Abstracts on Cassava [PDF]

Abstracts on Cassava

(Manihot esculenta, Crantz) VOLUME VI

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- CENTRO iNTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL

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CIAT is a nonprofit organization devoted to the agricultural and economic development of the lowland tropics. The Gomernment of Colombia provides support as host country for CIAT and furnishes a 522-hectare farm near Cali for CIAT's headquarters. In addition, the Fundacidn para Ia Educacl6n Superior (FES) makes available to CIAT m184-hectare substation at Quilichao, situated near Santander de Quilichao, Departamento del Cauca, and a 70-hectare substation near Popayin, Departamento del Cauca. CIAT also co-manages with the Instituto Colombano Agropecuario (ICA) a research station at Carlmagua in the Eastern Plains of Colombia. In addition collaborative work with ICA is carried out on several of its experimental stations and similar work is done with national agricultural agencies in other Latin American countries. CIAT is financed by a number of donors represented in the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). During 1980 these donors were: the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Rockefeller Foundation, the Ford Foundation, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the International Bank for Reconstruc­ tion and Development (IBRD), through the International Development Association (IDA), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the European Economic Community (EEC), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the governments of Australia, Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In addition, special project funds are supplied by various of the aforementioned entities plus the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) of Canada, the German Foundation for International Development, the International Fertilizer Development Center (IFDC), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), The Kresge Foundation, and the Kellogg Foundation. Information and conclusions reported herein do not necessarily reflect the position of tny of the aforementioned agencies, governments or foundations.

ISSN 0120-288X

CIAT Series OBEC-6

December, 1980

Abstracts

on Cassava

(Manihot esculenta, Crantz ) VOLUME VI

T1II9-TCENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL

Centro Internaclonal de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT Apartado a~reo 6713 Call, Colombia ISSN 0120-288X CIAT Series 08EC-6 December, 1980 Correct citation: Centro Internaclonal de Agricultura Tropical. Abstracts on Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Call, Colombia, 1980. v.6. 2 37p. (Series O8EC-6) Print order: 1000

Also available in Spanish.

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FOREWORD

CIAT's Scientific Information Center serves as a world bank of specialized documentation in the areas of field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown under tropical conditions, cassava, tropical pastures, and agricultural economics in Latin America. At the end of 1980, the collection of documents processed by the Center reached a total of 12,259 titles for the four areas, as follows: 3737 on beans, 4784 on cassava, 1293 on tropical pastures, and 2445 bn agricultural eco­ nomics. In an effort to widely report on research results and ongoing ac­ tivities in these fields of specialization, CIAT disseminates to interest­ ed institutions, researchers, extension agents, and others, information on processed documents on a monthly basis in the form of abstract cards. Upon request, CIAT also provides bibliographic searches on specific topics, 1lus photocopies of complete documents. This volume is a compilation of those abstracts that have already been distributed to our subscribers during the year. An important characteristic that distinguishes this volume from the abstract cards is that the information contained herein is categorized into broad disci­ plinary fields and includes author and subject indexes which allow the user to carry out his own bibliographic searches. It is our constant hope that the services provided by CIAT's Scien­ tific Information Center will be a major supporting pillar for research that will contribute to ameliorate the problem of food production for the world.

nIil

DOCUMENTATION SERVICES UNIT (Personnel Involved In documentation activities of the Unit's Scientifc Information Center as ofDecember 31, 1980) * Fernando Monge, PhD, Information Scientist, Head

Scientific Information Center * Trudy Brekelbaum, MA, Editor (Supervisor)

Alejandro Jiminez, Ing. Agr., Documentallst (Supervisor) Fablola Amariles, BA, DocumentalistCEDEAL * Roberto Ailez, Ing. Agr., Documentalist-Tropical Pastures Carlos Gonzilez, Ing. Agr., Documentallst-Beans Francy Gonzilez, Ing. Agr., DocumentallstCassava Mariano Mejia, BA, Documentailst.Tropical Pastures * Julia Emma ZWiiga, Ing. Agr., DocumentallstBeans Lynn Men~ndez, Translator Nora Rhzo, Tables of Content Gladys de Ramos, Proofreader Bibliographic Services Jorge L6pez (Supervisor)

Stella G6mez, Bibliographer

Manuelita de Chac6n, Typesetting

Keyttel de Prieto, Information Input

Guillcrmo Soils, Layout

Rommel Dundn, Layout

*

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Left during 1980.

CASSAVA PROGRAM (asof December31, 1980) James H. Cock, PhD,Physiology (Coordinator) Anthony C. Bellotti, PhD, Entomology Abelardo Castro, PhD, Agronomy Mabrouk El Sharkawy, PhD, Visiting Scientist,Physiology Guillermo G6mez, PhD, Utilization Clair Hershey, PhD, PlantBreeding Reinhardt Howeler, PhD. Soils Kizno Kawano, PhD,Plant Breeding Dietrich Leihner, DAgr, Ag. .nomy J. Carlos Lozano, PhD, Phytopathology John K. Lynam, PhD,Economics Romeo R. Obordo, PhD, RegionalCoordinatorfor Asia (stationedatSEARCA, Los Baflos, Philippines) Douglas Pachico, PhD,PostdoctoralScientist, Economics Julio Cesar Toro, PhD,Agronomy

Left during 1980. If

CONTENTS

A GUIDE FOR USERS

ix

AOO BOTANY, TAXONOMY AND GEOGRAPHICAL

DISTRIBUTION

1

BOO PLANT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY

3

COO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

6

CO 1 C03

Plant Development Chemical Composition, Methodology and Analyses

10

15

DOO CULTIVATION DOI D02 D03 D04

Soil, Water, Climate and Fertilization Cultivation Practices: Propagation, Planting,

Weed Control and Harvesting Energy Productivity and Yields Postharvest Studies

21

49

77

80

EO0 PLANT PATHOLOGY

EO1 E02 E03 E04 E06

General Descriptive Studies Bacterioses Mycoses Viroses Nematodes

FOO PEST CONTROL AND ENTOMOLOGY F01 F02 F03

Injurious Insects and their Control Rodents and other Noxious Animals Injurious Mites and their Control

GOO GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

83

85

91

94

96

97

99

108

109

112

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GO G02 HOO H01 H03 H04 100 I01 I02 103 JOO

Breeding, Germplasm, Varieties and Clones,

Selection Cytogenetics

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128

NUTRITION

Cassava Foods and Nutritive Value Animal Feeding HCN Toxicity and Detoxification

129

134'

150

PROCESSING, PRODUCTS AND USES

Cassava Starch and its Properties Uses, Industrialization, Processing and Storage Industrial Microbiology ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT

152

155

175

178

KOO OTHER ASSOCIATED COMMODITIES

KOI K02

Rotational Schemes and Intercropping Descriptive and Comparative Studies

ZOO GENERAL

.viii

199

210

212

AUTHOR INDEX

215

SUBJECT INDEX

220

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

235

A GUIDE FOR USERS

Components of a reference . 1 -1 2 ..5

8

Sequential number in this volume

0001

ALLEM A.C. Notas taxon6micas e novos sinbnilmos em espicles de (Euphorbaceae). (Taxonomic notes and new synony'ms in Mvanliot -Maniot.I Brasileira de Blologla 39(3): Revista Euphorblacea/. spp. III. Illus. Sum. Port., Engi., 2 Refs.,

2

2948

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-- Csava. Manthot. Taxonomy. Agronomic character. Brazil.

to synonymy atemade forAl. riifolia. Al. katharinae, AL mirabilit, M. 9 -Reductions popullfolla and M. cordifolla under Manihot anpmala, a native species occurring in Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. The outstanding characteristic of the species is its high degree of leaf polymorphbm. (Author'sIsnurr, A1O0

10 I- Accession number 234-

Author(s) Original title Title translation

11 5- Source 678-

Pages Additional notes Descriptors

9- Summary 10II-

Abstractor and/or translator Subject categories

Note . The use of abbreviations in the abstracts has been standardized by the Information Center. A complete list of these abbrevia­ tions is included at the end of this volume. Use of indexes The author and subject indexes at the end of this volume were elaborated in collaboration with CIAT's Data Services Unit*. These indexes serve as guides for the user to carry out his own information searches. * Special acknowledgments to Ing. Jorge Augusto Porras, Section Head, Computer

Services.

ix

Author index Here you will find the complete list in alphabetical order of the authors of the documents summarized in this volume. The four­ digit numbers at the right hand side of each author correspond to the sequential numbers of appearance of the documents herein (the num­ ber centered above the abstract). Subject index This index presents a list of terms in alphabetical order to which the user can translate his information needs on specific topics. To facilitate his search, most of these terms or general topics cover other subjects, and thus the user will find up to two more levels of specificity. The four-digit numbers under the terms correspond to the sequential number of the documents within this volume. Photocopy requests In some cases, the information contained in the abstract satis­ fies the needs of the user. However, if there is an interest in having the complete document, photocopies can be requested by indicating the access number that appears at the upper left corner of the refer­ ence. Send your request to: Documentation Services Unit

CIAT*

Apartado a6reo 6713

Cali, Colombia, S.A.

Payments can be made by check (in US dollars or Colombian pesos) payable to CIAT, or CIAT, AGRINTER or UNESCQ coupons. For Colombia the cost of each photocopy is Col.$4.J0 or US$0.10; for other countries, US$0.20.

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AOO BOTANY, TAXONOMY AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 0001 12948 ALLEM, A.C. Notas taxonfSmlcas e novos sin6nimos em espdcies de Manihot. 111. (Euphorbiaceae). (Taxonomic notes and new synonyms in Manihot spp. III. Euphorbiaceae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia 39(3):545-550. 1979. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 2 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Manihot. Taxonomy. Agronomic characters. Brazil. Reductions to synonymy are made for M. varifolia, M. katharinae, M. mir'b/is, M. populifolia and M. cordifolia under Manihot anomala, a native species occurring in Brazil, Paraguay and Peru. The outstanding characteristic of the species is its high degree of leaf polymorphism. (Author's summary) A00 0002 11478 DOMINGUEZ 0., C.E. and CEBALLO, L.F. Claslflcacl6n taxon6mlea y morfol6gica de Iaplants de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). ( Taxonomy and morphology of the cassava plant). Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de AgriculturaTropical, 1979. 10p. Span., 8 Refs. Cassava. Taxonomy. Leaves. Inflorescences, Fruits. Stems. Roots. Tubers. HCN content. Branching. Manihot esculenta. Colombia. A taxonomic classification and morphological description is given of the cassava plant: leaves, inflorescence (masculine and femenine flowers), fruit (seeds), stems (reproductive branching, lateral branches, branching produced after severe damage), roots (primary root and a description of thickened roots: shape, size, color of the peel, distribution, form of adherence to stem, internal structure) and HCN content. (Sumnary by' LM.) AOO BOO 0003 12102 NASSAR, N.M.A. Conservation of the genetic resources of cassava (ManEhot esculenta); determination of wild species localities with emphasis on probable origin. Economic Botany 32(3):311-320. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 16 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Manihot. Genetics. Plant geography. Maps. Wild species of Afanihot are progenitors of cassava and constitute valuable genetic reservoirs with genes of new characters. A study of their geographic distribution showed concn in a no. of centers in S. and Central America. Considering Vavilov's concept of centers ofdiversity based on the Age and Area hypothesis of Willis, and Harlan's theory of Introgression, and by studying Indian immigrations in Pre-Columbian times, it is assumed that N. Amazonia is the place of domestication of cassava and that Goifs is the primary center of diversity of Manihot spp. as a "biological group". (Author's summary) AOO

