Idea Transcript
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Língua Inglesa
SUMÁRIO
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VOLUME
LÍNGUA INGLESA 1. Approaching the text 1.1 Types of Texts 1.2 How to Approach the Text: Strategies
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2. Working With Pronouns 2.1 Activity: Scanning 2.2 Comprehension Task 2.3 Pronouns 2.4 Relative Clauses
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3. Taking Tests 3.1 Activities: prediction – scanning – skimming 3.2 Adverbs 3.3 Extension
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Língua Inglesa
SUMÁRIO COMPLETO VOLUME 1 1. Approaching the Text 2. Working with Pronouns 3. Taking Tests VOLUME 2 4. Analysing the Test 5. Taking Entrance Examination Tests VOLUME 3 6. Improving Skills 7. Improving Skills 2
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Língua Inglesa
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Língua Inglesa Approaching the text
READING COMPREHENSION 1. APPROACHING
THE TEXT
1.1 Types of Texts
A text is any piece of writing. This can be a letter, an e-mail, a novel, a poem, a recipe, a note, instructions,
an article in a newspaper or magazine, writing on a webpage or an advertisement. All of these are examples of texts. But if we consider both verbal and non-verbal information, we should mention charts, graphs, drawings, cartoons, pictures, or any kind of illustration as examples of text. Para uma melhor compreensão do texto, devemos associar a informação verbal com a não verbal sempre que possível. Devemos também identificar o purpose do texto, ou seja, a razão pela qual ele foi escrito. Dependendo do purpose of the text, a linguagem e a maneira de passar a mensagem variam. The purpose of a text can be To persuade you to buy something, as in an advertisement.
Text Classification Persuasive
To inform you about something, as in a news report.
Informative
To describe something or someone, as in a novel or description.
Descriptive
To instruct you how to do something, as in a manual or recipe.
Instructive
1.1.1 Persuasive
A persuasive text is a text that really wants you to do something. An advertisement might persuade you
to buy something, or a letter to a friend might persuade him to do or not to do something. Common Occurrences • • • • • •
repeated words; text in capital letter; exclamation marks; rhetorial questions (questions which don’t need to be answered); an emotional one-sided argument; humor.
Língua Inglesa Approaching the text
Observe the following samples and circle the commun occurrences present in them.
Woman’s Day, 09/15/1998
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Língua Inglesa Approaching the text
LET’S SING This song by U2 can be classified as persuasive text. Find out why and underline the occurrences present in it. Stuck In A Moment You Can’t Get Out Of I’m not afraid of anything in this world There’s nothing you can throw at me that I haven’t already heard I’m just trying to find a decent melody A song that I can sing in my own company I never thought you were a fool But darling, look at you, oh You gotta stand up straight, carry your own weight These tears are going nowhere, baby You’ve got to get yourself together You’ve got stuck in a moment and now you can’t get out of it Don’t say that later will be better now you’re stuck in a moment and you can’t get out of it I will not forsake the colours that you bring But the nights you filled with fireworks, they left you with nothing I am still enchanted by the light you brought to me I still listen though your ears and through your eyes I can see And you are such a fool to worry like you do I know it’s tough and you can never get enough Of what you don’t really need now... my oh my You’ve got to get yourself together You’ve got stuck in a moment and now you can’t get out of it Oh love, look at you now You’ve got yourself Stuck in a moment And you can’t get out of it I was unconscious, half asleep The water is warm till you discover how deep I wasn’t jumping, for me it was a fall It’s a long way down to nothing at all chorus1 And if the night runs over, and if the day won’t last And if your way should falter along the stony pass And if the night runs over, and if the day won’t last And if your way should falter along the stony pass It’s just a moment, this time will pass.
Tom :E E G#m A G#m B C#m A E E G#m A G#m B C#m A E C#m B C#m B C#m B C#m B E G#m A G#m B C#m A E E G#m A G#m B C#m A E E G#m A G#m B C#m A E E G#m A G#m B C#m A E C#m B C#m B C#m B C#m B E G#m A G#m B C#m A E E G#m A G#m B C#m A E F#m AE F#m AB
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Língua Inglesa Approaching the text
1.1.2 Informative
An informative text is a text that intends to advise or tell you about something. A magazine or newspaper article might give you information about a scientific issue like a new vaccine. A website might give you information about a movie, a band, a work of art or something of interest. Common Occurrences • repetion is avoided; • facts are present; • information given in a clear way. Write down the purpose for the example below: inform or advise?
ROBERT FROST, (1874 –1963), American poet, born in San Francisco. Perhaps the most popular and beloved of 20th-century American poets, Frost wrote of the character, people, and landscape of New England. In 1912 he went to England, where he received his first acclaim as a poet. After the publication of A Boy’s Will (1913) and North of Boston (1914), he returned to the United States, settling on a farm near Franconia, N.H. Frost taught and lectured at several universities, including Amherst, Harvard, and the University of Michigan.
Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition,Bartleby.com Access on: 20 Oct. 2009. - Robert Frost collection
Sample
1.1.3 Descriptive
A descriptive text wants you to picture, imagine what they are describing. A novel might make you imagine the characters and see them in your mind. A critic review might describe a painting, a book or film, or even the artist’s style to make you see what is being described. Common Occurrences • adjectives and adverbs largely used; • comparisons to help picture something; • use of sense verbs: how it feels, smells, looks, sounds and tastes.
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Língua Inglesa Approaching the text
Underline in the samples below, the characteristics for descriptive texts. Decker, Joseph (1853–1924). Still Life with Crab Apples and Grapes, 1888
Sample
Still Life with Crab Apples and Grapes comes from the first half of Decker’s career, when his style was crisp and hard-edged and his colors were forceful. Each spherical shape of apple or grape shines, spotlighted against a dark background. While the grapes he depicts are robust, virtually perfect specimens of cultivated fruit, the crab apples are varicolored, poked, and pockmarked, and one is even roughly cut open. (...)
1.1.4 Instructive
An instructive text is meant to instruct or tell you how to do something. A recipe instructs you on how to cook something. A leaflet or manual tells you how to do things. Common Occurrences • • • • •
written as though the reader is being spoken to; the word you is not usually used; language is direct and unnecessary words are left out; often use must and must not; sometimes use diagrams of pictures to help understanding.
Sample
Available at: . (Adapted) Access on: 20 Oct. 2009.
Underline in the sample below, the characteristics for instructive texts.
Helping vocabulary template = n/(c) molde sturdy = adj: robusto dough = n(u) massa pansies = n(c) flores
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Língua Inglesa Check Your Comprehension
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION 1
Observe os textos a seguir e classifique-os de acordo com o que você compreendeu. Justifique a sua resposta. Texto I
Texto II Wilderness Canoe Trips
Only an hour or so had passed before a tremendous roar shook the ground. At that very moment, a strange grey creature materialized before our eyes. It resembled a lizard in shape. It was about ten feet high at the shoulders and at least fifty feet long.
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Classificação:
Texto III
The best way to experience the wilds of Maine is to take a canoe trip down one of our many rivers. Maine Wilderness Tours offers some of the State’s premier canoe/kayak trips. Custom trips can be arranged too! Costs • 3-day, 2-night - $325 per person • 4-day, 3-night with hike up Bigelow Mt. – $410 per person Classificação: _______________________
__________________________________ _ Texto IV
Classificação: _______________________
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Classificação: _______________________
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Língua Inglesa Check Your Comprehension
1.2 How to Approach the Text: Strategies
Q
LAZY JANE Lazy lazy lazy lazy lazy lazy Jane, she wants a drink of water so she waits and waits and waits and waits and waits for it to rain.
Silberstein. S. Where the sidewalk ends. Harper & Row Publishers. New York, 1974
uando lemos, uma das maiores dificuldades que temos para compreender bem um texto é o vocabulário. Até mesmo em nossa língua-mãe, às vezes, lemos textos e não sabemos o significado de muitas das palavras ali apresentadas. O que fazer nessas circunstâncias? Decorar listas de vocabulário para compensar a falta de conhecimento de algumas palavras, ou há estratégias que compensam essa dificuldade? A abordagem linguística feita nas provas de vestibular é contextualizada, ou seja, o que vale é o significado da palavra naquele dado contexto, e não isoladamente. Além disso, universidades, como a UNICAMP, por exemplo, valorizam e exploram a inferência e a atribuição de significados, que é o oposto do proporcionado pelas listas de vocabulário. Assim, trazemos aqui algumas sugestões – estratégias que auxiliam na abordagem do texto. a) Observe o formato e a disposição visual deste texto.
Nesse exemplo, as palavras caem como gotas de chuva, na boca de Jane. Lazy Jane is thirsty so she waits for the rain... . O formato do texto em si complementa e explica a ideia do poema. b) Gráficos, tabelas, números e datas. Podemos buscar diretamente nos gráficos e tabelas os números e/ou a informação pedidos na questão, sem a necessidade de leitura integral do texto. c) O tipo de letra usado (negrito, itálico, letra MAIÚSCULA/minúscula, etc.). Sabemos que nomes próprios são introduzidos por letras maiúsculas, e que palavras negritadas e/ou em itálico trazem informação específica, como nomes de lugares, de filmes, etc.
