Idea Transcript
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VIRGINIA STANDARDS OF LEARNING ASSESSMENTS Spring 2002 Released Test
END OF COURSE BIOLOGY
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Property of the Virginia Department of Education
䉷 2002 by the Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education, James Monroe Building, 101 N. 14th Street, Richmond, Virginia, 23219. All rights reserved. Except as permitted by law, this material may not be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. Commonwealth of Virginia public school educators may photocopy or print any portion of these Released Tests for educational purposes without requesting permission. All others should direct their requests to the Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education at (804) 225-2102, Division of Assessment and Reporting.
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Biology 1
DIRECTIONS
Read each question carefully and choose the best answer. Then mark the space on the answer sheet for the answer you have chosen.
Himalayan rabbits are white with black fur on their ears and the tips of their feet. If an icepack is placed on a rabbit’s back, the fur will grow in black. In this case, hair color is determined by —
BY08B203
墍 C
BY05A104
SAMPLE
墌
The following pictures show some stages during asexual reproduction of a hydra. Which picture shows the first step?
BY05A104.AR1;BY05A104.AR2;BY05A104.AR3;BY05A104.AR4
ArtCodes
C
length of fur B competition C environmental conditions 墍 D predation pressure A
2
Life Cycle of a Fly BY07C102
墍 C
A
C
Egg
ArtCodes BY07C102.AR1
Larva Adult B
D墍
Pupa
Which animal develops in a cycle most similar to the one shown above? A bird G A moth 墍 H A hydra J A grasshopper F
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3
5
DNA that is derived from the DNA of two or more different species is called —
BY06G102
墌 C
4
BY02E505
墌 C
recombinant DNA 墍 B mitochondrial DNA C chloroplast DNA D plasmid A
In 1928, the scientist Alexander Fleming was trying to grow the bacterium Staphylococcus, and by chance, discovered that it would not grow in the presence of a mold that he named Penicillium. In 1939, Ernst Chain and Howard Florey purified penicillin, and in 1941, penicillin was first used to treat bacterial diseases. In 1945, Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and Howard Florey received the Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery and isolation of penicillin. These facts show that —
Long ago, people thought that the smallpox virus could be carried through the air. For this reason, many people moved from crowded cities to BY02C306 墍 the more open country during C smallpox epidemics, carrying with them family members who had the virus but had not yet contracted the disease. When the pox erupted on these family members, other members living in the home soon contracted the disease too. Which of these was then discovered to be the means of transmission? Drinking water from local wells B Directly contacting a person with smallpox 墍 C Being bitten by mosquitoes that carry the virus D Eating food that contains the virus A
6
Florey and Chain unfairly used Fleming’s work and should not have received the Nobel Prize G chance plays no role in scientific discoveries H scientific progress often requires the efforts of many people working together 墍 J whenever possible, the Nobel Prize should be given to more than one person F
BY02D510
墍 C
ArtCodes BY02D510.AR1
The picture shows an x-ray diffraction of DNA. The x-ray diffraction of DNA led to the idea that DNA — is a double helix 墍 G contains paired bases H can copy itself J is a very long molecule F
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9
Which of the following statements describes the process of natural selection?
Eye movement B Arm movement C Reflexes D Pain perception 墍 A
BY08C406
墌 C L
Which of these does not depend on muscle contraction?
Farmers select animals with desirable variations for breeding. B Populations sharing the same gene pool interbreed and create new species. C Individuals survive that have inherited traits adapted to their environment. 墍 D New species are formed via genetic engineering. A
BY05C214
墍 C L
10
BY01B509
墍 C
Plant Characteristics
8
ArtCodes
Plant
BY07G401
墌 C
Type of Growth
Cucumber sprawling vines
Leaves fuzzy, dark green, 3-5 lobes
Flowers
BY01B509.AR1
Fruit
yellow
long and spiny
Eggplant
erect, bushy fuzzy, large stems ovate
violet
large, egg-shaped berry, varying in color
Which of these hypotheses is best supported by observations of this animal?
Pumpkin
sprawling vines
large, fuzzy, triangular, lobed
yellow
large (2-20 lb), oblate to oblong, smooth rind
F
Pepper
straight and woody
slick, medium green
white
juiceless berries or pods, varying shape, size, and color
Okra
erect, shrub-like
heart-shaped and 3-5 lobes
yellow, crimson center
hairy, tapering capsule, 4-10 inches long
This animal digging. 墍 G This animal night. H This animal J This animal
The cucumber belongs to the Cucurbitacae family and is recognized by its long, trailing vines with fuzzy, three- to five-pointed leaves and long, spiny fruit. Using the characteristics in the chart above, which plant is most closely related to the cucumber? Eggplant G Pumpkin 墍 H Pepper J Okra F
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
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spends much of its time usually hunts for food at is herbivorous. has poor hearing.