0004 11201 NASSAR, N.M.A. Microcenters of wild cassava, Manihotspp. diversity InCentral Brazil. Turrialba 28(4):245-247. 1978. Engl., Sum. Port., Engl., 12 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Manihot. Plant geography. Maps. Brazil. Of 26 wild Manihot spp. reported to occur in Central Brazil, 20 were collected from 2 limited areas, each < 100 km in 0. These areas are Goiis Velho and Corumba de Goi~s. Considering Harlan's concept of geographic patterns of variation ofcultivated crops, it isassumed that the 2 areas are microcenters of cassava diversity. Topographic, soil and ethnological evidence are discussed. (Author's summarr) AOO

BOO

PLANT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY 0005

12904 ABRAHJO, 1.0. and ABRAHO, J.T.M. Cristaloganese do cloreto de cobre aplicada i mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Copper chloride crystallization applied to cassava). Anais da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" 33:555-565. 1976. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 15 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cultivars. Nutrient solution. Copper. Leaves. Stems Tubers. Flowers. Bitter cassava. Sweet cassava. Irradiation. Brazil. The sensitive crystallization of copper chloride (Pfeiffer's method) was applied to aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and flowers of a sweet and bitter var. of cassava. A comparative description of the 20 series studied showed that even though the crystal­ lization patterns were morphologically poor, the method was sensitive enough to be used to distinguish between bitter and sweet var. The application of this method for differenti­ ation of var. is recommended. (Author'ssummary)BOO 0006 11588 INDIRA, P. and KURIAN, T. A study on the comparative anatomical changes undergoing tuberization in the roots of cassava and sweet potatu. Journal of Root Crops 3(1)29-32. 1977. Engi., Sum. Engl., 8 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Sweet-potatoes. Tuber development. Tubers. Plant anatomy. India. Anatomical studies were made of the tuber-forming roots of cassava and sweet potatoes. Although both belong to the group of root tubers, they differ in the mode of anatomical differentiation leading to tuberization. In cassava this is accomplished through the rapid division of the secondary xylem 3 wk after planting, followed by starch deposition. In sweet potatoes, however, deposition of starch occurs in the cortical region Iwk after planting when anomalous cambia arise around individual vessels in the vascular region. (Author's summary) BOO COI

0007 12858 NARINTARAPORN, K. et aL [Study on agronomic characteristics of cassava variety Rayong 1 . In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Divi­ sion. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. p.16. Thai., Sum. Eng. Cassava. Field experiments. Agronomic characters. Flowers. Germinall6n. Branching. Tuber development. Thailand. To study the agronomic characteristics of cassava var. Rayong 1, the crop was grown in an area of 1 -al (6.25 ral - 1 ha), and 5 plants were sampled at different ages. Data are given on leaf growth, no. of male and female flowers, %of seed germination, stem size and wt, branch no., root and thickened root growth. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) BOO

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0008

12170 PEREIRA, S.C. and CARVALHO, D.A. Botinlca da mandloca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Cassava botany). Informe Agropecuirio 5(59/60):31-37. 1979. Port., 1.0 Refs., Illus.

Cassava. Tubers. Stems. Branching. Plant height. Leaves. Flowers. Fruits. BraziL Cassava botany Is discussed, including the morphology of the root (av length, type, shape, surface, color of the peel and pulp), the stem (intemode ..ze, type of branching, plant height and height of the Ist branches, color of the terminal shoot), the leaves (no., shape, width, length of the lobes and phyllotaxis), the flowers (masculine and feminine) and the fruit; and the anatomy of the root and stem (primary and secondary structures) and of the leaf. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) BOO 0009 12052 P!NTO, R. A mandioca. (Cassava). Agricultura e Pecurira 31(434):31. 1960. Port., Illus. Cassava. Leaves. Flowers. Fruits. HCN content. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Bitter cassava. Sweet cassava. Brazil. A brief morphological description Is given of the cassava plant (leaves, flowers and fruit); and the HCN content and some uses of cassava flour and starch are discussed. (Summary by" L.M.F.) BOO 102 0010 12986 MORAES, 0. DE et at. Caracterizaglo botfinica e agronbmica das cultivares de mandloca indicadas pars plantlo no estado de Santa Catarina. (Botanic and agro. nomic characteristics of cassava cultivars for the state of Santa Catarina). Florlan6­ polls-SC, BrasiL Empresa Catarinense de Pesquisa Agropecuiria. Comunicado Tic­ nico no. 33. 1980. 6p. Port., 2 Refs. CassavL Cultivars. Agronomic characters. Plant anatomy. Field experiments. Brazil. The principal botanic and agronomic characteristics are presented of the cassava cv. Mico, Mandim Branca, Gauchinha and Aipim Gigante, evaluated under the environmental condi­ tions of the itajai Exptl Station during 1977-79 and the Urussanga Exptl Station during 1972-77. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) BOO 0011 12993 LOPEZ, R.H. and PEREIRA, J.F. Estudio anat6mico de Ia raiz de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Anatomical study of the cassava root). Jusepin, Vene­ zuela, Universidad de Oriente. Escuela de Ingenieria Agron6mica, 1977. 1lp. Span., Sum. Span., 10 Refs. Paper presented at Jornadas ligron6micas, 9a., Maracay, Venezuela, 1977. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Clores. Tubers. Plant anatomy. A study was conducted at the Plant Physiology Lab of the U. de Oriente in Jusepfn, state of Monagas (Venezuela) to determine the anatomical structure of the cassava root. Clones used were Aguacate with entire leaves and clones with lobed leaves, such as Pata de Pipe. It was found that the calyptra is made up of isodiametric cells 20 pn in 0. The meristematic zone is composed of compact cells approx 15 um in 0 with dense protoplast and a well-differen­ tiated nucleus and nucleolus. The phloem is the 1st of the conducting tissues to differentiate in root ontogeny. The entire-leaf clone has a tetrarch protostele without medulla, with a central xylem core 55 pm in t0. Lobe-leafed clones presented a pentarch protostele without

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medulla. The star configuration of the lateral root is the same as that of the primary root but does not persist in the adult root. In the adult root, what is commonly called peel, anatomically constitutes a pericyclic periderm. Xylem vessels in the adult root measured an av 0J of approx 126 pm, forming the edible part of the root. The phloem islocated towards the inner part of the periderm of the adult root. (Author'ssummary. Trans. by L.M.F.) BOO

See a!3o

0002 0015

0221

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COO

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. 0012

12189 BAJAJ, Y.P.S. Clonal multiplication and cryopreservation of cassava through tissue culture. Crop Improvement 4(2): 198-204. 1977. Engl., Sum. Engl., 15 Refs. Illus. Cassava. Cuttings. Clones. Shoots. Apical meristems. Tissue culture. Plant-growth sub­ stances. Germilasm. Culture media. India. An in vitro method for the clonal propagation of cassava plants from segments of shoot, vegetative buds and mcristems is described. Shoots and callus we: also regenerated from meristems frozen at -196 0 C. The feasibility of employing the-% methods for the conser­ vation and international exchange of germplasm is discu.;d. (Author's summary) COO 0013 11008 KAISER, W.J. and TEEMBA, L.R. Use of tissue culture and thermother­ spy to free East African cassava cultivars of African cassava mosaic and cassava brown streak diseases. Plant Disease Reporter 63(9):780-784. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 14 Refs., Ilus. Cassava. Tissue culture. Ctusava African mosaic virus. Cassava brown streak virus. Apical meristem. Culture media. .'lant-growth substances. Grafting. Virus transmission. Tempera­ ture. Kenya. Meristem tip and thermotherapy techniques were used to free several cassava cv. from 2 important viruslike diseases that affect the crop in East Africa; namely, AMD and cassava brown streak (CBSD). Meristematic tips (0.2-0.4 mm long) cultured in a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with GA, NAA and benzyladenine regenerated into com­ plete plants within 60 days. Mechanical inoculation (CiID) and grafting tests (CBSD and AMD) were used to index regenerated plants for disease. Some plants were heat-treated (370C for 30-36 days) before excision of meristems. From d total of 93 meristems excised after heat treatment, 19 regenerated into completeplants, compared with 20 from 30 that were not heat treated. Heat treatment increased the /n of disease-free plants that developed from 5 cassava lines affe.cted AMD and CBSD, or both. Rapid multiplication techniques were used to propagate the disease-free cassava plants. (Author'ssummary) COO E04 0014 12108 NAYAR, G.G. Improving tapioca by mutation breeding. Journal of Root Crops 1(2):55-58. 1975. Engl., Sum. EngL, 1 Ref. Cassava. Mutation. Colchicine. Cuttings. Plant-growth substances. Germination. Growth. HCN content. Irradiation. Agronomic characters. Protein content. A high-yielding cassava var. (M4) was treated with acute and chronic doses of I rays, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and colchicine to induce desirable characters. When stem cuttings were irradiated with 0.5-5 kR, there was no sprouting beyogg 4 kR. When growing plants were exposed to chronic irradiation (5-30 R/h/8 mo) from a Co field source, there was no

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survival beyond 15 R/h. Young growing buds were treated with 0.05-0.20/o EMS and 0.5-1.50/o colchlcir.a; irradiated plants showed leaf abnormalities such as joined lobes at low doses and narrow, distorted and necrotic leaves at high doses. A mutant with dark red petioles was isolated in the 0.5 kR treatment, and another with uniform cylindrical roots was obtained following 1 kR irradiation. Tetraploids were obtained at 1.00/o coichi­ cine and bred true. Protein content of fresh roots of tetraploids was 2.30/o, as compared to 1.50/o in the diploid, an increase of ca. 540/o. Studies on plants receiving chronic irradi­ ation indicated that HCN content increase with increases in radiation doses. (Author's summary) COO GO

