British Museum Review 2009/10 Radio series 2010 A history of the world. Told through 100 objects in the BM. From two million years ago to the present. One hundred 15-minute programmes on BBC Radio 4. Omnibus edition on the World Service. Children’s TV series on CBBC. 400 UK partners. Public uploads, podcasts and videos online. A BM / BBC Radio 4 partnership
British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG www.britishmuseum.org
British Museum Review 2009/10 A History of theWorld in100Objects
Radio series 2010 A history of the world. Told through 100 objects in the BM. From two million years ago to the present. One hundred 15-minute programmes on BBC Radio 4. Omnibus edition on the World Service. Children’s TV series on CBBC. 400 UK partners. Public uploads, podcasts and videos online. A BM / BBC Radio 4 partnership
British Museum Review 2009/10 A History of theWorld in100Objects
Contents 4 Foreword 6 A History of the World in 100 Objects 20 Digital BM 23 Africa 33 Americas 43 Asia 53 Australia and Oceania 61 Europe 71 Across the globe
76 78 78 80 82 85 87
Fundraising Exhibitions A History of the World across the UK Supporters Staff Volunteers World loans
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Foreword
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In 2009, the British Museum was for the third year running the most popular visitor attraction in Britain. Over 15 million people accessed the collection online, while 5.7 million visited the BM itself in 2009/10. Popularity is an important validation of the work we do, but by no means the sole measure of impact. It was a year in which research uncovered two cuneiform fragments that fill in missing text on the Cyrus Cylinder, and a year in which scientific experiment found evidence of colour on the Parthenon sculptures (on the messenger Iris, appropriately enough, the figure of the rainbow in classical mythology). Both discoveries drew the interest of colleagues and press around the world. It was also a year in which the BM’s influence as a library of cultures could be seen more widely. Costumes for a production at Covent Garden of Thomas Arne’s Artaxerxes (the 5th century BC Persian ruler) were inspired by artefacts in the BM. Schoolchildren learned Kathak dance as part of Indian Summer at the Museum. Local visitors in Turkey and Spain could see the one of the great classical statues, the Discobolus, on loan from the collection. 2010 has been marked by the enormous success of A History of the World in 100 Objects, the BM’s collaboration with BBC Radio 4. The outcomes are noticeable – radio and television broadcasts, online activity, events around the country. Perhaps less easily seen is the three years’ research and writing that preceded the programmes. To select 100 objects to tell a history of the world was an intellectual feat – a perilous gamble, possibly – that required the BM to rethink the collection: draw on new research and scientific investigation, address the particular world that exists in 2010. The series had to make sense, as it seems to have done, not just of the past, but of the cultural landscape and concerns that audiences are thinking about today, be they religious, political, social or economic. Generating new and relevant knowledge is at the heart of the BM’s planned building development. The World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre will upgrade the BM’s ability to display the collection and undertake advanced scientific research and conservation. Such study improves our capacity to care for the objects themselves, but at the same time uncovers ever new insights into the past. Among its many facilities the Centre incorporates a research institute of international importance, with collaborations, internships and other joint research and training already planned with colleagues from across the globe.
The World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre will also include a special exhibition space of over 1000sq.m. It will provide modern, accessible stores for the study collection, better staff facilities, improved circulation for visitors and a logistics hub to facilitate the increasing number of loans the BM undertakes. Designs by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners continue to progress, and work is due to begin on site in 2010. Improvements extend beyond new buildings, of course. Sustainability is increasingly an ambition within the BM as we improve our energy ratings, achieve Carbon Trust accreditation and manage waste and consumption more efficiently – all of which were accomplished in 2009. The Trustees wish to thank the staff and volunteers for their dedication and skill, and all those who provide financial support for the Museum’s work. The success of the Museum in recent years has attracted funding from across the globe, allowing us to do so much more than could have been achieved with public subsidy alone. While we pay particular tribute to Lord Wolfson who died earlier this year, the activity outlined in this review is a testament to the range and generosity of all our donors. Without them, the BM could not play its role as a museum of the world for the world. Niall FitzGerald KBE Chairman of the Trustees Trustees
Chief Emeka Anyaoku Ms Karen Armstrong Professor Sir Christopher Bayly Lord Broers of Cambridge FREng, FRS Sir Ronald Cohen Professor Sir Barry Cunliffe CBE Mr Francis Finlay Dame Liz Forgan Ms Val Gooding CBE Mr Antony Gormley OBE Mr Stephen Green Ms Bonnie Greer Ms Penny Hughes Mr George Iacobescu CBE Dr Olga Kennard OBE FRS Baroness Kennedy of the Shaws QC, FRSA Mr Richard Lambert Mrs Edmée P. Leventis Mr David Norgrove Lord Powell of Bayswater KCMG Sir James Sassoon Lord Stern of Brentford KT, FBA
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A History of the World in 100 Objects
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You turn on the radio. You hear music. A woman’s voice announces ‘Stone chopping tool. Made 1.8 million years ago. Found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, East Africa.’
A History of the World in 100 Objects is the result of three years’ intensive research and debate at the BM – not least in choosing the 100 objects that made the final list. Curators and conservators stepped out of their expert cultural corners, and came together to compare what was happening not in one region, but across the entire world at any given moment, where Confucius co-exists with the ancient Greeks; where the artistry of Dürer is contemporary with a turquoise Aztec serpent or a beautifully cast Benin bronze. Investigative conservation and scientific analysis – the core study and preservation of objects essential to all the BM’s work – uncovered new details of their make-up and use, information that fed directly into the programmes. Interpretive possibilities that would formerly have been impossibly slow now emerged from having put the collection online, facilitating comparisons among thousands of objects.
It’s certainly not the news or Desert Island Discs. You seem to have been travelling back in time. ‘Perhaps the best thing of all about being Director of the British Museum, and one that still gives me the most enormous thrill is that, now and then, I’m allowed to take some of the objects out of the cases and hold them. And today I’m being allowed to hold something absolutely astonishing . . . This is one of the first things that humans ever consciously made. And holding it puts me directly in touch with them.’ Neil MacGregor has the chopping tool there in front of him. He passes it to Sir David Attenborough, equally excited by this earliest proof of primitive man, two million years old: ‘Holding this, I can feel what it was like to be out on the African savannahs, needing to cut flesh for example, needing to cut into a carcass, in order to get a meal.’
‘When we look at the history of the world, we’re not looking at history of different civilisations truncated and separated from each other. They’ve a huge amount of contact with each other. There is a kind of interconnectedness.’ Amartya Sen, economist
A History of the World in 100 Objects is a celebration of objects. The 100-part radio series – an innovative partnership between BBC Radio 4 and the British Museum – is being broadcast throughout 2010. Each 15-minute programme focuses on a specific object: a prehistoric handaxe from Olduvai Gorge; a Ming dynasty banknote; a pepper pot from Roman Britain; an Incan llama; a 20th-century African sculpture. It asks us to consider what such objects reveal about the development of mankind: our desires, our beliefs, our relationship to the world around us. The ideas raised – creativity, science, religion, sex, war – are discussed by a range of artists, scientists, philosophers and other contributors, including Amartya Sen, Seamus Heaney, Rowan Williams, Madhur Jaffrey and many others. What unites the series’ 99 items (the 100th representing how we see the world in 2010 will only be revealed as the series draws to a close) is the way they inform us about the connections between different cultures. The Sutton Hoo helmet can tell us not simply about AngloSaxons in Suffolk, but of their ties to Scandinavia. A bronze bull leaper from ancient Crete, made of materials unavailable on the island, unveils the contact Minoan sailors would have had with Egypt, Greece and the Middle East. No nation exists in isolation and the history of the world is a history of contact among peoples.
Success
Bird-shaped pestle 4000 to 8000 years old Papua New Guinea ‘I just thought it was beautiful to look at and had a well-honed, worn look, and a patina that made me feel that it was used – and used again and again. It is a fundamental act both of cooking and of living, and living with a family and passing on, at least in India. When I left India, which was a long long time ago, my mother gave me certain utensils to take with me, and they were all heavy, I remember that. There was a wok, a grinding stone, and a huge mortar and pestle, so those are what I left with, and I still have them, and I use my mortar and pestle to this day.’ Madhur Jaffrey, cookery writer
‘Fantastically interesting,’ said the Independent on Sunday. The partnership with the BM was ‘one of Radio 4’s grandest projects yet’. ‘Instantly winning,’ proclaimed The Times after the first week. ‘It’s wonderful to know that there are a further 95 programmes to come.’ A Culture Show special (BBC2) was devoted to the series, while on The Forum (World Service) Neil MacGregor, Professor Steve Jones and novelist Aleksandar Hemon debated how we unlock the complex, hidden meanings of objects. On Radio 4, Making History brought together world objects from partner museums and those suggested by the public. BBC Wales broadcast four half-hour television programmes, Wales and the History of the World, while BBC Radio Scotland and BBC Radio Ulster each devoted a number of programmes to exploring local history with global connections. The first part of the series, A History of the World in 100 Objects, aired three times a day Monday to Friday for six weeks. In the quarter during which A History of the World in 100 Objects first aired on Radio 4, RAJAR recorded that on average a total of 3.958 million adults listened to the three slots each week. In addition, according to BBC internal measures, the series consistently outperformed other Radio 4 programmes over the same period in terms of audience appreciation. Over two million people downloaded the podcasts in February 2010 and a weekly omnibus edition on the World Service attracted further listeners from across the globe.
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Ghostly tour guide Gemma Arrowsmith stars as Agatha.
British Museum Review 2009/10
A History of the World in 100 Objects
Children
Displays and events
Radio was not the only medium for the project. A 13-part children’s television series, Relic: Guardians of the Museum, was produced by CBBC. Each week Agatha – a ghostly Museum tour guide – led three children on a series of challenges through the BM. Could they unlock the secrets of an Easter Island statue or the Rosetta Stone? Success was met with Guardianship of the Museum, but if they failed, the children would be incarcerated within the Museum walls forever! Each episode attracted approximately half a million viewers, and several hundred thousand more downloaded Relic on BBC iPlayer. Popular Relic trails for children visiting the BM have also been devised.
On radio, on television, online – it would not be a history in 100 objects if the objects themselves were not on display. The BM has produced special maps to guide visitors to the programmes’ objects across the Museum, with special displays in 2010 highlighting three of the 100 objects, starting with an Ice Age carving of swimming reindeer. This 13,000-year-old sculpture was made out of a mammoth tusk and found in Montastruc, France. It is the earliest work of art in any British gallery.
Online
Peter Aspden of the Financial Times saw how the BM/BBC Radio 4 partnership made excellent sense. The BBC, he wrote, ‘brings its own strengths to the project, most notably an ability to engage with a global audience via its website and the World Service: a near-magical realisation of the Enlightenment principle that is so close to [Neil] MacGregor’s heart, that the Museum should allow all “studious and curious persons, native and foreign-born” to have free access to its displays.’ The online element is fundamental. On the series’ growing website, the 100 BM objects can be viewed in detail, the programmes listened to, additional information found. Over 1000 objects nominated by over 400 museums across the UK can be seen, with a further 1000 objects uploaded by members of the public. (UK museums who have participated so far are listed at the back of the Review).
Relic: Guardians of the Museum A BBC crew films the children’s television series at night in the BM.
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Blogs offer a blend of professional comment and public response, as do short videos from Marcus du Sautoy, Simon Mayo and others on anything from the earliest dice (a tetrahedron-shape, we discover, from 2600 BC) to a bar of soap from the World Trade Center. Teachers can draw on lesson plans connected to the series. Any webuser can upload their own object that tells a ‘world story’. Public offerings from Yorkshire, for example, boast a paperweight promoting the Preston ByPass (the first British motorway) and a ceramic casserole dish from Nigeria made by Ladi Kwali. Alternative lists have sprung up in unexpected corners. Tom Archer’s three-wheeler and the Brookfield teapot were among the nominees for a ‘History of the Archers in 100 Objects’. The result has been a fascinating portrait of Britain and the world unlike any seen before.
Swimming reindeer 13,000 years old Montastruc, France ‘What I think you see in the art of this period is human beings trying to enter fully into the flow of life around them, in a way which I think isn’t just about managing the animal world, or guaranteeing them success in hunting or whatever. I think it’s more than that. It’s really a desire to get inside and almost to be at home in the world at a deeper level, and I think that that’s actually a very deeply religious impulse.’ Rowan Williams, Archbishop of Canterbury
Museums across the country have created their own History of the World displays, drawing objects out of their collections in new ways. They range from a prehistoric handaxe whose amazing discovery in 2000 pushed back the starting date for the human occupation of Britain (Norwich Castle Museum) to Banksy’s 2009 Paintpot Angel (Bristol Museum & Art Gallery). Relief tokens speak of the Irish famine in the 1840s and the consequent emigration overseas (Ulster American Folk Park, Omagh). A broken rocking horse survives as testimony to a disaster in 1883 at the Victoria Hall in Sunderland: 183 children were crushed to death, leading to the requirement that henceforth all emergency exits should open outwards (Sunderland Museum). Live broadcasts and other events, such as The Big History Show in St George’s Hall, Liverpool, have encouraged people across the country to put forward their own nominations. Tie-ins with regional radio and television stations and museums have been especially important to the project. By unearthing items both commonplace and rare across the country, the public have captured what the series seeks to demonstrate: how all of us and all of our stories are a part of a history of the world. www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
A Night at the Museum As part of A History of the World, the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum in Coventry demonstrated how flint tools were knapped.
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A History of the World in 100 Objects
Week 1: Making us Human
Week 2: After the Ice Age: Food and Sex
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www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
Week 3: The First Cities and States
Week 4: The Beginnings of Science and Literature
Bird-shaped pestle King Den’s sandal label
Flood Tablet
3rd century BC Thebes, Egypt
4000 to 8000 years old Aikora River, Oro, Papua New Guinea
About 2985 BC Abydos, Egypt
700–600 BC Iraq
Olduvai stone chopping tool
Ain Sakhri lovers figurine
Standard of Ur
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
1.8 to 2 million years old Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
About 11,000 years old Khareitoun, Judea
2600–2400 BC Ur, modern-day Iraq
About 1550 BC Thebes, Egypt
Mummy of Hornedjitef
Indus seal Olduvai handaxe
Clay model of cattle
1.2 to 1.4 million years old Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Minoan Bull Leaper
About 3500 BC Egypt
2500–2000 BC Indus Valley (modern Pakistan and northwest India)
Swimming reindeer
Maya maize god statue
Jade axe
Mold Gold Cape
13,000 years old Montastruc, France
AD
715 Honduras
4000–2000 BC Canterbury, England
1900–1600 BC Mold, North Wales
Clovis spear point
Jomon pot
Early writing tablet
Statue of Ramesses II
13,000 years old Arizona, USA
About 5000 BC Japan
3100–3000 BC Iraq
About 1250 BC Thebes, Egypt
1700–1450 BC Crete, Greece
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A History of the World in 100 Objects
Week 5: Old World, New Powers
Week 6: The World in the Age of Confucius
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www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
Week 7: Empire Builders
Week 8: Ancient Pleasures, Modern Spice
Coin with head of Alexander Lachish reliefs
Oxus chariot model
Warren Cup
700–692 BC Nineveh, northern Iraq
500–300 BC Takht-I Kuwad, Tadjikistan
305–281 BC Lampsakos (modern Lâpseki), Turkey
Sphinx of Taharqo
Parthenon sculpture: Centaur and Lapith
Pillar of Ashoka
North American otter pipe
About 680 BC Kawa, Sudan
About 440 BC Athens, Greece
About 238 BC Uttar Pradesh, India
200 BC to AD 100 Ohio, USA
Basse Yutz flagons
Rosetta Stone
Ceremonial ballgame belt
1100–1000 BC Possibly Henan Province, China
About 450 BC Lorraine, France
196 BC El-Rashid (Rosetta), Egypt
AD
Paracas textile
Olmec stone mask
Chinese Han lacquer cup
Admonitions Scroll
300–200 BC Paracas, Peru
900–400 BC Mexico
AD
4 China
6th to 8th century AD China
Gold coin of Croesus
Chinese bronze bell
Head of Augustus
Hoxne pepper pot
About 550 BC Modern Turkey
500–400 BC Shanxi province, China
27–25 BC Meroë, Sudan
AD
Chinese Zhou ritual vessel
5–15 From Bittir, near Jerusalem
AD
100–500 Mexico
350–400 Hoxne, Suffolk, England
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A History of the World in 100 Objects
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www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
Week 9: The Rise of World Faiths
Week 10: The Silk Road and Beyond
Week 11: Inside the Palace: Secrets at Court
Week 12: Pilgrims, Raiders and Traders
Seated Buddha from Gandhara
Gold coin of Abd al-Malik
Maya relief of royal blood-letting
Vale of York Hoard
2nd to 3rd century AD Pakistan
AD
696–7 Syria
Early 8th century AD Mexico
About 927 Harrogate, England
Gold coin of Kumaragupta I
Sutton Hoo helmet
Harem wall painting fragments
Hedwig glass beaker
415–50 North India
7th century AD Suffolk, England
9th century AD Samarra, Iraq
12th century Probably Syria
Silver plate showing Shapur II
Moche warrior pot
Lothair Crystal
Japanese bronze mirror
AD
4th century AD Iran
AD
100–700 Peru
855–69 Probably Germany
12th century Japan
Hinton St Mary Mosaic
Korean roof tile
Statue of Tara
Borobudur Buddha head
4th century AD Dorset, England
8th century AD Korea
700–900 Sri Lanka
780–840 Borobudur, Java
Arabian bronze hand
Silk princess painting
Chinese Tang tomb figures
Kilwa pot sherds
2nd to 3rd century AD Yemen
7th to 8th century AD Xinjiang province, China
About 728 Henan Province, China
10th to 14th century Kilwa Kisiwani, Tanzania
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A History of the World in 100 Objects
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www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
Week 13: Status Symbols
Week 14: Meeting the Gods
Week 15: The Threshold of the Modern World
Lewis Chessmen
Holy Thorn Reliquary
Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent
The mechanical galleon
1150–1200 Probably Norway
Late 14th century Paris, France
1520–66 Turkey
1585 Augsburg, Germany
Ming banknote
Benin plaque: the oba with Europeans
Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy Hebrew astrolabe
Week 16: The First Global Economy
1345–55 Spain
Late 14th century Constantinople (modern Istanbul), Turkey
1375 China
16th century Benin, Nigeria
Ife head
Shiva and Parvati sculpture
Inca gold llama
Double-headed serpent
Probably 15th century Ife, Nigeria
12th to 13th century Orissa, India
1400–1550 Peru
15th to 16th century Mexico
The David Vases
Sculpture of Huastec goddess
Jade dragon cup
Kakiemon elephants
1351 China
900–1521 Mexico
1417–49 Central Asia
Mid to late 17th century Japan
Taino ritual seat
Hoa Hakananai’a Easter Island statue
Dürer’s Rhinoceros
Pieces of eight
13th to 15th century Santa Domingo, Caribbean
1000–1200 Easter Island (Rapa Nui)
1515 Germany
1573–98 Potosi, Bolivia
AD
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A History of the World in 100 Objects
Week 17: Tolerance and Intolerance
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www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
Week 18: Exploration. Exploitation, and Enlightenment
Week 19: Mass Production, Mass Persuasion
Shi’a religious parade standard
Asante drum
Ship’s chronometer from HMS Beagle
Russian revolutionary plate
Late 17th century Iran
Early 18th century Virginia, USA
Early 19th century England
1921 (painting) St Petersburg, Russia
Miniature of a Mughal prince
Hawaiian feather helmet
Early Victorian tea set
Hockney’s In the Dull Village
About 1610 India
18th century Hawaii
1840–5 England
1966 England
Shadow puppet of Bima
North American buckskin map
Hokusai’s The Great Wave
Throne of Weapons
17th to 18th century Java, Indonesia
1774–5 Ohio, USA
1830–3 Japan
2001 Maputo, Mozambique
Mexican codex map
Australian bark shield
Sudanese slit drum
Credit card
Late 16th century Mexico
1770 Botany Bay, Australia
Late 19th century Khartoum, Sudan
2009 United Arab Emirates
Reformation centenary broadsheet
Jade bi with poem
Suffragette defaced penny
1617 Germany
18th century (poem) Beijing, China
1903 England
Week 20: The World of Our Making
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Final object To be chosen in 2010 To discover how each object helps to tell a history of the world, visit: www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld
Africa
A History of the World in 100 Objects King Den’s sandal label Abydos, Egypt About 2985 BC (4.5 x 5.4 cm)
Perversely for an object that’s going to let us explore power on a massive scale, it is absolutely tiny. I’m holding it now. It’s about one and a half inches square, it’s very thin and it looks and feels a bit like a modern-day business card. But, in fact, it’s a label – a label that was once attached to a pair of shoes – and not any old shoes. These were sandals of the highest status, because this little ivory plaque is a name tag for an Egyptian pharaoh, made to accompany him as he set off to the afterlife.
