The Hydrologic Analysis of the Ozark Aquifer in the Rolla Area [PDF]

Vertical hydraulic conductivity is a measure of the amount of water which .... and measuring the response of the aquifer

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Idea Transcript


Water Resources Report No. 41

-

Conr Photo: Test.pumping theCity ofRolla Well NO.1 at Scventhand Walnut streets about 1930, lB. Bronson,standingsccond from left. headed the operation ofRolla's power and water systems from 1924 to 1970, Identity of the other people in the photo arc not known. Uncredited photograph. courtesy of Rolla Municipal Utilities.

Waler Resources Report No. 41

A HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS

OF THE OZARK AQUIFER IN THE ROLLA AREA, MISSOURI

by

James E. Vandike

9 -A ~ Missouri Depanment of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Land Survey P.O. Box 250, Rolla, MO 65401 (314) 368-2125

Library o/Congress Catalog Card Number: 93-77308 Missouri Classification Number: Ge 9:41 Vandike, James E.. 1992, A HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS OF THE OZARK AQUIFER IN TIlE ROLLA AREA, MISSOURI, Missouri Department o/NaturalResources, Division o/GeologyandlAnd Survey, Water Resources Report No.4 1,84 p., 29 figs., 34 tbIs. Asa r~cipi~fll off~d~ral/unds, Ih~ Ikparlm~fllo/Natural krsourcu cannOI di.Jcrlminou ogainsl an)'On~ an Ih~ basi.J o/race. color, national origin, ag~. sa, or handicap. Jf anyon~ beficva Mlsh~ has be~n swbj~cttd 10 discriminalion/oran)'o/th~~ nasoll.J, he/she mayfileQ comp/Qint w/lh either Ihe LNparlm~nt of Natural Ruourcrs or Ih~ 0jJk~ 0/ EqJlQI Opportunity, U.S. LNparlmenl ofth~ /nUrior, Washington, D.C., 10140.

ii

CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT INTRODUCfION HYDROGEOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OZARK AQUIFER IN THE ROLLA AREA GROUNDWATER SUPPLY IN THE ROLLA AREA Introduction

Water well construction City of Rolla wells Old City well and City of Rolla. well #1 City of Rolla. well #2 City of Rolla. well #3 City of Rolla, well #4 City of Rolla, well #5 City of Rolla, well #6 City of Rolla, wen #7 City of Rolla. well #8 City of Rolla, well #9 University of Missouri-Rolla, well #2 City of RoHa, well #10 Hypoint Industrial Park wells #1 and #2 City of Rolla. well #11 City of Rolla. wells #12and #13 City of RolJa. well HI4 Phelps County Public Water Supply District #2 wells City of St. James wells WATER USE FROM THE OZARK AQUIFER IN THE ROLLA AREA Introduction Population trends Water usc WATER-LEVEL CHANGES IN THE OZARK AQUIFER IN THE ROLLA AREA SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES CITED THE HISTORY OF THE ELECTRIC AND WATER SYSTEMS IN ROLLA, MISSOURI (prepared by J. B. Bronson)

iii

1 1

2 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 13 14 45 45 45 45 48 48 49 78 78 79

LIST OF FIGURES Page

Figure 1.

2. 3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I I. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Monthly precipitation, deviation from monthly mean, and deviation from yearly mean Specific capacities for Rolla, University of Missouri-Rolla, and Phelps Co. PWSD #2 wells Location and construction information, City of Rolla, University of Missouri-Rolla, and Phelps Co. PWSD 112 wells .........................................•..•.•.................................................__ Monthly production, Phelps Co. PWSD #2 wells ;; I, #2, #3, and #4 Populalion ucnds for Rolla, rural Rolla, 51. James, and Phelps Counly Monthly and yearly watcr production, City of Rolla Yearly watcr production, City of St. James Monthly and yearly production, Phelps Co. PWSD #2 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957·1990, City of Rolla well #2. Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957·1990, City of Rolla well #3 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #4 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #5 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #6 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #7 Water·level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #8 Water·levcl changes and monthly production, 1957·1990, UMR well #2 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #9 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well #10 Water-level changes and monthly production, 1957-1990, City of Rolla well # I I Hydrograph, 1969-1990, Rolla Inn observation well Hydrograph, 1975-1991, Hypoint #3 observation weJl Prcdevclopment potentiometric map of the Ozark aquifer Potentiometric map ofthc Ozark aquifer, August, 1960 Potentiometric map of the Ozark aquifer, August, 1970 POlentiometric map of the Ozark aquifer, August, 1980 Potentiometric map of the O,...ark aquifer, August, 1990 Potentiometric map ofthc Ozark aquifer, August, 1992 Water·level decline in the Ozark aquifer from predcvelopmcntto 1992 Water-level decline in the Ozark aquifer between 1960 and 1992

iv

__..__ 5 6 10

14 47 52 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 6S 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76

