A new species of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Zhejiang Province, China
Shih-Pin Huang, I-Shiung Chen & Kwang-Tsao Shao
Ichthyological Research The Ichthyological Society of Japan ISSN 1341-8998 Volume 63 Number 4 Ichthyol Res (2016) 63:470-479 DOI 10.1007/s10228-016-0516-9
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Author's personal copy Ichthyol Res (2016) 63:470–479 DOI 10.1007/s10228-016-0516-9
FULL PAPER
A new species of Rhinogobius (Teleostei: Gobiidae) from Zhejiang Province, China Shih-Pin Huang1 • I-Shiung Chen2 • Kwang-Tsao Shao1
Received: 14 January 2016 / Revised: 22 February 2016 / Accepted: 23 February 2016 / Published online: 22 March 2016 The Ichthyological Society of Japan 2016
Abstract A new freshwater goby, Rhinogobius niger, was collected from Zhejiang Province, Southern China. This species can be distinguished from all congeners by a combination of the following features: second dorsal fin rays modally I/9, anal fin rays I/8, pectoral fin rays 16–18, longitudinal scale series 35–37, transverse scale series 10–12, predorsal scale series modally 0, vertebral counts modally 10 ? 17 = 27, head and body blackish in male, cheek without any stripe or spot, the upper margin of the preoperculum with two horizontally aligned reddish brown stripes running backwardly, branchiostegal membrane with 15–25 small reddish orange round spots in adult male, first dorsal fin with a large black blotch anteriorly. A diagnostic key to all nominal species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral count (27–29) from mainland southeastern Asia, China, Japan and Taiwan is also provided. Keywords Gobiidae Rhinogobius New species Freshwater goby Southern China
S.-P. Huang and I-S. Chen contributed equally to this work. This article was registered in the Official Register of Zoological Nomenclature (ZooBank) as 5CD974A5-F8A9-4F30-B26841BA4DEABBFF. This article was published as an Online First article on the online publication date shown on this page. The article should be cited by using the doi number. & Kwang-Tsao Shao
[email protected] 1
Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
2
Institute of Marine Biology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Introduction The freshwater goby genus Rhinogobius Gill 1859 is widely distributed in East and Southeast Asia, including Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Russia, Korea, China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand (Herre 1927; Wu and Ni 1986; Chen and Shao 1996; Chen et al. 1999a; Chen and Kottelat 2000, 2003, 2005; Akihito et al. 2013). The life histories of species of Rhinogobius indicate that the genus includes both amphidromous and landlocked species (Mizuno 1960; Mizuno and Goto 1987; Iguchi and Mizuno 1991; Akihito et al. 1993; Akihito et al. 2002; Huang and Chen 2007; Yang et al. 2008). More than 80 species of Rhinogobius are known in East and Southeast Asia, and some of these still need formal description (Yang et al. 2008). In southern and southeastern mainland China, most species of Rhinogobius belong to nondiadromous, landlocked species (Chen and Miller 1998; Chen et al. 2008). Most of these have a high vertebral count of 27–29. So far, except for mainland southeastern Asia and China, only two nondiadromous, fluvial species with high vertebral count have been found in the inland waters of Japan and Taiwan as Rhinogobius flumineus (Mizuno 1960) and Rhinogobius rubromaculatus Lee and Chang 1996, respectively. There are 22 valid species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral counts (27–29) found in mainland China, as follows: Rhinogobius davidi (Sauvage and Dabry de Thiersant 1874), Rhinogobius cheni (Nichols 1931), Rhinogobius lindbergi Berg 1933, Rhinogobius duospilus (Herre 1935), Rhinogobius henryi (Herre 1938), Rhinogobius filamentosus (Wu 1939), Rhinogobius szechuanensis (Tchang 1939), Rhinogobius multimaculatus (Wu and Zheng in Zheng and Wu 1985), Rhinogobius lentiginis (Wu and Zheng in Zheng and Wu 1985), Rhinogobius yaoshanensis (Luo 1989a), Rhinogobius parvus (Luo 1989b), Rhinogobius