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British Museum Review 2009/10
Kingdom of Ife Exhibitions
Critical acclaim Exhibitions. Archaeology
Five-star reviews marked the launch in March 2010 of the major exhibition Kingdom of Ife: Sculptures from West Africa, sponsored by Santander with additional support from the A.G. Leventis Foundation. ‘Unbelievable and unmissable’ proclaimed the Telegraph. ‘Shows like this come along once in a lifetime.’ From the 12th to 15th centuries, the cosmopolitan city-state of Ife flourished in what is now Nigeria, with trade networks across west Africa. Among the many achievements of its Yoruba-speaking people was one of the world’s great artistic traditions of naturalist sculpture in stone, terracotta and copper. As several reviewers noted, beautiful bronzes such as a seated man found at Tada display a profound understanding of human musculature, anticipating Renaissance sculpture by more than a century and revealing a completely different aspect of African art.
‘This is an exceptional exhibition, even by the high standards the British Museum has established in recent years. It is extraordinary because it brings together such a large number of masterpieces that have rarely or never been exhibited outside Nigeria before – and when I say masterpieces, I mean artworks that rank with the Terracotta Army, the Parthenon or the mask of Tutankhamun as treasures of the human spirit . . . Hopefully this exhibition will be the starting point for new archaeology. It elicits awe. To behold these royal heads is to travel to a fabled realm far beyond your imagination, a place richer than Atlantis.’ The Guardian, 2 March 2010
Collaboration Conservation. International work
Kingdom of Ife is a collaboration with the National Commission for Museums and Monuments, Nigeria. It was co-organised with the Fundación Marcelino Botín, Spain, and the Museum for African Art, New York. Research and training have been an essential component. Colleagues from Nigeria, including exhibitions and education staff, undertook work placements at the BM as part of the exhibition planning. Working at the BM, Nigerian conservators prepared major Ife artefacts and used BM science laboratories to investigate their materials and later repairs. New information fed directly into the displays. The exhibition enabled the two institutions to share bodies of expertise and differing areas of cultural knowledge, not just for the loans, but more widely as part of discussions on future work together and promoting care for African collections across the world.
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Nigeria in Manchester National exhibitions and loans
Made in Africa: Portrait of an Ife Ruler took a crowned Ife head to Manchester prior to the London exhibition. Manchester Museum used the BM tour to draw out related elements in its own collection and discuss the African diaspora in the UK. It was one of many African loans across the UK. Fabric of a Nation toured Ghanaian textiles to Eastleigh, Luton and the Horniman Museum. Overall the BM loaned 1973 objects to 151 venues across the UK in 2009/10, with many different cultures represented. Ife head with crown The extraordinary corpus of ancient art from Ife includes objects in terracotta, stone and metal, such as this powerful 14th–15th-century brass head. (Height 24cm) World conservation Visiting colleagues from Nigeria included Olutayo Akintayo, who joined BM staff to work on the Ife sculptures at the Museum.
Africa
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Africa
Broadcasting Africa Online. Television
BM at Brent Museum Children in Brent examine the Gayer-Anderson Cat, on loan from the BM.
Digital information about Africa is increasingly available on the BM website. Short videos about the collection inspire a variety of responses. African storyteller Grace Quansah enthusiastically discusses responding to, thinking about and dramatising for an audience the stories of the Benin bronzes. As she warmly states in the Sainsbury African Galleries, ‘To stand in front of the objects is absolutely wonderful.’ The BM also featured in Lost Kingdoms of Africa, a four-part television series on West Africa, Ethiopia, Great Zimbabwe and Nubia broadcast on BBC4 in 2010. ‘Many of the stories of Africa are told here at the British Museum,’ announced host Gus CaselyHayford. One of BBC4’s most successful broadcasts, the series drew on average one million viewers when it was repeated on BBC2.
Ancient Egyptians A British Museum Partnership Gallery at the Great North Museum, Newcastle
Partnership galleries Collections across the UK
Benin stories Storyteller Grace Quansah performs in the Sainsbury African Galleries.
The BM works closely with UK partners to help develop their own galleries. The Egyptian galleries in the new Great North Museum in Newcastle contain 25 BM objects on long-term loan, including a life-size kneeling statue of Ramesses II, a sculpture of the lioness-goddess Sekhmet and a painted mummy portrait of a young man. Since it opened in May 2009, over 770,000 people have visited this new cultural forum in which the BM collection plays a part. Further collaborations between the two institutions, including a touring exhibition, are being planned. BM material can also be seen in the Egyptology galleries at the Kelvingrove Museum, Glasgow, and the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery, and BM support – sharing not just the collection, but expertise – will assist new permanent galleries in York and Carlisle. The BM’s national programme is supported by the Dorset Foundation.
Cats in Brent National loans
An Egyptian bronze cat of around 600 BC is one of the BM’s most popular objects. The Gayer-Anderson Cat usually looks down from its case in the Egyptian gallery, but in 2009, an innovative collaboration with the London Museums Hub, with support from the Dorset Foundation, enabled this rarest of treasures to be displayed in a local museum in the London borough of Brent. It was a short journey in the long life of the cat, but a highly important one, as the audience of local museums is very different to those that national museums attract. First-time visitors to Brent Museum rose 34% as 10,000 people poured into the exhibition.
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Learning in new ways Communities
Many of the BM’s public programmes provide a stepping stone into the Museum, especially for young people or hard-to-reach communities. In 2009, actors created a performance for families to bring the ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead to life. Adult Learners Week brought 160 people in to learn about life and death in Ancient Egypt. Many had never visited the BM before. Talking Objects, supported by John Lyon’s Charity, focuses on individual artefacts such as the Rosetta Stone. Curators and artists lead discussions of what they might mean, and young people are encouraged to share their opinions and responses to the world cultures and artefacts they encounter in the BM. Fieldwork across the continent Archaeology. Fieldwork. Research
Grants from the Leverhulme Trust are enabling BM fieldwork across Africa. In Amara West, an Egyptian imperial capital in northern Sudan, BM archaeologists are excavating tombs and houses. Scientists at the BM’s new World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre will be able to use the finds to investigate evidence of health and diet, and climate change. Money in Africa is a collaboration with several countries that explores the monetary history of Africa of the last 150 years. A major BM Research Publication of the work so far was published in 2009. Archaeologists and conservators excavating a 1st-century AD Amun temple at Dangeil, Sudan discovered the walls of an earlier building from the 7th century BC. The project is not just about excavation: it involves an on-site learning scheme, in which personnel from the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, Sudan, are trained in excavating, drawing, cataloguing and conservation.
British Museum Review 2009/10
Terracotta vessel, 1997 Magdalene Odundo’s pot was one of several contemporary acquisitions from Africa. (70 x 22 cm) Possibly King Aspelta, 7th century BC Excavations at Dangeil, Sudan, have uncovered this granite head within the debris of a 1st century AD Amun temple. It comes from a striding figure of the king. (18.5 x 13 x 16.7 cm)
Kenyan? British? Ethiopian? Japanese? Contemporary acquisitions. Publications.
A History of the World draws us back two million years, then speeds us forward to the present day. So does the BM collection. Contemporary works are an essential component of the BM, in part because they reflect the complexity of global ties in the 21st century. A sensuous ceramic pot donated in 2009 is by Magdalene Odundo, who was born in Kenya, studied in the UK and Nigeria and teaches in Surrey. An enamel dish commemorating the silver jubilee of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1955 was sold in Ethiopia, but made in Japan. Contemporary pieces provoke some of the BM’s most exciting work. Curator Chris Spring won the 2009 Art Book Award for Angaza Afrika: African Art Now. His approach was international: ‘Africa is as much a global phenomenon as a continent.’
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British Museum Review 2009/10
New artefacts, new knowledge Acquisitions. Research. Fieldwork
BM Africa Programme International work. Training
Research and acquisitions help reunite the missing pieces of the past. The BM Friends supported the purchase of two important Egyptian items: an unusual tortoiseshell dish from Roman Egypt and two rare papyrus fragments. The latter, in red and black ink with coloured vignettes, are from the Book of the Dead of Tui of about 1500 BC. They help complete other fragments that have been in the BM collection since the early 19th century and are being enthusiastically studied in light of the existing pieces. BM research into Ancient Egypt has many international links. The American Research Center in Egypt is supporting BM fieldwork on Coptic tombs at Hagr Edfu, Upper Egypt, while BM scientists have joined colleagues from the Louvre to examine gold jewellery from Qurneh and El-Amarna. A BM conservator travelled to Saqqara to prepare a mould of a hand excavated by archaeologists from Leiden: the mould has enabled the BM to identify and replicate a missing piece from a statue of a husband and wife of 1300–1250 BC.
The BM works in Africa to support world culture. Training in west Africa, supported by the Ford Foundation, is now delivered in several museums across Nigeria and Ghana, with dedicated BM staff in place to develop educational resources, host work placements and deliver workshops. The BM also uses UKbased programmes to create opportunities for African colleagues, such as the reinstallation of the Wellcome Gallery in 2009. In east Africa, projects include redeveloping ethnographic storage at the Nairobi Museum and a ‘Training the Trainers’ scheme in Kenya, where staff are trained to share their expertise with colleagues in the wider region. In October 2009, the BM received a grant from the Getty Foundation to help assess training provisions across east Africa. Advice on gallery development – from conservation and display to learning and marketing – is widening the prospects of African museums, from exhibition installation in Ethiopia to Egypt’s new National Museum of Egyptian Civilization. At the invitation of UNESCO, BM curators and conservators visited Cairo to advise on methods of storing, displaying and transporting mummies.
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Tortoiseshell dish A rare dish made in the 1st–2nd century AD was acquired as part of the BM’s collection on Roman Egypt. (Diameter 14.2 cm) Training in Africa The BM’s international programmes include the provision of training in Nigeria, Ghana and Sudan. Colleagues from across the globe are also invited to London as part of the BM’s highly popular International Training Programme, shown here at a reunion in Cairo to mark five years of success.
Africa
Americas Even today for some people it’s unthinkable that maize, the divine food, should end up in a petrol tank. Well beyond Mexico, the idea of genetic modification of crops still causes deep unease, as much religious as scientific – a sense that the natural order is being disturbed, that humans are trespassing on territory that’s properly reserved for the gods. In a very real sense, the Mexican maize god is still alive, and he’s not to be trifled with.
A History of the World in 100 Objects Maya maize god statue Honduras AD 715 (90 x 54 x 36 cm)
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Moctezuma: Aztec Ruler Exhibitions. Publications
On air and online Television. Website
‘This is the figure who will be fascinating audiences this autumn,’ proclaimed The Times of Moctezuma, a BM major exhibition supported by ArcelorMittal. The story of the Mexica (Aztecs) was told through the last days of their ruler, when the Spanish arrived under Hernán Cortés and changed not just the course of events, but the very reputation of Moctezuma himself. Was he a traitor to his people, or a ruler struggling to make sense of this new European order? Critics found the dramatic stone sculptures and other exhibits ‘enthralling’, ‘illuminating’, ‘sensational’ and ‘spellbinding’. Over 210,000 people saw the show, and related publications – from an Aztec colouring book to Ancient American Art in Detail – sold well. Reviewers singled out the catalogue edited by Colin McEwan and Leonardo López Luján: ‘an important book’ (New York Times), ‘excellent . . . shows us what catalogue-making should be all about’ (Independent).
A BBC2 television special with Dan Snow explored how the ruler of five million Aztecs, who inhabited a region from modern-day Mexico to Nicaragua, dealt with the arrival of the Spanish leader Cortés. Broadcast twice, the programme attracted over three million viewers. The BM’s own DVD on Moctezuma, narrated by Neil MacGregor, sold 2400 copies. Short videos about the exhibition, the Day of the Dead, Mexican prints and Mexican cooking were among many that appeared on the BM website.
Skull with mosaic, c.1500 The straps of this decorated skull made by the Mexica were used to tie it around the waist. (19.5 x 12.5 x 12 cm)
Americas
Moctezuma opening The First Lady of Mexico, Margarita Zavala, attends the exhibition launch. Television tie-in Broadcaster Dan Snow in Mexico filming a BBC2 television programme on the life of Moctezuma.
Archaeology at Tenochtitlan Fieldwork. Research
Time Explorer Children’s website
BM exhibitions and programmes such as A History of the World are fed by a constantly changing body of research and discovery. Recent work by colleagues at the ancient city of Tenochtitlan, capital of the Mexica empire, uncovered a monolithic sculpture of the earth goddess, Tlaltecuhtli. The 12-tonne painted slab (3.6 x 4.2m) reconfigures what we know of the Templo Mayor complex and may mark the entrance to a royal tomb. Scientific discovery often reveals social use. Investigating the properties of glue used to make a double-headed turquoise serpent revealed a connection to the same pine resins and other adhesives used by the Aztecs as incense and ritual offerings. Such research is usually collaborative and 2009/10 saw the BM working with institutions in Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador and elsewhere across the Americas.
Young Explorers – a new element of the BM website – offers games for children such as Time Explorer aimed at 6 to 12 year olds. Having chosen an avatar, young players start in a virtual Great Court, then travel back to Imperial China, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Rome or Aztec Mexico. Can they complete the tasks and avoid the pitfalls in the allotted time? Can they help the local population rescue an endangered object before it’s too late? To rescue a mosaic mask, an entire Aztec temple is at their disposal to learn about and explore.
Sacrificial knife, 1400–1521 A ritual knife made by knapping semi-translucent flint. The decorated crouching figure is probably an eagle warrior. (9.3 x 31.7 cm)
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Day of the Dead To celebrate the Mexican festival at the BM, there was song, dance, facepainting, food and more. 31,500 people attended.
