% respectively, which is approximately 2 times higher than the national average. It should be noted that the rate of employment in the agricultural sector in 1995 was in the SouthWest region of 11%, and in South-East - 12%. Thus, the Center on employment in the sectors of the economy "moved up" to the northern regions, and the south has improved its employment structure by increasing the number of employed in the tertiary and industrial sectors and a corresponding decline in employment in the agricultural sector. This gives reason to allocate in modern Italy "dual" structure of employment. The first part of this structure include the regions of North-West, North-East and Center, and the second in the South. Because of the small size and high population density, in modern Italian acute issue processing (see garbage crisis in Italy). Italy in its economic level is intermediate between the most economically developed countries and countries with medium level of development of productive forces. Just as in other highly developed countries, in Italy industry is a leading economy, although it occupied a smaller proportion of the economically active population, than in the heavily and disproportionately growing service sector. The cost of industrial output exceeds the value of agricultural products, in which each year is invested less capital than in industry. Industrial Products marked predominance in Italian exports. Much of the wealth in Italy is in the hands of monopolies, most of which are among the largest corporations in the capitalist world. They predominate in the chemical and electrical industry (Montedison), automotive (Fiat), as well as rubber ( "Pirelli"). At the same time, there exists a great variety of medium, small and very small firms, mainly in the light and food industries, as well as in the manufacture of household electrical appliances, equipment for processing plastics, machine tools, in some sub-sectors. Since 70-ies a marked tendency to reduce the large and increasing role of small and medium-sized firms and enterprises. The Italian government actively and in various forms of interference in the economy: its specialized bodies involved in joint stock companies as the controlling shareholder, are industrial enterprises under various government programs. The state became the country's largest employer. Especially strong in its position in energy, metallurgy, shipbuilding. He owns many businesses and light industry. Nationalized, and major banks. As the pace of development of the public sector than the development of Italian economy in general. In modern conditions government intervention in the economy is not limited to, to help individual monopolies to develop the least profitable, or requiring large capital investments in particular industries. The main objective of government intervention - to ensure the continuity of the reproduction process. An important new feature of the development of state-monopoly capitalism in Italy has a national long-term programming of the economy, reflecting the increased degree of concentration and centralization of production and capital, increasing monopolization and nationalization of the economy.
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05.10.2009. u 17:51 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Military Sviđa mi se
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The armed forces of Italy are: Army, Navy, Air Force, Carabinieri; military age: 18 years; Service life: 10 months; Party's fighting people (men): 15-49 - 14248674 to 2001; Party's fighting people (men): in accordance with military service of 15-49 years 12,244,166 for 2001; Military labor reserves (reach military age each year): 304,369 people in 2001; Military expenditures: 20.7 billion dollars, representing 1.7% of GDP. Italy adopted a law on the abolition of conscription and the establishment of a professional army. Young people born after December 31, 1985, no longer subject to military conscription. "Watershed event" - so emotionally Italian Defense Minister Sergio Mattarella described the decision of the national parliament to abolish conscription by 2007. However, emotions here were quite appropriate. First of all, because it is finally born on the Apennines, the complete professional army, and the millions of young Italians will no longer need to feel contradictory feelings when receiving the infamous agenda of military conscription. Indeed, ends an era, initiated by Napoleon still in 1802. However, if you want an idea of forming the army of conscripts to the principle can be considered an Italian invention, since even for three centuries before Napoleon mnogomudry Niccolo Machiavelli raised her, not believing in the virtue of the Florentine mercenaries. Formally, the new law refers only to the suspension of conscription, since Article 52 of the Italian Constitution provides that "the protection of the Motherland is the sacred duty of a citizen. Thus, in the event of war or other emergency situation practice recruitment for military service may be resumed. Nevertheless, it is obvious that Rome took a course on creating a professional army, which numbered at the end of 2006 is to make 190 thousand, then there will be reduced to 80 thousand troops. The law provides for a five-year service for the soldiers with the ability to extend the contract twice for two years. May also contract for only one year. It is assumed that, after leaving the ranks of the armed forces, the majority of yesterday's soldiers will be taken to the police, fire brigade, civil protection service. Contract soldiers a month will pay 2 million lire (about 1 thousand dollars), whereas now the rank and file gets only 180 thousand liras. In addition, the reform provides an opportunity for women to occupy almost all positions in all the military branches.