0015 11734 PEREIRA, J.F. Fisiologia de Iayuca (Manihotesculenta Crantz). (Cassava physiology). Jusepfn, Venezuela, Universidad de Oriente. Escuela de Ingenieria Agron6mica, 1977. 123p. Span., Sum. Engi., 101 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cultivars. Laboratory experiments. Roots. Photosynthesis. Foliage. Leaf area. Su­ crose. Enzymes. Petioles. N. Cyanogenesie Cyanogenic glycosides. HCN. Vascular streaking. Resistance. Venezuela. Expt were conducted in a greenhouse of the U. of Illinois with 6 cassava cv. from the gemplasm collection of the U. Central de Venezuela. The greenhouse had heating but no refrigeration; thus the plants were subjected to periods of very low RH (down to 300/o) in the winter and comparatively high temp (up to 40 0 C) during the summer. Pruning was nec­ essary when the plants became extremely tall or when newly developed branches were needed for exptl purposes. (1) Anatomical aspects. Cassava seems to be s ructurally adapted for high photosynthetic rates: hypostomatic, up to 70,000 stomata/cm4, highly ventilated mesophyll with abundal t in erconnected air spaces (290/o of the total leaf vol), extensive internal surface (10 cml/cm of leaf) and a profuse vascular system (125 cm/cm 2 of leaf). The histology of the root is discussed in detail. (2) Foliage. The cassava plant does not have a dense, compact canopy, even on cv. with short internodes. The long, slender petioles permit a hollow architecture, facilitating better light interception and easier flow of CO inside the foliage strata. Although leaf area can be determined from linear measurements of2 lobe parameters, an individual equation must be calculated for each cv. Best fit with true leaf area was achieved when length and width of the middle lobe and no. of lobes/leaf are used either in addition or multiplica on. (3) Photosynthesis. Total chlorophyll content of leaves ranged from 3.89-8.61 mg/dm9, with a chlorophyll a:b ratio of 1.55. The leaves have a compensation CO2 concn of 50.ul/l at 200/o 02 and zero in a N atm. This places cassava among plants with photorespiration characteristic of the C group. On the ot er hand, leaves did not become light saturated with PAR irradiances o?3 2000.ueinsteins/m x sec; in this they are similar to the C4 plants. On a total leaf basis, cv. were almost similar in CO assimilation. (4) Sucrose synthesis. Sucrose phosphate synthetase (SPS) shows max activity2 at pH 7.5, whereas sucrose synthetase (SS) activity rises steadily from pH 4.5 to 8.7. The Km of SS and SPS depends on the concn of substrates, uridine diphosphate glucose, and fructose or fructose-6-phosphate. Activity of both enzymes depends on tissue age, SS being more active in younger leaves and SPS in new fully expanded leaves. The cv. showed differ­ ential SS and SPS activity. (5) Nectar. Petioles and main veins of cassava leaves secrete large amounts of a viscous material (2/3 sucrose, 1/3 glucose). HCN was not detected, and nectar­ fed Musca domestica and Culex sp. did not show symptoms of cyanide intoxication, indica­ ting that such nectar does not protect against insect attack. (6) Nitrate reduction. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was determined in vivo. Young and very old leaves had little NRA, the maxima found in the new fully expanded leaves. Main veins and petioles lack NRA. In one cv. NRA followed a phyllotactic pattern. (7) Nitrogen fixation. The plant does not reduce acetylene and does not therefore fix N. (8) Cyanogenesis and cyanogenic glucosides. An analytical method for determining cyanide in cassava tissue is presented. In general young leaves had > concn of cyanogenic glucosides, the highest recorded value being 2.68 g HCN/kg fresh wt. The pericyclic peridermis of roots had more HCN than the parenchyma, the highest concn of 4.02 g HCN/kg fresh wt found in the peel. Probable metabolic routes

7

for synthesis and degradation are discussed. (9) Vascular streaking. Browning of vascular tissue of root parenchyma is a cv.-determlned problem. Symptoms begin mainly it the adaxial end of the root and proceed inwards; damage of the pericyclic peridermis aggravates symptoms. Roots of susceptible cv. have a higher proportion of xylem lumen than resistant cv. (Extractedfrom author'ssummary) COO BOO 0016 12126 REY, H.Y. and MROGINSKI, L.A. Cultivo In vitro de ipices caullnares de mandloca (Manihot esculenta Cranti). (In vitro cultivation of shoot tips of cassava). Phyton 36(2):171-176. 1978. Span., Sum. Span., II Refs., Illus. Cassava. Culture media. Shoots. Plant-growth substances. Propagation. Argentina. Cassava plants were regenerated from shoot tips of 1.0- 1.5 or 0.3-0.5 mm. Two basic media were tested as well as NAA, IAA, 2,4-D, kinetin, BA and GA in various combinations and concn. The best medium was Murashige & Skoog supplemented with NAA 0.1 mg/l+ kinetin0. Img//+ GA 0.1-0.5 mg/I. (Author'ssummary) COO 0017 12906 ROCA, W.M. Cultivo de tejidos en yuca. (Cassava tissue culture). Call, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Seminarios Internos. Serie SE-07-80. 1980. 16p. Span., Sum. Span., Illus. Cassava. Tissue culture. Apical meristems. Disease control. Cassava common mosaic virus. Agronomic characters. Propagation. Culture media. Colombia. Plant tissue culture includes a wide range of techniques: protoplast, cell, anther, callus, meristem and organ culture, all having one common factor: the growth of vegetative material in an aseptic environment; i,e., the sterilized culture medium in test tubes. In spite of the fact that several of these techniques have not yet been applied on a large scale, it is possible to propagate mary species through apical meristem culture and eliminate viruses from infected material; and recently it has become feasible to utilize meristem culture for the conservation of germplasm. These applications are particularly useful in vegetatively propagated cultures, such as cassava, for the following reasons: (1) systemic pathogens can be transmitted from one generation to another; (2) maintenance costs of germplasm collections arc high; (3) movement of vegetative material is restricted for quarantine reasons and (4) asexual propagation rate is low. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) COO E04 0018 12109 ROCA, W.M. Meristem culture in cassava: pinciples and procedure. Call, Colombia, Centro Internaclonal de Agricultura Tropical. Untdad de Re­ cursos Geniticos, 1979. 98p. EngL., Sum. Engl., 82 Refs., Illus.

Ca-mva. Apical meristems. Tissue culture. Culture media. Propagation. Viroses. Disease control.Germplasm. Storage. Colombia.

Since cassava is preferentially propagated by vegetative means, it is often exposed to a wide range of pests and diseases, the systemic ones being more difficult to detect and control The pest and disease risk is compounded by the fact that due to its long growing cycle and very low rates of multiplicatio., by conventional procedures, the crop's germplasm resources are in danger of irreparable losses. Conventional maintenance of large germpasm collections Is done by continuous vegetative field cultivation, which is an intensive and very expensive task. Similarly, because of the real risks of disseminating pests and diseases, various regions of the world have established strict quarantine regulations preventing the introduction of cassava vegetative materials. Meristem culture methods, due to their po­

8

tentially high propagation rates, as well as their freedom from microorganisms, small space requirements, high genotype stability and relatively simple handling procedures, can be used for the maintenance and international exchange of cassava germplasm. The various steps in the application of meristem culture in cassava arc illustrated. These tissue culture methods can be used very profitably to back up current, more conventional procedures of cassava propagation, germplasm conservation and distribution. Recent work at CIAT has shown that this is quite feasible. (Extractedfrom author'ssummary) COO E04 0019 12028 SPEAR, S.N., EDWARDS, D.G. and ASHER. C.J. Response of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) to potassium concentration in solution: critical potassium concentrations in plants grown with a constant or variable potassium supply. Field Crops Reearch 2:153-168. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 41 Refs., llus. Cassava. Culture media. K. Plant assimilation. Field experiments. Mineral content. Roots. Leaves. Stems. Shoots. Australia. Critical K concn were found to vary markedly with plant part sampled, cv. and mrthod of plant culture. Youngest fully cxpandcd leaves are suggested as a suitable index tissue for diagnostic plant analyses with cassava. Plants grown in flowing solution culture with a constant Ksupply had substantially higher critical K concn than plants grown by nonrenewed solution culture methods in which the Kconcn in the root environment decreased continuously with time. Plants grown at a range of constant Ksupplies and then transferred to zero Ksupply had critical concn intermediate between these extremes. The observed variation in critical K concn is discussed in relation to the interpretation of plant analysis data for field-grown plants. (Author'ssummary) COO C03 0020 11814 TILQUIN, J.P. Plant regeneration from stem callus of cassava. Canadian Journal of Botany 57:1761-1763. 1979. Engl.. Sum. Engi., Fr., II Refs.. Illus. Cassava. Culture media. Plant-growth substances. Shoots. Propagation. Stems. Tissue culkure. Apical meristems. Callus formation and organogenesis were induced on the internode culture of cassava. Callusing was rapidly induced on the medium devised by Kartha, Gamborg & Constabel (1974) for the shoot apical meristcm culture of cassava. During culture, green protuberances appear on the callus, followed by the differentiation of a leaflike structure, which degenerated after 1moof differentiation. On the same medium hut lacking GA. organogenesis is less frequent and precocious, but the leaves that appear are typical of cassava; and leaf differentiation is followed by shoot development. (Author's summary) COO See also 0066 0225 0231

COl

Plant Development

0021 11496 DOMINGUEZ O., C.E. Crecimlento y desarrollo de l plants de yuca. (Growth and development of the cassava plant). Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1979. 7p. Span., Sum. Span., 12 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Growth. Plant development. Germination. Branching. Tuber development. Colombia. Although an exact description of cassava's growth habits and deelopment isdifficult because it is a perennial plant with many ideotypes whose development varies according to existing climatic conditions, development of the plant can be divided into 3 stages: germination; early growth and foliage formation; simultaneous formation of foliage and thickening of roots. Each of these is described. (Summary by L M.F.) CO 1 0022 12172 HOSTALACIO, S. and CORREA, H. Aspectos de fislologia em mandloca. (Physiological aspects of cassava). Informe Agropecuirio 5(59/60):41-45. 1979. Port., 27 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Growth. Germination. Tuber development. Dry matter. Photoperiod. Temperature. Water requirements (plant). Adaptation. The physiological aspects of cassava are analyzed on the basis of a literature review: growth and sprouting, thickened root formation, climatic requirements (alt, temp, rainfall, photo­ period and radiation), iccumulation rate and distribution of DM. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.,'.F.) COI 0023

12132 INDI RA, P. Salinity effects on plant growth and tuberization In cassava. Journal of Root Crops 4(1):19-23. 1978. Engi., Sum. Eng., 7 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Salinity. Plant damage. Growth. Tuber development. Timing. India. Sodium chloride was added to soil in pots with I-mo-old cassava plants to bring soil concn to 500­ 4000 ppm (500 ppm intervals). On day 2 plants receiving >.2500 ppm died, showing severe leaf wilting and burning; at 2000 ppm, leaf injury symptoms appeared on day 5and plants eventually died. Plants of other treatments remained healthy up to I mo when observations ended. Plants subjected to salinity ( > 2000 ppm) had retarded growth and root initiation. Decaying of the cortical parenchyma and formation of tyloses in the vessels in the roots were associated with salinization. (Summary by TB.) C01 0024 12979 JAVIER, R.R. and MAMICPIC, N.G. The effect of growth regulators on root and shoot production and on yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz).