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BY06D104
墌
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
13
C ArtCodes BY06D104.AR1
The island of Aldabra lies 400 kilometers off the coast of Africa and is home to the Aldabra Rail, a long-legged wetland bird. The Aldabra Rail is BY08D407 flightless and much different from the 墍 rails living on the mainland. This bird C became a distinctly different species through — reproductive isolation B adaptive radiation C convergence D geographic isolation 墍 A
In rabbits, short fur (F) is dominant to long fur (f). According to the Punnett square, what is the chance of two heterozygous short-haired rabbits having offspring with short fur? One in four B Two in four C Three in four 墍 D Four in four A
14
BY07A515
墍 C
12
BY01J301
墌 C
If a student needs to do research on heredity for a science project, which of these sources is the most reliable resource?
This organism is most closely related to animals in the Phylum Arthropoda, the phylum that contains beetles, because it has —
A weekly news magazine G A newspaper tabloid H A national newspaper J A professional journal 墍
F
legs G antennae H jointed appendages 墍 J an elongated body
F
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ArtCodes BY07A515.AR1
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17
“I took a good clear piece of Cork and with a Pen-Knife sharpen’d as keen as a razor . . . cut off . . . an exceeding thin piece of it. For upon examination with my Microscope, I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous . . . These pores, or cells, were not very deep, but consisted of a great many little Boxes.”
BY02A202
墌 C
One method of determining the classification of an animal is by comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of these animals most closely resembles the unknown animal? Horse: Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-ArgAsp-His-Glu-Lys-Asp B Dog: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-AspGlu-Lys-Asp 墍 C Cat: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-HisArg-Cys-Thre-Asp D Mouse: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-HisGlu-Val-Val-Leu A
These words were written by Robert Hooke in 1665. The pores or cells that Hooke described were really — cell walls 墍 B nuclei C cell membranes D mitochondria A
16
BY01E202
墌
Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Wheat Crop Production Experimental Plot (4m X 15m)
Wavelength (nm)
A
357.6
C ArtCodes BY01E202.AR1
Crop Yield Wave (g/m2) Intensity (Joules/m2) 0
110
B
357.6
8
110
C
357.6
20
30
D
357.6
25
20
Which of these statements is best supported by these data? Wheat plants exposed to high-intensity ultraviolet light produce fewer seeds. 墍 G Chloroplasts of wheat are able to filter out low-intensity ultraviolet light. H High-intensity ultraviolet light may be used to control weed growth. J No exposure to ultraviolet light increases pollination in wheat plants. F
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
Unknown animal: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-TyrArg-His-His-Glu-Lys-Asp
7
BY07D401
墍 C
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19
Cytoplasm with ribosomes Cell membrane Cell wall
BY05D517
墌
BY04A403
墍
C ArtCodes BY05D517.AR1
C L ArtCodes
Cell
DNA
BY04A403.AR1
How is the prokaryotic bacterium in the diagram different from a eukaryotic cell? It B It C It D It A
A student was studying the responses of cells to solutions of varying salt concentrations. Which solution below would cause no change in cell size?
20 ArtCodes
1% Salt
1% Salt 5% Salt
BY05D517.AR2 BY05D517.AR3 BY05D517.AR4 BY05D517.AR5
H
1% Salt
1% Salt 1% Salt
G
墍
Cells are the functional units that make up tissues. Tissues then become the functional units that make up — BY04C307
0% Salt
F
has ribosomes to make proteins. stores its genetic information in DNA. has no membrane-bound nucleus. 墍 has a cell membrane.
enzymes G organs 墍 H other cells J DNA F
10% Salt
21
J
The concentration of glucose must be maintained within a fairly narrow range in most vertebrates. This statement is an example of — homeostasis 墍 B excretion C glycolysis D fermentation A
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
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墍 C
BY05D214
墍 C L
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BY03C205
墌 C
25
Peroxidase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide in cells. It accomplishes this because of its structure. What part of the enzyme is involved in catalytic activity?
BY07E403
墍 C
Binding pocket G Pleated sheet H Active site 墍 J Quaternary structure F
23
Puppy
The DNA fingerprints were made from ArtCodes blood samples taken from a puppy and BY07E403.AR2 four possible sires of this puppy in an effort to determine the puppy’s pedigree. According to this information, which sire was probably the father of this puppy?
Possible Sires
Which of these processes is carried out in the same way in both plants and animals?