05.10.2009. u 17:51 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Minerals Sviđa mi se
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In Italy, a great variety of minerals. But the field many of them low on reserves, are scattered throughout the country, often occur inconvenient for development. Thus, in 1982 the country was completely stopped production of iron ore, including on the island of Elba, where iron is extracted Etruscans. Considerably richer than Italy lead-zinc ores with an admixture of silver and other metals. These deposits are located in Sardinia and in the Eastern Alps. Region of Tuscany is rich in pyrite and mercury ore - cinnabar, on stocks of which Italy is the second largest in the world occur in the limestones of Sardinia antimony ore. Deposits of sulfur, known since Roman times, mainly concentrated in the area of Caltanissetta in Sicily. Nedra Italy rich in a variety of construction and finishing materials (marble, granite, tuff, etc.). Marble is mined in several places, but particularly in the area of Carrara. As stocks of other commodities in Italy is poor. Small quantities of anthracite is found in the Valle d'Aosta, in Tuscany colloidal lignite, peat and lignite torfoobraznye. In Central Italy and Liguria are small deposits of manganese. Bauxite, a long time is extracted from the karst depressions Apulia, now almost exhausted. On the island of Sicily has reserves of potash and rock salt, asphalt, bitumen. Energy Resources of Italy meet the needs of the country's energy only 15%. In Sardinia, Tuscany, Umbria, Calabria there are deposits of lignite and low-grade coal. The limited oil reserves on the island of Sicily, Padanskoy plain and on the east coast of central Italy provide less than 2% of Italy's oil. It is very important for the country's economic deposits of natural gas Padanskoy plains and its submarine continuation - of the continental shelf of the Adriatic Sea. Natural gas found in North, Central and Southern Apennines and Sicily. In the postwar years revealed a rather large (for Italy) oil resources - in Padanskoy lowlands, in a strip of Alpine foothills, as well as on the island of Sicily. Complementing them are bituminous shale, on the island of Sicily in the area of Ragusa, in San Valentino in Abruzzo-e Molise, as well as in the area of Frosinone (Lazio).
05.10.2009. u 17:50 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Volcanoes Sviđa mi se
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In Italy there are both active and extinct volcanoes. Among them are four biggest: 1.Etna - the highest active volcano in Europe - 3340 m. It is located in Sicily, in the north, presenting, together with other cratered landscape of incredible beauty, which opens with the coast region Kalabriya.Vulkan is valid. 2. Vesuvius - (1277 m) towers over the Bay of Naples and - this landscape world famous. The most famous eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 AD. e. when almost completely under lava and ashes were Pompeii, Stabia. The last time Vesuvius awoke in 1944, but experts say that in the future will be constantly active volcano and is very dangerous. 3. Stromboli - an active volcano, formed part of the Eolie Islands. 4. Vulcano - another Volcano Islands Eolie, located on the island with the same name.
05.10.2009. u 17:48 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Earthquakes Sviđa mi se
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Italy is in the fault rocks, so earthquakes are not uncommon. The largest earthquake recorded in the XX and XXI century. 1908: an earthquake in the city of Messina and Reggio 1915: Earthquake Marsico 1929: Earthquake in Bologna 1932: Earthquake in Abruzzo 1972: Earthquake in Ancona 1976: an earthquake in Friuli 1990: Earthquake in Santa Lucia 1997: an earthquake in Umbria and Marche 2002: an earthquake in San Giuliano and Pulii 2009: Earthquake Akvil
05.10.2009. u 17:48 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Geography Sviđa mi se
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Italy - a predominantly mountainous country. In the north - the southern slopes of the Alps with the highest point in Western Europe, Mount Blanc (4808 m), south - Padanskaya plain; on the peninsula - the mountains of the Apennines (the highest point - Mount Corno Grande, 2914 m). Similarly the Apennines are divided into: Ligurian, Toscano-Emilianskie, Umbro-Markskie, Abruzzi, Campanian, Lukanskie, Calabrian Apennines and the mountains Sabini. Even in the eastern part of the peninsula is the Gargano peninsula, south-east and south-west of the peninsula Salentina and Calabria, respectively. Active volcanoes - (Vesuvius, Etna); frequent earthquakes. Washing of the sea - from the east the peninsula is washed by the Adriatic Sea to the Gulf of Venice in its northern part. Strait of Otranto between Puglia and Albania joins the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian. Between Apulia and Calabria is deeply embedded in the land the Gulf of Taranto. Very narrow Strait of Messina separates Sicily from Calabria and Sicily (or Tunisian) wide Strait of 135 kilometers - Sicily from North Africa. Tyrrhenian Sea is a triangular-shaped pool surrounded by Sardinia, Corsica, Tuscan Archipelago, the Apennines and Sicily. To the north of Corsica, Ligurian Sea is located in the Gulf of Genoa. In the north-eastern part of the island of Sicily there are mountains Nebrodi, and in the south-western part of the island of Sardinia plain Campidano. Most of the small islands divided into archipelagos, such as Tuscan Archipelago, which includes the island of Elba, which was exiled Napoleon Bonaparte. The longest river in Italy by, its length - 682 km. The largest lake - Lake Garda.