Day of the Dead Family events. Debates
‘Wherever you looked there were people – thousands and thousands of participants in what must surely be one of the most extraordinary events ever staged in a museum.’ The Day of the Dead, supported by BP, drew a staggering 31,500 visitors to the BM, as Jonathan Jones described in the Guardian. The BM celebrated the annual Mexican festival (in which families gather to remember the dead) on 1 November 2009. ‘No other museum in the world,’ said Jones, ‘could have put on a mass spectacle of
curiosity and intelligence like this.’ Skeletons danced on stilts, children gobbled skulls made of sugar, a crowd sang along to an Aztec dirge. Other events supporting the exhibition included a Mexican food evening with Fay Maschler and guests; a Guardian debate that looked at Moctezuma’s shifting reputation in ‘Moctezuma’s Revenge: What modern Mexico owes the ruler who lost an empire’; and a Spectator debate, ‘Is fear necessary for strong leadership?’, in which historian Andrew Roberts and others wondered whether Moctezuma might have a thing or two to teach today’s leaders.
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Cultures in Contact Learning programmes. Schools. Communities
Cheering Cherokees Lectures. Exhibitions
Groups from four London comprehensive schools spent the year studying 500 years of cultural encounters. Cultures in Contact is a BM project supported by Deutsche Bank, and its first year focused on the 16th and 17th centuries. Students looked at how Europeans interacted with the Aztecs, Ming dynasty China, Benin and Native Americans. The Moctezuma exhibition prompted a wide-ranging programme for schools, families and communities. Teachers were given an exhibition preview to facilitate class visits. School sessions were completely booked. For October half-term, Mexico Past and Present events drew nearly 5000 adults and children. Films and talks included a lecture by Leonardo Luján, director of recent excavations at Mexico City’s Templo Mayor, the heart of Moctezuma’s empire. BM curators and other specialists welcomed 60 different community groups to an exhibition preview with talks and workshops. Many of the 650 participants had never visited the BM before.
BM staff lecture across the globe on the collection and its cultural significance. Curator Jonathan King spoke at the opening of an exhibition in Oklahoma about the Cherokee peace delegation to London in 1762. His topic in Tulsa was Cherokee visitors to Britain and the origins of the Wild West Show. Conservators, curators and other staff lectured widely: from a talk on Ecuador at the BM to a lecture on Parthian and Sasanian coins in Columbus, Ohio. Plains Indians were the subject of a BM exhibition, Warriors of the Plains: 200 Years of Native North American Honour and Ritual, supported by the Thaw Charitable Trust and the Sosland Family. Rare 19th-century lithographs accompanied ceremonial rattles, tomahawks and costume to explore ideas of valour and prestige, including those of Native Americans who fought in the US Army. Representatives of the Kiowa and Dakota nations attended the opening.
Examining history A Guardian debate chaired by Jon Snow invited guest speakers and the public to
look at Moctezuma’s troubled reputation – was he a hero, or a traitor to his people?
Viva Zapata! Acquisitions. Exhibitions
Among the year’s new acquisitions was a rare impression of the 1932 print Emiliano Zapata and his Horse by Mexican artist Diego Rivera, purchased through a grant from The Art Fund. Alongside revolutionary posters donated by the Aldama Foundation, the lithograph of the leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–20 featured in the BM exhibition, Revolution on Paper: Mexican Prints 1910–1960, supported by the Monument Trust and the Mexico Tourism Board. Critical response was excellent. ‘The Department of Prints and Drawings at the British Museum has done it again,’ said the Telegraph: last year’s survey of American prints from the collection had been ‘a revelation’; Revolution on Paper was ‘even more powerful’. All the prints in the exhibition came from the BM collection, which has been compiled thanks to the generosity of the Aldama Foundation, Dave and Reba Williams and The Art Fund.
Above left Revolution on Paper This exhibition of 130 Mexican prints included José Clemente Orozco’s 1930 lithograph Grief, a moving portrait of suffering during Mexico’s Revolution. (30.3 x 25.1 cm) Above right Emiliano Zapata and his Horse, 1932 Diego Rivera’s lithograph portrays one of the heroes of the Mexican Revolution, a fallen man dressed like a Spanish conquistador at his feet. (41.4 x 33.5 cm) Warriors of the Plains A warrior on horseback, drawn in 1874 by Tall Bear of the Oglala Lakota. (17.5 x 21 cm)
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Haida and Nisga’a totem poles Research. Conservation. Science
Designing for Tiffany’s Acquisitions. Exhibitions
Conservation and scientific research are fundamental to the collection. Two Haida and Nisga’a totem poles from Canada were raised in the Great Court in 2007, and require intensive monitoring to ensure they are kept clean and the effects of light and heat controlled. The BM works with communities across the globe, including the Nuu-chah-nulth and Inuit in Canada. In September 2009, 21 members of the Haida nation visited the BM, and 400 Haida objects were digitised and catalogued in conjunction with curators from British Columbia and the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford. Investigative conservation on North American material included an analysis of a Great Lakes pouch made by women of the Ojibwa or Ottawa people. Made of black-dyed skin with porcupine quillwork, it was probably used in medicine ceremonies. The results were published in the BM’s annual Technical Research Bulletin.
Elsa Peretti, born in Florence in 1940, drew on Italian design as well as the time she spent in Japan to produce some of Tiffany’s most striking contemporary designs. A red beanshaped purse of lacquered wood; a gold lacquered bamboo basket evening bag; silver candlesticks modelled on human bones – these were among a collection of items donated by Tiffany & Co., New York to the BM. They were displayed as one half of an exhibition on how the BM collects modern objects. The other part, Continuity and Change, compared traditional and recent items from non-Western cultures based in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas – a fascinating ‘world art’ context for Peretti’s work.
Ushnus in the Andes Fieldwork. International collaborations
Scholarship at the BM is often collaborative. A three-year research project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council has explored how the Inca Empire appropriated and modified the landscape of the Andes, creating what was for a time the largest state in the Americas.The focus is on an architectural construction known as an ushnu, a sacred platform reserved for use by the king and high-ranking Incas. The research is a collaboration with the University of Reading, Royal Holloway University of London and the University of Ayacucho in Peru.
Totem pole cleaning Conservation in the Great Court takes science to new heights.
Americas
BM appears in Canada Touring exhibitions
Treasures of World Cultures is a touring exhibition of over 300 outstanding objects from the BM, including Renaissance drawings, ancient art from the Near East, Egypt and Greece, and ceramics and bronzes from India, China and Japan. From May to September 2009, it was seen at the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria by 228,000 people, before travelling to Madrid. BM objects are loaned across the world. In North America in 2009/10, they appeared in exhibitions in Ottawa, Québec, New York, Atlanta, Boston, Los Angeles and Chicago. The BM’s unparalleled collection also appealed closer to home. Cambridge Professor of Classics Mary Beard selected the anthology Treasures of the British Museum as her book of choice on BBC Radio 4’s Desert Island Discs. Touring world cultures in America was complemented by touring American art across the UK. The American Scene, a BM exhibition of 20thcentury American prints supported by the Terra Foundation for American Art, was seen by 75,000 visitors in Nottingham, Brighton and Manchester.
Tiffany purse This lacquered wood purse uses traditional Japanese techniques. It was among a collection of Elsa Peretti designs for Tiffany & Co. donated to the BM. (Length 16.7 cm)
Touring American art Bonnie Greer, Trustee of the BM, opens the touring exhibition, The American Scene, in Manchester.
Asia
A History of the World in 100 Objects Chinese Zhou ritual vessel Possibly Henan Province, China 1100–1000 BC (23 x 42 x 26.8 cm)
How often do you dine with the dead? It may seem a strange question, but if you’re Chinese it may not be quite so surprising, because many Chinese, even today, believe that deceased family members watch over them from the other side of death, and can help or hinder their fortunes. When somebody dies, they’re equipped for burial with all kinds of practical bits and pieces: a toothbrush, for instance; money, food, water; possibly a credit card and a computer.
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Oman to Japan Acquisitions. Research
Vietnamese blue-and-white ceramics of 1440–60 were acquired, with support from The Art Fund. Set alongside BM displays such as the Sir Percival David Collection of Chinese Ceramics in the Sir Joseph Hotung Centre for Ceramic Studies, they allow the BM to show the distinct Vietnamese culture that flourished during its independence. Paintings, porcelain and prints from Japan included a scene of a woman throwing a snowball at a pair of lovers, a work purchased for a future exhibition and as part of a major research collaboration with SOAS and several partners in Japan on Japanese erotic art, supported by the Leverhulme Trust.
The continent of Asia spans the contemporary Middle East to the Far East. The BM collection aims to represent this diversity in all its historical and cultural importance, from Assyrian sculpture to Chinese digital prints. Acquisitions in 2009/10 included the purchase of 260 pieces of 20th-century silver jewellery from Oman: weighty armlets, head ornaments, elegant amulet cases. With the main collections of Omani silver resting in Oman and Kuwait, the BM now holds the largest public collection in the West. Seven outstanding
Garden and Cosmos This large painting of c.1775 is from Jodhpur. On the left is shown the death of Vali, killed by Rama on behalf of the monkey-king. On the right, Rama and Lakshmana wait out the monsoon. (62.7 x 134.5 cm)
Omani silver anklet One of a pair of c.1950, this anklet was part of a group of 260 pieces of jewellery from Oman acquired by the BM. (Diameter 9.5 cm)
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Asia
Gardens of India Exhibitions
Indian Summer Exhibitions. Events
‘Would you like to reach Nirvana?’ asked Rachel Campbell-Johnston in The Times. ‘Then wander along to admire some beautiful court paintings that are about to go on show at the British Museum . . . Here is an oasis for the imagination, a show to sweep you away on an intoxicating cosmological voyage.’ The ‘British Museum’s jewel of an exhibition’ (Financial Times) was called Garden and Cosmos: The Royal Paintings of Jodhpur and was the centrepiece of an entire Indian Summer at the BM, sponsored by HSBC. Organised by the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in collaboration with the Mehrangarh Museum Trust, it featured an exceptional loan from India: 54 large, vividly coloured paintings from the royal collection in Jodhpur. One could see beautiful women frolic in a bathing pool as a Maharaja rejoiced during the Indian festival of Holi; or a magnificent lotus, luminous as ‘ten million suns’, burst from the belly of sleeping Narayana. It was ‘a remarkable exhibition’ (Sunday Telegraph) and in every sense ‘a revelation’ (The Observer).
Pictorial gardens were paired with the BM’s own India Landscape: Kew at the British Museum, sponsored by HSBC, in collaboration with the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Holy basil, coconut palms and other plants from south Asia transformed the BM Forecourt. An Indian Summer of events at the BM saw British schoolchildren evoke characters from the Ramayana, community groups attend a special exhibition preview, and a Sonar Bangla family day celebrate Bangladeshi culture. A south Asian film season completely sold-out and a special evening of events, Indian Late, saw more than 5000 people attend the BM to enjoy Indian food, music and dance. Maharaja Bakhat Singh, 1737 The exhibition Garden and Cosmos included several portraits of the Maharaja. Here he sits at a window at Nagaur to receive public adoration (detail). (62.9 x 43.8 cm)
Indian Summer The programme of exhibitions and events included planting an Indian garden in the Forecourt of the BM.
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Objects in Focus Exhibitions
BM in the form of Professor Munakata, a popular Japanese comic-book character created by Hoshino Yukinobu. The professor in the cartoon visited the BM in Hoshino’s wall-sized graphic story and the artist is now working on a full series of BM adventures to be published in English and Japanese.
The Asahi Shimbun Displays in Room 3 focus on a single object. India featured in 2009/10, as did Java and Japan. Imagining the Forest displayed ‘The Trees of Orissa’, a contemporary painting on silk by Dinabandhu Mahapatra inspired by the forest imagery that features in so much art from eastern India. Gamelan: Music of Java showed an extraordinary great gong from a gamelan ensemble collected by Sir Stamford Raffles. Decorated with winged snakes and mystical birds, the large, fragile gong is extremely difficult to display, and preparatory conservation discovered inscriptions that revealed for the first time the East Javanese maker’s name, Wupa. Manga came to the
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Chinese history through real objects – from shadow puppets to picnic boxes. It is accompanied by a suite of learning resources. In 2009/10 it was seen in Coventry, Basingstoke and Sunderland. Chinese culture was reflected in a range of acquisitions. Digital prints by Yang Yongliang made in 2007 rework traditional Chinese landscapes. An art manual of the 1940s by imperial artist Pu Quan and one of his western students was also acquired. Madam Fu Ying, Chinese Ambassador to the UK, presented the BM with Chinese food coupons carefully saved by her mother for decades in case they might some day be needed again. She eventually bequeathed them to her daughter. They made a fascinating story and became a part of the History of the World website, where a video of Madam Fu Ying discussing her donation can also be seen.
Chinese journeys National touring exhibitions. Acquisitions
In 2009/10, Chinese artefacts typified the active life of the BM collection. China: Journey to the East, supported by BP, a CHINA NOW legacy project, was the largest UK loan of Chinese material ever undertaken by the BM. With over 150 objects covering 3000 years, the BM touring exhibition enables audiences across the country to encounter
Mud, wonderful mud Learning. Debates. Exhibitions Manga at the BM Hoshino Yukinobu’s hero Professor Munakata overlooks the Sutton Hoo helmet and other objects. His BM adventure was on display and has now been published as a manga comic. The Trees of Orissa, 1980s The BM collection of Indian painting spans the 12th century to the present day. Dinabandhu Mahapatra’s painting on silk uses forest imagery drawn from older manuscripts (detail). (236 x 118 cm)
A History of the World Additions to the collection included ration coupons given by the Chinese Ambassador. Her mother had saved them from the 1960s to 1990s, and handed them down in case her daughter ever needed them.
Scholarship about the Middle East ranged from a BM lecture at Yale on the meanings of mud to Professor Rory Stewart analysing ‘The rhetoric of war and intervention’. His talk was one of a series sponsored by the London Review of Books, as was a public debate exploring ideas of democracy and power in modern Iran. Karen Armstrong delivered a lecture on the role of Shiism in Iran’s Islamic Revolution in 1978–9. Exhibitions included Safavids revisited, showing artists from Iran and Pakistan responding to traditional miniature painting, and a BM display on Takhti, the Iranian wrestling hero. It toured to Manchester before travelling to Newcastle in 2010.
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BM in the Middle East International work
International conservation Conservation. Collaborations
Much of the BM’s work occurs overseas, from fieldwork and research to advisory roles and training. John Curtis of the BM and Margarete van Ess published the Final Report on Damage Assessment in Babylon for UNESCO in 2009. BM staff visited Iraq to discuss plans for the proposed new Basra Museum and to work with colleagues at the University of Mosul. Loans are a key component to cultural understanding. Objects from the Middle East were loaned to the V&A’s new Medieval and Renaissance Galleries and the Great North Museum in Newcastle, and for special exhibitions in Mannheim, Stuttgart and Berlin. The proposed loan of the celebrated Cyrus Cylinder to Tehran was deferred due to the astonishing discovery in late December 2009 of two missing fragments of Cyrus the Great’s text, currently the focus of renewed scholarly attention. Sharing expertise and advice on museum planning extends from Africa through the Middle East. Present advisory roles include training and other programmes at the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar and content development for the new Zayed National Museum being designed by Foster + Partners in Abu Dhabi.
Working with the Renmei Scroll Mounting Federation in Japan, staff have been conserving five Japanese paintings which the Japanese consider to be of National Treasure status, with funding from the Sumitomo Foundation. In addition to the conservation work, Japanese staff and BM conservators discussed new techniques and practices. The BM also enabled Master Mounters to offer workshops to UK colleagues on silk restoration and woodblock printing. The Japanese press reported the ceremonial completion of work on the 15th-century scroll painting Sugawara no Michizane in Chinese Dress, which was blessed in the BM’s Hirayama Studio by priests from the Dazaifu Tenmangu Shrine in northern Kyushu. Scholarly exchanges in 2009/10 included hosting a curator from the National Museum of Korea; a research fellow from the University of Peshawar, Pakistan; a senior textile conservator from Delhi; and a staff exchange with Shanghai Museum.
Whispers of the East, 2006–7 In this work recently acquired by the BM, Iranian artist Sadegh Tirafkhan explores conflict by imposing contemporary images over a battle scene from a 16th-century Safavid manuscript. (105 x 70 cm)
Monitoring Babylon The BM has contributed significantly to damage assessment in Iraq. Here Dr Maryam Imran Musa stands in front of the Ishtar Temple.
Conserving Japanese art The completion of BM conservation of a 15thcentury Japanese scroll painting was marked by its blessing in the Hirayama Studio.
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The Power of Dogu Exhibitions
Dogu are mysterious clay figures from Japan with recognisably human or animal features. They spanned more than 10,000 years of the Jomon period (12,500–300 BC). The Power of Dogu, sponsored by Mitsubishi Corporation,
was an unprecedented gathering of 67 of these ancient clay figures, with three National Treasures being shown together for the first time ever outside Japan. How they were used by the Jomon people is uncertain, but the power of their exaggerated shapes has not lessened over time. The Wall Street Journal
called it a ‘stunning exhibition’, and the Independent praised the ‘unexpected pleasures’ of these delightful figures ‘gathered together from a whole range of provincial museums in Japan’. Visitors were enthralled, and often startled. ‘It’s magic,’ said one. ‘Looking into the eyes of that thing, it’s just amazing, the
age of it. I couldn’t believe it – makes you realise how insignificant we are.’ ‘People pretend that the Japanese have no imagination and all they do is copy other people, but this is 3500 years ago and if these people didn’t have imagination, then no one has any imagination . . .’
