Statistical analysis of EDTA titration vs. ICP-AES ... - Concordia College [PDF]

Statistical analysis of EDTA titration vs. ICP-AES in the determination of water hardness. Annika Larson. Department of

0 downloads 11 Views 219KB Size

Recommend Stories


Volumetric analysis and titration
The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough. Rabindranath Tagore

Edta EDTA
You often feel tired, not because you've done too much, but because you've done too little of what sparks

ECE Concordia - Concordia University
Don't watch the clock, do what it does. Keep Going. Sam Levenson

Download PDF Statistical Analysis of Network Data
Courage doesn't always roar. Sometimes courage is the quiet voice at the end of the day saying, "I will

CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY - Concordia University
Why complain about yesterday, when you can make a better tomorrow by making the most of today? Anon

statistical analysis of odot
The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second best time is now. Chinese Proverb

Statistical Arbitrage vs. Long Investing
Ask yourself: How do you feel about growing old someday? Next

Titration of weak acids
The happiest people don't have the best of everything, they just make the best of everything. Anony

Statistical Analysis of Half-Tetrads
What you seek is seeking you. Rumi

Statistical Analysis of Half-Tetrads
Just as there is no loss of basic energy in the universe, so no thought or action is without its effects,

Idea Transcript


Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46

Statistical analysis of EDTA titration vs. ICP-AES in the determination of water hardness Annika Larson Department of Chemistry, Concordia College, 901 8th St S, Moorhead, MN 56562 Abstract

The determination of water hardness (or the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in drinking water) is not a new phenomenon. In this experiment two different methods of water hardness determination were used to find the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in multiple drinking water samples. The two methods were EDTA titration and ICPAES analysis. The results from the two methods were statistically compared to determine if the data yielded by the two methods is statistically the same. Introduction

Water hardness, or the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in tap water, is not a new concept to those who use running water on a regular basis to cook food, wash dishes, take showers or flush the toilet. It is the “hardness” of the water that causes a white build-up on tea kettles, little white spots on dishware, and rings around the bathtub and toilet bowl.1 There are many ways to determine the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions in tap water. Methods include titrations as well as ion analysis using various analytical instruments. Complexometric titrations using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or EDTA is one way to determine the concentration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. EDTA binds to metal ions like Ca2+ and Mg2+ in a 1:1 ratio making the concentration calculations quite simple. The color change in complexometric titrations is achieved using an indicator (like Eriochrome Black T) that is one color when it is bound to a metal ion and another when it is unbound. Also the indicator used binds the metals less strongly than EDTA so as the EDTA is added it removes the bound metal ions from the indicator causing the color change.1 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is another useful method for the simultaneous determination of metal ion concentrations. A small sample of a prepared solution is vaporized and passed through an argon plasma. The plasma excites the atoms passing through it. As the atoms come back down to their ground states they emit light that is detected and then analyzed to determine the concentrations of the specified ions. The use of an internal standard is the most common analysis method.2 While both of these methods are capable of determining the concentration values of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in water samples, the use of the ICP-AES is much more expensive and requires a certain amount of knowledge about the operating software. The machine itself costs tens of thousands of dollars and the argon used to make the plasma is also very expensive. Titrations and the necessary calculations that accompany them are quite simple. Also the materials and chemicals necessary for the titrations are much less expensive. What isn’t known is if the results determined by each method are statistically the same. In this experiment these two methods, EDTA titration and ICP-AES, will be compared to determine if 40

Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46 the two methods give statistically similar values for the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion concentrations in tap water samples. Experimental

EDTA Titration: Solution Preparation: pH 10 Buffer: To create a pH 10 buffer solution 142 mL of 28 wt% aqueous NH3 and 17.5 g of NH4Cl were added to a 250-mL volumetric flask. The flask was then filled to volume with deionized water.3 EDTA solution: Na2H2EDTA.2H2O was dried for 1 hour and allowed to cool in a desiccator. Approximately 0.6 g of the dried Na2H2EDTA was weighed and placed in a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask with approximately 400 mL of deionized water. The solution was heated until all of the solid had dissolved. Once the solution had cooled it was transferred into a 500mL volumetric flask and diluted to volume with deionized water.3 Sample Preparation:

Determination of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions: Four 50.00-mL samples of drinking water were pipetted into four 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. 3 mL of pH 10 buffer was added to each sample as well as 6 drops of Eriochrome black T indicator.3

Determination of Ca2+ ions: Four 50.00-mL samples of drinking water were pipetted into separate 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks. 30 drops of 50 wt% NaOH was added to each flask. Each flask was then allowed to mix for 2 min. After the solutions had been allowed to mix approximately 0.1 g of solid hydroxynapthol blue was added to each flask. Also a 50-mL sample of the deionized water was treated the same way as a control.3 Titration:

The EDTA solution prepared above was poured into a 50-mL buret. The first of the sample unknowns was placed beneath the buret and the solution was titrated until there was a color change from wine red to blue for the measurement of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, or from pink to blue for the measurement of Ca2+ ions. The ending volume was recorded. This procedure was then repeated for the other unknowns and the deionized water control. The volume used to titrate the control (if any) was then subtracted from the volumes used to titrate the hydroxynapthol blue solutions.3

41

Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46 ICP-AES: Solution Preparation: 1% HNO3 Solution: Approximately 200 mL of deionized water was placed into a clean 1-L plastic bottle. In the hood 5 mL of concentrated HNO3 was measured with a 10-mL graduated cylinder and was then poured into the 1-L plastic bottle with the deionized water. The solution was mixed and then the plastic bottle was filled to approximately 500 mL with deionized water.2

Ca2+ Standard Solution: A 0.0917-g sample of CaCl2 was transferred into a 500-mL volumetric flask. Approximately 300 mL of deionized water was added and mixed until the solid had dissolved. The flask was then diluted to volume with deionized water.2 Mg2+ Standard Solution: A 0.1238-g sample of MgSO4 (Epsom Salt) was transferred into a 500mL volumetric flask. Approximately 300 mL of deionized water was added and mixed until the solid had dissolved. The flask was then diluted to volume with deionized water.2 Standard Addition Preparation:

Five 50-mL volumetric flasks were obtained and labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and S. Using a 10-mL glass pipet 10.0 mL of the unknown was transferred into each of the five flasks. Using a 2-mL glass pipet 2.00, 4.00, 6.00, and 8.00 mL of the Ca2+ standard was added to flasks 1-4 respectively. The same was done for the Mg2+ standard. All of the flasks were then diluted to volume with the 1% HNO3 solution prepared above.2 Instrument Preparation and Analysis:

The prepared solutions were analyzed using a Varian 715-ES ICP Optical Emission Spectrometer. The argon source was set at 80 psi. The data was acquired using ICP Expert II software with a standard addition method set to measure the concentrations of both calcium and magnesium simultaneously. The tubing was set up and a blank was run. The four solutions with added concentration were run and then the unknown sample was run twice. A standard curve was generated to determine the concentration of the unknown sample. 2 Results and Discussion Titrations: The concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions were calculated using the volume of EDTA added and the molarity of the EDTA solution. In Table 1 the average concentration values in parts per million (ppm) are listed with their standard deviations. 42

Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46 Table 1. Concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in various water samples as determined by EDTA titration. Source Moorhead Tap Fargo Tap Detroit Lakes Tap (well) Lab DI Tap

n 4 4 4 4

Concentration of Ca2+ (ppm) 23 ±1 46.3 ±0.6 17.6 ±0.4 0 ±0

Concentration of Mg2+ (ppm) 14.4 ±0.8 13.9 ±0.2 24.9 ±0.2 0 ±0

ICP-AES:

Data produced by the ICP-AES using standard additions was used to produce calibration curves for both ions for each water sample. In Figure 1 the calibration curves that were generated are shown. a)

Calcium Calibration Curve (Moorhead)

Magnesium Calibration Curve (Moorhead)

2000000 y = 221124x + 1E+06 R² = 0.9998

1000000 0 0

2

4

6

8

Int. (c/s)

Int. (c/s)

3000000

600000 y = 36824x + 116958 400000 R² = 0.9998 200000 0 0

10

Added Concentration (ppm)

b)