05.10.2009. u 17:46 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Italian foreign policy Sviđa mi se
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Until 1861 Italy was fragmented, so many Italian State carried its own foreign policy, guided by the powerful neighboring states. From 1861 the policy of a united Italy was aimed at joining regions with by Italians living there - namely, the Pontifical region, Trentino, Istria, Dalmatia. Also, Italy has sought to create their own colonial empire. During the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, Italy annexed the Papal States. More focused on foreign policy on Germany, as he wished to gain a foothold in Tunisia, which is also claimed by France. However, because of the desire to join Istria and Trentino, Italy comes into conflict with Austria-Hungary in the late 19 century. - Early 20 century. Since 1914 Italy has been negotiating with the Entente, consisting in an alliance with Germany, bargaining with them. As a result, in 1915, Allied countries promised to welcome the Italian territory, if she agrees to take the side of the Entente. And in 1915 Italy attacks Austria-Hungary. As a result of the Paris Peace Conference in 1918 Italy won Istria, the Trentino and a number of islands in the Adriatic Sea. After the First World War in Italy has a new rival - the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, which became Yugoslavia in 1929. After the Nazis came to power, Italy's foreign policy is extremely radical. The conflicts in Yugoslavia are valid until the end of World War II, the results of which Italy regained Dalmatia, Istria, Yugoslavia, Albania granted independence. After the Second World War, politics in Italy has been passive, the country has followed in line with NATO and the United States in particular. In a country dominated by the idea of the role of Italy as the role of "middle powers". In the late 80's, this ideology began to change in relation to events in neighboring Yugoslavia. Italy has begun to pay more attention to the processes postyugoslavskom space and in general in the Mediterranean. Italy participated in the Balkan NATO operations in the Kosovo operation, and sent his soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. It was after the crisis in Kosovo has been transformed the idea of "middle powers" in the idea of "the protagonists of peace" [1], ie a world in which Italy prominence. Later, Italy announced the Balkans a zone of its "responsibility" within NATO. For foreign policy priorities of Italy include: the Mediterranean, the Balkans, the United States, European Union, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia.
05.10.2009. u 17:45 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Symbols Sviđa mi se
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Flag For the first time the Italian tricolor appeared Jan. 7, 1797 in Emilia as the flag of the republic, proclaimed by Giuseppe Compagnoni. During the reign of Napoleon's flag is also used as a symbol of the French Revolution. After the Congress of Vienna and the Restoration tricolor remained a symbol of freedom and was used in the revolutionary movements in 1831 and 1848. In Article 12 of the Italian Constitution states that "the flag of Italy - is the tricolor, green, white and red in the form of three equal vertical bands." [1] [edit] National Anthem Italian national anthem, also known as "Brothers of Italy", and earlier - "The singing of the Italians" - unofficial anthem of the Republic of Italy was a 12 October 1946. November 17, 2005 the Senate adopted on first reading a law on the official anthem, but then the law has not passed and the national anthem and stayed at an informal level. The text of the anthem was written in autumn 1847 Goffredo Mameli, and music, a little later, the composer Mikel Novara. In the 80 years of XX century and was widely distributed an excerpt from the opera by Giuseppe Verdi's "Nabucco", which was performed as a hymn. [2] [edit] Coat of The official emblem of the Italian Republic was promulgated by the President of Italy Enrico De Nicola May 5, 1948. Sketch of the logo was made by the artist Paolo Pasketto, who won this right in competitions 1946 and 1947 years among 500 other candidates and nearly 800 sketches. Coat of arms of a white star with five corners - a symbol of the Risorgimento, which is enclosed in a wreath of oak leaves, symbolizing strength and dignity of the Italian people.