A
BY05B301
墌 C
ArtCodes
Cellular respiration 墍 B Asexual reproduction C Circulation of body fluids D Excretion of metabolic waste
BY07E403.AR3 BY07E403.AR4 BY07E403.AR5 BY07E403.AR6
A
B
C
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What is the main cause of fish kills in rivers polluted by fertilizers? D
BY09D108
墌 C
Decreased mineral sources G Decreased oxygen levels 墍 H Increased water temperatures J Increased water levels F
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
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墍
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BY05A205
墌 C L
Bacteria are tremendously successful unicellular organisms, yet all large organisms are multicellular. Unicellular organisms cannot grow very large because the —
28
energy expenditures would be too great G locomotion of the organisms would be too slow H diffusion of nutrients into the cell’s interior would be too slow 墍 J respiratory rate would be too high
25% G 50% 墍 H 75% J 100%
F
F
27 Nitrogen in air
BY09B317
墌 C
ArtCodes BY09B317.AR1
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in some plants
Decomposers
Nitrogen compounds
Animals
Plants
Which of these is a decomposer in a Virginia forest? A pine tree B A mushroom 墍 C A dandelion D A caterpillar A
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
In cows, long hair is dominant to short hair. In a cow that is heterozygous for long hair, what percentage of the cells BY06A407 undergoing meiosis will carry the 墍 dominant allele? C
10
L
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30
Deep-Ocean Organisms
BY09E201
墌 C L
Tube Worms
ArtCodes BY09E201.AR1
Bacteria Hydrogen Sulfide
Hot-water Vent
During a trip to a rain forest, a scientist discovered a new organism living near some rotting logs. The scientist observed that the organism BY07F203 墍 had moist skin, no hair, and an C internal skeleton and that it laid its eggs under the logs. This organism was probably a new species of — invertebrate G amphibian 墍 H mammal J reptile F
White Clams
Yellow Mussels
Around hot-water vents deep in the ocean live specialized communities. Bacteria turn hydrogen sulfide into sugars by a chemical process. The bacteria then provide food to other life forms, as shown in the diagram. Compared to food chains on land, the bacteria fill the same role as —
31
Trachea
Trachea BY01A302
墍 C L
ArtCodes BY01A302.AR1
hawks B rabbits C green plants 墍 D mushrooms A
Trachea The picture shows the trachea and surrounding tissue of a flea. Which of these best describes the shape of the flea trachea? A single, coiled tube B A double-helix shape C A long, branched tube 墍 D A six-sided cylinder A
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Experimental Results Fertilizer
Plant 1
Plant 2
墌
1
10 mm
8 mm
C
2
6 mm
3 mm
3
13 mm
10 mm
4
9 mm
4 mm
BY01G505
ArtCodes
34
BY05E501
墍
Hydrogen G Nitrogen H Calcium J Oxygen 墍 F
BY01G505.AR1
The data show the growth of two bean plants over several weeks using four different fertilizers. The experimental data would be more valid if which of the following variables was included in the experiment?
Human red blood cells that lack sufficient hemoglobin would have a low amount of what substance?
35
C
Scapula Humerus Ulna
A fifth fertilizer was tested. G Only one plant was tested. H The plants were grown at variable temperatures. J A control without fertilizer was included for each plant. 墍 F
Radius
BY09C101
墌 C
Many of the forests of Virginia have been cleared for farmland. Which of these would least affect the time it would take to return a farm to forest conditions?
Bat
C D
The number of viable tree seeds on the land B The amount of available nutrients in the soil C The density of the original forest on the farm 墍 D The ability of the farmland to retain moisture
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Pterosaur
The picture above shows part of the pectoral girdle and limb of two flying vertebrates known as the bat and the prehistoric pterosaur. Which bone of the pterosaur corresponds to the humerus of the bat?
A
A B B 墍 C C D D A
12
C
BY08A301.AR1
B
33
墍
ArtCodes
Carpals
A
BY08A301
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Marble
Plastic tube
37
BY01H101
墌 Picture 1 C
ArtCodes BY01H101.AR1
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Many years ago, streptomycin easily BY05E101 controlled the bacterium. Now 墍 streptomycin is much less effective C against the resistant M. tuberculosis. The increasing resistance of M. tuberculosis to streptomycin is most likely due to the increased —
Marble Plastic tube
use of streptomycin for bacterial infections 墍 B numbers of alternatives to streptomycin C artificial production of streptomycin D early detection of bacterial infections A
Picture 2
Marble
Plastic tube
Picture 3
38
Euglena Flagellum BY04B104
墍 C
Nucleus
The picture shows a model being used to explain how food is moved through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. What do the fingers pushing the marble along represent?
What is the purpose of the flagellum? Circulation G Catching prey H Movement 墍 J Attachment F
The pressure of blood vessels surrounding the GI tract G The production of fluids by the GI tract H The contraction of muscles in the GI tract 墍 J The electrical impulses from the nervous system to the GI tract F
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
Chloroplast
13
ArtCodes BY04B104.AR1
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BY01C301
墌 C L
Hypothesis: More pine seeds germinate after a forest fire.
41
Which characteristic do viruses possess in common with living cells?