Author's personal copy A new species of Rhinogobius from China
genanematus Zhong and Tzeng 1998, Rhinogobius xianshuiensis Chen, Wu, and Shao 1999b, Rhinogobius honghensis Chen, Yang, and Chen 1999c, Rhinogobius linshuiensis Chen, Miller, Wu, and Fang 2002, Rhinogobius wangchuangensis Chen, Miller, Wu, and Fang 2002, Rhinogobius wangi Chen and Fang 2006, Rhinogobius changtinensis Huang and Chen 2007, Rhinogobius lungwoensis Huang and Chen 2007, Rhinogobius ponkouensis Huang and Chen 2007, and Rhinogobius longyanensis Chen, Cheng, and Shao 2008, and Rhinogobius wuyanlingensis Yang, Wu, and Chen 2008. Moreover, the following 11 nominal species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral counts (27–28) can be found in mainland southeastern Asia (including Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand): Rhinogobius chiengmaiensis Fowler 1934, Rhinogobius mekongianus Pellegrin and Fang 1940, Rhinogobius albimaculatus Chen, Kottelat, and Miller 1999a, Rhinogobius lineatus Chen, Kottelat, and Miller 1999a, Rhinogobius taenigena Chen, Kottelat, and Miller 1999a, Rhinogobius maculicervix Chen and Kottelat 2000, Rhinogobius milleri Chen and Kottelat 2003, Rhinogobius nammaensis Chen and Kottelat 2003, Rhinogobius vermiculatus Chen and Kottelat 2003, Rhinogobius boa Chen and Kottelat 2005, and Rhinogobius sulcatus Chen and Kottelat 2005. The number of vertebrae is frequently used for specific identification in genus Rhinogobius (Chen and Fang 2006; Chen et al. 2008; Yang et al. 2008). In the Zhejiang Province, there are five nominal endemic species with a high vertebral count (27–29), including R. davidi, R. lentiginis, R. multimaculatus, R. genanematus, and R. wuyanlingensis (Yang et al. 2008), which are all landlocked species. Recently, an endemic species of Rhinogobius, Rhinogobius wuyiensis Li and Zhong 2007, with normal vertebral count
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26, was described from the Zhejiang Province. Here, we describe a new species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral count collected from several rivers in the Zhejiang Province, China. A diagnostic key to all nominal species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral count from mainland southeastern Asia, China, Japan, and Taiwan is also provided.
Materials and methods All examined specimens were collected by hand-net. The sampling localities are given in Fig. 1. Specimens were fixed in 10 % formalin for three days, followed by 70 % ethanol for long-term preservation. The morphological measurements follow Miller (1988) and meristic counts follow Chen and Shao (1996). The terminology of cephalic sensory canals and free neuromast organ (sensory papillae) is based on Sanzo (1911) and Huang and Chen (2007). The meristic abbreviations are as follows: A, anal fin; D1, first dorsal fin; D2, second dorsal fin; LR, longitudinal scale series; P, pectoral fin; PreD, predorsal scales; SDP, scale series from origin of the first dorsal fin to the upper pectoral origin; TR, transverse scale series; VC, vertebral counts. All lengths are standard length (SL). Examined specimens are deposited in the National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (NTOUP) and Biodiversity Research Museum, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (ASIZP). Comparative specimens of other nominal Rhinogobius species from mainland southeastern Asia, China, Japan and Taiwan are listed in Chen and Miller (1998), Huang and Chen (2007), Yang et al. (2008), and Chen et al. (2008).
