Idea Transcript
Medical laboratory instrumentation
Clinical laboratory instrumentation
This course is extremely important for the biomedical student as it paves the ways to easily understand the relationship between the laboratory Medical sciences (such as Hematology, Bacteriology, Urine analysis, Parasitology, and others) and Engineering sciences (such as Physics, Math, Circuit,
Electronic and programing language).
Clinical laboratory instrumentation
Course objectives: The
student must learn about the major instrument configurations in clinical lab of major concern to a biomedical engineer The student must understand and identify the detailed operating principle of the studied instrumentations The student should be able to identify the most relevant building blocks of the studied equipment and their interrelation.
Clinical laboratory instrumentation
The course focuses on:
Blood cell counters Spectrophotometer Automated chemical analyzers Fluorometry Flame photometry Blood gas analyzers ELISA
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Purpose
The clinical laboratory is used to analyze body fluids and tissue for specific substances of interest and to report the results in a form which is of value to clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. A large range of tests has been developed to achieve this purpose. As much as 70-80% of the factual data physicians use in evaluation of patients is generated by the clinical laboratory. Four terms commonly used to describe test are accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity.
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Purpose
Accuracy: an accurate test, on average, yields true values. Precision is the ability of a test to produce identical results upon repeated trials. Sensitivity is a measure of how small an amount of a substance can be measured. Specificity is the degree to which a test measures the substance of interest without being affected by other substances which may be present in greater amount .
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Place
The laboratory is a place that is equipped with different instruments, equipments and chemicals (reagents) etc., for performing experimental works, research activities and investigative procedures. Medical laboratory is one part of the laboratory that is equipped with various biomedical instruments, equipments, materials and reagents (chemicals) for performing different laboratory investigative activities by using biological specimens (whole blood, serum, plasma, urine, stool, etc.).
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Staff Clinical labs typically have two lines of authority – medical and administrative. The chief of pathology (or related title) typically monitors the overall medical services of the lab, while a lab manager or director manages the business aspects. Medical Staff Chief Pathologist • The chief pathologist, a medical doctor and medical head of the laboratory, oversees the medical direction of the lab and its services. • Staff/Associate Pathologists Chief Technologists Chief technologists generally have a master’s degree in a specialty field. They typically are found in larger labs and oversee the day-to-day management of testing. In smaller labs they may perform the functions of lab administrative director. Medical Technologists Medical technologists (MT) have completed a three- or four-year college program and a one-year internship in the clinical laboratory. Biomedical Engineers Whose responsible for installation, calibration, and maintenance of laboratory instrumentations. .
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Staff
Administrative Staff Lab administrative director The responsibility of this position is the operation of the lab – personnel, budgets, supplies, equipment, and function. Directors may be former technologists with an MBA or other master’s degree and may report to both the chief pathologist and hospital administration.
The following chart shows the general path of a specimen and associated information (hospital).
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Classification (American Affair)
Medical laboratories
Ownership
Government
Private
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Classification Medical laboratories
Service capability
General Clinic laboratory
Anatomic Pathology
Primary category
Secondary category
Tertiary category
Clinical laboratory instrumentation General Clinic laboratory Primary category- provides the following minimum service capabilities: Routine hematology Qualitative platelet determination Routine urine analysis Routine Fecal analysis Blood typing – hospital based
Secondary category – provides the minimum service capabilities of a primary category laboratory plus the following: Routine clinical chemistry. Quantitative platelet determination Cross matching – for hospital based Gram staining KOH-(Potassium Hydroxide) for hospital based
Tertiary category- provides the minimum service capabilities of a secondary category laboratory plus the following: Special chemistry Special hematology, including coagulation procedures Immunology and Microbiology – culture and sensitivity
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Anatomic Pathology
Anatomical pathology or Anatomic pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, chemical,
immunologic and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and rarely whole bodies .
Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids and/or tissues. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology.
Differences between Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Pathology
Anatomic pathology relates to the processing, examination, and diagnosis of surgical specimens by a physician trained in pathological diagnosis. Clinical pathology is the division that processes the test requests more familiar to the general public; such as blood cell counts, coagulation studies, urinalysis, blood glucose level determinations and throat cultures. Its subsections include chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, urinalysis and blood bank
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Anatomic Pathology some instrumentations
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Anatomic Pathology some instrumentations
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Anatomic Pathology some instrumentations
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Anatomic Pathology
Clinical laboratory instrumentation Classification (WHO) Medical laboratories
Biosafety
Basic laboratory level I
Basic laboratory level II
Containment laboratory (Level III)
Maximum containment laboratory
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