Standing dogu Nishinomae, Yamagata prefecture 2500-–1500 BC (Height 45 cm)
Goggle-eyed dogu Kamegaoka, Aomori prefecture 1000–300 BC (Height 34.8 cm)
Hollow clay figure Chobonaino, Hokkaido 1500–1000 BC (Height 41.5 cm)
Tanabatake ‘Venus’ Tanabatake, Nagano prefecture 2500–1500 BC (Height 27 cm)
Australia and Oceania
A History of the World in 100 Objects Australian bark shield Botany Bay, Australia 1770 (97 x 29 cm)
This bark shield – collected on Captain Cook’s first voyage on the HMS Endeavour (1768–71) – was described by the naturalist Joseph Banks in his journal: ‘Defensive weapons we saw only in StingRays [Botany] Bay and there only a single instance – a man who attempted to oppose our Landing came down to the Beach with a shield of an oblong shape about 3 feet long and 11⁄2 broad made of the bark of a tree. This he left behind when he ran away and we found upon taking it up that it plainly had been pierced through with a single pointed lance near the centre.’
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Feather cloak Hawaiian chiefs presented this cloak to Captain Cook’s second-in command, Charles Clerke during Cook’s third voyage to the Pacific. (168 x 294 cm)
Polynesian canoe sails Images of 18th-century sailing canoes were important sources for the BM’s reconstruction of two Polynesian canoe sails.
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Australia and Oceania
James Cook explores the Pacific International loans
Beer mats and cookies Acquisitions
The cultures of Australia and the Pacific islands of Oceania exercise a perennial fascination. International exhibitions on seafarers such as Captain Cook are elaborate collaborations that draw on many world collections. James Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific was organised by Bonn’s Art and Exhibition Hall, Göttingen University, Vienna’s Museum of Ethnology and the Historisches Museum in Bern, but its displays stretch beyond Germany, Austria and Switzerland to include works from London’s Natural History Museum and others. The exhibition united for the first time in over 200 years the ethnographic and natural history materials Cook gathered across the Pacific during three voyages from 1768–79. The BM made a major loan of 54 18th-century objects to the touring exhibition, including a feathered god’s head from Hawaii.
Antipodean art encompasses many styles and acquisitions in 2009/10 saw various types represented. A densely cross-hatched bark painting from the 1960s by the important indigenous artist Wandjuk Marika was generously donated. It may depict a journey made by his creator ancestors, the Djang’kawu. Ayers Rock was one of four miniature drawings by Sidney Nolan. They were bequeathed to the BM through The Art Fund, three of them drawn and coloured on beer coasters for Nolan’s assistant in London, Ann Forsdyke. Other contemporary works included a portfolio of ten aboriginal prints, donated by Mr and Mrs Gordon Darling; prints by Australian painter John Brack, donated by his widow; a major gift from the Australian Print Workshop of 117 contemporary prints by 45 leading artists, including Jan Senbergs, John Wolseley, and Ex de Medici; and Cookie in the Cook Islands, a 2008 work by New Zealand-based Polynesian artist Michel Tuffery.
Reconstructing a Polynesian sail Conservation. Research
Conserving rare, often fragile material from Oceania is essential in order to tell the stories of indigenous Polynesians. For many Oceanic cultures, the BM collection is a resource unparalleled in its scope, quality of preservation and historic breadth. The BM recently conserved the second of two 18thcentury canoe sails that survive from the early era of sailing canoes. Made from finely plaited pandanus leaves, both were challenging to conserve due to their great height and brittle condition. News of the sails’ existence has spread. Scholars, journalists and Polynesians working to reconstruct voyaging canoes have all responded to the singular opportunity to gain information about complete Polynesian sails constructed using traditional materials and techniques.
Australian partnerships International collaborations
Bark painting, 1960s Artist Wandjuk Marika depicts the Barawula River, wild bean, stone-headed spears and wallaby tracks on a background of crosshatching. (170 x 72 cm)
The BM signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Museum of Australia in 2009. The agreement supports a five-year programme of research on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander material. A jointly curated exhibition exploring Australian indigenous art and history will combine artefacts from both museums’ collections and will be shown in Canberra in 2012 and London in 2014. The BM collection of modern Australian prints and drawings is now the most comprehensive outside Australia, thanks to the generous donations of many artists, estates and collectors. Research and planning are currently underway for an exhibition in 2011, Home and Away: Australian Prints and Drawings since 1940, based on the BM’s collection.
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Rainforest shield, Rockingham Bay, Queensland, 19th century Indigenous Australians still make painted shields like this. New research on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander material at the BM and in Australia will support a major exhibition in 2012. (99.8 x 42.5 cm)
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Australia and Oceania
Rainforest shield, Malgrave, Queensland, 19th century This shield is one of a group of nine. The blue pigment used to outline the designs is probably the laundry whitener Reckitt’s Blue, and illustrates the cross-cultural influence on indigenous art. (100 x 37.5 cm)
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Maori carvers and kites Communities. Publications
The BM’s popular Wellcome Trust Gallery was renewed in 2009 with four new case studies: Solomon Islands, Ghana, the Arctic and the Maori. As part of a display on the Maori meeting house, the BM commissioned carvings by artist George Nuku, who also gave a gallery talk on the new exhibit. A ceremonial dedication on 11 June was led by Muriwai Ihakara of the Maori Arts Board, Te Waka Toi and Ngati Ranana of the London Maori Club. A new illustrated catalogue of the complete BM Maori collection is being published in 2010. With over 2300 items, it includes the oldest surviving Maori bird-man kite in the world, donated to the collection in 1843. Quilting on the Cook Islands Research. Publications
Artistic Traditions in World Cultures is a fascinating anthropology series published by the British Museum Press and supported by the Getty Foundation. Its authors are academics, artists, curators and other experts from across the globe. 2009 saw two new studies produced. Tivaivai: The Social Fabric of the Cook Islands examined quilts, known as tivaivai, made by the women of the Cook Islands since the late 19th century and used in the manner of traditional bark-cloth. BM curator Ben Burt has been working since 1979 with the Kawara’ae, Kwaio and others on Malaita. His book Body Ornaments of Malaita, Solomon Islands is a study of moneybeads, combs and bands made of glistening pearl and turtle shell, their traditional use for special occasions and gradual disappearance in modern times. Next in the series is a book on central Asian Nomadic felts, due to appear in 2010. Maori artist George Nuku presents the Maori meeting house, which he carved for the new display in the Wellcome Trust Gallery.
Australia and Oceania
Opening ceremony In June 2009, new displays of Maori art were officially opened in the Wellcome Trust Gallery.
Dazzling the Enemy Exhibitions
Conflict among societies of the western Pacific evolved into complex forms of ritual battle. Dazzling the Enemy: Shields from the Pacific was an exhibition of over 40 remarkable shields from Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and West Papua. Far from camouflaging themselves, warriors used bold and dazzling designs to demonstrate physical and spiritual power, and to intimidate the enemy. Photographs of chiefs and warriors bearing the shields were drawn from the recently digitised Pacific pictorial collection. They showed how the objects were carried and used, and the changing environment in which the designs had such power.
Dance shield The exhibition Dazzling the Enemy included this shield representing the moon, from Bougainville Island. (Length 100 cm)
A History of the World in 100 Objects Vale of York Hoard Harrogate, England About 927 Revealed at 0 –1 cm, 1–2 cm and 6–7 cm
Europe You look into the lip of the bowl and there, packed in, are these hundreds of coins and these arm rings – these pieces of silver . . . And suddenly you’re right there with this material, some of it freshly minted, and so precisely datable that it can take you back to that tremendous moment in English history when the kingdom of England was first created, and the north was swept up in war, and Viking kings of York were charging across to Northumbria and fleeing across to Dublin, and tremendous events were on the roll.
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Olympians at the BM International loans and exhibitions
Rembrandt, Fra Angelico, Leonardo Online catalogues. Research
In October 2009, conservators and curators met 25 British athletes and artists as part of the run-up to the 2012 Olympics. They examined sculptures and vases depicting athletic prowess in ancient Greece and Rome. Classical displays are organised worldwide. Under the World Collections Programme – a consortium of five major UK museums – the Discobolus was loaned to Istanbul to mark its appointment as European Capital of Culture. Turkey had loaned the Sagalassos head of Hadrian to the BM in 2008. Nearly 150,000 people in the UK visited a two-year national touring exhibition on Greek athletes, warriors and heroes, while 222,000 saw an international BM tour, The Body Beautiful in Ancient Greece, in Alicante, Spain. The exhibition was opened by Queen Sofia and travels next to Korea.
Scientists and curators re-examined the materials and processes of 15th-century Italian drawing for the exhibition, Fra Angelico to Leonardo: Italian Renaissance Drawings (22 April to 25 July 2010), supported by BP. Their research is increasingly presented online. An innovative ‘living catalogue’ for the drawings of Rembrandt and his school was published on the BM website in 2010. Linked to the collection database, the catalogue is updated as any changes occur. It is an example of how the BM is using new technology to modernise traditional modes of scholarship.
Paint on the Parthenon Science. Research. Conservation
Research into the collection is often sciencebased. A visiting Mellon research fellow worked with staff to pioneer a non-invasive photo-luminescent technique that shows, by the quality of refracted infrared light, the presence of colours such as Egyptian blue, which he found on the Parthenon sculptures. The experiment has generated enormous press and scholarly interest, and the BM is already working with colleagues in Athens to look for further evidence of polychromy. The importance of such work has been honoured by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. In 2009, they awarded the BM a significant grant for a 15-year programme of Post-doctoral Research Fellowships in Conservation and Scientific Research. Much of this will take place in the BM’s new World Conservation and Exhibitions Centre, where state-of-the-art facilities for experiments will be housed.
Warrior, c.1480 This virtuoso work by Leonardo da Vinci was among the 100 Italian Renaissance drawings exhibited in Fra Angelico to Leonardo. (28.7 x 21.1 cm)
International loans The Roman Discobolus was loaned to Istanbul to mark its season as European Capital of Culture. (Height 1.7 m)
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Rare treasure found in England Discoveries. National collaborations
Portable Antiquities Scheme National finds
A major discovery in the UK in July 2009 generated immense excitement. The Staffordshire Hoard is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon treasure ever found. Containing over 1600 items mostly of gold and silver ‘war gear’, some set with garnets, the hoard includes 7th-century sword fittings, helmet fragments and Christian crosses. A display in the BM speedily made a selection of highlights available to a curious public. The BM supported a successful appeal by The Art Fund to raise the £3.285 million which Birmingham Museums and Art Gallery and the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery in Stoke-on-Trent needed to acquire the Staffordshire Hoard. A short book published to support the appeal sold over 23,000 copies.
The Staffordshire and Vale of York hoards came to light under the Portable Antiquities Scheme, which is funded by the Museums, Libraries and Archives Council. The BM programme encourages the reporting of local finds across England and Wales and is increasingly a focus for conservation and research at the BM. Over 66,000 finds were recorded in 2009. With 781 finds reported as Treasure, the government has agreed to establish a special Coroner for Treasure to speed up the handling of such cases and widen the obligation for individuals to report treasure and prevent its illegal sale. The Staffordshire Hoard was by far the most important discovery in the country, but many of the finds are significant. They included a group of late Saxon finger-rings made of gold and a bronze head of a bearded Roman found near Brackley.
Viking hoard jointly acquired Discoveries. Acquisitions. Conservation
In the Vale of York, a hoard of Viking treasure worth over £1million was uncovered in 2007. It was jointly acquired this year by Yorkshire Museums Trust and the BM, with support from the National Heritage Memorial Fund, The Art Fund, BM Friends, private individuals and a public appeal. Initially exhibited in York, the coins and other finds were then displayed at the BM from February 2010. Detailed investigative conservation has begun, uncovering decorative details, coin designs and inscriptions.
Staffordshire Hoard Gold rings were among the much publicised treasure in the largest Anglo-Saxon hoard ever discovered.
Roman emperor, 2nd century AD A bronze bust discovered in Oxfordshire was recorded under the Portable Antiquities Scheme, which encourages the reporting of finds in England and Wales. (Height 16.2 cm)
Viking treasure uncovered The Vale of York Hoard, probably buried by a wealthy Viking leader in the 9th century, contained over 600 coins.
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Honourable coins, dishonourable medals Exhibitions. Publications
European coins and medals were a focus for displays and research across the BM. Most of the 617 silver coins in the Vale of York hoard (which included 15 Islamic coins) were exhibited, while coins found at Tutbury – the largest coin hoard ever found in Britain – were displayed alongside pilgrim badges, musket balls and other artefacts to explore the story of ruin and rebellion at the Staffordshire castle. Curator Gareth Williams won the 2009 Lhotka Memorial Prize for his book Early Anglo-Saxon Coins. The exhibition Medals of Dishonour, supported by Chora, unearthed four centuries not of dull praise, but of witty disgrace cast in medals old and new: from a Dutch medal of the Devil Cromwell to an ASBO medal by Michael Landy. ‘The BM deserves a medal’ ran the Evening Standard headline, for its clever exhibition of satirical gongs. ‘The latest in a run of brilliant exhibitions,’ said the Financial Times. Events included talks by Steve Bell and Cornelia Parker, and an appropriately noisy evening of protest music. For Faith in Shopping, 2008 Using figures inspired by medieval art, artist Grayson Perry satirises present-day consumer culture. (Diameter 7 cm) The Uncharitable Monopolizer, 1800 Engraver John Gregory Hancock attacks farmers seeking to profit by hoarding wheat at a time of poor harvests and public need. (Diameter 3.6 cm) Hot Air, 2009 Felicity Powell’s medal takes the form of a retractable tape measure bearing a stream of quotes or political ‘hot air’. (Diameter 8.5 cm)
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Horary quadrant, 1573 A rare 16th-century brass quadrant donated to the BM was once used to tell the time anywhere in the British Isles. (Radius 12.3 cm)
Time travel Acquisitions
Dr Who materialised into the starry reaches of the BM in 2009. Money used as props in the much-loved BBC television series was acquired for the collection, as was a ten trillion dollar note from Zimbabwe and a sharia-compliant credit card, chosen as one of the 100 objects to tell A History of the World on Radio 4. The dimensions of time were more traditionally framed by a beautiful Elizabethan horary quadrant. It was sitting on the donor’s mantelpiece when he read about the BM’s acquisition of the Canterbury astrolabe. William Body contacted the BM and after the quadrant’s
age and importance were revealed, generously donated it to the collection. It enables one to tell the time anywhere on the British Isles. Other European additions to the collection included liturgical silver from Plymouth Synagogue, the oldest surviving Ashkenazi synagogue in Britain, built in 1762, and 11 delftware tiles made in London in 1679–80. The tiles depict scenes from the Popish Plot and were bequeathed to the BM by William Gordon. Contemporary works included two models by Grayson Perry for For Faith in Shopping and five wax models by Felicity Powell for her medal Hot Air, acquired with support from Chora.
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Families and schools Children are encouraged to explore and enjoy the collection through digital media, activities and events such as The Big Draw.
Children at the BM Schools. Families. Volunteers. Members
School sessions and family events encourage children and families to explore their own and other cultures and expand public interest in the collection. Weekend events are particularly popular: making a film in the Samsung Digital Discovery Centre about the sound of time passing, learning how to perform medieval peasant dances from northern Europe, drawing Hadrian, Moctezuma and other rulers for The Big Draw. In 2009/10, 221,000 schoolchildren booked visits at the BM, 86,000 of those from overseas. BM work is extensively supported by patrons, friends and volunteers. There were 24,000 BM members at the close of March 2010. Over 800 volunteers led EyeOpener tours and Hands On sessions, worked on the public programme and assisted various departments across the Museum.
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Disseminating knowledge Lectures. Research. Fieldwork
Around Britain, across Europe National work. Joint acquisitions. Publications
In 2009/10, BM staff could be heard in the Museum, on radio, across the country, online, on television and around the world, from a paper given in Leiden on north European human settlement in the Middle Pleistocene period to a lecture on medieval scientific instruments in Budapest. Staff specialists disseminate the latest research, including the BM’s important findings in science and conservation. Experiments to understand and prevent iron corrosion were reported. The EU Research Executive Agency has funded a BM team to study the sources, degradation and preservation of ancient tars used on medieval and early modern ships. The Leverhulme Trust is supporting a collaborative university and museum archaeological project to refine the dating of the first human presence in Britain 800,000 years ago.
BM ties extend across Europe, whether through loans, sharing expertise or joint projects. The BM works with major UK partners, but also supports many smaller bodies such as the centre at Creswell Crags near Worksop, one of Europe’s most important archaeological landscapes. Palaeolithic material was provided as was technical advice for a new museum and education centre, which opened in June 2009. Support can include shared acquisitions, where a single museum would not be able to afford the purchase. Two rare gold coins of the Roman Emperor Carausius found in 2007 were acquired in 2009: one by Derby Museum and Art Gallery, the other by the BM, with support from The Art Fund, BM Friends and the Bottoms Bequest. Publications examine culture in Britain – 2009/10 saw the British Museum Press publish books on Victorian jewellery and Lindow Man among the 45 new titles they produced – as well as European subjects such as the Holy Thorn reliquary made in France around 1400. Language access is increasingly important. Web pages were added providing text for highlight objects in Spanish and Italian. The BM souvenir guide appeared in Polish.
British Museum Press BMP published 45 new titles, including a souvenir guide in Polish.