Fig. 1 Sampling localities of Rhinogobius niger sp. nov. from Zhejiang Province, China. m, sampling localities; *, type locality
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Rhinogobius niger sp. nov. (Tables 1–3; Figs. 1, 2, 3). Holotype. NTOUP 2013-10-107, male, 43.9 mm SL; Yong’an River, a tributary of Ling River, Pan’an County, Zhejiang Province, China, I-S. Chen, 17 October 2002. Paratypes. NTOUP 2013-10-108, 8 specimens, 28.3–42.3 mm SL, all collected with holotype. NTOUP 2013-10-109, 8 specimens, 26.3–38.6 mm SL, Ling River, Xianju County, Zhejiang Province, China, I-S. Chen, 17 October 2002. NTOUP 2013-10-110, 18 specimens, 28.7–42.7 mm SL, Caoe River, Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China, I-S. Chen, 17 October 2002. NTOUP 2013-10-111, 2 specimens, 31.5–43.3 mm SL, Ou River, Yongjia County, Zhejiang Province, China, I-S. Chen, 16 October 2002. NTOUP 2013-10-112, 6 specimens, 30.5–35.5 mm SL, Yong River, Xikou Town, Fenghua Table 1 Morphometric measurements of Rhinogobius niger sp. nov. from Zhejiang Province, China
City, Zhejiang Province, S. P. Huang, 9 January 2008. ASIZP 78399, 5 specimens, 29.3–37.3 mm SL, Caoe River, Shengzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China, I-S. Chen, 17 October 2002. Diagnosis. Rhinogobius niger is distinguished from all congeners by a combination of the following features: second dorsal fin rays modally I/9, anal fin rays I/8, pectoral fin rays 16–18, longitudinal scale series 35–37, transverse scale series 10–12, predorsal scale series modally 0 (rarely 1), vertebral counts 27 (rarely 28); head and body blackish in male, cheek without any stripe or spot, the upper margin of preoperculum with two horizontally aligned reddish brown stripes running backwardly, branchiostegal membrane gray background and with 15–25 small reddish orange round spots in adult male, first dorsal fin with a large black mark.
Rhinogobius niger sp. nov. Male n=6
Female n=5
Head length
30.6–31.1 (30.8)
28.1–28.6 (28.4)
Predorsal length
39.0–41.1 (39.9)
39.4–40.5 (39.9)
Snout to 2nd dorsal origin
57.7–60.3 (58.8)
57.3–59.4 (58.4)
Percent standard length (%)
Snout to anus
58.9–61.1 (60.2)
58.5–60.1 (59.4)
Snout to anal fin origin
63.0–65.6 (63.8)
62.7–65.1 (63.8)
Prepelvic length Caudal peduncle length
28.5–30.8 (29.7) 25.7–28.1 (26.8)
28.3–29.4 (28.9) 25.1–26.4 (25.6)
Caudal peduncle depth
12.4–14.1 (13.0)
11.8–12.6 (12.2)
1st dorsal fin base
16.3–18.2 (17.1)
15.0–16.1 (15.4)
2nd dorsal fin base
17.2–20.6 (19.4)
18.4–20.3 (19.1)
Anal fin base
12.4–14.7 (13.7)
13.1–15.3 (14.2)
Caudal fin length
24.9–26.9 (26.0)
21.1–23.6 (22.3)
Pectoral fin length
24.3–27.8 (25.8)
23.9–24.9 (24.4)
Pelvic fin length
13.4–16.6 (14.7)
13.0–14.6 (14.0)
Body depth at pelvic fin origin
17.0–18.7 (17.8)
15.8–16.8 (16.4)
Body depth at anal fin origin
14.4–16.6 (15.3)
15.6–15.8 (15.7)
Body width at anal fin origin
9.9–11.3 (10.8)
9.7–10.6 (10.2)
26.1–29.9 (28.4)
30.5–32.0 (31.2)
Pelvic fin origin to anus Percent head length (%)
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Snout length
30.6–32.1 (31.6)
29.2–30.4 (29.8)
Eye diameter
20.4–20.4 (21.0)
21.9–24.6 (23.3)
Cheek depth Postorbital length
25.5–27.8 (26.9) 45.5–48.0 (46.7)
23.8–25.6 (25.0) 47.6–51.5 (49.3)
Head width in maximum
73.6–76.9 (75.0)
67.0–70.9 (69.4)
Head width in upper gill
45.9–46.9 (46.3)
46.5–47.9 (47.0)
Bony interorbital width
9.2–11.1 (10.2)
8.5–9.5 (9.1)
Fleshy interorbital width
22.2–24.5 (23.5)
20.2–22.1 (21.3)
Lower jaw length
47.6–49.2 (48.2)
37.1–39.5 (38.7)
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Table 2 Comparison of frequency distribution of meristic counts for species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral count from Zhejiang Province, China D1
