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51 American-Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 6(1): 51-54, 2012 ISSN 1995-0748
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Refugee Plants Increased Generalits Predator In Tea Plantation At Wonosari, MalangIndonesia 1
Siti Rasminah Ch. Sy. 2Fatchur Rohman
1 2
Pest and Plant Disease Departement of Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University Biology Departement of Mathematics and Science Faculty, State University of Malang Siti Rasminah Ch. Sy. Fatchur Rohman: Refugee Plants Increased Generalits Predator In Tea Plantation At Wonosari, Malang-Indonesia
ABSTRACT Aim of this study was to examine some plants alongside tea plantation that increase the diversity and abundance of generalist predator in tea plantation at Wonosari, Malang, Indonesia. The samples of Arthropods were collected by 15 cm diameter sweeping net for five times oscilation. The Specimens were identified and counted the diversity index (Shannon-Wienner = H') and relative abundance of generalist predator. The variation of diversity index of Arthropodes in every plot were examined by ANOVA then continued with "Duncan Multiple Range Test" at significant level 95%.The result showed that Synedrella nodiflora, Centella asiatica, Setaria sp., Borreria repens, Arachis pentoii and combination of the plants raised the diversity of Arthropodes on the canopy of the plants, especially generalist predators. There are Curinus, Oxyopes, and Hymenopus with relative abundance ranging from 9.1% to 14.6%. Key word: natural enemies, conservation, refugee, diversity, abundance Introduction One solution to solve the problem of population explosion of tea leaves pests is the empowerment of the biotic factors on the agro-ecosystem on tea plantation by habitat management, such as habitat manipulation. Habitat management can be done by a) increasing the role of wild plants around the tea plant as refugee and 2) predators conservation of Empoasca sp., which is pest of tea leaves by providing habitat of the plant refugee. Habitat management is to increase the population of natural enemies (Helenius, 1998). Landis et al. (2000) put forward the main objectives of habitat management is to create infrastructure in the landscape ecology of sustainable agriculture through the provision of alternative feed resources such as natural enemies, alternative prey or host, shelter (sanctuary) from the bad conditions, and microclimate. Management of habitat (habitat management) is one strategy for biological control. Wild plants have potential to be refugee for predators of insect pests. Refugee is a type of plant vegetation around crops that can provide shelter, sources of additional food, rest areas, and the place of reproduction (Nentwig, 1998; Wratten et al., 1998; Sosromarsono and Untung, 2000). Refugee of plants in agriculture generally refers to species of the companion plants cultivated which serve as habitat for biota three-trophic levels (Murphy et al., 1998; Wratten et al., 1998). Habitat is where an organism lives or may also indicate the place occupied by the entire community because the opportunity to colonize, and is not defeated by the group of competitors (Odum, 1993; Begon et al. 1986). Smith & Papacek (1991) in Landis et al. (2000) reported that Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) as refugee for the myths Amblyseius victoriensis (Womersly). Also, Bowie et al. (1999) in Landis et al. (2000) reported that Brassica napus L as refugee for a predator of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.). Kawai (1997) in Landis et al. (2000) suggested that the plant refugee from natural enemies in the garden tea (Thea sinestris L.) was able to suppress pests. Mochizuki (2000) in Takafuji & Amano (2001) revealed that a predator Amblyseius womersleyi (Phytoseiid committee) was able to suppress plant pests of tea Spider myths. Nurindah et al. (2002) reported a study of efforts to increase the population of natural enemies of major pests of cotton through habitat manipulation on cotton plants. Rohman (2008) reported that some generalist predator, i.e. Curinus (Coccinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae) and Hymenopus (Mantidae) was found on tea plantation at Wonosari, Malang. Furthermore we explored wild plants as refugee for generalist predators of tea leaves pests (Empoasca sp.) on the tea. Here we showed that Synedrella nodiflora, Centella asiatica, Setaria sp., Borreria repens, Arachis pentoii and combination raised predator generalist of Empoasca sp., which are Curinus, Oxyopes, and Hymenopus. Corresponding Author: Siti Rasminah Ch. Sy. Pest and Plant Disease Departement of Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University
52 Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 6(1): 51-54, 2012
Methods: This research was conducted on Tea Plantation at Wonosari, Malang, Indonesia, from October 2007 until February 2008. We made 21 plots test (5 m x 2 m) located in tea plantation, divided into 7 groups and each group have three replications. Each group plots were planted with S. nodiflora, C. asiatica, setaria sp., B. repens, A. pentoii, combination of the plants and control (no plant) respectively. After the plant growth and fertile, then we observed diversity and abundance of the arthropods in the canopy. The samples of Arthropodes were collected by 15 cm diameter sweeping net for five times oscilation. Identification and classification of the specimens was done based on determinant key in pest of crops in Indonesia (Kalshoven, 1981) and an Introduction to the study of insect (Borror, 1998). The diversity index was calculated using "Shannon-Wiever" Diversity index (Krebs, 1978; Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988). The relative abundance of a species was determined by the formula: K = ni / N x 100%, where K is the relative abundance of species i, ni is number of individuals of species i, and N is total number of individuals found (Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988). Level of diversity refers to value of H' proposed by Rahayu, et al. (2006), if the value of H' 3 is high. The variance of diversity index for each test plot was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) one-way classification and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test at the level of 95%. Results: The mean of diversity index (H') of arthropods in canopy of the plants is medium, ranging from 1.70 to 2.25 (Figure 1). Moreover, based on analysis of variance showed that the presence of the plants increased the diversity of arthropods in test plots compare with control (without plant). So that S. nodiflora, C. asiatica, setaria sp., B. repens, A. pentoii and combination of the plants could increased diversity of canopt arthropods that potential for generalist predator of tea pest.