05.10.2009. u 17:44 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
History Sviđa mi se
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Origin of the word Italia is not exactly known. According to the most common point of view, the term came from Greek and means "country of calves. The bull was a symbol of the peoples who inhabited the south of Italy and is often depicted as butting Roman shewolf. Originally the name Italia applied only to that part of the territory, which now occupies the southern Italy (modern Calabria Province). [edit] Ancient Rome In V-III centuries BC. e. territory of Italy was the main part of the Roman state (see Ancient Rome). [edit] Middle Ages Characteristic form of the medieval Italian city-states were the states with a republican system. In the cities of Northern and Central Italy in the XIV-XVI centuries formed early capitalist relations. For example, Venice ruled doji, in Genoa, Florence, Lucca and other towns formed a hereditary aristocratic order (the Medici in Florence, etc.) By the end of medieval Italy and Germany - the only country in Western Europe have remained fragmented. [edit] Renaissance In the XVI century in large parts of Italy was fixed domination of Spain, after the War of Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 - rule of the Austrian Habsburgs. Since the end of XVIII century in Italy, the movement for national liberation and the elimination of territorial fragmentation (the Risorgimento). Since the end of XVIII century to 1814 Italy - under French occupation, its territory had been established independent of the Napoleonic French state, which ruled relatives or proteges of Napoleon. 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna restored in Italy, the feudal-absolutist monarchy. [edit] New Time See also: the Risorgimento and the Italian colonial empire. Strle for a united Italy, led by the Carbonari, Young Italy "and other organizations, key figures in which were Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. By the end of 1860 in Italy was largely united around the Kingdom of Sardinia (from 1861 kingdom of Italy) in 1870 to the Italian kingdom was annexed Rome. [edit] XX Century
Map of Italy In 1922, after the Blackshirt march on Rome and the presentation of the King of their demands, the Nazis came to power, install a dictatorship led by Benito Mussolini (19221943). In 1929, under the Lateran Treaty, Italy guaranteed the sovereignty of the Vatican. Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935-1936), Albania (1939). Concluded a military alliance with Nazi Germany and Japan, Italy in 1940 entered the Second World War. In 1945, the actions of the resistance movement (the highest point - the April uprising of 1945) and Anglo-American forces in Italy was overthrown by a fascist regime. In 1946 Italy became a parliamentary republic. In November 1947, adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Italy, she formally entered into force on 1 January 1948). After the Second World War on the political scene has established the Christian Democratic Party of Italy (CDA), which formed the government in 1945-1981 and 1987-1992. Sharp increase in corruption at all levels of government led to a change in the electoral system. August 4, 1993 was approved by the new law on parliamentary elections. [edit] XXI Century The postwar history of Italy is characterized by frequent change of governments. Silvio Berlusconi's government, formed in April 2005, has become the fifty-ninth in a row. 9.10 April 2006 elections were held in the Chamber of Deputies of Italy. Won the centerleft opposition led by Romano Prodi (block "Union"). Romano Prodi won with a minimum margin - just over 25 thousand votes (49.81%). Coalition "House of Freedoms" Silvio Berlusconi was 49.74%. Under Italian law, the coalition won a relative majority in the elections to the Chamber of Deputies, it automatically receives 54% of seats. In elections to the Senate the opposition also won with a minimal advantage in one senate seat. Berlusconi, who came to power after the resignation of Giuliano Amato, and victory in the parliamentary elections the party "Forza Italia» (Forza, Italia) 10 June 2001, set a record for the duration of his tenure as chairman of the Council of Ministers. Following the publication of the results of the election of Silvio Berlusconi said he was not going to accept defeat and demanded a recount. April 20 Superior Court of Italy declared final victory of Romano Prodi. April 14, 2008 in Italy were held early parliamentary elections, and the center-right coalition of Silvio Berlusconi's People of Freedom won in both houses of parliament with about desyatiprotsentnym separation from opponents. May 8th richest man in Italy 71-year-old Silvio Berlusconi for a third time led the Italian government. Has diplomatic relations with Russia (established with the Soviet Union on Feb. 7, 1924, interrupted by Italy June 22, 1941, reinstated on Oct. 25, 1944).
05.10.2009. u 17:42 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
Italy Sviđa mi se
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Italy (Italian Italia), the official name of the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica Italiana) - a state in the south of Europe, in the center of the Mediterranean. The country is named for the tribe ethnonym Italics [citation needed]. It borders on France in the north-west (border length - 488 km), with Switzerland (border length - 740 km) and Austria (border length - 430 km) to the north and Slovenia in the north-east (border length - 232 km). It also has internal borders with the Vatican (border length - 3,2 km) and San Marino (length of border - 39 km). Occupies the Apennine peninsula, Padanskuyu plain, the southern slopes of the Alps, Sicily, Sardinia and several small islands. Italy is among the countries of the Schengen Agreement.
05.10.2009. u 17:34 • 0 Komentara • Print • #
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