R. R. R. R. R. R.
niger sp. nov. davidi genanematus lentiginis multimaculatus wuyanlingensis
D2
A
P
V
VI
Ave
I/7
I/8
I/9
I/10
I/11
Ave
I/7
I/8
Ave
14
15
16
17
18
Ave
1 – – – – 1
22 5 3 12 15 4
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8
– – – 1 – –
1 1 3 10 – 4
22 4 – 1 4 1
– – – – 10 –
– – – – 1 –
9.0 8.8 8.0 8.0 9.8 8.2
– 5 3 12 4 –
23 – – – 11 5
8.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.7 8.0
– – – – 1 –
– 2 6 6 12 –
7 2 – 6 2 –
25 1 – – – 1
14 – – – – 9
17.2 15.8 15.0 15.5 15.1 17.9
LR
R. niger sp. nov. R. davidi R. genanematus R. lentiginis R. multimaculatus R. wuyanlingensis
TR
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Ave
8
9
10
11
12
Ave
– – 1 – –
– – 4 – –
– – 1 – –
– 3 – 3 –
– 2 – 6 –
– – – 3 –
– – – – 2
– – – – 2
1 – – – 5
28 – – – 5
17 – – – 1
36.3 30.4 28.0 30.0 35.1
– – 1 – –
– – 2 – 6
1 – – 12 9
20 4 – – –
2 1 – – –
11.0 11.2 8.7 10.0 9.6
–
–
–
1
6
3
–
–
–
–
–
31.2
–
1
4
–
–
9.8
PreD
R. niger sp. nov. R. davidi R. genanematus R. lentiginis R. multimaculatus R. wuyanlingensis
SDP
VC
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ave
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Ave
27
28
29
Ave
22
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
0.0
–
–
5
12
6
–
–
–
–
9.0
5
1
–
27.2
5 – 12 15
– – – –
– 1 – –
– 1 – –
– – – –
– 1 – –
– – – –
– – – –
– – – –
– – – –
0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0
– 2 5 –
– 1 7 –
2 – – –
2 – – –
1 – – –
– – – 1
– – – 4
– – – 9
– – – 1
8.8 6.3 6.6 12.7
– 3 12 –
5 – – –
– – – 15
28.0 27.0 27.0 29.0
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3
1
1
7.6
–
1
4
–
–
–
–
–
–
7.8
5
–
–
27.0
D1 first dorsal fin; D2 second dorsal fin; A anal fin; P pectoral fin; LR longitudinal scale series; TR transverse scale series; PreD predorsal scales; SDP scale series from origin of first dorsal fin to upper pectoral origin; VC vertebral counts
Description. Morphometric and meristic data are given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Body rather slender, subcylindrical anteriorly and compressed posteriorly. Head moderately large, eye high and large, lip thick. Upper lip more prominent than lower lip. Snout length in male longer than in female. Mouth oblique, corner of mouth extending to vertical of anterior margin of orbit in male, but just reaching vertical of head pore r in female. Anterior nostril a short tube and posterior nostril is a round hole. Gill opening, extending ventrally reaching middle vertical line of operculum. Vertebral counts 10 ? 17 = 27 (5) -10 ? 18 = 28 (1). Fins. First dorsal fin rays V–VI (modally VI), second dorsal fin rays I/8–9 (modally 9), anal fin rays I/8, pectoral fin rays 16–18 (modally 17). First dorsal fin spines III and IV longest, rear tip extending to base of third soft ray of second dorsal fin in male when depressed, but only extending to anterior margin of second dorsal fin in female. Anal fin origin
inserted below second branched soft ray of second dorsal fin. Pectoral fin broad, the rear tip extending to vertical of anus when depressed in male, but not extending to vertical of anus when depressed in female, merely reaching mid-ventral region with two scales away from vertical of anus. Pelvic fin disc rounded, spinous ray with pointed membranous lobe. Caudal fin rounded, the rear edge rounded. Scales. Body covered with moderately large ctenoid scales, predorsal area usually naked, only one individual with one predorsal scale in all examined specimens. Belly covered with cycloid scales. Longitudinal scale series 35–37 (modally 36), transverse scale series 10–12 (modally 11), predorsal scale series 0–1 (modally 0), scale series between first dorsal and upper pectoral fin origin 8–10 (modally 9). Opercle, preopercle, prepelvic areas and pectoral fin base always naked. Head canals (Fig. 3). Nasal extension of anterior oculoscapular canal with terminal pore r at vertical between
