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Aug 4, 2005 - Malnutrition was defined as a body mass index of lower than 18.5 kg/m2 and serum albumin level ... malnutr

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Prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors in geriatric patients of a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital

Shum, NC; Hui, WWH; Chu, FCS; Chai, J; Chow, TW

Hong Kong Medical Journal, 2005, v. 11 n. 4, p. 234-242

2005

http://hdl.handle.net/10722/44544

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE NC Shum  WWH Hui  FCS Chu  J Chai  TW Chow 

Prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors in geriatric patients of a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital  !"#$%&'()*+,-.'/01234 ○

Key words: Aged; Geriatric assessment; Nutrition assessment; Nutritional status; Risk factors      

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Hong Kong Med J 2005;11:234-42 Department of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tung Wah Eastern Hospital, Causeway Bay, Hong Kong NC Shum, MB, BS, FHKAM (Medicine) Dietetic and Food Services Department, Ruttonjee and Tang Shiu Kin Hospital, Wanchai, Hong Kong WWH Hui, BSc, MPH Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong FCS Chu, PhD, FHKAM (Dental Surgery) J Chai, DLaw, FHKAM (Dental Surgery) TW Chow, PhD, FHKAM (Dental Surgery) Correspondence to: Dr FCS Chu (e-mail: [email protected])

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Objectives. To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition in geriatric patients admitted to a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Regional hospital, Hong Kong. Patients. A total of 120 patients (aged 60 years or older) referred to Tung Wah Eastern Hospital. Main outcome measures. Anthropometric, biochemical, and haematological parameters were measured for nutritional assessment. Malnutrition was defined as a body mass index of lower than 18.5 kg/m2 and serum albumin level of lower than 35 g/L. The clinical outcomes of patients were also recorded. The predictive value of the Chinese Mini Nutritional Assessment as a nutritional screening tool was assessed. Potential risk factors associated with malnutrition were evaluated according to established protocols. Results. The mean age of patients was 80.3 years (standard deviation, 7.4 years), and the mean body mass index was 21.9 kg/m2 (standard deviation, 4.4 kg/m2). The prevalence of malnutrition was 16.7%. The age distribution of malnourished patients (mean, 86.2 years; standard deviation, 7.0 years; n=20) was significantly different to those nourished (mean, 79.1 years; standard deviation, 6.9 years; n=100) [P=0.0001]. Mortality was also higher in malnourished patients (25%) than nourished patients (4%) [P=0.001]. Based on the Chinese Mini Nutritional Assessment, 16.9% of patients were classified as malnourished (cut-off value, 18.5). The Chinese Mini Nutritional Assessment was useful as a screening tool to exclude patients who were not malnourished, ie it had a high negative predictive value (95%). Being totally dependent for the performance of activities of daily living, living in a home for the elderly, and being chair- or bed-bound posed a significantly increased risk of malnutrition. The presence of mental depression (geriatric depression scale score of 8 or higher), moderately or severely impaired cognitive function (abbreviated mental test score of lower than 7), or polypharmacy (five medications or more) did not significantly affect risk of malnutrition. Conclusions. Malnutrition was common in the geriatric patients studied and was associated with an increased mortality. The Chinese Mini Nutritional Assessment was a useful screening tool to exclude malnutrition. Significant risk factors of malnutrition were total dependence, living in a home for the elderly, and being chair- or bed-bound.   !"#$%&'()*+,-./012(3+45678 

Hong Kong Med J Vol 11 No 4 August 2005

Prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors in elderly

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Introduction Malnutrition occurs when nutritional intake fails to meet nutritional requirements. A common factor in the elderly population that put them at risk is deterioration in sense of taste or smell and consequent poor appetite. Eating disturbances are also a feature of early cognitive change such as dementia. Age-related co-existing medical conditions, especially those associated with neurological disorders, can result in low food intake due to dysphagia or a reduced ability to self-feed. Polypharmacy in the elderly is common and may be an iatrogenic cause of malnutrition. A low food intake may be a side-effect of drugs such as digoxin and captopril, which are associated with nausea and loss of appetite and taste. Social isolation and financial deprivation are also recognised risk factors for malnutrition.1 Two major groups of malnutrition—protein energy malnutrition and vitamin/mineral deficiency—were recognised. A high prevalence of protein energy malnutrition in geriatric patients has been reported.2 It is well documented that malnutrition increases the re-admission rate and cost of hospital care in terms of length of stay in hospital as well as mortality. The British Association for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition recommended that medical professionals carry out simple nutritional screening for all patients on admission to hospital.3 In addition, the Cochrane review of nutritional supplementation found that nutritional intervention could improve anthropometric

and biochemical measures, and/or functional status.4 An accurate screening tool to identify malnourished geriatric patients is a valuable means to improve patient care. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is one of the tools designed specifically to screen for malnutrition in geriatric patients. It has a high predictive value for morbidity and mortality and consists of 18 assessment items divided into four parts: anthropometric, general, dietary, and self-assessment. Validation of a Chinese version of MNA (Chinese MNA) showed that it is a simple and valid screening tool for health care providers.5 The aims of the present study were three-fold: (1) to assess the prevalence of malnutrition using anthropometric and biochemical parameters; (2) to test the hypothesis that the Chinese MNA is not a useful screening tool for identifying malnutrition in hospitalised geriatric patients; and (3) to test the hypothesis that the risk of malnutrition is not increased by depressed mood, impaired cognitive function, functional impairment, polypharmacy, place of residence prior to admission, or mobility.

Methods This was a cross-sectional study. Patients aged 60 years or older who were transferred to the geriatric wards of Tung Wah Eastern Hospital (TWEH) between 15 December 2002 and 31 March 2003 for convalescent and rehabilitative care were invited to participate. Patients previously stayed in the medical wards of Hong Kong Med J Vol 11 No 4 August 2005

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Shum et al Table 1a. Methodology of anthropometric assessment Anthropometric parameter*

Methodology

Height (nearest 1 cm)

Converted from knee height

Weight (0.1 kg)

Wearing patient’s uniform and without shoes standing on an upright scale (Detecto; Webb City, Missouri, US); for bed-bound or chair-bound patients, a chair scale (Detecto) was used

Body mass index6 (weight/squared height) [kg/m2]

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