10

Philippine Journal of Crop Science 3(2):90-102. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 19 Refs. IuUs. CLmv. Cuttings. Plant.growth substances. Cultivars. Shoots. Rooting. Fertilzqs. Tuber productivity. NAA, IBA, IAA and 2,4-D at different concn were applied to the cuttings of cassava var. Cambodian Yellow. NAA and IBA significantly increased root production especially at these treatments: 4 h soaking at 100-150 ppm and dipping for 30-60 s at 1000-2000 ppm. Shoot production was significantly increased by soaking for 2 h in 2,4-D at 100­ 150 ppm or dipping for 60 s at 1000-2000 ppm. Var. responded differently to growth regulator treatments. Paete, Matalin and Vemozalena showed increased root and shoot production at 500 ppm. The no., length and dry wt of roots and shoots as well as the no. of leaves produced were significantly greater in cuttings from the base and middle portion of the cassava stalk. In the field expt,NAA (1000 ppm) and fertilizer (600 kg/ ha of 12-12-12), singly or in combination, increased root no., dry wt of roots and shoots, length of shoots and total DM 80 days after planting. At harvest time 10 mo after plant­ ing, NAA and fertilizer significantly increased root yields by 14.8 and 19.8%, resp. Root yield ranged from 33.1-52.1 t/ha, Golden (45.2 t/ha) and Java Brown (42.6 t/ha) out­ yielding Balinghoy (39.7 t/ha). No. and wt of roots/plant were significantly increased by NAA and fertilizer treatments in the 3 var. used. (Author's summary) COI D03 0025 11494 JURI, P. El papel de la slmulacl6n de sistemas en la lnvestigacl6n para Ia 2gricultura del tr6plco. (Tihe -role of systems simulation in agricultural research in the tropics). In Reuni6n Internacional del Grupo deTrabajo sobre Directricesde Investigaci6n en Sistemas de Producci6n para el Tr6pico Americano, Manaus, Brasil, 1975. Trabajos presentados. Turrialba, Costa Rica, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas de la OEA. Informes de Conferencias, Cursos y Reuniones no. 90. 1976. pp.IV-D-l - IV-D-28. Span.. 10 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Plant development. Production. Research. Leaf area. Photosynthesis. A general definition is given of a system, and the objectives of research based on systems models are analyzed. Three expt conducted at CIAT are presented as examples of this methodology: (I) development of the cassava plant as being representative of physical-biological relationships in crop production; (2) development of a model for beef cattle production in tropical savannas (interaction between biological and economic factors), and (3) a more general model of small­ scale farming (physical parameters of agricultural production, socioeconomic aspects of the operation, and the farmer's needs). Regarding cassava, leaf area developmcnt is studied to understand the absorption of the sun's rays, which leads to the production of thickened roots. A list is also included of data to be reported for regional trials on cassava. (Summary by L.M.F.) Co 0026 12074 MENDES, R.A. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) seed germination improvement. Mag. Sc. Thesis. Lafayette, Indiana, Purdue University, 1977. 50p. Engl., Sum. Engl., 62 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Seed. Germination. Laboratory experiments. Plant-growth substances. Light. Because of the problems in obtaining cassava seeds and in the germination of the same, 6 treatments for improving germination were evaluated: GA 3solution, red light +GA3 solution, water, red light + water, scarification, control. Temp was kept at 30-35 0 C. The greatest % of germination was obtained with red light + GA3. The use of either red light or GA3 alone also

11

increasedgermination. Contrary to previous reports, scarification by sand paper was not effective and gave the poorest results. A significant decrease in days to total germination was not verified for any of the treatments. (Author's summary) COI

0027 11850 ROJANARIDPICHED, C., JEAMJAMNANJA, C.and VICHUKIT, V.[Growth analysis of cassava]. In Kasetsart University. Faculty of Agriculture. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1979?. Thai., Sum. Eng]. Cassava. Growth. Analysis. Leaves. Stems. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Thailand. With the purpose of understanding growth, yield components and other agronomic characters affecting yield of alocal var., an expt was conducted at the Kasetsart U.Student Training Center, Siracha, Cholburi, using a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. Fertilizer (8-8-8) was applied at the rate of 100 kg/rai (6.25 rai = I ha), I no after planting. Plants were harvested each mo for 12 mo. Results indicated that leaf and stem growth dominated for 2 mo, after which root growth rate increased rapidly, with values greater than shoot growth rate by the 4th mo. Growth rate appeared todepend on LAI and rainfall. Duringan extended period of low rainfall, leaves began to fall, lowering the LAI; growth stopped and DM production was reduced. At 12 mo, fresh root yield was 4548 kg/ rai or 1478 kg dry wt. Yields were low due to low rainfall and inherent low-yielding var. (Summary by Kasetsart University) COI

0028 12869 TONGSRI, S. [Cassava pollinationi. In National Conference on Agricul­ tural and Biological Sciences, 17th, 1979. Proceedings. Bangkok, Thailand, Hua Pong Field Crop Experiment Station, 1979. Thai, Sum. Eng. Cassava. Pollination. Flowers. Pollen. Fruits. Plant fertility. Thailand. Female flowers were bagged at 0900-1130 h and pollen collected at 1130-1230 h. Pollina­ tion was dune from 1230-1700 h and the female flowers bagged immediately afterwards. Matured fruits were obtained 2%-3 mo after pollinatior. Fertilization %sdepended on the parents. (Summary by Kasetsart University) COI

0029 4336 MACEDO, M.C.M. Zoneamento ecol6gico da cultura da mandloca: conside­ raq6es sobre o Nordeste. (Ecological zoning of the cassava crop: considerations on the Northeast). Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Empresa Brasilcira de Pesquisas Agricolas. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Fruticultura, 1977. 63p. Port., 10 Refs. Paper presented at Simp6sio sobre Produqfo de Alcool no Nordeste, lo., Fortaleza-CE, Brasil, 1977. Cassava. Pwrduction. Climatic requirements. Soil requirements. Maps, Plant geography. Ecology. Brazil. A distribution of cassava producing areas in the NE region of Bra.il is made by analyzing the production, %of total area cultivated, climatic and edaphic factors and their interaction. On the basis of this analysis, an edaphic-climatic adaptation map is given. It is concluded that the NE region has a great potential to further develop cassava cultivation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) COI DOI

12

0030 13479 ROLANDO R., J.L. Determinaci6n del tamailo 6ptlmo econ6mico de par­ cela pars estudios experimentales en el cultivo de yuca. (Determining the optimum economical plot size for experimental studies on cassava). T~sis Ing. Agr. Lima, Pe­ r6i, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, 1976. 88p. Span., Sum. Span., 16 Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Statistical analysis. Statistical data. Peru. A trial was conducted on cassava uniformity at the U. Nacional Agraria La Molina (Peru) to determine the optimum exptl plot size. A40 x 40 m area and a planting distance of I x I m was used. To determine the basic unit each row was divided into 40 parts, thus obtaining 1600 basic units. Grouping was done in 2 ways: (1) the > no. of square plots were tried to be obtained, with 8 plots of different basic units connected one after another to form a hierarchical classification; and (2) the > no. of rectangular plots were tried to be formed, obtaining 8 plots with characteristics consistent with those before. The data obtained was used in the comparison of the variance methods: (1) I.F. Smith, (2) H.F. Smith with sug­ gestions from Hatheway and Williams, and (3) the relative information of Kenneth Keller. By method 1, the following variability indices of soil, "b", were obtained: 0.47, =0.55, 0.50 and 0.59 with an av "b" of 0.53; cost indices were: K, = 30.7 and 28.38; K2 4.16 and 4.17 for the form of obtaining the > no. of rectangular and square plots, resp. K, av was /(l-b) K2 and the 29.58, K2 av 4.165. These values are included in the equation Z = bK, 2 following optimum areas were obtained: 7.56, 6.14, 10.74 and 8.5 n ; when the av were considered, 8.15 m' was obtained. By method 2, the "b" obtained were: 0.389, 0.519 and 0.621 with an av "b" of 0.509. K, and V, values were the same as those of treatment 1 and when included in the aforementioned equation, gave2 the following optimum plots: 4.71, 7.36 and 12.14 m' and an optimum av area of 7.36 m . With method 3 the plots, that were in the range of 1-5 m for all the methods considered in this study, gave the greatest amount of relative information. (Author's summars. Trans. by L. A.) CO 1 0031 13293 SPEAR, S.N., EDWARDS, D.G. and ASHER, C.J. Effects of nutrient supply on critical nutrient concentrations in cassava plants. In Ferguson, A.R., Bioloski, R.L. and Ferguson, I.B., eds. International Colloquium on Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems, 8th., Auckland, 1978. Proceedings. Auckland, New Zealand. DSIR Information Series no. 134. 1978. pp.499-506. Engl., Sum. Engl., 7 Refs., Illus. CAsUava. Nutritional requirements. K. Nutrient solution. Leaves. Analysis. Petioles, Stems. Shoots. Mineral content. Laboratory experiments. Australia. The K nutrition of young cassava plants was studied in both nonrenewed solution culture, using 3 container sizes, and in flowing solution culture. Solution K concn decreased at different rates in the 3 container sizes, but remained constant in flowing culture. The critical K concn in the youngest fully expanded leaf blade was approx 1.1% in plants grown in flowing culture and in 8 I containers; 0.8% in 2.5 1 containers, and 0.5% in 1 I containers. Similar effects of plant culture system were found on critical K concn in all plant parts analyzed. These differences in critical ccnt n are attributed to temporal changes in external K supply. (Author's summary) COl C03 3032 13488 TAN, S.L. and COCK, J.H. Branching habit as a yield determinant In casaaVL Field Crops Research 2(3):281-289. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 11 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivan. Leaves. Leaf area. Branching. Tuber productivity. Tubers. Carbohydrate content. Malaysia. Cassava was grown in field conditions and the ability of the roots to acc'rpt extra carbohy­

13

drates and the effects of branching habit on yield were observed. Apex competing sinks; roots accepted more carbohydrates than were available and root were in normal situa­ tions Reduced sink did not limit total growth. Yield was increased by 75% by branch control Good yields can be obtained by either late-branching types or continuous branching types with 2 branches at each branch level. Late-branching types appear to be the easiest to obtain in a breeding program. (Author's summary) COI D03 0033

13278 RAICES MAS grandes de yuca y batata. (Developing larger roots in cassava and sweet potatoes). Reto no. 6:35. 1976. Span.. Illus. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Tuber development. Plant-growth substances. Venezuela. Research is being conducted in the Biochemistry Dept of the U. of Oriente (Venezuela) on the biochemical transformation of natural plant cylokinins and added synthetic ones. It has been proved that cytokinins not only activate thickened root growth offset negative effects from drought and high temp. (Summary by i-:G. in cassava. but also Trans. by L.M.1./

COl

0034 13275 SHAHIN, l.A. and SHIPPARD, J.F. Cassava mesophyll protoplasts: tion, proliferation, and shoot formation. Plant Science Letters 17:459-465. isola­ 1980. Engl., Sum. .ngl., 10 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Shoots. Leaves. Plant tissues. Plant reproduction. Isolated mesophyll protoplasts of cassava were induced to regenerate form calli via the potato protoplast system previously developed in the cell walls, divide and lab. Shoot formation was occasionally observed in calli of cv. Mexico no. 35. (Author's summary) COl See also 0006 0054 0155 0171 0267