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Table 3 Comparison of vertebral count and cephalic pore patterns of 36 species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral count (27–29) from mainland southeastern Asia, China, Japan, and Taiwan Species
Number of vertebrae
Cephalic canal pores r
k
j
x
Sources x1
a
q
h
s
c
d
e
R. niger sp. nov.
27–28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Present study
R. albimaculatus
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999a)
R. boa
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Kottelat (2005)
R. changtinensis
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Huang and Chen (2007)
R. cheni
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. chiengmaiensis
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. davidi
28
2
–
1
–
–
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chen and Miller (1998)
R. duospilus
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Huang and Chen (2007)
R. filamentosus
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. flumineus
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999b)
R. genanematus
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Fang (2006)
R. henryi
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. honghensis
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999c)
R. lentiginis R. lindbergi
27 27
– 2
– 2
– 1
– 2
– –
– 2
– 2
– 2
– 2
– 2
– –
– 2
Chen and Miller (1998) Chen et al. (2008)
R. lineatus
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999a)
R. linshuiensis
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2002)
R. longyanensis
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. lungwoensis
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Huang and Chen (2007)
R. maculicervix
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Kottelat (2000)
R. mekongianus
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999a)
R. milleri
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Kottelat (2003)
R. multimaculatus
29
2
–
1
–
–
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chen and Miller (1998)
R. nammaensis
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. parvus
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
R. ponkouensis
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Huang and Chen (2007)
R. rubromaculatus
27
2
–
1
–
–
2
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chen and Shao (1996)
R. szechuanensis
27
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Chen et al. (2008)
R. sulcatus
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Kottelat (2005)
R. taenigena
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999a)
R. vermiculatus
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Kottelat (2003)
R. wangchuangensis
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2002)
R. wangi
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen and Fang (2006)
R. wuyanlingensis
27
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
–
2
Yang et al. (2008)
R. xianshuiensis
27
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (1999b)
R. yaoshanensis
28
2
2
1
2
–
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Chen et al. (2008)
anterior and posterior nostrils. Anterior interorbital section of oculoscapular canal separated, with pair of pores k. Single pore j present in posterior interorbital region. Postorbital region with pair of pores x. Lateral termination
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with pair of pores a. Posterior margin of preoperculum with pair of pores c, d, and e. Upper margin of operculum with pair of pores q, h, and s.