Fig. 1: The mean diversity index of canopy arthropods in some plots the test plants. Table 1: The mean diversity index of plant arthropods in the test plots were planted on the tea plantation at Wonosar, Malang, Indonesia Plots Average diversity index (Transformations) Notation*) Without plant 0,7070 a Synedrella nodiflora 1,4833 b Centela asiatica 1,5417 bc Setaria sp. 1,5847 bc Combination 1,5897 bc Borreria repens 1,6017 bc Arachis pentoii 1,6570 c Note: *) different letters showed significantly difference
The higest diversity index of arthropods was found in Arachis pentoii and lowest in control. However, the diversity index of arthropods in Borreria repens, Setaria sp., Centella asiatica, Synedrella nodiflora and combination of the plant was same (table 1). We found three major order of the Arthropods live in canopy of the plants, there are Curinus (Coccinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae), and Hymenopus (Mantidae) (Figure 2.). All three predators were found live in Borreria repens and Arachis pentoii, it most efectively atracting the arhtropods compare with other palts. This showed that the two of plants have potentialy to develop into refugee.
53 Am.-Eurasian J. Sustain. Agric. 6(1): 51-54, 2012
Fig. 2: Relative abundance (%,) predator of tea leaves pest (Empoasca sp.): Curinus (Coccinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae), and Hymenopus (Mantidae) in several plots of plants. Discussion: Based on the study showed that existence of Arachis pentoii, Borreria repens, Setaria sp., Centella asiatica, Synedrella nodiflora and combination of the plants increased the diversity of arthropods, although with a different level. This illustrates that the existence of the plants in the area of tea plantation need to be managed for habitat of generalist predators. Furhtermore the predator will control pest population in tea plantation that beneficial for sustain green agrosystem. This is accordance with Altieri and Nichols (2004) said tha the abundance of insect herbivore species in the poly-culture farming environment less than in the monoculture environment. Morover, Liang and Huang (1994); Hickman and Wratten (1997) said that multiple cropping pattern can suppress the development of insect pest populations in crops. The higest diversity of arthropods found in Arachis pentoii compare with other plants. Arachis pentoii might released volatile compounds that effective stimulus for many arthropods. This is correspond with Altieri and Nichols (2004) explains that the behavior of insects find the plant is often based on olfactory mechanisms evaporated compound (odor) by plants. In other hand, Borreria repens and Arachis pentoii are best candidate for refugee plants in te plantation at Wonosari, due to the plants most visited by all three generalist predators of planthopper tea leaves together. While, in Setaria sp., Centella asiatica, Synedrella nodiflora, and combination of the plants was only visited by one or two types of predators simultaneously. The existence of the plant is expected to become a micro-habitate refugee for natural enemies (generalist predator) for planthoper tea leaves. So that the preservation of the plants in the tea plantation areas is need to be maintained. This is consistent with MacKinnon et al. (1990) said that the modern concept of conservation is the maintenance and utilization of earth resources wisely (Suripto, 1998). Indonesia is geographically located in areas that have a wet tropical climate and natural conditions are relatively stable, rich with the lives of the diverse flora and fauna, including arthropods (especially insects). thereof Arachis pentoii and Borreria repens could be developed as potential refugee plants in the tea plantation at Wonosari. Refugee vegetation management can be developed through Farmscaping to enhance and manage biodiversity to increase attendance and benefits of organisms in agricultural areas (Av Singh, 2004). Conclusion: The results showed that the Synedrella nodiflora, Centella asiatica, setaria sp., Arachis repens, Borreria pentoii and combination of the palnts can improve Arthropod diversity in the plant canopy. Three taxa of arthropods as generalist predator of planthopper tea leaves were found in canopy of the plants, there are Curinus (Coocinellidae), Oxyopes (Oxyopidae) and Hymenopus (Mantidae). All three predators are collectively found in the Arachis repens and Borreria pentoii, furthermore the two of plants have potentialy to develop into refugee. Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to Widodo, Ph.D from Biology Department, Brawijaya University for valuable advice to finish this manuscript. References Altieri, M.A. and C.I. Nichols, 2004. Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agrosystem, 2nd. Food Products Press An Imprint of The Haworth Press, Inc. New York. London. Oxford. Pp: 23-45. Av Singh, 2004. Famscaping, Farming with Nature in Mind. www.cog.ca. September, 20, 2006.
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