Calcium Calibration Curve (Fargo) 4000000

4

6

8

10

Magnesium Calibration Curve (Fargo) 600000

y = 222980x + 2E+06 R² = 0.9986

Int. (c/s)

Int. (c/s)

6000000

2

Added Concetration (ppm)

2000000 0

y = 37814x + 112328 R² = 0.9996

400000 200000 0

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

Added Concetration (ppm)

2

4

6

8

Added Concentration (ppm)

43

10

Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46 c)

Calcium Calibration Curve (Detroit Lakes)

Magnesium Calibration Curve (Detroit Lakes) 600000

2000000

Int. (c/s)

Int. (c/s)

3000000

y = 219237x + 812443 R² = 0.9997

1000000 0

400000 y = 36052x + 226473 R² = 0.9997

200000 0

0

2

4

6

8

10

0

Added Concentration (ppm)

d)

2000000

400000

1500000

300000

y = 224792x + 25842 R² = 1

500000 0 0

2

4

6

4

6

8

10

Magnesium Calibration Curve (DI Tap) Int. (c/s)

Int. (c/s)

Calcium Calibration Curve (DI Tap)

1000000

2

Added Concentration (ppm)

8

y = 36112x + 3981.1 R² = 0.9997

200000 100000 0 0

10

2

4

6

8

10

Added Concentraion (ppm)

Added Concentration (ppm)

Figure 1: Calibration curves determined by ICP-AES for the standard additions of calcium and magnesium in a) Moorhead tap water, b) Fargo tap water, c) Detroit Lakes well water, and d) DI water.

The concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were determined using calibration curves generated by the ICP-AES. The values determined by the ICP-AES were averaged and listed in Table 2 along with their standard deviations. Table 2. Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in various water samples as determined by ICP-AES. Source n Concentration of Ca2+ (ppm) Concentration of Mg2+ (ppm) Moorhead Tap Fargo Tap Detroit Lakes Tap (well) Lab DI Tap

2 2 2 2

24.247 ±0.005 44.72 ±0.03 18.06 ±0.05 -.084 ±0.002

15.6 ±0.3 14.64 ±0.04 31.189 ±0.002 -.090 ±0.002

Once the average values and the standard deviations for each water sample were calculated they were compaired to see if the values were within the range designated by their standard deviations. Figures 2 and 3 compare the values determined by each method for each of the water samples with the standard deviation bars to show the ranges. 44

Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46

Water Sample

"DI water" Detroit Lakes

ICP-AES EDTA

Moorhead

Fargo

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

Calcium Ion Concentration (ppm)

Figure 2. Comparison of the concentrations of Ca2+ ions with standard deviation bars in various water samples as determined by EDTA titration and ICP-AES.

Water Sample

"DI water"

Detroit Lakes

ICP-AES EDTA

Moorhead

Fargo

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Magnesium Ion Concentration (ppm)

Figure 3. A comparison of the concentrations of Mg2+ ions with standard deviation bars in various water samples as determined by EDTA titration and ICP-AES.

45

Concordia College Journal of Analytical Chemistry 3 (2012), 40-46

Conclusions The results from the experiment appear to suggest that the values determined by both methods are statistically the same. The results appear to be within the ranges set by the standard deviations with the exception of the magnesium concentration in the Detroit Lakes sample. More runs of the experiment as well as more sample would likely make it more clear if the results obtained by both methods are statistically the same. Also water samples that have been treated wth a water softener like the well water sample from Detroit lakes should be omitted from further experiments because it appears that it may have an effect on the total ion concentration EDTA titration. References

1) DuPre, D.B. Complexometric Titrations: Competition of Complexing Agents in the Determination of Water Hardness with EDTA. J. Chem. Educ., 1997, 74 (12), p 1422. http://pubs.acs.org.cordproxy.mnpals.net/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/ed074p1422(Accesse d (Accessed 4/5, 2012) 2) Jensen, M.B. Concordia College Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Manual 2011. http://www.cord.edu/dept/chemistry/analyticallabmanual/ 3) Harris, D.C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 8th Edition: EDTA Titration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Natural Waters. 2010, 8, p 58.

46

Smile Life

When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, show life that you have a thousand reasons to smile

Get in touch

© Copyright 2015 - 2024 PDFFOX.COM - All rights reserved.