Author's personal copy A new species of Rhinogobius from China
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Fig. 2 The fresh specimen photographs of Rhinogobius niger sp. nov. from Zhejiang Province, China. a, NTOUP 2013-10-107, holotype, male, 43.9 mm SL; b, NTOUP 2013-10-110, paratype, female, 30.0 mm SL
Sensory papillae (Fig. 3). Row a short, about half of orbit diameter. Row b approximately equivalent to orbit diameter, with densely set papillae, starting from vertical of center line of orbit. Row c approximately equivalent to orbit diameter. Single cp papilla. Row d short, about twothird of orbit diameter. Opercular papillae with rows ot, oi, and os, rows ot and oi well separated. Row f consisting of a pair of single papilla. Coloration in fresh specimen (Fig. 2). Head and body blackish in male and yellowish brown in female; side of body with seven indistinct grayish black blotches. Most body scales with black margin. Cheek without any stripe or spot. Snout with a pair of reddish brown stripes united at snout tip. The upper margin of preoperculum with two horizontally aligned reddish brown stripes running backwardly. Branchiostegal membrane gray with 15–25 small reddish orange round spots in adult male; spots usually disappear after long-term preservation. First dorsal fin with large black blotch anteriorly in both sexes. Second dorsal fin membrane dark to translucent and with 2–3 rows of horizontally aligned reddish brown spots in both sexes. Pectoral fin base with one round mark; pectoral fin membrane always grayish black in adult male and grayish white in female. Pelvic fin membrane always grayish black in
male and grayish white in female. Anal fin membrane usually gray in male and grayish white in female. Caudal fin membrane always grayish black with no vertical lines in adult male, but female individuals usually with one or two brown vertical lines. Distribution and habitat. This species known from the upper and middle reaches of Caoe River, Yong River, Ling River, and Ou River in Zhejiang Province, southern China (Fig. 1). Etymology. The Latin specific name, niger, is derived from Latin niger (meaning black), referring to the diagnostic character of the dusky to blackish head and body in the adult male. Remarks. The present new species, Rhinogobius niger, belongs to a group of 36 nominal species of Rhinogobius having 27 or more vertebrae known from mainland southeastern Asia, China, Japan, and Taiwan. Compared to all nominal species of Rhinogobius having 27 or more vertebrae, Rhinogobius niger can be easily distinguished from R. lentiginis, R. lindbergi, R. multimaculatus, R. rubromaculatus, R. szechuanensis, R. wuyanlingensis and R. xianshuiensis by having different head pore patterns (Table 3). Rhinogobius niger can be easily distinguished from R. albimaculatus, R. boa, R. changtinensis, R. cheni,
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color patterns (pectoral fin base with one round mark vs. pectoral fin base with a vertical dark brown line for R. parvus, and two crescent-shaped dark marks for R. flumineus). Rhinogobius niger is most similar to Rhinogobius davidi, also known from Zhejiang Province, China, in having same second dorsal fin ray count (modally I/9) and usually lacking predorsal scale. However, Rhinogobius niger can be easily distinguished from R. davidi by the following features: anal fin ray I/8 (vs. I/7), longitudinal scale series 35–37 (vs. 30–31), opercular canal pores c, d, e, q, h, and s present (vs. opercular canal pores c, d, e, q, h, and s absent), and no stripe present on the cheek (vs. a reddish brown stripe turning vertically from the eye to the corner of upper lip in R. davidi). Rhinogobius davidi is a rare species and endemic to China (Wu and Zhong 2008). So far, this species is known only from the western Zhejiang Province. Except for type specimens, only a few individuals of R. davidi have also been recorded from the Qiantang River, Zhejiang Province, during our freshwater fish fauna expedition in 2002. Some Chinese landlocked Rhinogobius species were reported as known to be only distributed in limited habitats (Huang and Chen 2007). In recent years, seven Chinese endemic Rhinogobius species were listed in China species red list as endangered species due to habitat destruction, overfishing and water pollution (Wang and Xie 2009). An overall investigation for providing detailed conservation information for this genus may be necessary.
A diagnostic key to nominal species of Rhinogobius with high vertebral count (27–29) from mainland southeastern Asia (Thailand to Vietnam), China, Japan, and Taiwan Fig. 3 The cephalic lateral-line system of Rhinogobius niger sp. nov., NTOUP 2013-10-107, holotype, 43.9 mm SL. a, b, c, cp, d, e, i, f, ot, oi, and os denote sensory papillae rows. r, k, j, x, a, q, h, s, c, d, and e denote cephalic canal pores. The arrow denotes ventral edge of gill slit. Bar = 1 mm
1a. 1b. 2a.