New acquisition One of two rare gold coins that depict the helmeted head of the Roman Emperor Carausius was acquired by the BM. They were discovered in 2007. (Diameter 2 cm)
Across the globe It was not just western European rulers that were fascinated by automata and mechanical curiosities of this sort. They were also greatly prized in China and by the Ottoman Sultans, Turkey’s rulers in Constantinople. Observers repeatedly stressed the precision, the orderliness, the grace of mechanisms like this one . . . What ruler, from Dresden to Kyoto would not gaze in delight as figures moved to his command in strict and unswerving order? All so unlike the messiness of rule in the real world.
A History of the World in 100 Objects The mechanical galleon Augsburg, Germany 1585 (104 x 78.5 x 20.3 cm)
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International Training Programme Training. International work
The annual summer training programme at the BM welcomed 22 participants from Africa, the Middle East and Asia in 2009. They came from Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Turkey, India and China, as well as for the first time Ghana, Uganda, Mozambique and Palestine. Initially aimed at training curators, the programme now considers a wider range of museum and heritage sector professions. Participants engage in group talks and training activities, and then move to their ‘home’ BM department to pursue research. More UK partners hosted day visits this year, and each participant spent ten days at one of six regional museums – Amgueddfa Cymru, National Museum Wales; The Collection: Lincoln; Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery; Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums; Whitworth Gallery and Manchester Museum; and Glasgow Museums. Sir Peter Ricketts, Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, hosted a reception at the FCO for the participants, organisers and ITP supporters.
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Working across the UK Nilanjan Banerjee from Rabindra Bhavana, a museum dedicated to Tagore in West Bengal, at the Museum of the Jewellery Quarter in Birmingham, a visit arranged as part of the BM’s International Training Programme.
Training at the BM The BM’s International Training Programme offers training at the BM and organises visits to other UK museums to discuss different types of museum practice. Here participants from China, Iraq, India, Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Turkey, Ghana, Uganda and Mozambique visit the Horniman Museum.
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BM activities across the globe Highlights
1. CANADA: Quebec This silver spice box has a removable nutmeg grater. It was made in 1715 by David Tanqueray, a Huguenot silversmith who had settled in London. The BM loaned 1160 objects internationally in 2009/10. This appeared in Canada in a V&A touring exhibition on the Baroque.
2. USA: Phoenix This carving made of alder was seen in Seattle, Phoenix and Victoria as part of the exhibition, S’abadeb–The Gifts: Pacific Coast Salish Art and Artists. The BM works extensively with West Coast Native Americans, including the Haida and Nisga’a nations.
Across the globe
3. PERU: Lima With the Universities of Ayacucho, Reading and Royal Holloway, the BM is studying Incan monuments in the Andes, funded by the AHRC. An exhibition on Peruvian coastal cultures (which produced this Moche warrior, one of the 100 objects in the BM/BBC radio series) is also being developed.
6. IRAQ: Mosul An innovative project sponsored by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation is digitising the Library of King Ashurbanipal of Assyria, in support of a new Institute of Cuneiform Studies at the University of Mosul. A complete digital catalogue – with high-resolution images – is being created of all the clay tablets excavated at Nineveh. 9. INDIA: Chennai BM scientists are tracing the history of trade across the Indian Ocean. In 2009 they investigated ceramics in Chennai and Trivandrum. Microscopic study of the chemical composition is revealing new details about where the ceramics were produced and by whom.
10. CHINA: Beijing Research collaborations with China included the study of Qianlong inscriptions on jades, lacquer wares and ceramics in the BM, including this Shang Dynasty ring. Curators from the BM worked alongside an international team including experts from the Beijing and Taipei Palace Museums.
11. JAPAN: Nagoya This detail is from an anamorphic woodcut of 1538 showing Jonah and the Whale. It was made by the Nuremberg artist Erhard Schön, best known for his satirical images attacking church abuses. The woodcut toured as part of a loan to Nagoya, Tokyo and Kobe in 2009.
4.DENMARK: Copenhagen Paul Gauguin was transformed by his encounter with the South Pacific. Polynesian objects from the BM collection such as this 18th-century breast plate will travel from Mannheim to Copenhagen to Seattle over the next two years as part of a display on the French painter.
5. GERMANY: Berlin The BM has one of the world’s finest collections of Gandhara sculpture. For an exhibition on the Buddhist heritage of Pakistan, a major loan of 46 items was sent to Bonn, Berlin and Zürich. It included this gold dinar depicting the Kushan dynasty king, Vima Kadphises.
7. SUDAN: Amara West BM excavations in Sudan are revealing an entire garrison town. Amara West was the seat of the Egyptian administration of upper Nubia from the reign of Seti I (1306–1290 BC). Archaeologists are using magnetometry and other techniques to establish the plans of houses and cemeteries.
8. MOZAMBIQUE: Nampula With the National Museum of Ethnology, the BM is researching Makonde masquerade. Other projects with Mozambique included hosting interns from Nampula in the BM’s paper conservation studios. The BM runs extensive training programmes across Africa. 12. AUSTRALIA: Launceston Robert Hawker Dowling painted this aboriginal Australian in 1820–35. It was one of many BM loans to Australia, where future collaborations include a joint exhibition with Canberra drawing on the BM’s collection of Australian art.
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Fundraising
The Trustees have under their care one of the great and rare world collections. The BM collection is held in trust for current and future generations – many of those who will benefit from it have yet to be born. As a consequence the Museum’s priority has to be safeguarding the collection for the long term. There is a very significant, unavoidable, annual cost to securing and preserving the objects in our care.
performing arts institutions, museums and galleries – the list of organisations who benefited from his enthusiastic and intelligent patronage is extensive.
In parallel the Trustees have a responsibility to make the collection as widely available as possible, and the extensive public programmes in the UK and abroad have helped us to achieve this. The BM’s success in recent years has allowed us to attract support across the globe from all sections of the philanthropic community including individuals, corporations, trusts and foundations. The annual support we receive is helping more people than ever before to benefit from the collection – in Bloomsbury, throughout the UK, and all over the world. Sponsorship and donations have enabled us to expand our national and international audiences, work with schools, local communities, scholars and professional colleagues.
BM public programme Events such as the Mexican Day of the Dead celebrations attract tens of thousands of visitors to the BM.They would not be possible without extensive philanthropic support.
We are particularly grateful to those corporations who maintained their long-term support throughout a very difficult economic period; to our donors who have interests in so many different countries yet choose to fund this institution; to the trusts and foundations that sustain public programmes; and to all those who provide invaluable support for the Museum. This support supplements, but could never replace, the funding for core activity provided by Parliament since 1753. Public funding makes private support affordable and therefore possible, and together they make our collection and expertise available to the world. The British Museum would not be the global resource it is today without an illustrious succession of civicminded philanthropists. Lord Wolfson of Marylebone was one of this country’s finest philanthropists. As a founding member and chairman of the Wolfson Foundation, he helped to award over £1 billion in grants. Higher education establishments, research bodies, schools, hospitals, hospices, historic buildings,
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The BM’s own debt of gratitude to Lord Wolfson is immeasurable. The Wolfson Gallery of the Roman Empire proudly bears the name of the Foundation but represents a small testament to the impact made to the BM’s capital development. The Wolfson Foundation supported the restoration of the King’s Library and the creation of the Enlightenment Gallery within it, and most recently fused its commitments to culture and scientific enquiry with a pledge towards the new Research Institute of Science and Conservation. Grants of close to £7 million, from both the Wolfson Foundation and the DCMS/Wolfson Museums and Galleries Improvement Fund, have helped to transform the Museum building over several decades. Following his death on 20 May 2010, the British Museum would like to pay tribute to Lord Wolfson’s longstanding support for the BM and to the wider, outstanding contribution that he made to this country’s public and artistic life. In a climate where private philanthropy is likely to become ever more important to the Museum’s ability to thrive, his example is one that should be emphatically celebrated and admired.
Lord Wolfson (1927–2010)
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Exhibitions Shah ‘Abbas: The Remaking of Iran 19 February to 14 June 2009 In association with the Iran Heritage Foundation Garden and Cosmos: The Royal Paintings of Jodhpur 28 May to 11 October 2009 Sponsored by HSBC Holdings India Landscape: Kew at the British Museum 1 May to 11 October 2009 Sponsored by HSBC Holdings Moctezuma: Aztec Ruler 24 September 2009 to 24 January 2010 Supported by ArcelorMittal, with additional support from the airline partner Mexicana Kingdom of Ife: Sculptures from West Africa 4 March to 4 July 2010 Sponsored by Santander, with additional support from the A.G. Leventis Foundation The Intimate Portrait: Drawings, Miniatures and Pastels from Ramsay to Lawrence 5 March to 31 May 2009 The Splendour of Isfahan: Coins from Iran 5 March to 5 July 2009 Elsa Peretti: Designs for Tiffany & Co. 1 May 2009 to 31 January 2010 Continuity and Change: Cultural Dynamism in the Modern World 1 May 2009 to 10 January 2011 Dazzling the Enemy: Shields from the Pacific 14 May to 16 August 2009 Medals of Dishonour 25 June to 27 September 2009 Supported by Chora Ruin and rebellion: uncovering the past at Tutbury Castle 9 July 2009 to 17 January 2010
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Safavids Revisited 23 March to 18 October 2009 The Power of Dogu: Ceramic Figures from Ancient Japan 10 September to 22 November 2009 Sponsored by Mitsubishi Corporation Revolution on Paper: Mexican prints 1910–1960 22 October 2009 to 5 April 2010 Supported by the Monument Trust and the Mexico Tourism Board Warriors of the Plains: 200 Years of Native North American Honour and Ritual 7 January to 5 April 2010 Supported by the Thaw Charitable Trust and the Sosland Family Treasures from Medieval York 12 February to 27 June 2010 Objects in Focus: The Asahi Shimbun Displays Takhti: A Modern Iranian Hero 19 February to 19 April 2009 Gamelan: Music of Java 21 May to 12 July 2009 Imagining the Forest: A Painting on Silk from Eastern India 13 August to 4 October 2009 Manga: Professor Munakata’s British Museum Adventure 5 November 2009 to 3 January 2010 Swimming Reindeer: An Ice Age Masterpiece 11 February to 11 April 2010
A History of the World across the UK A History of the World is a collaboration with over 400 museums and cultural institutions across the UK, and the number continues to grow. Museums and members of the public around Britain have nominated their own objects for broadcast on television and radio, and inclusion on the A History of the World website. The selection below is listed by BBC broadcast area England Beds, Bucks and Herts First Garden City Heritage Museum Apsley Paper Trail Museums Luton Wycombe Museum Verulamium Museum Hitchin Museum and Art Gallery Bletchley Park Trust The Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Bedford Museum Museum of Technology, Hemel Hempstead Letchworth Museum and Art Gallery Berkshire Museum of English Rural Life in Reading Reading Museum Windsor and Royal Borough Museum West Berkshire Museum, Newbury Ure Museum of Greek Archaeology, Department of Classics, Reading University Birmingham Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery Museum of the Jewellery Quarter ThinkTank - Birmingham Science Museum Black Country Dudley Museum Service Sandwell Museum Service Wolverhampton Arts and Museums Service Walsall Leather Museum Walsall Museum Black Country Living Museum Bradford & West Yorkshire Pontefract Museum Bankfield Museum Bagshaw Museum, Batley Tolson Memorial Museum Manor House Art Gallery & Museum, Ilkley Kirklees Museums and Galleries Bolling Hall Museum Bradford Industrial Museum
Bristol Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery John Wesley’s Chapel at the New Room SS Great Britain North Somerset Museum Cambridgeshire Wisbech and Fenland Museum The Cromwell Museum, Huntingdon Imperial War Museum Duxford Peterborough Museum Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, Cambridge Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Cambridge The Fitzwilliam Museum The Stained Glass Museum, Ely Cathedral Farmland Museum, Denny Abbey, Waterbeach Cornwall Royal Cornwall Museum Geevor Tin Mine National Maritime Museum, Falmouth Porthcurno Telegraph Museum Penlee House Gallery and Museum, Penzance Isles of Scilly Museum, St Mary’s Coventry & Warwickshire Warwickshire County Museum, Warwick Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, Stratford upon Avon Coventry Transport Museum Midland Air Museum, Coventry Rugby Art Gallery and Museum The Herbert Art Gallery & Museum, Coventry Leamington Spa Art Gallery and Museum Cumbria Ruskin Museum, Coniston Penrith Museum Millom Folk Museum Museum of Lakeland Life & Industry, Kendal Tullie House Museum, Carlisle The Beacon, Whitehaven Wordsworth Trust, Dove Cottage, Grasmere Derby The Silk Mill, Derby Derby Museum and Art Gallery The Peak District Mining Museum, Matlock Bath Calke Abbey (National Trust) Creswell Crags Museum and Visitors Centre Princess Royal Locomotive Trust, Ripley Strutt’s North Mill, Belper Buxton Museum and Art Gallery Devon Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter Plymouth City Museum and Art Gallery Torquay Museum Dorset Dorset County Museum, Dorchester The Tank Museum, Bovington