14

0061 0062 0065 0322 0353

0068

0077

0080

0095 0111

0112

C03

Chemical Composition, Methodology and Analyses

0035 10927 BARRIOS G.. E.A. Composicin quimica y rendimiento de almid6n de ocho varledades de yuca (Manihot utilissima Pohl). (Chemical composition andstarch vield of eight cassava varieties). Tesis. Perito Agr. Bircena. Guatemala. Escuela Nacional de Agricultura. 1963. 2 3 p. Span., Sum. Span., 13 Refs. Cassava. Cultivars. Starch content. Starch productivity. Ct. P. Sugar content. Cortex. Leaves. Ash content. Water content. Cassava products. Iron. Analysis. Tubers. Guatemala. Five cassava var. from the subtropical dry and 3 from the tropical dry zones of Guatemala were analyzed for their proximate chemical composition: Ca. Fe. P. free sugars and starch. These var. presented a variation in the proportion of root peel with respect to root wt (16.89 and 14.67% restl. in both zones). Roots, with or without peel, and leaves were also analyzed. Av moisture content. crude fiber, N. ether extract. ashes. Ca, Fe, P. free sugars and starch forall the var. were 66.77, 1.74, 0.125.0.32, 0.94, 2.45, 8.92. 35.40. 1.26 and 25.40%, resp. One simple extraction with water produced more than 70%i of total starch content and with the 2nd, yields were almost 100%. The peels and leaves contain relatively high quantities of protein, ashes and Ca and could be used in animal feedstuffs once they are detoxified. The relationship between chemical composition of the cortex and the leaves, development of a cassava starch industry and the use of by-products in animal feedstuffs are briefly discussed. (Author's summary. Trans. by LM.F.) C03 D03 0036 12137 GODFREY-SAM-AGGREY. W. and GARBER. M.J. Barkanalysisasaguideto cassava nutrition in Sierra Leone. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 10(8):1079-1097. 1979. Engl.. Sum. Engl., 13 Refs. Cassava. Fertilizers. Stems. Tuber productivity. N. P. K. Ca. Magnesium. Composition. Sierra Leone. Main stem bark from 2 expt in which similar fertilizers had been applied directly in a 2' confounded factorial design were analyzed and the bark nutrients used as a guide to cassava nutrition. Application of multiple regression analysis to the respective root yields and bark nutrient concn enable nutrient levels and optimum adjusted root yield to by derived. Differences in bark nutrient concn reflected soil fertility levels. B;',rk analysis and the application nf r, ultiple regression analysis to root yields and bark nutrients appear to be useful tools for predicting fertilizer recommendations for cassava production. (Authors summary) C03 DOI 0037 11708 JOIA, J. Adaptaigo de urn aparelho para a dosagem do icido cianidrico em mandioca eseus derivados. (Adaptation of an apparatusfor determining HCN content in cassava roots and products). In Reunigo da Comissa'o Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia. Brasil, Ministdrio da Agricultura. Departamento Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuiria, 1972. pp.103-108. Port., Sum. Port., Engl.. 7 Refs., Illus.

15

Cassava. HCN content. Tubers. Cassava products. Analysis. Laboratory experiments. Brazil. A description is gihen of an apparatus for distilling the HCN resulting from the autolysis of the c~anigenic glucoide linamarin. found in cassava and some of its products. Distillation is accomplizhed u ith the aid of a nitrogen stream. The advantages of this apparatus are discussed. Aler distilation the HCN is determined by colorimetry, measuring the color intensity by reaction with picric acid in an alkaline medium. (Authors summar.) C03

0038 11485 LII, C-Y. and CHANG, S-M. Studies on the starches in Taiwan. 1.Sweet potato, cassava, yam and arrowroot starches. Proceedings of the National Science Council 2(4):416-423. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., Chin., 13 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Sweet-potatoes. Cassava starch. Analysis. Starch content. Yams. Viscosity. Protein content. Ash content. Gelatinization. Fat content. N. Fibre content. Taiwan. Sweet potatoes, cassava and arrowroot are the main sources for starches in Taiwan. Three var. of cassava, two of yams (!)iosc rea alata) and one of arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) and sweet potatoes were used in this study. Differences in gross chemical composition were observed within the same species of each of the starch crops. Different chemical treatments [H20, 750 ppm NaHS0 1 . or 750 ppm Ca(C10)2] during isolation did not affect Brabender viscosity patterns of tie starch pastes although the paste viscosity of the cassava starches was higher with the last treatment. Systematic studies of the physicochemical properties (granular size, gelatinization temp, Brabender viscogram, iodine affinity, N, crude fiber, fat and ash contents and otherminor components that might affect the properties of starch; e.g., phosphate group) were conducted. (Author's sumnoary) C03

0039 12157 MANDIOCA...PLANTA de valor. (Chemical composition ofcassava leaves and roots). Fazenda 46(2):46. 195 1. Port. Cassava. Leaves. Tubers. Fibre content. N. Protein content. Ash content. Water content. P. Iron. Ascorbic acid. Thiamin. Riboflavin. Nicotinic acid. Ca. Central America. A detailed table is given on the chemical composition of cassava leaves and roots (according to their size) found in various Central American countries according to Nutritional Bio­ chemistry Laboratories, Mass. Inst. of Technology. (Summary by L.M.F.) C03

0040 C.R. and NANDAKUMARAN, M., ANANTHASUBRAMANIAM, 12984 DEVASIA, P. A. Isolation, characterization and chemical composition of tapioca

(Manihot utilissima) leaf protein. Kerala Journal of Veterinary Science 9(2):221­ 227. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., Hindi, 11 Refs.

Cassava. Leaves. Protein content. Composition. Lysine. Threonine. Results of studies carried out to isolate and characterize cassava leaf protein revealed that the HCI precipitation of the alkaline borate buffer extract was far superior to the trichloro­ acetic acid precipitation of either the water extract, the sodium carbonate extract, or even the steam precipitation of the water extract. The amino acid composition showed that It was fairly rich in lysine and threonine and that it was deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids and tryptophan. (Author'ssummary) C03

16

0041 11749 NOBRE, A. Mandlocas amarelas na Amazonia. (Yellow cassava varieties from Brazil). In Reunigo da Comiss~o Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernam­ buco, Brasil, 1972. Anas. Brasilia, Brasil, Ministirio da Agricultura. Departamen­ to Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuiria, 1972. pp.83-87. Port., Sum. Port., 5 Refs. Cassava. Cultivars. Nutritive value. Agronomic characters. Field experiments. Adaptation. Protein content. HCN content. Tuber productivity. Starch content. Brazil.

The nutritional value, characteristics and field observations are discussed for 5 cassava cv. with yellow-pulp roots from the Amazon (Nipld, Cachimbo, Xingu, Uapichuna and IAN-S­ 12) and introduced to the Instituto de Pesquisas e Experimentaqio Agropecuirias do Centro Sul. The protein and HCN contents and starch yield of the whole root, peel and pulp of 18­ mo-old plants were analyzed. The av values of protein content in the roots were low (0.96­ 2.800/o); in the leaves it was 19.320/o, considered very good. According to the HCN distri­ bution in the roots, only the var. Nipl8 can be considered as sweet, the others being bitter. Starch yields were 19.6, 17.8 and 15.60/o for Cachimbo, Uapichuna and IAN-S-12, resp. (Authorr summary. Trans. by L.M.F. C03 H01 0042 12048 NOBRE, A., CONSTANTINO, E. and NUNES, W. DE 0. Teor de protei­ na em vqriedades e clones de mandioca corn vistas a un meihoramento gendtico. (Protein content of cassava germplasm). In Reunifo da Comiss~o Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia, Brasil, Ministiflo da Agricultura. Departamento Nacional de Pesquisa Agropeeuiria, 1972. pp.71­ 81. Port., Sum. Port., 11 Refs.

Cassava. Cultivars. Protein content. Tubers. Leaves. Clones. HCN contenit. Crossbreeding. Manihot. Brazil.

The protein content of roots and leaves are analyzed for 121 var. and 38 clones of 12-mo­ old cassava from several states of Brazil. Var. Mulatinha, Xingu, IAN-S-12, Cenoura, Cacau, Manteiga, Ponta de Lanceta, M.Amazonia, Saracura, Amazonia Branca, Bahia Preta and Palo de Ouro, likewise clones 418-64-2 and 438-54-1, presented protein contents > 20/o in the roots; these were selected to study the possibility of increasing protein content of var. through crossbreeding. With the 1st results obtained by crossbreeding a cultivated var. with a wild species, the protein content of F1 roots did not increase, but the HCN content in the hybrid almost doubled. A substantial increase in leaf protein was observed. (Author k sum­ mary. Trans by L.M.F.) C03 GO1

0043 entre mandioca mansa e brav. (Differ­ Diferenqas E.S.A. 12043 NORMANHA, ences between bitter and sweet cassava). Agron6mico 8(7/8):14. 1956. Port. Cassva. HCN content. Toxicity. Bitter cassava. Sweet cassava. Brazil. The variation in HCN content not only depends on the var. and age of the plant but also on the soil, climate and alt. Botanical or morphological characteristics associated with the toxic content of the plant have not been detected. It has been proved that the drying processes of the roots to obtain by-products totally eliminate the toxin. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) C03 0044 THAILAND. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF 11861 RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT. [Comparative studies on yield, starch content, HCN content and fiber percentage of cassava roots at different harvesting times). Annual report for 1968. Bangkok, 1969?. pp.60-70. Thai., Sum. EngL In_.

17

Casava Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Starch content. HCN content Fibre con­ tent. Cultivars. Harvesting. Timing. Water content Tubers. Thailand. An expt was conducted at the Huai Pong Field Crop Expt Station to study yield, starch and HCN content, and °/o fiber in roots of a local var. when plants were 6-18 mo old. A randomized complete block design with 13 treatments and 4 replications was used. A spac­ ing of I x 1 m was used, and fertilizer (8-8-4) applied at 100 kg/rai (6.25 = I ha); plants were harvested at monthly intervals. Root yield increased with increasing plant age, reaching a max at 15 mo and remaining constant through 18 mo. Starch content and 0/o fiber varied with root moisture content, which depended on the amount of monthly rainfall. HCN content increased with plant age. (Summary by Kasetsart Uniyersity) C03 D02

0045 9975 OKE, O.L. The role of cassava in the nutrition of Nigerian population. Journal of Root Crops 1(l): 1-18. 1975. Eng., 98 Refs. Cassava. Nutritive value. Tubers. Processing. Foofoo. Kpokpo gari. Analysis. Dry matter. Protein content. Fibre content. Carbohydrate content. Ash content. Food energy. Mineral content. HCN content. Detoxification. Ataxic neuropathy. Nigeria. Except for yams, cassava is the most important food crop in Nigeria. It ranks 1st in tonnage produced, 2nd in total value of the crop and 4th in total acreage dedicated to its cultivation. The nutritive values of cassava roots and products are presented in detail, based on analyses found in an extensive literature review. Both traditional and mechanical production of gari from cassava are discussed and the advantages of the latter listed. The processing of other products such as fufu, lafun and Kpokpogari arc also described. Tables are included on the proximate analysis of the mineral status (major and minor elements) and oxalate and hydro­ cyanic acid contents of cassava and the above mentioned products. A literature review is given on the analyses for hydrocyanic .cid. Chief factors found in the variation of hydro­ cyanic acid are var. and environment; the age of the tubers is less important. The tolerance to hydrocyanic acid in foodstuffs and animal feeds and methods of reducing it in fresh roots are major problems in the use of cassava products. Research on the etiology of ataxic neuro­ pathy indicates that a particular constituent of cassava is the cause of the disease. There is an increase in the plasma thiocyanate level with ataxic neuropathy, that could be explained by the fact that cyanide is detoxified to the much less toxic thiocyanate. (Summary by L.M. F.) C03 102 H04

0046 13485 TELES, F.F.F., SILVEIRA, A.J. DA and BATISTA, C.M. Carboidratos icido.digeriveis e toxidez cianog6nica de dez clones de mandloca (Manihot escu­ lenta Crantz) cultiv idos em Minas Gerais. (Acid-digestible carbohydratesandHCA toxicity in ten cassavacultivars). Revista Ceres 26(147):459-464. 1979. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 14 Refs., Illus.

