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T.C. KÜLTÜR BAKANLIGI ANITLAR VE MÜZELER GENEL MÜnÜRLÜGÜ
19. ARAŞTIRMA SONUÇLARI TOPLANTISI • 2.CILT
28 MAYIS-Ol HAZİRAN 2001 ANKARA ,.
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Profile of the Anastasian Wall near the Büyük Bedesten Survey 2000
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Fig. 2: Profile of the Anastasian Wall south of the Büyük Bedesten
Fig. 3: The
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open-air reservoir near
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35
Fig. 4: Plan of the
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open-air reservoir
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ERZiNCAN SURVEY 2000 Timoty B. MITFORD*
Closed for a decade, the harsh mountains between Satala and the Euphrates were crossed by important Roman roads, listed in the Geographers, and partially uncovered by Cumont in 1900. i arrived in Ankara 9 August. My Representative had just taken 28 days' sick leave. Fahriye Bayram was assigned to me at no notice, to work for9 days: far fewer than sufticient. But she brought cheerful energy and experience, and could talk to women. We started work in Refahiye 15 August, with a minibus and driver assigned by the kaymakam. It was a condition that we were escorted by jandarma, their numbers varying with perceived risk from 6 to 19. We worked along 5 main routes, between points already known to me in the mountains north of Refahiye, and the EuphratE?s. But further work remains to be done, particularly in the districts of Kemah and lIiç. 1. North of the Sivas - Erzincan "asfalt" Starting at the western end of the Çimen Dağları, where i had lost the road from Satala in 1987, we found and followed its continuation, leadinq up to the high ridge (7200 feet) that runs east-west above the asfalt, and curves NW towards Nicopolis. Traftic from both directions must have been heading for the Euphrates valiey. The principal descent from the ridge passes through Melik Şerif, source of a milestone of AD 76. We did not have time to follow much of the road towards Nicopolis. This road seems certain to be Roman. 2. South of Melik Şerif, to Kemah From Melik Şerif the "Salt Road" climbs southwards through thick pine forest, over the high shoulder (7200 feet) of Kurtlu Tepe (8860 feet) and down to Horopol ("town on the Iimes"?), and continues to join the caravan road from Refahiye to Kemah. Pack-animals followed it continuously until c.1955, carrying salt from the mines at Kömür, near Kemah, to Gümüşhane and Giresun. Close to Horopol, the huge rock at Cengerli commands the caravan road. Confirmed as the source of the cohors i Thracum Syriaca inscription, its fields full of Roman tile fragments, Cengerli seems certain to have been the site of a fort. There were hans at Köçevi and Elmalı (bothunvisited), and a third below Ermelik: above which at Monkare we found the likely remains of a watch-tower. This road is probably Roman. 3. South west of Melik Şerif, to iliç From Melik Şerif avalley route, marked bya milestone of AD 129, leads WSW below the flanks of Kurtlu Tepe, and rises to fallaw a rounded ridge (6000 feet), the Dr. Timoty B. MITFORD, Corpus Christi College, Oxford/iNGilTERE.
37
watershed between the Black Sea and Euphrates, running across and then above the modern road to lIiç. It descends at Koçkiri, and follows the valley to Mezrahanı, an important stopping place for caravans, before climbing the Sinibeli pass (5900 feet) , perilous with erosion, and descending the long valley to the han at Kuruçay. There it was joined bya route (the Peutinger route?) from Nicopolis via lmranlı. But its course after Kuruçay is uncertain: either it continued south west, climbing steeply up to Armudan, important in Armenian times and probable site of one of Ptolemy's cities; or it turned south to follow the gravel bed of the Kuruçay, pass beneath Hasanova, and cross or join the Roman frontier road. This road was certainly of prime importance for caravans between the Black Sea and Eski Malatya. But as a difficult valley route, its course between the watershed and Kuruçay seems unlikely to be Roman.
4. The Ridge Road South of Refahiye, to Kerboçezı and? Çi/horoz From the watershad ridge (Road 3), a main ridge leads SSW between the modern roads to Kemah and lIiç. There was initially no folk memory of its use. But we found traces of a 3-4 m. road, climbing steadily across cols and looping around low summits in typically Roman fashion. Rising to a high watch-tower or guard post (7200 feet), it continued to the fertile but dying viIIage of Diştaş, once Viranşehir, before entering the Kerboğazı ("baby donkey pass"), at the western end of a fearsome wall of pinnacles (7500 feet). Ferocious screes marked the operational boundary between 3 districts, and our escort could not continue. We could see a rock-out path leading down and out of sight, but had no time to approach it later from the south. It may have continued to join the frontier road at Çilhoroz. At Diştaş, Boyalık and Hasanova this route was remembered to have been much used by pack animals traveliing between Refahiye and the Euphrates. As a ridge road, it is likely also to have been used in Roman times. 5. The Frontier Road Paralle! to the Euphrates The paved Roman road leading up from the Decius bridge on the Karabudak is continued eastwards by the caravan road known as Sultan Murat Caddesi. We were able to find at Hasanova clear evidence of Roman occupation: coins and tile fragments, including Samian, in the fields below the viiiage. The caravan road continued up past Boyalık to Çilhoroz (Road 4), the Gavuroluğu ("infidel's passage"), and the marble gates. We followed its continuation eastwards over a low pass (5550 feet). As it descended, the road was forced to traverse steep mountainsides in a shallow trench cut out of white marble, 1000 m. long and 2-3 m. wide. Traces of a long zigzag survive from its descent to Kürtler Dere, but all else has been carried away in huge landslides. This road is incontroveribly Roman, and clearly continued to Kemah. My work was again generously funded by the British Academy. i am particularly grateful to the vali of Erzincan, Sayın Halil ıbrahim Altınok, to the kaymakam of Refahiye, Sayın Cahit IŞık, to my brilliant Representative, Bayan Fahriye Bayram, and to our driver, the redoubtable muhtar of Melik Şerif, Sayın Süleyman Polatcı. Without their encouragement and help this survey would not have been possible. i am also deeply endebted to the many jandarma commanders and sergeants, men of exceptional quality, who accompanied me daily with such cheerful vigour.
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cıucu
SURVEY 2000
Giovanni SALMERI* Anna Lucia O'AGA TA Laura FALESI Bridget BUXTON
Introduction The first season of the Cilicia Survey took place in south-central Turkey (Çukurova) between 25 September and 15 October 20001 . The survey focused on an area east of the city of Adana, Iying in the extensive alluvial plain of the river Ceyhan, bounded to the north by the Taurus mountain range and to the south-east by the heights of Misis Dağ. The project behind the survey has been underway for several years, the aim being to study the processes of Hellenisation - if we are allowed to use, for the sake of brevity, this outworn term - occurring throughout the region over a period spanning from the 12th to the 4th century BC. Thus investigation into the Greek presence in the area regards the very core of this research, and the intention is to explore the characteristics, extent and nature of this presence. Before summarising the main ""
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