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Russell-Cotes Art Gallery and Museum, Bournemouth Lyme Regis Philpot Museum Poole Museum Priest House Museum, Wimborne Dorset History Centre, Dorchester Royal Signals Museum Blandford Camp, Blandford Forum Essex Epping Forest District Museum Southend Museums Service Colchester Castle Hollytrees Museum Colchester Saffron Walden Museum Warner Textile Archive, Braintree Essex Regiment Museum Sandford Mill Chelmsford Mersea Island Museum Chelmsford Museum Gloucestershire Corinium Museum, Cirencester Museum in the Park, Stroud City Museum and Art Gallery, Gloucester Dean Heritage Centre, Forest of Dean Jet Age Museum Staverton Gloucester Cathedral Cheltenham Art Gallery and Museum Edward Jenner Museum Hampshire Winchester City Museum Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth Royal Naval Museum, Portsmouth Isle of Wight Heritage Service Portsmouth Museums and Records Service Charlton House Library Hampshire County Council Museums Service The Gurkha Museum, Winchester Classic Boat Museum, Newport, Isle of Wight Carisbrooke Castle Museum, Newport EACH Project (Enham Alamein Community Heritage Project) Brading Roman Villa, Isle of Wight Hereford & Worcestershire Hereford Museum and Art Gallery Museum Resource and Learning Centre and Leominster Museum Hereford Cathedral St John Medieval Museum and Coningsby Hospital Worcester Porcelain Museum The Carpet Museum Trust, Kidderminster George Marshall Medical Museum, Worcester Bewdley Museum Elgar Birthplace Museum, Lower Broadheath Humberside Hull and East Riding Museum, Hull Wilberforce House, Hull Streetlife, Hull Sewerby Hall, Bridlington
Treasure House, Beverley North Lincolnshire Museum, Scunthorpe Epworth Old Rectory, Epworth, North Lincs Hull Libraries Goole Museum Kent Dover Museum Canterbury City Museums Maidstone Museum Tunbridge Wells Museum Chatham Historic Dock and Trust Rochester Guildhall Museum Blue Town Heritage Centre, Sheerness Quex Park Museum, Birchington Princess of Wales’ Royal Regiment Museum, Dover Castle Eden Valley Museum The Paddle Steamer Preservation Society Collection Kent and Sharpshooters Yeomanry Museum Herne Bay Museum Whitstable Museum Lancashire Lancaster Museum Harris Museum, Preston Lancashire County Museums Blackburn Museum Towneley Hall, Burnley Blackpool Museum Helmshore Mill Textile Museum Leeds Leeds City Museum, Leeds Museums and Galleries ULITA, Leeds University Royal Armouries Leeds University Thackray Museum Leicester New Walk Museum and Art Gallery, Leicester Abbey Pumping Station, Leicester Jewry Wall Museum, Leicester Snibston, Coalville Lutterworth Museum Harborough Museum Melton Carnegie Museum Lincolnshire Museum of Lincolnshire Life, Lincoln The Collection, Lincoln Grantham Museum The Usher Gallery, Lincoln Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Visitors Centre, RAF Coningsby Lincoln Cathedral Liverpool National Museums Liverpool Williamson Art Gallery and Museum, Birkenhead Chester Grosvenor Museum Botanic Gardens Museum, Southport Norton Priory, The Wirral London Museum of London Geffrye Museum Horniman Museum London Transport Museum Brent Museum Cuming Museum
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Gunnersbury Park Museum Hall Place and Gardens, Bexley Keats House Florence Nightingale Museum Handel House Museum Foundling Museum Harrow Museum Islington Museum Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Manchester Imperial War Museum North Tameside Museum and Galleries Service Museum of Hatting, Stockport People’s History Museum, Manchester Manchester Art Gallery, Mary Greg Collection Manchester Museum Whitworth Art Gallery Manchester Museum of Science and Industry West Park Museum, part of Silk Museums, Macclesfield Bury Art Gallery, Museum and Archives Tatton Park, Cheshire Norfolk Norwich Castle Museum and Art Gallery The Lynn Museum, King’s Lynn Thetford Museum Sainsbury Centre for the Visual Arts, Norwich Cromer Museum 100th Bomb Group Memorial Museum, Dickleborough Hungate Medieval Art, Norwich Northamptonshire Piddington Roman Villa Prebendal Manor Sulgrave Manor Northampton Museum Lamport Hall and Gardens Daventry Museum Kettering Museum East Carlton Country Park Steel and Heritage Centre Long Buckby Museum Nottingham Newstead Abbey Nottingham City Museum & Galleries Nottingham Industrial Museum Museum of Nottingham Life Harley Gallery Oxford OU Sports Dept Ashmolean Museum Museum of the History of Science Pitt Rivers Museum Oxfordshire Museum, Woodstock Vale and Downland Museum, Wantage Sheffield & South Yorkshire Kelham Island Industrial Museum, Sheffield Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham Doncaster Museums Weston Park Museum, Sheffield Barnsley Museum and Heritage Service The Ken Hawley Collection Trust
Shropshire Museum of Iron, Ironbridge Gorge Coalport China Museum Wenlock Museum Ludlow Museum Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery Somerset Somerset Rural Life Museum North Somerset Museum Somerset County Museum Somerset Cricket Museum Victoria Art Gallery, Bath Roman Baths Museum The Helicopter Museum, Weston super Mare The Herschel Museum of Astronomy (Bath Preservation Trust) No.1 Royal Crescent (Bath Preservation Trust) Glastonbury Antiquarian Society Stoke & Staffordshire Staffordshire County Museum Nicolson Institute, Leek Claymills Pumping Station, Burton-on-Trent Samuel Johnson Birthplace Trust, Lichfield Tamworth Castle Museum of Cannock Chase Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Stoke on Trent Borough Museum and Art Gallery, Newcastle Staffordshire Regiment Museum Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston Suffolk Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich Ipswich Museum Ipswich Transport Museum Halesworth Museum Lowestoft Museum Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket National Horseracing Museum, Newmarket Felixstowe Museum The Suffolk Regiment Museum, Bury St Edmunds Southwold Museum Lavenham Guildhall Surrey Army Medical Services Museum, Surrey Brooklands Museum Haslemere Museum Royal Logistic Corps Museum, Princess Barracks, Deepcut Sussex Hove Museum Brighton Museum and Art Gallery Hastings Museum Worthing Museum East Grinstead Museum Chichester Museum Musgrave Museum, Eastbourne Littlehampton Museum Tees Preston Hall, Stockton Head of Steam, Darlington Dorman Museum, Middlesbrough Museum of Hartlepool Mima, Middlesbrough
Captain Cook Birthplace Museum, Middlesbrough Kirkleatham Hall, Redcar Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle HMS Trincomalee, Hartlepool Locomotion, Shildon Tyne Discovery Museum, Newcastle South Shields Museum and Art Gallery Arbeia Roman Fort, South Shields Shipley Art Gallery, Gateshead Woodhorn Museum, Ashington Bailiffgate Museum, Alnwick Bede’s World, Jarrow Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum Northumberland National Park Wear Oriental Museum, Durham University Sunderland Museum & Winter Gardens Killhope, The North of England Lead Mining Museum Beamish, The North of England Open Air Museum The Durham Light Infantry Museum and Durham Art Gallery Wiltshire Alexander Keiller Museum, Avebury Wiltshire Heritage Museum, Devizes Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum Trowbridge Museum Steam Museum Swindon The Rifles Museum, Salisbury Swindon Museum and Art Gallery Chippenham Museum York & North Yorkshire Yorkshire Museum The Royal Pump Room Museum in Harrogate Captain Cook Memorial Museum, Whitby Castle Museum, York Yorkshire Air Museum Beck Isle Museum Craven Museum and Gallery, Skipton Holy Trinity Church, Goodramgate, York Merchant Adventurers’ Hall, York The Museum of The Royal Dragoon Guards Prince of Wales’s Own Regiment of Yorkshire Museum, York Scarborough Museums Trust Shandy Hall, Coxwold Whitby Museum World of James Herriot Georgian Theatre Royal, Richmond
Channel Islands Guernsey Guernsey Museum and Gallery Hauteville House Folk Museum, National Trust of Guernsey German Occupation Museum, Guernsey
Alderney Museum La Société Sercquaise Jersey Occupation Tapestry Gallery Jersey Maritime Museum Hamptonne Elizabeth Castle Jersey Museum and Art Gallery La Hougue Bi Jersey Archive Isle of Man Manx Museum, Douglas The Tynwald, Douglas Manx Transport Group Museum, Peel The Leece Museum, Peel Andreas Church
Scotland Edinburgh & East Scotland Edinburgh City Museums The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh Museum on the Mound, Edinburgh and the Savings Bank Museum, Ruthwell St Andrews Preservation Trust Museum East Lothian Council Museums British Golf Museum, St Andrews National Museum of Scotland National Portrait Gallery of Scotland Portobello History Society Glasgow and West Scotland Glasgow Museums Kelvingrove Glasgow Museums - Glasgow Museums Resource Centre Glasgow Museums - People’s Palace Summerlee Heritage Park, Coatbridge Paisley Museum & Art Galleries The Hunterian Museum, Glasgow McLean Museum, Inverclyde Highlands and Islands The Highland Folk Museum Inverness Museum & Art Gallery Gairloch Heritage Museum Glencoe and Lorn Folk Museum West Highland Museum Museum nan Eilean, Stornoway Shetland Museum Clan Donald Library, Museum of the Isles North East Scotland & Northern Isles University of Aberdeen Zoology Museum Marischal Museum, University of Aberdeen Aberdeen Maritime Museum Aberdeenshire Heritage Collection, Mintlaw Aberdeen Art Gallery & Museums Collections Banff Museum Orkney Museum Museum of Scottish Lighthouses Tayside and Central Scotland Smith Art Gallery & Museum, Stirling Perth Museum and Art Gallery
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Signal Tower Museum, Arbroath Discovery Point, Dundee Dundee Industrial Heritage Museum of the Black Watch, Perth Callendar House, Falkirk South Scotland Dumfries Museum & Camera Obscura Stranraer Museum The Stewartry Museum, Kirkcudbright Robert Burns Centre, Dumfries Sanquhar Tolbooth Museum, Dumfriesshire Tweedale Museum Chambers Institution, Peebles Jim Clark Room, Duns
Wales Mid Wales Powysland Museum, Welshpool Ceredigion Museum, Aberystwyth Robert Owen Museum, Newtown Newtown Textile Museum Internal Fire Museum of Power, Cardigan North East Wales Bersham Heritage Centre, Wrexham Greenfield Valley Museum, Holywell Wrexham County Borough Museum Denbigh Museum Service Llangollen Museum North West Wales Oriel Ynys Mon Welsh Slate Museum, Llanberis, Gwynedd (NMW) Gwynedd Museum & Art Gallery, Bangor Lloyd George Museum, Llanystumdwy South East Wales National Museum Wales, Cardiff (NMW) St Fagan’s Museum of Welsh Life, Cardiff (NMW) National Roman Legion Museum, Caerleon (NMW) Pontypridd Heritage Museum Cyfarthfa Castle Museum & Art Gallery, Merthyr Tydfil Newport Museum Big Pit Museum, Blaenavon (NMW) Cardiff Museum Brecknock Museum South West Wales Swansea Museum Tenby Museum Milford Haven Museum Carmarthenshire County Museum National Waterfront Museum, Swansea (NMW) Museum of Speed in Pendine Village, Carmarthenshire National Wool Museum, Newcastle Emlyn (NMW) Parc Howard, Llanelli Northern Ireland Ulster Museum The Linen Hall Library, Belfast Schomberg House, Belfast
British Museum Review 2009/10
Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Belfast Royal Ulster Rifles Museum, Belfast Sentry Hill Gallery, Newtownabbey North Down Museum Down County Museum Somme Heritage Centre, Newtownards Irish Linen Centre and Lisburn Museum Bagenals Castle, Newry Ulster American Folk Park, Omagh Museum of Free Derry Derry Harbour Museum St Columb’s Cathedral, Derry Ballymoney Museum Armagh Public Library Larne Museum Mid-Antrim Museum St Patrick’s Cathedral Armagh FE McWilliam Gallery and Studio, Banbridge Headhunters Railway Museum, Enniskillen Sloane 350 - Sir Hans Sloane group
Supporters The Trustees and Director would like to thank the following for their generous support of the BM during the period 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2010 Mohammed Afkhami Collection HH Princess Catherine Aga Khan Mr and Mrs Marcus Agius The late Geoffrey Akerman Mr and Mrs Vahid Alaghband The Lady Alexander of Weedon Allen & Company LLC Selwyn and Ellie Alleyne Basil and Raghida AlRahim The Altajir Trust The American Friends of the British Museum American Research Center in Egypt Dr Zar Amrolia The Annenberg Foundation Apax Partners LLP Mr and Mrs William Arah ArcelorMittal Sule and Ahmet Arinc The Art Fund Arts and Humanities Research Council The Asahi Shimbun Asia-Europe Foundation Asian Art in London Mr Charles Asprey Mr Vladimijr A. Attard Ms Jane Attias Neil and Kay Austin Mr Richard Aylmer Sir Nicholas Bacon Baker & McKenzie LLP The late Dr Patricia L. Baker The Band Trust Bank of Uganda The Barakat Trust Barclays Plc Mr Jean-Luc Baroni Nada Bayoud The Duke and Duchess of Beaufort T. Beazley Katrin Bellinger David Billings and Rebecca Goodhart The late Ms Phyllis Bishop Sir Christopher Bland Bloomberg LP The Hon. Nigel Boardman Mr William D. Body Mrs Raya Bohsali and Mr Karim Motaal William and Judith Bollinger, Singapore
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The Charlotte BonhamCarter Charitable Trust Monsieur Jean A. Bonna Charles Booth-Clibborn Mr and Mrs David B. Borthwick Jean and John Botts BP Miss Kate Braine Mrs Dorothy Brilliant British Association for South Asian Studies British Institute for the Study of Iraq British Institute of Persian Studies British Iraq Friendship Society The British Museum Friends Ruth and Joseph Bromberg in memory of their son Michael Mr and Mrs Charles Brown The London Borough of Camden E. Rhodes and Leona B. Carpenter Foundation Roger and Stephanie Carr Ceramica Stiftung Mr Michael Challenger Dr Pauline Chan Lillian and Lincoln Chin Miss Bibiane Choi Chora Mr Anthony Choy Mrs Anne Christopherson Tim and Caroline Clark Mr Willard G. Clark Stephen Cohen Mr and Mrs Paul Collins Margaret Conklin and David Sabel John Cook Mr Richard Cook Juan Corbella Mark and Cathy Corbett Mr and Mrs Kenneth Costa Mrs J. Croft-Murray Dr John Curtis OBE FBA and Dr Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis Mr and Mrs R.L. Dalladay Mr and Mrs Gordon Darling Gwendoline, Countess of Dartmouth Davidson Family Charitable Trust Mrs Michel David-Weill DCMS Strategic Commissioning: National/Regional Partnerships Mr Patrick Deane Deutsche Bank Sir Harry and Lady Djanogly DO & CO Museum Catering Ltd The Dorset Foundation Mr Farbod Dowlatshahi Dr W.J.R. Dreesmann