LIST OF TABLES Table

Page

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #2, 1957-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #2 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #3, 1957-1991 Perccnlage of 10lal monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #3 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #4, 1957-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #4 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #5, 1957-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #5 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #6, 1957-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #6 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #7, 1957-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #7 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #8, 1960-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #8 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #9, 1966-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #9 Monthly and yearly production, UMR well #2, 1970-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by UMR well #2 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #10, 1%7-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #10 Monthly and yearly production, Hypoint well #1, 1975-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by Hypoint well #1 Monthly and yearly production, Hypoint well #2, 1975-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by Hypoint well #2 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #11, 1972-1991 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well # II Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #12, 1990 Percentage of total monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #t2 Monthly and yearly production, City of Rolla, well #13, 1990 Percentage of IOtal monthly and yearly production provided by City of Rolla, well #13 Population and percentage change in population, 1980-1990, Rolla, SI. James, rural Rolla, and Phelps Collnty 32. Combined production, City of Rolla wells, 1957-1991 : 33. Monthly percentage of total yearly water use, 1957-1991, City of Rolla 34. Yearly water production for Rolla, St. James, and Phelps Co. PWSD #2

v

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 46 50 51 53

vi

Abstract and IntrodUClion

ABSTRACT The Ozark aquifer in the Rolla area is a l,OCK> ft- to 1,200 fHhick sequence of nearly horizontal Ordovician and Cambrian cherty dolomites and minor sandstones. Specific capacity of fully penetrating wells ranges from less than 1 gpm/ft to about 27 gpm/fl. Transmissivity varies from about4,OOJ gpd/ft to more than 25,OOJ gpd/ ft; where unconfined specific yield is about 0.1. Groundwater withdrawals from the aquifer has caused an average water-level decline in City wells of 3 ft/year. Since 1900, approximately 32.6 billion gallons of water has been produced in Rolla and the rural Rolla area; about 72 percent of this was produced by the City. A prominent northeast-trending cone of depression about 4 mi long and 1.5 mi to 2 mi wide has developed in the

Ozark aquifer in Rolla. The axis of this drawdown cone roughly parallels 1-44 in the western and northern parts ofthe City. Water-level declines in excess of 200 ft have occurred near City wells #9 and # 10, but average waterlevel decline is between 75 ft and 100 fi in Rolla,and less beyond the corporate boundary of Rolla. Future lowering of water-table elevation is likely to occur in and near Rolla. Magnitude of the water-level change will depend on population and per capita wateruse changes. Further drawdown in the City can be minimized by selectively using the highest-yielding wells in areas of the least water-level decline, and decreasing use at low-yielding wells in areas of the greatest waterlevel decline.

INTRODUCTION For nearly 90 years, residents of Rolla have received water from a public water supply system. Prior to oonstruction of the first deep well by the City in 1907, residents supplied water to themselves using cisterns and shallow wells. These individual private systems probably supplied an adequate volumeofwater much of the time, but were not adequate to meet needs during droughts or even through dry summer months. A growing town needed a moredependablesupplyofwater than cisterns and shallow wells offered, so in 1906 the City contracted for the drilling of the first well.

billion gallons have been produced since 1957. The City of Rolla, as well as nearly every person in the Rolla area, depends entirely on groundwater produced from the Ozark aquifer for water supply. Use of this aquifer is shared with several other nearby major water users including the City ofSt. James, the Phelps County Public WatcrSupply District #2, and several private high-yield well owners. Additionally, there are several thousand private domestic wells within a few miles of Rolla that produce water from this same aquifer.

Rolla has changed in many ways since the first Citywcll was drilled. Population at that time was less than 2,000; yearly waler use by the residents was probably less than 2Omillion gallons. In 1990, the 15wcUssupplyingtheCity produced a total of about 730 million gallons ofwater for 14,I00 residents, the UniversityofMissouri· Rolla campus, numerous businesses. and several industries.

In August, 1991, Rolla Municipal Utilities (RMU), and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Division of Geology and Land Survey (DGLS) began a cooperative study to determine the effects of groundwater withdrawal on the O....ark aquifer in the Rolla area. To date, the Rolla area, including the City of Rolla, has not experienced significant water-supply problems. However,an analysis oftheaquifer, the City's groundwater supply system, and area water-usc information is necessary to determine if groundwater wilhdrawal is causing excessive water·level decline in the Ozark aquifer, and 10 help Rolla Municipal Utilities and other area water producers maintain the integrity and longevity of their supplies.

As the first century of its operation draws to an end, Rolla's water supply system has produced an estimated 23 billion gallons of water from the O.....ark aquifer; 19.2

Much of the detail presented in this report is possible due to extensivewatcrwell and production records maintained by Rolla Municipal Utilities. Since 1957, RMU

From 1906 to 1945, thewatersupplysystem was owned at different limes by the City, and by private individuals and companies. Since 1945, the system has been owned by the City, and operated by a board of public works as Rolla Municipal Utilities.

Ozark Aquifer in the Rolla Area

has regularly measured pumping and non-pumping water levels, pumping rates, length of pumping periods, amount of water pumped, and other peninent information for each well, and entered the

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Figure 25: Potentiometric map of the Ozark aquifer, August, 1980.

72

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SwntnQry and Conclusions

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