R. chiengmaiensis, R. duospilus, R. filamentosus, R. genanematus, R. henryi, R. honghensis, R. lineatus, R. linshuiensis, R. longyanensis, R. lungwoensis, R. maculicervix, R. mekongianus, R. milleri, R. nammaensis, R. ponkouensis, R. sulcatus, R. taenigena, R. vermiculatus, R. wangchuangensis, R. wangi, and R. yaoshanensis by having different cheek color patterns in male (cheek without stripe or spot vs. cheek always with stripe or spot). Rhinogobius niger can be distinguished from R. parvus and R. flumineus (including blotch dorsal form and pale dorsal form) by having different pectoral fin base
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Head canals and pores absent………………………2 Head at least with an anterior oculoscapular canal…3 Second dorsal fin rays I/8, anal fin rays I/7, lateral side with 6–7 dark brown blotches, pectoral fin base with a horizontal dark brown mark…R. lentiginis (Zhejiang Province, China) Second dorsal fin rays I/9, anal fin rays I/8, lateral body as dark brown net-like pattern, pectoral fin base with a vertical blackish brown bar…R. szechuanensis (Szechuan Province, China) Preopercular canal and posterior oculoscapular canal absent………………………………………………4 Preopercular canal and posterior oculoscapular canal present………………………………………6 Predorsal midline naked……………………………5 Predorsal scales 9–12…R. rubromaculatus (Taiwan)
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Longitudinal scale rows 35–36, second dorsal fin rays I, 10, cheek with many tiny black spots…R. multimaculatus (Zhejiang Province, China) Longitudinal scale rows 30–31, second dorsal fin rays I, 9, cheek spotless…R. davidi (Zhejiang Province, China) Postorbital region usually with paired pores x and x1, opercle with red reticulation…R. xianshuiensis (Fujian Province, China) Postorbital region merely with paired pore x, pores x1 absent……………………………………………7 Preopercular canal merely with two terminal pores…8 Preopercular canal always with three terminal pores…9 Predorsal scale series 0…R. lindbergi (Amur River basin, China) Predorsal scale series 7–9…R. wuyanlingensis (Zhejiang Province, China) Scales between first dorsal and upper pectoral fin origins 9–11, caudal fin with basal large vertical ‘‘\’’shaped brownish black mark at least in female which occupied more than 2/3 depth of caudal fin base…10 Scales between first dorsal and upper pectoral fin origins 5–8, caudal fin without such large-size vertical dark mark in both sexes…11 First dorsal fin with 4th ray longest and large, square bluish-black mark on anterior 2/3 of first dorsal fin in male…R. flumineus (blotch dorsal form) (Honshu and Kyushu, Japan) First dorsal fin with 2nd and 3rd rays longest and pale lacks this large dark mark in male…R. flumineus (pale dorsal form) (Honshu, Japan) Predorsal scales 14–15, prepelvic region with small cycloid scales…R. yaoshanensis (Guangxi Province, China) Predorsal scales 0–11, prepelvic region naked…12 Rear tip of first dorsal fin extending to the insertion of 6–7 branched rays of second dorsal fin when depressed in male…R. filamentosus (Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, China) Rear tip of first dorsal fin not extending to vertical midline of second dorsal fin base when depressed in male………………………………………………13 Nape with one (sometimes split into two) conspicuous brownish black blotch…R. maculicervix (Laos) Nape without such a mark…………………………14 Longitudinal scale rows 34–36…R. cheni (Jiangxi Province, China) Longitudinal scale rows less than 33………………15 Pectoral fin base with a vertical dark brown line… R. parvus (Guangxi Province, China) Pectoral fin base lacks such mark…………………16 Cheek or opercle with white round spots in male…17 Cheek and opercle without such mark in male…18