Anthony du Boulay Charitable Trust Mr and Mrs James A. Duncan Mr James Ede Mr and Mrs Nicholas Egon The Lord and Lady Egremont Maryam and Edward Eisler Dr and Mrs Ahmed ElMokadem Dr M. Elsawi and Dr H. Abdalla Claire Enders Giuseppe Eskenazi The late Jean Essex European Commission William Buller Fagg Charitable Trust Esmée Fairbairn Foundation The late John A. Fairman Mrs Susan Farmer Mr Richard Farnhill Mr and Mrs Jonathan Feuer Dr Marjorie Fisher Niall and Ingrid FitzGerald Sam Fogg The Lord and Lady Foley Fondazione Torino Musei Ford Foundation The late Ann Forsdyke Mr and Mrs Angus Forsyth Joanna G. Freistadt in honour of Alice Schwarz-Gardos Friends of Prints and Drawings Mrs Kathleen Kin-Yue Fu Mr Jonathan Gaisman The Robert Gavron Charitable Trust Mr Jonathan Gestetner The Getty Foundation The Michela Schiff Giorgini Foundation of the United States John and Patricia Glasswell Mme Alice Goldet Israel Goldman Goldman Sachs International The Horace W. Goldsmith Foundation Sir Nicholas and Lady Goodison The late William Gordon Stephen and Sue Gosztony Mr and Mrs Andrew Graham Mr Michael Grange Mr Andrew Green Mr and Mrs Martin Green Mr and Mrs Michael Green Mrs Cynthia Gresham Gerald and Sarah Griffin Mr and Mrs Lawrence H. Guffey Mr Pehr Gyllenhammar Mr and Mrs Roderick Hall Richard Hamilton The Paul Hamlyn Foundation
Appendices
Mrs Sue Hammerson OBE Sir Ewan and Lady Harper The Headley Trust Mr and Mrs Thomas C. Heagy Mrs Isolde Hedegaard HedgeFund Intelligence Barbara Heller Higher Education Commission Pakistan Hintze Family Charitable Foundation John and Sarah Hodson Mr Robert Hoehn Horizon Asset Ltd Sir Joseph Hotung HSBC Holdings plc Dr Alex Hooi and Keir McGuinness Lady Hurn ifs School of Finance The Institute of Bioarchaeology Iran Heritage Foundation Sir Martin and Lady Jacomb Moez and Nadia Jamal Japan Foundation Mr and Mrs Robert M. Johnson Jones Lang LaSalle Paul and Ellen Josefowitz Mr Conor and Dr Elisabeth Kehoe Mr Dale and Mrs Patricia Keller Mr and Mrs Bill Kennish Sir Henry and The Hon. Lady Keswick Mr and Mrs Roger Keverne Princess Jeet Khemka and Mr Nand Khemka The Kilfinan Trust Dr Jonathan King James and Clare Kirkman Yvonne Koerfer Korean Air The Neil Kreitman Foundation Dr Nirmalya Kumar Norman A. Kurland and Deborah A. David Linda Noe Laine Steven Larcombe and Sonya Leydecker Mr Claude Laroche Thomas and Gianna le Claire Mrs Nancy Lee David Leventhal Mrs Edmée Leventis The A.G. Leventis Foundation The Lady Lever of Manchester The Leverhulme Trust The late Joan Lewin Mr and Mrs David Lindsell Linklaters LLP Sir Stuart and Lady Lipton Mr and Mrs Rodney C. Little
London Topographical Society Mark and Liza Loveday Mrs Ann-Louise Luthi John Lyon’s Charity Dr Ellen Macnamara Magic of Persia Angus and Margaret Maitland Mr Richard Mansell-Jones Howard S. Marks The Marsh Christian Trust Mr Michael Holt Massey Sir Deryck and Lady Maughan Michael and Harriet Maunsell Mr John McBride E.J. McFadden MCH Foundation Meander Travel The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art Mexicana The Mexico Tourism Board Mrs Carol Michaelson HIH Princess Akiko Mikasa Professor Arthur R. Miller The Millichope Foundation Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Indonesia Mitsubishi Corporation Mark and Judy MoodyStuart Glen Moreno Morgan Stanley The late Mrs Barbara Morris Blossom and Hugh Moss Shigeru Myojin Mr Peter Nahum National Association of Decorative and Fine Arts Societies National Heritage Memorial Fund National Museum, Beijing Mr Thomas Neurath Mr James B. Nicholson Nippon Foundation Miss Diane Nixon Mr and Mrs Peter M. Nomikos Mollie and John Julius Norwich The late Mr Clive Nowell Mr Michael O’Grady Dick and Pam Olver Mr and Mrs Stephen Ongpin Jeffrey Onions QC and Sally Onions Mr and Mrs John Ormond Mr David Paisey Michael Palin Simon and Midge Palley Drs John and Carolyn Parker-Williams Jonathan Parsons
Mr and Mrs Dalip Pathak Ms Jemimah Patterson Grayson Perry The Pidem Fund Pitt Rivers Museum Mr and Mrs Anthony PittRivers Barbara, Lady Poole PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP Maya and Ramzy Rasamny Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin Mrs Joyce Reuben Mr and Mrs John Robins The E.S.G. Robinson Trust Professor J.M. Rogers FBA FSA The Rose Foundation Mr and Mrs Benjamin Rosen Joseph Rosen Foundation Sir P.M. Roth QC The Dowager Viscountess Rothermere Paul and Jill Ruddock Dr Deanna Lee Rudgard Mr and Mrs Jack Ryan Jeremy and John Sacher Charitable Trust The Michael Harry Sacher Charitable Trust Dr Raymond Sackler and Mrs Beverly Sackler The Saïd Foundation Dr Fiorangelo Salvatorelli Sally and Anthony Salz Samsung Electronics UK Santander UK plc SAS UK Mr Adrian Sassoon Sir James Sassoon Mr and Mrs Stanley D. Scott Mr Jan Senbergs Ms Priscylla S.C. Shaw Simmons & Simmons Mr John Simpson The late Douglas Slatter Society for Libyan Studies Sir Martin Sorrell, WPP Morton and Estelle Sosland Mr Nicholas Stanley Mr and Mrs Hugh Stevenson Mr Adrian Stocks John J. Studzinski CBE Maria Sukkar Tabor Foundation The Lady Juliet Tadgell Technology Strategy Board Thales Group UK The Thaw Charitable Trust Thomson Reuters Corporation Tiffany & Co. Mr Melvin Tillman and Mrs Priscilla Graham Mr and Mrs David Tobey Dr and Mrs Bruce Tolley Towers Watson Laura and Barry Townsley
The Lord and Lady Tugendhat Berna and Tolga Tuglular John and Ann Tusa United Technologies Corporation Mr and Mrs Cyrus Vandrevala Vitol Broking Ltd The Vivmar Foundation Mr Emanuel von Baeyer Peter Waddell The Charles Wallace India Trust Waterhouse & Dodd gallery Professor John Waterlow Charlie and Shirley Watts The Garfield Weston Foundation Mr and Mrs Stewart D. White Mr and Mrs Dave H. Williams Mrs Lyn Williams Thomas Williams The Wolfson Foundation Mrs Patricia S. Wolfston Mrs Charles Wrightsman OBE Yale University Virginia S. Yee Mr Brian D. Young and Ms Katherine Ashton Young Mr Hoshino Yukinobu and those donors who wish to remain anonymous
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Staff The Trustees and Director would like to thank all staff and volunteers for their commitment and invaluable contribution to the BM M. Abdalla R.A. Abdy P. Abeijon-Diaz G. Abeshin D. Abiola P. Ackah S.M. Ackermann J. Adam D.W. Adams W. Adamson E. Adelagun H. Adrados D. Agar B.M. Ager J.A. Agius A. Aguerre J. Agyekum J. Ahmed E. Aked A. Akinlotan F. Akinwande V. Akpodono D.D. Allen G.B. Allen R. Allen S. Allen J. Allison B. Alsop A. Amarteifio J.C. Ambers A. Amor L. Amuge J.R. Anderson E. Andrew C. Angelo D.M. Antoine K. Antoniw C. Ardouin H. Arero M. Arksey C.S.J. Arnold Z. Arnold N.M. Ashton I.K.P. Asmara I. Assaly V. Atori F. Attoh P. Attwood G.W. Austin S.I. Awolaja R.S. Ayres J. Ayres P.T. Backett N.D. Badcott A. Baffour H. Bahra L. Baird-Smith J.B. Baker J.C. Baker A.M. Baldwin J.A. Ballard I. Banasik
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A. Barnes B.K. Barnes M. Barnett K. Barrett C.J. Barry C. Barton J. Barton G. Bartrum K. Bartyska D.M. Barwick A. Basham A. Batanas Castillo K. Bates M. Bates G.F. Bayes D.G. Baylis A. Beccia A. Bell E.S. Bell M. Bellamy R. Bellu C. Belson P. Bence T. Bentley F. Benton M.A. Bergamini K. Berhe A. Bernucci C.R. Berridge J. Bescoby E. Beyer D. Bhandari C.F. Bianchi J. Biggs L.L. Birkett K.U. Birkhoelzer M.A. Birleson D. Bishop P.J. Blackburn F. Blake R.F. Bland K. Blom T. Bloomfield T.R. Blurton K. Boaler A.M. Bodart M.A. Bojanowska P. Bokil L.M. Bolton D. Bone T. Boodhna A. Booth J. Boris P. Borowiec A. Borri K.A. Botwe H.L.A. Boulton G. Bourogiannis K.G. Bowman J. Bowring R. Bracey A. Brake A. Breaks L. Breaks A. Bright K.E. Bristow M. Bristow M. Briton K. Brooks R.R.S. Brooks G.J. Brothers J. Broughton
C. Brown D.G. Brown E. Brown J.E. Brown K. Brown T. Brown A.J. Brueton S.P. Brumage J. Brunsendorf E. Buchanan R. Buchanan D. Buck O. Buck P.A. Buck R. Buckland J. Bull C. Bullock H. Bullock I.R. Burch S.J. Burdett A.M. Burnett C.L. Burroughs B.W. Burt D.P. Butler A. Bygraves C. Byrne P. Byrne M.P. Cach D. Calland A.G. Calton N.D. Camacho Parada A. Cameron A. Cameron N. Cameron G. Campbell L. Campbell O. Campbell S. Canby B. Canepa J. Cannon N. Capocci F. Carey P.W. Carley X. Carmichael L. Carr G.P. Carrington P. Carroll S.V. Carroll L. Carson C.R. Cartwright R. Cartwright A. Carty O. Casal N. Casey P.J. Casey L. Castanhas M. Cato M. Celine B. Chadwick T.G. Chamberlain H.D. Chapman I.G. Chapman R. Chapman P. Chatenay W.K. Chen K. Childs M. Cinquegrani F. Clairel A. Clark T.T. Clark D.R. Clarke S. Clarke
B. Clements P. Clennel J. Clift M. Cock P.A. Cockram D. Cole K. Coleman C. Coles C. Colia P. Collins S.M. Collins C.S. Collinson J. Conceicao J. Conlon G. Constantinou M. Conway B.J. Cook G.M. Cook O.J. Cooke M. Cooper S.L. Coppel C. Costin T. Coughlan P. Coulthard D. Cowdrill V. Cowlin M.E.A. Cox J.J. Coyle J.E. Cribb T. Crossley J. Crothall P. Cruickshank S.P. Crummy J.E. Curtis V. Curtis A. Cusack H.L. Cutts O. Dada R. Dagnall F. Daguio Z. Daniels P.J. Dann G. Darnell S.S. Datta H.P. Davies S. Davies W.V. Davies B. Davis H. Davis J. Davy J. Davy M.A.M. Dawson R. Dawson D.G. Day J. De Aguiar S. De Chardon D. De Rozario R. Dean H. Dean-Young J.J. Deasy H.A.E. Delaunay S.L. Dellar M. Demetriou J. Deniran P.E. Denne A.F.A. Dennis A.J. Dent C. Denvir A. Depta J.S.E. Desborough T.A. Deviese P. Di-Meglio
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S. Dodd R. Dominey E. Dominic P. Donaldson D.M. Donnelly P. Donovan E. Dooley P.K. Doolub M. Dordoy S. D’Orsi I.A. Doubleday T. Dougall A. Dowler S.T. Doyal A. Drago N.L.S. Drew S.E. Drew I. Druce X. Duffy H. Dunn W.T. Dutfield C. Duygu Segil J. Dyer S. Dymond C. Eagleton C. Eardley M.J. Edgley E.C. Edwards J. Edwards P. Edwards T. Efemine G. Elliott F.N. Ellis K. Emery I. Enemua C.J.S. Entwistle H. Erekpaine M. Erhuero P.J. Ernest E. Erol M. Erraez E.A. Errington M. Esfandyari-Moghaddam K. Eustace D.C. Evans N. Evans R. Evans M. Eve C. Everitt J. Fadiya I.M. Fahy I.. Farah C.C.L. Farge H. Farid S. Fasasi J.M. Feliciano D. Ferguson A. Ferreira G.M. Fidele P.D.R. Figueroa Moreno E. Fildes S. Filippini M. Finch I.L. Finkel B.R. Finn M. Firth C. Fisher J.L. Fitton A. Fitzpatrick A. Fletcher P.J. Fletcher J. Flood
H. Flynn R. Folkes J. Forbes B. Forde K.C. Forrest C. Forrow A. Foti R. Fournel S. Fowler D. Francis D.C. Frank S. Franklin G. Frempong S.M. Frost C. Fruianu A. Fuller R. Fuller A. Fullerlove C. Gaggero S. Gallagher E. Galvin L. Garavaglia A. Garcia C. Garcia K. Gardiner A. Garrett J.G. Garrity C. Gaspard E. Gatti T. Gavin C. Gballe E. Ghey D.A. Giles S.W. Gill S.G. Ginnerty M. Ginsberg T.J.A. Glabus D.J. Godfrey K. Godfrey J.E. Godman K. Godwin V. Goedluck A. Gomori L. Gonzalez M. Gooch P.D. Goodhead D. Goodridge N.S. Gordon M.J.T. Goss S.C. Gow C. Grafin von Spee T.S. Granger D. Green M.E. Green R. Green R. Green S. Green S. Greetham J.P.H. Greeves A.M. Gregory E. Gregory A.V. Griffiths N.K. Grimmer F. Grisdale R.P. Gritton P.N. Guzie A.M. Hacke V. Hairs S. Halil J.C. Hamill S. Hammond D. Haque
Appendices
L. Harbord A.L. Harnden D.R. Harris E.C. Harris K.E. Harris A. Harrison J.P. Harrison L. Harrison N. Harrison J.L. Harrison Hall M. Harter C. Harvey M.J. Harvey J. Hasell M. Haswell E.J. Hayes M.C. Hayes T. Haynes P. Heary P. Hegely S. Hemming J. Henderson M. Hercules E. Herdman D.A. Herrera H.J. Hewitt K. Hibberd C. Higgitt PJ. Higgs J.D. Hill F. Hillier M.E. Hinton M. Ho C. Hoare K. Hoare R. Hobbs T. Hockenhull M.I. Hockey D. Hogan L.M. Hogan J. Holebrook C. Holmes A. Holt J. Hood D.R. Hook B. Houlton C. House G. Howard-Evans C. Howitt DJ. Hubbard J. Hudson M. Hudson S. Hughes L.R. Humphries C. Hunt J. Hunt D. Hurn S. Hussein K. Hussey T. Hutchinson T. Hutt D. Huxley P. Hyacienth C.L. Hyypia C.M. Ingham A. Ioannou R.P.J. Jackson D. Jacobs R. Jada S. Jadhav P. Janis J. Jegede
P. A. Jell A.M. Jenkins I.D. Jenkins M.L. Jenkins N. Jeyasingam R.K. Jhutty E.A. Johnson K. Johnson K.B. Johnson P.A. Johnson R. Johnson S. Johnston C. Johnstone R. Johnstone E. Jones M. Jones M.H. Jones W.J.E. Jones A.V. Joy J. Joy E.P. Judge A. Kaossa V. Karlekar I.A. Kaye I. Keen K. Kelland R. Kelleher D. Kelly D.A. Kelly E. Kelly E.E. Kelly N.V. Kendall I.J. Kerslake P. Kevin C. Kewell T. Khazanavicius P.K. Khera T. Kiely N. Kilden E.C. King G. King J.C.H. King M. Kirby P. Kirkham D. Knibbs A. Komlosy K. Kommagiri C.F. Korenberg J. Kosek R. Kwok S.C. La Niece N. Lacey I. Laing J. Larkin A.M. Lavery B.G. Law A.A. Lawal L.J. Lawrence C. Lazenby L. Lea B.J. Leach F. Leclere N.J. Lee C. Leela I. Leins D.C. Leopold M. Leow C. Lepetoukha A. Leppard C. Lester M.S. Letcher C.J. Leuchars
B.C. Leventhal R. Levis T. Lewin M. Lewis M. Lewis A.W. Liddle D.J. Ling J.L. Lister M. Lloyd S. Logan S. Logan S. Longair J. Lota Z. Louizos K.P. Lovelock K.N. Lowe J. Lu J. Lubikowski A. Lukoszek D. Lumbis A.C. Lumley L.E. Lunn C. Luxford C.J. Lyons P. MacCulloch P. Macdermid R.N. MacGregor M.J. Mackle L.A. Macmillan P. Maddocks P. Madeira-Barbosa J. Madni J. Maggs K. Magill J. Mahmud P. Main C.C. Mak M. Mancuso S. Mann S.A. Mannion A. Manolopoulou V. Marabini M. Maree C. Mari E. Marino M. Markowski K. Marriott A.S. Marsden C. Marsden-Smith P.G. Marshall S. Marshall K. Martin E. Martins T.C. Martyn S. Marzinzik P.M. Maskell A.G. Matthewman P. Matthews D. Matuszczyk A.E. Maude H. Maxwell E. Mayhew A. Mayne X. Mazda L. McCarthy M. McDonald A.C. McDowall C. McEwan C. McGowan L. McLean G. McLeod E.J. McNamara
L.A. McNamara C.J. McPhedran A.K. McPhee A.S. Meek N.D. Meeks F.A. Melody H. Melwani H. Melwani A. Mendelsohn C.L. Messenger D. Meyler M. Meyler C.J. Michaelson F. Miles C.A. Millbank J. Miller P.K. Miller F.W. Mills J. Milne M. Mizumura M. Mizumura T. Mohammed S.J. Monck A. Mongiatti C. Monks S. Montalti I. Moore B. Moore K. Moores T.S.N. Moorhead M. Morgan B. Morris J. Morris O. Morris K. Morton R. Morton M. Mroczek D. Mubiru Y. Muhamud-Boqor K. Mullen M. Muller T. Munden R.F. Murphy S. Naidorf S. Nascimento L. Navascues J. Neiczypor M. Neilson B.S. Nenk N.R. Newbery J. Newby B. Newing N. Newman J.C. Newson T.B. Ngo D.J. Noden E.R. Noel C.D. Nolan P. Nolan J. Norledge N. Norman E.I. Nueno T. Nurmikko T.D. Nutting M. O’Brien A. Obude E. O’Connell S.M. O’Connell M. O’Connor S. O’Flaherty J. Okorefe U. Okwoli
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H.T. Oladele D. Oldman S.C. O’Leary S.J. Oliphant K. Oliver S. Olweny B. Oneill D. O’Neill R. Onile-Ere T. Opper H. Orange J. Orna-Ornstein J. Osborne T. Osborne E. Osegi G. Ososanya I.M. Otite J.M. Ould K. Overend C. Owada R. Owen D. Owen L. Owusu C. Oxley F. Pagliuso M. Pagliuso G.B. Pain K.M. Panasiuk H. Parkin H. Parkin R.B. Parkinson G. Parks J. Parol J. Paronjan C. Parry N. Patalia H. Patrick L. Patrick V.L. Patrick H. Payne S. Payne W. Payne J. Peachey P.M. Pearce S.J. Peckham M. Pena E.J. Pendleton S. Penton K. Perkins R. E. Perry H. Persaud S. Persaud J. Peters L.O. Peterson D.E.J. Pett S. Pewsey L. Phillips J. Phippard G.C. Pickup S. Pigney M. Pitt T. Plumley R. Plumridge P. Poole M.A. Portelli V.A. Porter A. Porter M. Portilla-Carus E.K. Poulter C. Power M. Power S. Power
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S.M. Pregnolato S. Prentice D. Price J. Price S. Price S. Priestman S. Priewe D. Prudames L. Puggini M.A. Pullan L. Purseglove S. Putchay J.X.X. Qiu L. Quamina Reddie M.T. Quevedo N. Race M. Ragonton A. Rahman T. Rahman S. Raikes A. Ramanoop W. Ramirez J. Ramkalawon G. Ramon Joffre G. Rao J.F. Rayar J.C. Rayner S. Razmjou P.F. Rea J.A. Reading L.M. Rees M. Registe A. Reid G. Renshaw C. Reynolds R. Richards I. Richardson O.R. Rickman D. Rincon-Santamaria B. Roberts E. Roberts P. Roberts P.C. Roberts J. Robertson W.C. Robertson A. Robinson C. Robinson D. Robinson J. Robinson J.P. Robinson M. Rocha A.M. Roche N. Rode P.E. Roe K.A. Rogers M.F. Rogers D. Romanek D. Romanek C. Ronel W.K. Ross R. Rovira-Guardiola M.R. Row A. Rowbottom E. Roy M. Royalton-Kisch C. Rubie J.A. Rudoe A.P. Rugheimer P. Ruocco B. Ryan H.F.G. Ryan R. Saas