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Língua Inglesa Check Your Comprehension
d) Verifique se há palavras parecidas com as de língua portuguesa: essas palavras são os cognatos. la difference
zone
credit
paper
author
e) Cuidado com aquelas palavras que se parecem com as de lingua portuguesa, mas cujo significado é diferente: esses são os falsos cognatos. Actually
parents
exit
eventually
f ) Observe se há palavras repetidas. Muitas se repetem. g) Para conhecer a ideia principal do texto, scan o título, o subtítulo, ou o primeiro parágrafo. h) Finalmente, busque informações de onde o texto foi retirado, data, quem o escreveu e observe qualquer figura ou ilustração vinculados (se for o caso). Todas essas dicas podem ajudá-lo você, fornecendo pistas, tais como fonte do texto, tipo (publicitário, pessoal, literário, científico, etc.), a que público se dirige (isto é, para quem o texto foi prioritariamente escrito), e até mesmo qual a ideia principal ou o assunto tratado, pois essas são, basicamente, as perguntas apresentadas nas provas de vestibulares das universidades.
1.2.1 Reading Techniques
Todo texto é uma fonte de informação, um exemplo de possibilidade de trabalho com a linguagem.
Como já vimos, há diferentes tipos de textos, como, por exemplo, os longos, os curtos, os visuais, com linguagem não verbal, os gráficos, os informativos, os narrativos, os expositivos, os literários, os científicos e os publicitários. Cometeríamos um grande equívoco se abordássemos esses diferentes tipos de textos da mesma maneira. Assim, é imprescindível que utilizemos as específicas técnicas de leitura, que viabilizam nosso trabalho correto de compreensão, de interpretação e de inferência. Qualquer que seja o tipo de texto a ser trabalhado, certamente uma técnica (ou mais) das que são apresentadas a seguir é utilizada, para que haja uma abordagem eficiente. Skimming: uma rápida olhada no texto, ou em partes específicas, como título, subtítulo, as duas primeiras linhas de cada parágrafo, para colocar-se a par do assunto tratado. Scanning: uma passagem rápida pelo texto para encontrar informação específica, como nomes próprios, datas, números, etc. Prediction ou predição: consiste em fazer uma previsão quanto ao assunto do texto, a partir do título, ou de outra fonte de informação dada no contexto. É inferir sobre o tema a ser lido. Leitura para detalhes: uma vez localizada a informação que buscamos, fazemos uma leitura detalhada daquela circunferência a que o assunto se refere. Inferência: é a leitura nas entrelinhas, é interpretar sem modificar a ideia do texto, sem acrescentar nem omitir informações. Fazemos também o trabalho de inferência de significado de vocabulário, quando não conhecemos a palavras.
Língua Inglesa Check Your Comprehension
CHECK YOUR COMPREHENSION 2
Para cada um dos textos a seguir, responda às seguintes questões: a) Qual a classificação do texto apresentado? b) De que fonte foi retirado? c) A quem é direcionado? d) Quais técnicas de leitura você utilizou? e) De que assunto ele trata? f) Há cognates/false cognates?
Texto I
HOW TO KEEP FROM GETTING HACKED If you’re connected to the Internet, you’re culnerable to intruders. But there are ways to keep your data safe.
antivirus software 1 Use and update it often to
credit-card numbers 6 Send only to secure sites; look
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Don’t allow online merchants to store your credit-card information for future purchases
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Use a hard-to-guess password that contains a mix of nunbers and letters, and change it frequently
a security program 8 Use that gives you control over
leep destructive programs off your computer
for a padlock or key icon at the bottom of the browser
Confirm the site you’re doing business with. Watch your typing; it’s amazon.com, not amozon.com.
‘cookies’ that send information back to web sites
firewall software to different passwords 9 Install screen traffic if you use 4 Use for different Web sites DSL or a cable modem and apllications to keep hackers guessing
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Use the most up-to-date version of your Web browser, e-mail software and other programs
to connect to the Net
open e-mail 10 Don’t attachments unless
you know the source of the incoming message Newsweek, 2000
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Texto II
ROAD NOT TAKEN, THE
by Robert Lee Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry l could not travel both And be one traveler, long l stood And looked down one as far as l could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear: Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both thar morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, l kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way. I doubted if l should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and l l took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference Poetry archives.com
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Língua Inglesa Check Your Comprehension Texto III
NUTRITION
The Skinny on World Health
A U.N. report shows that about 50 percent of the world’s population is malnouished, Of those, half are too fat and half too thin. % of underweight adults Not surprisingly American adults % of underweight children U.N. specialists often use the Bangladesh proportion of 56% underweight children as a Indía barometer for a 53% country’s overall rate of hunger. Ethiopia
48%
Vietnam 40% Nigeria 39% Newsweek February 21, 2000
Indonesia 34%
are the fattest.
United States 55% Russia 54% Britain 51% Germany 50% Colombia 43% Brazil 31%
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Newsweek
Texto IV
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Womansday
Língua Inglesa Check Your Comprehension Texto V
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Texto VI
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