BY05F509
墍
They contain a nucleus and organelles. B They make their own food. C They contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA. 墍 D They are inactive outside the body of living cells. A
The most valid and reliable test of this hypothesis would include an experimental group of pine seeds that was recovered from a fire area and pine seeds that were — germinated after a fire B tolerant of fire C found before a fire 墍 D placed in a fire
C
A
42
40
BY01I501
墌 C
CGT 墍 G CGA H CGG J CGU F
A student wanted to study the effect of temperature on algae levels in a local stream. Which items are most useful for gathering data and most appropriate for communicating the results of her observations? Research on the Internet and videotapes of water samples G Microscopes and written descriptions of weather patterns H pH strips and written observations of stream water J Test tubes, thermometers, and graphs of results 墍 F
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
The triplet code of bases for RNA may be represented by all of the following except —
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BY06F408
墍 C L
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45
Red Cardinal
BY07B208
BY05G101
墌
墍
C
C
ArtCodes
ArtCodes
BY07B208.AR1
BY05G101.AR1
Which characteristic supports the hypothesis that this bird spends a great deal of time in the trees and shrubs?
The picture shows three columns of exposed rock that are within a three-kilometer area. According to this information, the dominant past environment of this area has been —
The B The C The D The A
arctic tundra B shallow marine 墍 C deciduous forest D tropical desert A
44
BY06E402
墌 C L
People who have been exposed to excessive radiation often experience mutations. If these mutations only occur in somatic (body) cells, these people may — pass on these mutations to their offspring G experience an increased risk of cancer 墍 H develop entirely new DNA sequences in all cells J experience difficulties replicating RNA F
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thickness of its bill crest of feathers on its head shape of its feet 墍 color of its wings
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47 Key to Some Common Aquatic Insect Types
mL
BY01F102
墌
Abdomen with tails
50
C L ArtCodes
40
BY01F102.AR1
Abdomen without tails
Abdomen with two tails
Abdomen with three tails
Plecoptera larvae
Ephemeroptera larvae
30
Hind legs look furry
20
Only two legs visible
10
BY07A405
墍 C L
ArtCodes BY07A405.AR1
Hind legs not furry looking or not visible More than two legs visible
Front and hind legs visible
Only front legs visible
Elmidae
Gyrnidae
Noteridae No spots on back
Large dark spots on back
Dytiscidae
Haliplidae
Jan consistently read the volume of liquids as shown. How would this practice impact her work? Her measurements G Her measurements H Her measurements less dense liquids. J Her measurements accurate. 墍 F
would lack precision. would be too high. would be too low for would be very According to this key, to what family does the insect above belong? Dytiscidae B Haliplidae C Gyrnidae D Noteridae 墍 A
2002 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education
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BY09A401
墌 C L
ArtCodes BY09A401.AR1
Deer Population
48
(in number of individuals)
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50
80 60 40
4X G 10X H 40X 墍 J 100X F
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (in years) In the graph above, what is the population of deer at the carrying capacity of the environment? 10 G 30 H 50 J 70 墍 F
49
BY03D518
墌 C
A student wants to view cells under the compound microscope at a total magnification of 400X. If the eyepiece is 10X, which of the following objective lenses should be used? BY01I504
Photosynthesis is important for almost all life on Earth because it — produces oxygen 墍 B uses simple elements C is responsible for most decay D releases usable forms of nitrogen A
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墍 C
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Answer Key Test Sequence
Correct Answer
Reporting Category
1
C
004
Interaction of Life Forms
2
G
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
3
A
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
4
H
001
Scientific Investigation
5
B
004
Interaction of Life Forms
6
F
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
7
C
004
Interaction of Life Forms
8
G
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
9
D
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
10
F
001
Scientific Investigation
11
C
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
12
J
001
Scientific Investigation
13
D
004
Interaction of Life Forms
14
H
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
15
A
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
16
F
001
Scientific Investigation
17
B
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
18
G
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
19
C
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
20
G
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
21
A
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
22
H
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
23
A
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
24
G
004
Interaction of Life Forms
25
C
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
26
H
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
27
B
004
Interaction of Life Forms
28
G
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
29
C
004
Interaction of Life Forms
30
G
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
31
C
001
Scientific Investigation
32
J
001
Scientific Investigation
33
C
004
Interaction of Life Forms
34
J
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
35
B
004
Interaction of Life Forms
36
H
001
Scientific Investigation
37
A
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
38
H
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
39
C
001
Scientific Investigation
40
J
001
Scientific Investigation
41
C
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
42
F
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
43
B
004
Interaction of Life Forms
44
G
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
45
C
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
46
J
001
Scientific Investigation
47
D
003
Life at the Systems and Organisms Level
48
J
004
Interaction of Life Forms
49
A
002
Life at the Molecular and Cellular Level
50
H
001
Scientific Investigation
Reporting Category Description