V. Saiz Gomez A. Salvatici J.F. Samuels L. Sanchez G. Sarge D. Sargeant D. Saunders G.C. Sayles G. Sbuttoni L.E. Schooledge M. Schutzer-Weissmann S.A. Scott R. Scott L. Seabra M.F. Seabra J.J. Seaman S. Seton D.R. Sewell S. Sewraj M. Seymour B.D. Shackle A. J. Shapland M. Sharma H.E. Sharp A. Shaw A.E. Shaw L. Shaw J. Shea F.N. Shearman D. Shepperd A. Shilcock A. Shore P.A. Shotton D.K. Shrestha F.K. Sidhu J. Silver M.H. Simms A.P. Simpson S.J.H. Simpson A.P. Sinclair A. Sivakumar B. Skelton L. Slack K.M.T. Sloan J. Slough M. Smirniou A. Smith D.T. Smith G. Smith J. Smith L. Smith N.R. Smith R. Smith R.J. Smith S.G.H. Smith V.C. Smithson L. Snapes R. Snipp M.G. Solim F. Songui J. Sparks M. Spataro A.J.M. Spence R. Spence-Kirkham A.J. Spencer N.A. Spencer S. Spencer H. Spicer C.J. Spring R.J. Stacey P. Stacy R. Stallard
A. Stanbury F. Stansfield G. Steele E. Stell R.G.A. Stevens N. Stewart S.D. Stinson K. Stipala R. Storrie U. Strachan J. Stribblehill J. Strickland C. Stritter E.J. Strudwick N. Strudwick J. Stuart A. Stubbings D. L. Stuber J. Suggitt K. Sugiyama G. Sukumaran F. Suleman S. Sullivan S.L. Sullivan J. Sunderland J. Sutcliffe J. Swaddling T.E. Sweek R. Swift C. Sykes C.K. Sylvestre T.A. Szrajber A. Szulc-Biedrawa L. Taleb N.C. Tallis A. Tam S. Tanimoto A. Taylor E. Taylor I.B. Taylor J. Taylor J. Taylor J.H. Taylor R.E. Taylor S.G. Taylor J. Teer H. Tefery N.W. Tefery L. Tembleque Teres C. Terrey N. Tettey N.M. Thahab M. Theobald A. Thomas A.K. Thomas C. Thomas C. Thomas H. Thomas O. Thomas R. Thomas D.R. Thompson E.P. Thompson C.Y. Thorne D.F. Thornton M.E. Tillier C. Tomlinson J.W. Toomey J. Townsend J. Trapp K. Treacy Y. Trofimova A.S. Truscott
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M. Tshimpanga J.N. Tubb J. Tucker J.R.R. Tullett P. Turnbull K. Turner V. Turner V.C. Turner J. Turquet B.J. Twining D. Tydings J. Umpleby R.K. Uprichard A. Ure A. Urquhart E. Uwahemu S. Vacarey J. Vainovska M. Van Bellegem E.K. Van Bork A. Van Camp G.L. Varndell J.M. Vasconcelos G. Verri E. Vila Llonch A.C. Villing A.R.R. Vitry R.L. Wade B. Wadhia I. Waight A. Wakefield R.K. Wakeman H.M. Walker D.R. Walkling A. Wallace D.C. Waller I.C. Walton H.K. Wang M.X. Wang Q. Wang C.E. Ward S. Warner-Dart I. Warren T.C. Watkins P.R. Watling M. Weaver E. Webb S. Webb H.J. Weeks R. Weetch K. Welham S. Wellham D.A. Welsby D. Wengenroth B. West F. West P. West S. Westerby T. Whatling P. Wheatley K. Whenham C.A. White L.J. Whitehead S. Whiting J. Whitson J. Whittaker J. Widlak A. Wilk C. Williams D.G.E. Williams D.J.R. Williams H. Williams
J.H.C. Williams P.J. Williams S. Williams D. Williamson H.R. Williamson M.D. Willis B.A. Wills C. Wilson E. Wilson J. Wilson S.P. Wilson U. Wilson R. Winton R.E. Woff R. Wojas H.E. Wolfe D. Wood E.R. Wood W.H. Wood S.C.V. Woodhouse R. Woollard A. Woskett D.W. Wraight C.L. Wren T. Wren A.E. Wright H. Wright S. Wyles C. Yates M. Yeahya E. York C. Young P. Young K.W. Yu M. Yule Y. Zhang J. Zumstein
Appendices
Volunteers J. Abbot F. Abdou P. Abeijon-Diaz J. Abfalter G. Aboe J. Abrahamson D. Adams J. Adams S. Adams E. Addo H. Afarssad J. Agius A. Agriguzel A. Agudo R. Ahluwalia H. Ahmed Mohammed R. Akama O. Akintayo M. Akthar D. Akther R. Al-Duwaisan P. Allard R. Allen A. Al-Sheikh A. Andreeva A. Archer M. Archibald E. Armstrong R. Ashton H. Athayde K. Atkins S. Austin N. Awais-Dean K. Axford S. Ayala Corredor D. Bailey R. Baker J. Baktis M. Balcombe E. Baldi M. Bamford N. Banerjee B. S. Banwatt S. Baqui S. Barlas K. Barnett C. Barrett R. Barrett J. Barry A. Beale H. Beale P. Beaumont H. Begum R. Begum R. Begum K. Bellamy P. Bence J. Benn G. Benson D. Berenguer V. Bernardi G. Bertram P. Bevan S. Bhattacharya B. Biddell I. Bieniusa K. Biggs M. Bilozor-Salwa M. Bimson M. Bincsik
S. Blache C. Blackstone M. Blackwell R. Blackwell A. Bliss J. Boaler C. Bolger A. Bolland S. Bolliger C. Bolton O. Bonnerot R. Boome J. Booth M. Borrego O. Boubakeur S. Boughton H. Bourdillon J. Bourg M. Bourika J. Boyce E. Bradshaw V. Brady Z. Brady A. Brand S. Bridgford A. Bridgwood B. Brind T. Brindle D. Broadhead L. Brodie D. Brostoff A. Brown C. Brown A. Brumm S. Brunning G. Bryan R. Buckland L. Bushnell I. Butiaha M. Bywater R. Cabarrao J. Cabot A. Caird J. Caldwell K. Caldwell M. Callewaert E. Campbell F. Campbell J. Campbell L. Campbell D. Cano P. Capon M. Carey N. Carless Unwin B. Cartwright A. Casile A. Casvigny M. Cave M. Caygill J. Chacon Fossey M. Chaffe J. Chambers A. Champion I. Chapman M. Cheang D. Cheeseman J. Chen K. Chen Z. Chen J. Cheng J. Cherry N. Chiang
S. Choudree L. Chowdhury P. Christou I. Church V. Ciocan A. Clark Y. Clarke O. Climent E. Close I. Coates L. Coates A. Cohen D. Collon B. Cook I. Coombes J. Cooney E. Cooper R. Cooper H. Cordell S. Cornish H. Coulman M. Coulthard B. Coxhead H. Craddock P. Craddock L. Crampton L. Crewe R. Crockett H. Crossman T. Crowley J. Crowther D. Crozier M. Czarnynoga A. Dale A. Dallapiccola K. Daniels V. Daniels J. Dartey R. Davis C. Daws M. de Cet B. de Chassiron M. Deary H. Deik C. Delahunty G. Dempsey S. Denham V. Dias S. Dillon A. Dixon C. D’Mello J. Dobie F. Dogruer J. Doman T. Dotchin V. Dotchin E. Dott C. Doumet-Serhal A. Dove C. Dow L. Dow C. Dragoni I. Druce P. Duffus M. Dunbar M. Dunlea A. Dunne B. Durrans J. Durston T. Eastmond E. Edoumba J. Edwards
S. El Ferjaoui A. El Laithy A. El Tayeb K. Elkin L. Ellis F. Elumade E. Emersen J. Engstrom L. Ephithite M. Etheridge A. Evans H. Evans G. Eyifa S. Fairclough O. Fairfax H. Fancy W. Fathi Morsi G. Fay J. Feather R. Fellinger A. Fellowes K. Felstead S. Ferdinand M. Fernandes M. Field P. Field M. Fittock C. Fitzsimmons N. Flis C. Flood A. Florinskaya C. Flowitt-Hill L. Fox M. Frackowiak A. Frantzis J. Freeborn A. Freyne M. Friday N. Frogatt N. Frost G. Furber E. Furman N. Futamata J. Gabbarelli C. Galloway R. Galpine A. Gannon M. Gansallo A. Garcia Perez C. Gardener D. Gaxho S. Genbrugge D. Gerstle M. Geslewitz M. Ghany B. Ghezelayagh L. Gibson P. Gibson R. Gibson K. Gigl Y. Gilbertson C. Gill M. Ginsberg D. Given J. Gladwyn H. Glick D. Godfrey S. Gois S. Goldberg R. Golds B. Gomez-Escobar E. Gommane Gelencser
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J. Gosling L. Goulet J. Gourvenec J. Graham-Campbell M. Grant E. Gray B. Greaves J. Green R. Greenberg B. Greenley L. Gregor Macgregor J. Gregory P. Griffith G. Grogan A. Guglielmi S. Gullen R. Gwynne L. Habgood M. Habsburg T. Haddock C. Hall M. Hall K. Halliday G. Hammersley H. Han K. Han W. Hance C. Hancock M. Haque P. Hardcastle-Longman A. Hargreaves L. Harper S. Harrington J. Harris V. Harris J. Harrison B. Harvey B. Hassett M. Hatch E. Hawrylowicz E. Hay R. Haynes L. Hazarika J. Henon C. Henry E. Herdman A. Herrin G. Herrmann R. Hickson J. Hindess G. Hindley A. Hirano M. Hoare K. Hobbs R. Hodges L. Holland H. Hollemweguer Campos J. Holzhauer-Conti A. Hooson C. Hopkins H. Hopper M. Hopper R. Houlston V. Howard D. Howard-Jones D. Howells G. Howes K. Howley K. Hrepic S. Huang P. Hubbard Z. Hudson
British Museum Review 2009/10
E. Hughes R. Humphreys C. Hunt H. Hunt K. Hunt S. Hunter Dodsworth B. Hurman S. Hussain H. Hussein S. Hussien A. Ishigami A. Jack M. Jamal M. James Y. Jamil S. Jansari S. Jarvis R. Jeffreys J. Jennings A. Jensen E. Jeong D. Jessop R. Jewell Y. Jiang L. Jiao C. Johns J. Johnson V. Johnston K. Johnstone N. Johnstone E. Jones L. Jones E. Jordan G. Jorge M. Joseph S. Joshi Shrestha M. Kajut M. Kamo T. Kaneko S. Kaner J. Kankare M. Kar V. Katsarou J. Kaur R. Kaur S. Keenlyside A. Kemp J. Kennedy A. Keppler R. Khaemba K. Khalif G. Khan S. Khanoum H. Kim M. Kim M. Kingdon M. Kinyua J. Kirby C. Kirkpatrick G. Kirstein Y. Kitajima H. Kitamura B. Kitchen M. Komlosy E. Kostakis E. Kostelidou A. Kriznar C. Krmpotich C. Ktorza N. Kuchta J. Kurucz M. Kwak
E. Kyrgowska I. Lagat A. Lamb R. Lambert J. Lang C. Lanz A. Latty I. Lazic J. Le Gendre J. Leach K. Leahy M. Lebiedzinska-Hedges C. Lee D. Lee J. Lee K. Leighton-Boyce L. Leroy-Banti H. Leung V. Levene G. Lewis R. Lewis S. Lewis D. Li D. Licciardello T. Lindboe E. Linton V. Lipscomb J. Lister H. Liszka R. Little S. Litty M. Lloyd K. Locsin A. Lodhia J. Lok E. London H. Long S. Looi F. Lopez-Sanchez Y. Luk M. Luna A. Luthi H. Lythe L. Machado A. Macias J. Mack K. Mack L. Macmillan P. Magrill A. Magub A. Malace K. Manning A. Mansi H. Manthorpe J. Marchant S. Marconini S. Marianski D. Marneli L. Maroudas M. Marques Aparici J. Marshall J. Martin L. Masterson C. Mathias R. Matovu R. Matsuba A. Matsuda M. Matsuo S. Matthews K. Maynes H. McCall L. McCormack
F. McFadden E. McGrath K. McKinney F. McLees S. McManus J. McMullan K. McPherson B. Mead J. Medina Alsina G. Melek M. Melkonian M. Mellado P. Mellor S. Meurer I. Miah J. Miah A. Middleton Princess Akiko of Mikasa A. Milks R. Miller J. Millington R. Miner J. Mitchell T. Mitchell J. Mockford N. Mohamed El Hassan F. Mohd T. Molleson L. Montani V. Moore E. Morel E. Morhange N. Morjaria M. Morooka J. Mossman N. Mostoufi C. Mottais P. Muirhead J. Mukherjee N. Murin E. Murray C. Musso A. Nacamuli M. Nairn A. Naqvi K. Needell S. Needham J. Newell S. Ng A. Ntimbanga D. O’Callaghan E. O’Connor L. O’Donnell S. O’Flynn K. Ohashi B. Okoh E. Okon O. Okpalanozie A. Omid G. Ondeng K. Orlowski M. Orr A. Osei-Bonsu D. Oudanonh G. Ozgur D. Paisey M. Pakzad A. Panzert L. Papworth P. Parr F. Parton M. Patel
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A. Pathare K. Pattison M. Peebles L. Peers C. Pennington J. Percheron J. Perkins R. Perkins V. Perkins L. Peterson E. Peveler E. Phillips S. Pigney M. Pilbeam A. Piper E. Pitt M. Place J. Playford J. Plowman B. Porter F. Potter J. Power M. Prescott S. Priestman M. Priyadarshini Y. Pucci A. Qahtan S. Quek J. Quiambao A. Ramen R. Ramloll C. Rando J. Rankine F. Raphaely T. Rasheed E. Ratz M. Raudnitz J. Ravn S. Razu H. Razzak J. Reade C. Reeves B. Regel S. Reitsis M. Rendall G. Renshaw N. Rhodes T. Richardson T. Richter K. Rienjang M. Rimmer C. Rinn C. Ripullone K. Robbins H. Roberts L. Roberts K. Roche M. Rodriguez Roig S. Rollason R. Roriz Rubim F. Rose N. Rousmaniere N. Rowe K. Rowland M. Royalton-Kisch G. Rubenstein D. Rwomushana V. Ryan A. Saeed M. Safinia V. Saiz Gomez L. Salih
N. Sammar N. Sasamoto M. Sautin M. Savino C. Saward T. Schimmelfing E. Schmidt A. Schoess J. Scholes R. Scott M. Scott-Walton S. Seepersaud-Jones P. Seligman L. Service R. Shah Sobhag L. Shaw J. She I. Sheikh C. Shellard A. Shen M. Shilling M. Shnawa D. Shoulder Z. Shubber M. Sidhu N. Silver T. Simon J. Simonson H. Simpson K. Sinclair A. Singh S. Singh W. Skene N. Skorinko V. Smallwood C. Smith D. Smith L. Smith L. Smith P. Smith S. Smith S. Smith L. Snowling K. Solanki D. Solman J. Solomons N. Soor S. Soparker E. Sothern K. Southwell N. Speakman A. Spike N. Stanley D. Starzecka T. Statham M. Statton I. Stead G. Stein L. Stellman W. Sterling R. Stevens N. Stevenson O. Stocker C. Storey H. Straw A. Stuart-Hutcheson W. Suh L. Sukiur F. Sutherland K. Suzuki S. Swan I. Sychrava
Appendices
J. Talbot Y. Talebian A. Tam H. Taylor S. Tebbot J. Tembe M. Theobald F. Thomas P. Thompson H. Tillier M. Tillo C. Tilson E. Tinios R. Tomber C. Toogood M. Torkan M. Torkan Bidabadi G. Toso R. Townshend E. Traherne S. Trueman S. Tsering X. Tsiftsi E. Tucker A. Tuppen A. Tupper A. Turner L. Turner H. Tweed L. Underhill V. Ungureanu C. Unuakpor P. Usick A. Vacek E. van Bork C. van Cleave E. van den Berg S. van den Berg van Saparoea J. Vann P. Vareilles V. Velikova K. Verma C. Veysey S. Vickers C. Walker M. Walker S. Wallis C. Walsh P. Walton L. Wang M. Wang Z. Wang P. Warburton H. Warren K. Watson J. Watts J. Webb K. Webb S. Webb L. Webster D. Welch I. Welsby Sjostrom F. Wenban-Smith L. Wenkert L. Werner C. Weston J. Wexler K. White K. Whitehead K. Whittick K. Wight
J. Wightman B. Wilkey T. Williams M. Wills H. Wilson J. Wilson K. Wilson T. Wilson C. Wing B. Witton B. Wong D. Wood E. Wood V. Wood S. Woodford E. Woodthorpe K. Wrobel J. Xu C. Yankson A. Yano L. Yate J. Yates N. Yesmin C. York M. Yoshimura M. Young S. Youngs A. Youssef K. Yu E. Yvanez C. Yvard J. Zahan F. Zai S. Zatolokina K. Zealey J. Zhao J. Zilverschoon
World loans Between 1 April 2009 and 31 March 2010, BM objects have been seen in cities across the world Aberystwyth Alert Bay Alicante Altenburg Amsterdam Anglesey Arras Athens Atlanta Aylesbury Basel Belfast Berlin Bern Birmingham Bishop’s Stortford Blackburn Blackpool Bonn Boston Bramsche-Kalkriese Brighton Brussels Bury St Edmunds Cambridge Canberra Cardiff Carlisle Chicago Chichester Colchester Compton Verney Copenhagen Corte Coventry Daoulas Detmold Detroit Doha Dover Downpatrick Eastleigh Edinburgh Essen Essex Florence Frankfurt Gloucester Grasmere The Hague Halifax Hampshire Hartlepool Heidelberg Heraklion Istanbul Karlsruhe Kassel Kendal Kingston-upon-Hull Kobe Launceston Leeds Leuven Lincoln Lisbon Littlehampton Liverpool Llanfairpwll
Lochgilphead London Los Angeles Luton Madrid Mainz Manchester Mannheim Marseilles Munich Nagoya New Haven New York Newbury Newcastle Nijmegen Norwich Nottingham Oldenburg Orleans Oslo Ottawa Oxford Paris Phoenix Plymouth UK Plymouth USA Pordenone Quebec Ravenna Reading Richmond Rome Rouen Rovereto Salem Scarborough Seattle Seville Sheffield Siena Southampton St Gallen Stamford Stroud Stuttgart Sunderland Swaffham Swansea Tokyo Tongeren Toulouse Truro Überlingen Urbino Victoria Waltham Abbey Washington DC Wellingborough Westerham Whithorn Woodbridge Worksop York Zürich
Text by Mark Kilfoyle Design by McConnell Design Ltd Printed and bound in England by Gavin Martin Associates Photo credits: Photography at the British Museum; Benedict Johnson; BBC (pp. 8, 9); Karin L. Wills / Museum for African Art / Nigerian National Commission for Museums and Monuments (p. 24); Claire Wood / London Museums Hub (p. 27); Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums (p. 27); Adela Murillo / Mexican Embassy (p. 35); Louise Bray / BBC (p. 35); David Levene (p. 38); Banco de Mexico Diego Rivera & Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico D.F. / DACS (p. 39); Graeme Robertson (p. 40); Mehrangarh Museum Trust (pp. 44, 45); Hoshino Yukinobu / Shogakukan Inc. (p. 47); Yamagata Prefectural Board of Education (p. 50); Tokyo National Museum (p. 50); Ogawa Tadahiro / Hakodate City Board of Education (p. 51); Chino City Board of Education (p. 51); National Library of Australia (p. 54); Staffordshirehoard.org.uk and Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery (p. 64); Grayson Perry (p. 66); Felicity Powell (p. 66); and Dominic O’Neill (p. 77) © British Museum MMX British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG +44 (0)20 7323 8000
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