Cauva. Clones. HCN content. Soluble carbohydrates. Digestibility. Tubers. Brazil. Ten cassava clones grown in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) were analyzed for HCN and acid-digestible carbohydrates (ADC) content. Statistical analyses showed significant differences among clones. Since the toxic clones were among the higher producers of carbohydrates, the correlation coefficient between HCN and ADC content of all the 10 clones was determined. It was shown that this coefficient was rather low, attaining only 37%. The HCN values varied from 0.16-0.25 mg/g and the ADC from 21.1-32.7% of the green matter. (Author'ssummary) C03

18

0047 13486 TELES, F.F.F. et al, Carboidratos solfveis, redutores a nio redutores, de dez clonMa do mandloca (Manthot esculenta Crmntz) cuitivados em Minas Gerais. (Soluble, reducing and non-reducing carbohydrates In ton cassava clones cultIvated In Minas Gerai.). Revista Cores 26(147):513-516. 1979. Port., Sum. Engl., 8 Refs. Cassava. aone. Tubers. Carbohydrate content. Sugar content. Soluble carbohydrates BrauL

Ten cassava cv. grown in the state of Minas Geras were analyzed for soluble carbohydrates, reducing and ncr-reducing sugars. Av obtained, expressed in mg/g of green matter, ranged from 2.62-5.07 for reducing sugars; 7.13-16.48 for non-reducing sugars and 11.17-21.39 for total toluble carbohydrates. Lack of data in specialized literature prevented more detailed comparative deductions. (Author's summary) C03 0048 12969 MORALES C., G. and PEREDA P., M. Obtenci6n de concentrado proteini­ co a partir de hoja de yuca. (Protein concentrate from cassava leaves). Ambato, Ecuador, Universidad T~cnica de Ambato, 1979. 34p. Span., 15 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Leaves. Proteins. Analysis. Cultivars. Protein content. Ecuador. Four methods of protein extraction from cassava leaves were evaluated (Pirie, Pro-Xan 11, enzymatic and CaCI, action) to select one adaptable to the conditions of the E. Ecuatorian region. Chemical analysis of the leaves of 3 cassava var. is given in table form: the protein yields recovered in whole protein concentrates (WPC =cytoplasmic protein + chloroplasmic protein) were 17, 16.9, 13.77 and 13.65% for the Pirie, Pro-Xan 11, enzymatic and CaC 2 methods, resp. On the basis of these studies, a family-level protein extraction process was proposed, recommending the use of the var. Crema and the Pirie method for extracting protein concentrates; and as an alternative, f z enzymatic method. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.IK) C03 0049 13205 NAGY, S., NORDBY, H.E. and TELEK, L. Lipid distributions in green leaf protein concentrates from four tropical leaves. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 26(3):701-706. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 53 Refs., Illus. Cassava, Protein content. Leaves. Fat content. Proteins. Analysis. Puerto Rico. Protein concentrates were prepared from the green leaves of 4 tropical plants: Cnidoscolus chayamansa, Sorghum sudanensis, cassava and Sauropus androgynus; and the lipid classes, sterols and fatty acids of those concentrates were studied. About 3/4 of the green protein lipids were neutral lipids, 1/5 to 1/4 were glycolipids, and less than 1/20 were phospho­ lipids. After saponification of the total lipids about 1/3 were fatty acids, less than 1/3 were nonsaponifiables, and about 1/3 were "residuals" not extracted by hexane. Sterols were identified as cholesterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, p-sitosterol and isofucosterol. TLC profiles revealed about 15 neutral lipids and about 11 glycolipids. The distributions of fatty acids in the neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were different. The glyco­ lipid fraction was the richest source of linolenic acid. Fatty acid distributions were deter­ mined for free fatty acids, monogalactosyl diglycerides, acylated monogalactosyl diglycerIdes, digalactosyl diglycerides and acylated sterol glucosides. The presence of acylated galactosyl lipids indicated the presence of glycolipid-hydrolyzing and acyl-transferring en­ zymes in the expressed leaf juices. (Author's summary) C03 0050 13232 WILLIAMS, H.J. Estimation of hydrogen cyanide released from cassava by organic solvents. Experimental Agriculture 15(4):393-400. 1979. Engi., Sum. Engi., 14 Refs., Illus.

19

Cassava. Leaves. Tubers. Analysis. HCN. Cyanides. Sierra Leone. Methods are described for releasing HCN from cassava leaves and tubers by organic solvents and its spectrophotometric estimation as the red complex formed with alkaline picrate. Chloroform was the most efficient solvent, with toluene an acceptable alternative, using enough solvent to wet samples thoroughly to maximize cyanide yield. Cyanide content was concentrated in the veins and towards the base of leaves and declined linearly.with leaf age. Release of HICN with solvent compared favorably with traditional homogenization/steam distillation with leaves and parenchymal tissue, but was unsatisfactory for root peel. Re­ moval of residual HCN from cooked cassava leaves depends largely on the degree to which the leaf is chopped before boiling, which determines the contact and reaction between the endogenous enzyme and cyanogenic glucoside. If the leaves are not chopped before boiling, the process of removing the HCN isslower. (Author's summary) C03 0051 er al. Determination of basic chemical parameters of 13213 KHAJARERN, J.M. cassava root products of different origin, processing technology and quality. In Khon Kaen University. Faculty of Agriculture. Cassava/nutrition project; annual report 1971, X(lon Kaen, Thailand, 1979. pp.12-32. Engl., Sum. Engl., 3 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Analysis. Cassava chips. Pellets. Water content. Fibre content. Ash content. Carbo­ hydrate content. Thailand. A total of 160 blended samples of cassava root products were analyzed for the basic chemi­ cal parameters; in addition, amylose, cellulose, lignin and silica were determined. It was found that product quality in 1978 had not improved over that of 1977 and was, in fact, slightly lower. It was found that the increasing demand and selling price of the products were major factors responsible for this. This tendency was confirmed by the examination of the long-range quality fluctuation. Climatic condition also contributed significantly to product quality, although to a lesser extent. The general patterns for quality improve­ ment of the products are outlined. The revision of export standards for Thai cassava prod­ ucts isrecommended. (Author's summary) C03 0052 13245 METODO PARA determinaci6n de contenidos de materia seca y almid6n en layuca pot el sistema de gravedad espec.fica. (Determination ofdry matter and starch contents in cassara using the specijic gravity method). In Manual de produc­ ci6n de yuca. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Progra­ ma de Yuca, 1979. pp.l-79. Span. Cassava. Dry matter. Starch content, Tubers. Colombia. A rapid method of determining the %of DM and starch in cassava by the use of the specific root density is discussed, and a table, tested under Colombian conditions, is included for var. harvested from 10-12 mo. (Summary byi'1G. Trans. by L.M.bh) C03 Seealso 0019 0031 0079 0093 0102 0103 0232 0323 0361 0362 0363 0372 0373

20

0118 0120 0133 0156 0215 0396 0431 0467 0469 0480

DOI

Soil, Water, Climate and Fertilization

0053 12914 AMARASIRI, S.L. and PERERA, W.R. Nutrient removal by crops growing in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Tropical Agriculturist 131(3/4):61-70. 1975. Eng., 4 Refs. Cassava. Absorption. N. P. K. Ca. Magnesium. S. Soil fertility. Sri Lanka. Amounts of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S removed by different crops grown in Sri Lanka are given in tabulated form. Cassava var. MU-10, with a yield of 45,000 kg/ha at 180 days, extracted 62, 140; 10, 22; 164, 122; 12, 119; 22, 86; and 3, 12 kg/ha of N, P. K, Ca, Mg and S in the roots and in the rest of the plant, resp. (Summary by T.B.) DOI 0054 C. Effect of levels and time of SREEDHARAN, 12199 ASOKAN, P.K. and application of potash on growth and yield of tapioca. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 16(1):18-23. 1978. EngI., Sum. Engl., Hindi, 12 Refs.

Cassava. Fertilizers. K. Plant height. Cultivars. Tuber productivity. Dung. India. A field expt was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala to determine the effect of rates (37.5-75.0-112.5-150.0 kg K/ha) and time of application of K (1/2 basal and 1/2 at 2 mo; 1/3 basal, 1/3 at 2 months and 1/3 at 3 mo), in conjunction with 12.5 t FYM, on yield of cassava var. H-97. Max root yield was obtained at 112.5 kg K. At lower levels of K, response was better to 3 applications; FYM gave a better response at higher levels of K. The plant utilization index showed a decrease after 75 kg K. (Summary by T.B.) DOI COl

0055 DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL. ECONOINTERNACIONAL CENTRO 12083 MIA DE YUCA. Ensayo y validaci6n de tecnologia en el cultivo de la yuca. (Vali­ dationof technology in cassava). Cali, Colombia, 1979. 6p. Span. Cassava. Technology evaluation. Cultivars. Agricultural lime. Magnesium. Technological package. Socio-economic aspects. Colombia.

This expt, that is currently being carried on in Mondomo (Cauca, Colombia) seeks to validate the technology produced by the CIAT Cassava Program, with promising var. and adequate agricultural practices; and to evaluate and compare traditional vs. new technology under farming conditions. A technological package is expected to be obtained on the basis of this evaluation, and after measuring the economic impact produced by this new technol­ ogy and determining important marketing aspects; this will be implanted by the national agricultural research program and diffused in the area by their technicians. In this 1st stage, a socioeconomic survey was applied to 20 farmer selected at random, 7 of whom (also chosen at random) were willing to prepare 4000 m to plant 3 CIAT cv. (CM 323-375, M Col 1684 and CMC 59) in addition to 2 regional var., Algodona and Americana. The 6 proposed treatments are discussed. (Summary by L.M.F.) DOI

21

0056 12813 CHANTARAPANIK, S. et al [Effects of plant population and rate of fertilizer on the yield of cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agricuhure and Coopera­ tions. Division of Field Crop. Annual abstract report. Bangkok, 1977. pp.168-170. ThaL, Sum. Engl. Cassava. Spacing. Fertilizers. Field experiments. N. P. K. Soil fertility. Tuber productivity. Thailand. To determine the effect of plant population and fertilizer rates on fresh root yield of cassava, 3 field trials were conducted on 3 soil types (Korat, Yasothon and Sattahip series), using 4 densities (5000 plants at 1 x 2 m, 10,000 plants at I x 1 m, 13,331 plants at I x 0.75 m, and 20,000 plants at 1 x 0.50 m) and 3 levels of fertilizer (0-0-0, 94-94-94 and 188­ 188-188 kg N-P2 0,s-K 2 0/ha). A split plot design was used ;with planting densities in the main plot and fertilizer levels in the subplots. Regardless of plant density, the response of cassava to fertilization varied with soil types. On the Sattahip soil, there was a marked response to fertilizer; on the Yasothon soil, a slight response; and on the Korat soil, no response. Av fresh root wt for fertilized plants varied from 24.8-25.7 t/ha as compared to 22.9 t for the check. With regard to the relationship b6;w%,)) the degree of fertilizer response and planting density, it was found that low-fertl'in.y vliln (Sattahip and Yasothon) favored high plant density, whereas more fertile soils (Kov. Zdve highest fresh root yield (30.6 t) with the lowest plant density (5000 plants/ha). (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D02 0057