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Longitudinal scale rows 29–31, pectoral fin rays modally 15, 60–75 tiny round spots on cheek and opercle in male…R. albimaculatus (Laos) Longitudinal scale rows 32–34, pectoral fin rays modally 16, 7–10 large round spots on opercle in male…R. vermiculatus (Laos) Cheek with very conspicuous median longitudinal dark stripe in male…………………………………19 Cheek without median longitudinal dark stripe in male………………………………………………22 Lower half of lateral cheek with 8–10 brownish red spots in male…R. linshuiensis (Hainan Province, China) Cheek has less than five round dark spots in male…20 Pectoral fin base with two conspicuous dark brown to black spots……………………………………...21 Pectoral fin base with only one black spot…R. taenigena (Laos) Predorsal scales 11–12, cheek with two black spots on lower margin in male…R. boa (Vietnam) Predorsal scales 8–9, cheek with four black spots on lower margin and some irregularly short brown bars on ventral region in male…R. milleri (Laos) Cheek and opercle with over 10 round conspicuous red to black round spots in male…………………23 Cheek and opercle without such numerous dark marks in male……………………………………………27 Cheek and opercle with 11–14 brownish black spots in male, lateral side with 6–7 dark brown longitudinal lines…R. lineatus (Laos) Cheek and opercle with over 30 rounded dark spots in male…………………………………………….24 Pectoral fin rays modally 17, predorsal scales 0–3, almost round dark spots on cheek as large as pupil size in male…R. honghensis (Yunnan Province, China) Pectoral fin rays modally 16, predorsal scales 5–7, all or some round spots on cheek smaller than pupil in male…………………………………………….25 Branchiostegal membrane with large spots about 2/3 pupil size, cheek and opercle with about 40 round dark spots in male…R. mekongianus (Thailand and Laos) Branchiostegal membrane with tiny yellow to orange spots less than 1/2 pupil size, cheek and opercle with 55–80 round dark spots in male………………….26 Longitudinal scale rows modally 32, predorsal scales 6–7, nape without dark cross-bars…R. nammaensis (Laos) Longitudinal scale rows modally 30, predorsal scales 3–4, nape with a pair of short deep brown crossbars…R. chiengmaiensis (Thailand)
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Cheek without stripe or spot in male…R. niger sp. nov. (Zhejiang Province, China) Cheek with stripe or spot in male…………………28 Cheek with one or more oblique dark line in male…29 Cheek with two ventral dark spots in male…R. wangchuangensis (Hainan Province, China) Cheek with three stripes from ventral side backward and upward to upper area in male… R. genanematus (Zhejiang Province, China) Cheek with stripe(s) from dorsal side backward and downward to lower region in male………………30 Cheek with 6–7 oblique dark brown stripes in male…R. wangi (Guangdong Province, China) Cheek with 1–3 oblique, parallel dark stripes in male………………………………………………31 A horizontal brownish black bar or spot on pectoral fin base………………………………………………...32 A pair of black spots on pectoral fin base………33 Pectoral fin rays modally 16, predorsal scales 0–2, infraorbital mark as a horizontal brown bar below orbit turning into a vertical brown line…R. changtinensis (Fujian Province, China) Pectoral fin rays modally 17, predorsal scales 7–8, infraorbital mark as a small, square dark brown mark…R. longyanensis (Fujian Province, China) Predorsal midline naked…R. henryi (Guangdong Province, China) Predorsal scales 4–12………………………………34 Branchiostegal membrane with several parallel orange-red stripes in male…R. duospilus (Hong Kong and Guangdong Province, China) Branchiostegal membrane with round orange or red spots in male………………………………………35 Predorsal scales 8–11, opercle with oblique dark stripes in male, vertebral count 27…R. sulcatus (Vietnam) Predorsal scales 4–6, opercle without such mark, vertebral count 28…………………………………36 Cheek with modally two oblique dark stripes in male, branchiostegal membrane with 15–18 small orange-red spots…R. ponkouensis (Fujian Province, China) Cheek with modally one oblique dark stripe in male, branchiostegal membrane with 20–28 orange-red spots or bars…R. lungwoensis (Guangdong Province, China)
Acknowledgments We are very grateful to Mr. Y. C. Chiu for assisting in take the X-ray photographs.
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