12819 CHANTARAPANIK, S. et aL [Studies on suitable rates and time of nitrogen application for increasing yields of cassaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agri­ culture. Field Crop Division. Progress report on cassava fertilizer studies. Bangkok, 1976. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. Timing. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Efficiency of N application in sandy soil was low because the fertilizer was easily lost by leaching. Results of previous expt indicated that N application before planting proved to be suitable for early growth stages; however, it was necessary to determine the proper time for the 2nd application to supply sufficient N for the later growth stage of cassava. Expt were conducted on 4 soil series: liuapong, Sattahip,Korat and Yasothon. Nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 50 and 100 kg N/ha and only one level of P and K (50 kg P O, and 25 kg K.0/ha) were applied by 5 different methods: all as a basal application; 1/22 as a basal application,

1/2 in furrows before planting; all in furrows 30 days after planting; all in furrows 60 days

after planting; and 1/2 in the furrow at 30 days and 1/2 at 60 days. There were no signifi­ cant differences between the 2 N rates on the Huaipong and Korat series, but a marked response was observed on Sattahip, a very sandy soil. Regardless of N levels, there was no marked difference among application times. Nevertheless, the 3rd treatment (application of all the fertilizer at 30 days) was suitable for the Yasothon soil. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0058 12821 CHEWSAMUT, S. et al. ICumulative effects of chemical fertilizer on cassava production). In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Soil analysis. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Thailand. A long-term fertilizer expt was carried out at the Agricultural Research Centre of the North­ east, Khon Kaen from 1973-1978, where chemical analyses of the soil were as follows: pH 6.0, 0.47% OM, 37 ppm available P and 61 ppm water-soluble K. Fertilizer treatments consisted of 2 levels of Nand P (37.5 and 75 kg N and P O,/ha) and 3 levels of K (37.5, 75 and 112.5 kg K, 0/ha), which were arranged in a factorial2 expt. Each treatment was applied

22

to the same plot before planting every yr. Although 6 crops were planned, root yield in 1977-78 was not obtained due to disease damage. Nevertheless, results of the 1st yr indicated that the range of root yield for the fertilizcr-treated plots was 26.87-36.25 t/ha as compared to 33.12 t fresh roots/ha for the control. On the other hand, the av yield clearly showed the cumulative effect of fertilizer, root yield of the fertilizer-treatedof 4 yr plots ranging from 26.53-30.31 t/ha as compared to 24.98 t/ha from the control. Regardless of P and K fertilizers. there was no marked difference between the 2 N levels during the 1st 3 yr. The last harvest, however, indicated that the higher N level tended to give yield. There were no marked differences among P and K levels in this study.better fresh root After 6 yr, the soil samples from each plot were analyzed. It was found that available P in P-treated plots was significantly higher than the original value. It is concluded that a rate or 75-37.5-37.5 kg N-P2 O,-K 2 O/ha is suitable for these soils. (Summary of 37.5-37.5-37.5 by Kasetsart Uni­ versity) DOI 0059 11820 CH U LUCH, P. et al. [Long-term maintenance of soil fertility in cassava fields]. In Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemistry Section. Progress report for 1971. Bangkok, 1972. pp.1 4 34-1436. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Soil fertility. N. P. K. Green manures. Tuber productivity. Thailand. The possibility of maintaining soil fertility for long-term cassava cropping was assessed using a combination of green manure and chemical fertilizers. A randomized complete block design with

4 replications was used. A 10 x 15 m planting area was used for each of 5 treatments: control, 75­ 75-35.5 and 75-75-35.5 kg N-P 2 0-KO/ha + green manure (one legume species for each treatment). One-third of the chemical fertilizer was applied at legume planting time and 2/3 at cassava planting time. Results of the 3-yrexpt showed that 75-75-35.5 +green manure from mung bean (seeding rate of 81 kg/ ha) produced better root yield than the other treatments. These are preliminary results only, and more data are needed to reach reliable conclusions. (Summary by

Kasetsart University) DO 1

0060

3913 GOMES, J. DE C. et al. Efeitos de N, P, K, S, micronutrientes e calagem na cultura da mandioca. (Effects of NPKS, micronutrients and liming on cassava). Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brasil, Irstituto de Pesquisas Agropecuirias do Leste. Bole­ tim T~cnico no. 20. 1973. pp. 51-67. Port., Sum. Port., 15 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. N. P. K. S. Zn. Boron. Molybdenum. Agricultural lime. Ferti­ lizers. Tuber productivity. Brazil. Three expt were conducted on the effects of N, P, K, S; mixtures of micronutrients (Zn, B, Cu, Mo); and liming in the municipalities of Conceiqao do Almeida, Irari and Itiruqu (state of Bahia) to define N, P, K rates and evaluate the economic use of fertilizers. It was con­ cluded that N does not affect root production; P was significant ar: its use economical; K gave significant increases in yield at 2 sites (Conceiggo do Almeida and Irarg) whereas In ltiruqu, it had a negative effect. There was a positive and significant P x K interaction at trarg. A significant effect for S, mixtures of micronutrients and liming was not found at any of the sites. (Author's summary. Trani by L.M.F.) DOI D03

0061 12151 HOWELER, Rh. El efecto de la inoculaci6n con micorrizas sobre Ia nutr­ ci6n fosf6rica de Ia yuca. (The effect of inoculation with mycorrhizae on phospho­ rus nutrition in cassava). Call, Colombia. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tro­ pical. Serle SE-3-80. 1980. 26p. Span., Sum. Span., 28 Refs., Illus.

23

Cassava. Inoculation. P. Growth. Absorption. Nutrient solution. Dry matter. Tuber produc­

tivity. Mycorrhizae. Colombia. The effect of inoculating cassava with mycorrhizae on plant growth and P uptake was studied in sterilized and nonsterilized soils to which 8 levels of P were applied, as well as in a flowing culture solution at 4 different P concn. Inoculation produced > benefits in cassava grown in sterilized soil when 2 t P/ha were applied, increasing DM production almost 3 times and the total absorption of P some 7 times. In nonsterilized soil, both the production of DM and P uptake increased 50'/o when 0.5 t P/ha were applied. In the soil expt, cassava presented mycorrhizal infection only with intermediate rates of P application (0.1-4 t/ha), correspond­ ing to a concn of 2-52)01 of 1Pin soil solution. With no P and with the 2 highest P rates (8 and 16 t/ha), inoculation with mycorrhizae had no beneficial effects and the °/o of infec­ tion was low, especially in the norsterilized soil. In the flowing culture solution inoculation significantly increased )M production of 8 cassava cv. with the intermediate concn of IALM P, whereas there was no effect on maize, rice, common beans and cowpeas. These crops produced max yields at 1,01 P, while cassava required at least 10,uM P. With concn of 10 and lO0,uM P, the roots of inoculated cassava plants did not present mycorthizal infection whereas with a low concn of 0.1uM P, roots showed a high infection but this had no signif­ icant effect on yields. Some of the implications of the apparent dependency between cassava and mycorrhizae are discussed. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) DOI COI 0062 12166 CONNOR, D. The effect of a period of water shortage on the growth and yield of cassava. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultuta Tropical. Se­ minarlo Especial. 1980. 20p. Engl., Sum. Engl., 3 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Water stress. Growth. Tuber productivity. Cultivars. Dry matter. Colombia. Drought stress was imposed on 2 cassava cv. (M Col 22 and M Mex 59) at Santander de Qui­ lichao (Colombia), by withholding rainfall from field plots (plastic covers were placed over the soil surface) for 10 wk, commencing when crops were 12 wk old. The plants were then allowed to recuperate until the expt was terminated at 10 mo. larvests were taken at inter­ vals through the growth cycle and were supplemented with measurements of fine root dis­ tribution, leaf production and senescence, soil and plant watei status, and stomatal re­ sponse. As a result of the stress, the late-developing cv. M Mex 59 actually improved its yield at 10 mo over the controls. An explanation for the behavior of both cv. is sought in the relative effects of water shortage on DM production and allocation, canopy dynamics and internal plant water relations. (Author'ssummary) DOI COI 0063 of sources of NPK on the growth and yield of [Effects P. DUANGPATRA, 12806 cassava]. In Kasetsart University. College of Agriculture. Annual report 1978. Bangkok, Thailand, 1978. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Growth. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Ammonium sulphate. Urea. Potassium chloride. Starch content. Harvest index. Thailand. To study the effect of NPK fertilizers on cassava growth and yield, a field expt was set up at the Sriracha student training farm, Cholburi province from May 1978-June 1979. The following sources of NPK were used: ammonium sulfate (20% N), urea (46% N), ammonium chloride (25% N), triple superphosphate (46% P O,), rock phosphate (33.7% P10 5 ), dl­ ammonium phosphate (18-46-0), monoammonium phosphate (11-52-0), potassium chloride (60% K2 0) and potassium sulfate (50% K 20). There were a total of 30 treatments: 24 combinations of NPK sources (3 x 4 x 2 factorials) + 4 checks (0-0-0, 0-P-K, N-O.K, N-P-O) and 2 complete fertilizers (15-15-15, 17-17-17). Each treatment was replicated 3 times and the factorials were arranged in a randomized complete block design. NPK were ap­ plied equally at 50 kg/ha in split applications: %Aat 1 mo and 'A at 4 mo after planting.

24

Fertilizers were placed in bands (6-7" long, 3-4" deep and 6-8" from each plant). Plot size was 5 x 8 m, with 1 x 1 m spacing. Roots were harvested at 12 mo and data taken on fresh root wt and starch content and HI. Regardless of source, applications of complete NPK resulted in significantly > HI and fresh root wt as compared to unfertilized plants. The latter produced 24.9 t/ha fresh roots whereas the best treatment combination (urea, diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate) gave the highest yield (40.7 t/ha). Nevertheless, HI and fresh root yield, as affected by various treatment combinations and sources of materials, did not show significant differences. The results indicated that the fertility status of this soil (Sattahip series) is low and any form of the NPK materials employed can be used with equal effectiveness. As for starch content, application of NPK in any form had no significant effect on increasing %starch. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI 0064 12081 EZEILO. W.N.O. The effect of fertilizers and other inputs on yield and nutritive value of cassava and other tropical root crops. In Fertilizer use and production of carbohydrates and lipids. Worblaufen-Berni, Switzerland. International Potash Institute, 1978. pp.193-207. Engl., Sum. Engl.. 48 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Nutritional requirements. Fertilizers. Productivity. Yams. Sweet-potatoes. Potatoes. Cocoyams. Soil requirements. Climatic requirements. Cultivars. Nigeria. Nutrient requirements, fertilizcrsvar. and physical effects iclimate. soils, fallows) affecting crop yield and farm management problems in humid tropical areas of growing cassava, yams, sweet potatoes. potatoes and cocoyams ared iscussed in relation to present world productionand future world needs, with specific examples being given from Nigerian data. The Nigerian National Accelerated Food Production project is outlined, and examples of the effectiveness of fertilizers applied in a "package" of improved practices are drawn from results achieved in cassava cultivation in this project. (Summary by Soils and Ferzilizers Abstracts) DOI D03 0065 12145 FORNO, D.A., ASHER, C.J. and EDWARDS, D.G. Boron nutrition of cassava, and the boron x temperature interaction. Field Crops Research 2:265-279. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 21 Refs., Ilius. Cassava. Boron. laboratory experiments. Cuttings. Nutrient solution. Temperature. Mineral deficiencies. Growth. Analysis. Cultivars. Plant assimilation. Toxicity. Roots. Tuber produc­ tivity. Nutritional requirements. Australia. Rooted stem tip cuttings of 5 cassava cv. grew well in .acomplete nutrient solution contain­ ing 46,M B when the solution temp was maintained at 28 or 330 C,but developed severe B­ deficiency symptoms at 180 C. Mild symptoms of B deficiency were observed also at a solu­ tion temp of 230 C. The diagnosis of B deficiency was confirmed both by plant analysis and by the induction of identical symptoms in a subsequent expt in which the solution temp was held constant at 250 C and the B supply varied. In this latte Iexpt with cv. Mameya, the critical B cor cn in the ptant tops was estimated at ca. 17,ug.g- dry wt for deficiency and ca. 140.ug.gil for toxicity. The B x temp interaction in cv. Mameya and Seda was further explored over the temp range 19-401C with 4 levels of B supply, ranging from deficient to toxic. Susceptibility of cassava to B deficiency at suboptimal root temp was due in part to a lowering of the rate of B uptake/unit root wt and in part to a reduction in the relative size of the root system. (Author's summary) D01 COI 0066 12148 IRIKURA, Y., COCK, J.H. and KAWANO, K. The physiological basis of genotype-temperature interactions in cassava. Field Crops Research 2:227-239. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 11 Refs., Illus.

25

Cassava. Cultivars. Field experiments. Plant height Temperature. Harvesting. Timing. Leaf area. Tuber productivity. Colombia. Four different cassava var. of low, medium, high and very high vigor were planted at 3 sites 0 12 and 16 mo. After 12 mo with mean temp of 20, 24 and 28 C.Harvesting was done at 8, 0 least (9 t/ha) at 281C. Popayin, the most vigorous var., yielded most (29 t/ha) at 20 C and 0 0 M Colombia 22, the least vigorous var., yielded least (9 t/ha) at 20 Cand the most at 28 C the value, this Above sites. 3 in all of LAI (39 t/ha). Rate of root DM incmease was max at an rate of root DM increase decreased. The same phenotype yields well over a wide range of temp, but the genotype is different. (Author v summary) DOI D02 COO 0067 1(0637 KANAPATHY, K. Tapioca (Afanihol urilissimna).In_ Guide to fertilizer use in Peninsular Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Bulletin no. 143. 1976. pp.65-69. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Magnesium. Mineral deficiencies. Ca. Copper. Analysis. Leaves. Nutrient uptake. Malaysia. Cassava is grown on a wide var. of soils in Peninsular Malaysia. A summary of nutrient requirements ispresented, based on the uptake of N. P20 5, K20 and MgO needed to produce 16.6 t fresh root yield/ac/yr. Nutrients available to cassava and fertilizer assessment (based on foliar analysis) are discussed. Nutrient-deficiency symptoms are described for N, P, K, Ca and Cu. Fertilizer recommendations are given for Ist, 2nd and subsequent cassava crops when grown on coastal alluvial soils, upland sedentary and peat soik. (Summarr bY LM.F) DOI 0068 12147 KEATING, B.A. and EVENSON, J.P. Effect of soil temperature on sprout­ ing and sprout elongation of stem cuttings of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Field Crops Research 2:241-251. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 16 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Laboratory experiments. Temperature. Germination. Cuttings. Shoots. Cultivars. Australia. The effect of soil temp on the sprouting and sprout elongation of cassava stem cuttings was studied in lab incubators and in the field. The min temp for sprouting and sprout elongation 0 was between 12-17 0 C, while the max was between 36-40 C. Optimum temp for sprouting was 28.5 0 C for cv. MAus 7 and 300 for MAus 10. There was no significant difference between constant and alternating temp below the optimum. While the rate of sprout elonga­ tion vs. temp-response curve was shown to be quadratic over a wide temp range, it was linear over the range of temp normalY experienced in the field. Linear heat units or growing-day degrees calculated from the lab incubator studies were shown to be useful0 in prediction of field emergence rates. Approx 210 growing-day degrees above a base of 13 C were found to be necessary for 500/o emergenc; of cv. MAus 10, from a planting depth of 10 cm. (Authorr summary) DOI COI 0069 12830 KUBOTA, T. et aL [Effects of some soil management practices on moisture regime and growth of cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.60. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Soil moisture. Ploughing. Growth. Tuber productivity. Thailand. The effect of different soil moisture conservation methods (deep plowing to 40 cm, rice straw mulching, incorporation of rice straw into the soil and the combination of these 3

26

methods) on soil moisture status of Hualpong soil in Rayong province was studied. Soil samples ranging from the surface up to 1 m deep were collected monthly to determine the soil moisture regime. Deep plowing resulted in lower soil moisture content during the dry .qcson than conventional plowing. Although the former enhanced vegetative growth of cassava in the early stage, root yield did not differ markedly from the latter. In addition stem lodging was more frequent in the deep-plowing treatment. Incorporation of rice straw in the soil did not improve soil moisture status, especially during the dry season. On the other hand, mulching the soil surface with 4.4 t rice straw/ha was more suitable for conserving the moisture in Hualpong soil than the other methods. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI 0070 12807 KURAMAROHIT, K., RATTANARAT, S. and TIRAPORN, S. [Studies on the influences of secondary and minor elements on cassava grown on Sattahip soilsi. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperations. Division on Field Crops. Annual report 1976. Bangkok, 1976. pp.204-205. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Soil fertility. Fertilizers. Ca. Magnesium. Iron. Manganese. Copper. Zn. Boron. Molybdenum. Starch content. Tuber productivity. Growth. Thailand. To determine the response of cassava to secondary and minor elements, 2 field -rials u :re set up on low-fertility soils (Sattahip series) from 1976-77. BdmIl fertilizer was applied at 280 kg/ha each of N-P 2O,-K 2 0. Secondary elements were applied in the form of CaSO and 4 MgSO 4 at a rate of 469 and 63 kg/ha, resp. Chelated forms of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B as borax powder and Mo as sodium molybdate were used as sources of minor elements. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn and B compounds were applied at 31 kg/ha and Mo at 2.5 kg/ha. All secondary and minor elements were banded 15 cm from the plant row. Data were taken on starch content and fresh wt of the root. In general,applications of secondary and minor elements did not increase root wt; on the contrary, application of B and Mo with NPK markedly depressed -plant growth and thus reduced yield. At one location, however, applications of Mn and Zn resulted in higher starch content of the roots; this soil seemed to be deficient in Mn and Zn for better quality roots but sufficient in secondary elements. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) DOI 0071 9569 MANDIOCA. (Cassava). In Zoneamento agroclimitico do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agro­ pecuidia. Circular no. 50. 1974. pp. 64-67. Port., Illus. Cassava. Climatic requirements. Plant geography. Maps. Brazil. Approx 140/o of the total area planted to cassava in Brazil is located in Rio Grande do Sul. This region has been divided into preferential, tolerant, marginal and unsuitable areas, according to the climatic requirements, temp and hydric conditions necessary for cassava cultivation. The zonation and climatic characteristics of each area (also represented in map form) are included. (Summary by L.M.F. DOI 0072 12019 MARZOLA, D.L. and BARTHOLOMEW, D.P. Photosynthetic pathway and biomass energy production. Science 205(4406):555-559. 1979. Eng., Sum. Engl., 61 Refs. Cassava. Climatic requirements. Starch productivity. Photosynthesis. Water requirements (plant). The current interest in locating new or alternative sources ofenergy has focused attention on solar energy capture by crops that can be subsequently utilized as a substitute for fossil fuels. The very

27

high productivity of sugar cane and the fact that it accumulates sugars that are directly fermentable to alcohol may have caused seemingly less productive crops, such as pineapple and cassava, to be overlooked. Environmental requirements, productivity and efficiency ofwateruse and energy requirements for production are discussed for these 3 crops, with emphasis on pineapple. (Author's summary) DOI 0073 12815 NAKVIROJ, P., KANAKORN, P. and SAWADEEPIBOON, S. [A study on Ministry the nitrogen uptake of cassava and its fertilizer application]. In Thailand. 6 of Agriculture. Progress research report. Bangkok, 1971. pp.1430-143 . Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. N. Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Thaimd. The effect of 3 levels of N (50.100-150 kg/ha) in combination with 100 kg P20, and 50 kg K1 0/ha on cassava yield was studied in 5 expt (2 in Cholburl, 2 in Korat and 1 in Rayong) from 1970-71, using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each ferti­ lizer treatment was split into 3 equal parts and applied in bands at 1, 2%4and 4 mo after planting. There was no significant response to N in 1 expt at Cholburi and both expt at Korat, whereas at Rayong and in 1 expt at Cholburi, root yields were higher in the N treatments although there was no marked difference among the N rates. Based on the results of the 1971 expt, it was concluaed that 50-100 kg N/ha in combination with 100 kg P1O0 and 50 kg K.0/ha was suitable for high root production. (Summary by Kasetsart Unyer­ sity) DOI D03 0074 et aL. [Cassava lertilizer trial]. In Thailand. V. 11821 NOP-AMORNBORDEE, Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemistry Section. Progress report for 1970. 92 Bangkok, 1971?. pp.1086-10 . Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. Cultivation. Soil fertility. Field experiments. N. P.K. Green manures. Tuber productivity. Thailand. A long-term expt (1968-1972) isstudying crop performance and economic returns from different fertilizer treatments and the maintenance of soil fertility by fertilization. The Ist phase. terminated in 1967, consisted of the following treatments in Rayong Province: 50-50-25, 50-5U­ 50: 75-75-119;and 1.9 t compost +25-25-12.5 kg N-P20 5-K20/ha. The 2nd phase (1964-68), conducted on a farmer's field in Pechaburt and at the exptl station in Rayong, had the following treatments: control, 50-50-25; 50-50-50; 3.6 tcompost +31.2-18.8-6.25; and 2.5 t compost +25-25­ 12.5 kg N-P20 5-K 20/ha. Results showed that long-term fertilization was able to maintain high root yield at these 2 sites. The rate of 50-50-25 was considered economical for maintaining soil fertility in long-term cropping. (Surnmary by Kaset.art University) DO1

0075 11799 NOP-AMORNBORDEE, V. et aL. [The effect of different methods of applying slow-release nitrogen fertilizers on cassava yield] . In Thailand. Depart­ ment of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemistry Section. Annual report for 1967. Bangkok, 1968?. pp.1114-1119. Thal., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. Urea. Tuber productivity. Thailand. An evaluation was made of slow-release N fertilizers at 3 sites, using arandomized complete block design with 6 treatments (split plot size was 5 x 12 m) and 4 replications. The ferti­ lizers studied were isobutyridine diurea (IB) (15-15-15), crotonyidene diurea (CDU) (15­

28

15-15), guanyl urea phosphate salt (GUP) (12-18-16), AUF, a urea-formaldehyde group (41-0-0) and urea. All the slow-release N fertilizers were broadcast at planting; 1/2 the urea was applied at planting, 1/2 at 90 days. All treatments received superphosphate and KCI to provide 50, 75 and 62.5 kg N, P2 0 and K2 0, resp. These slow-release fertilizers gave good yields, but differences were not staIstically significant. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) DOI 0076 11822 NOP-AMORNBORDEE, V.ei al. [The studies on long-term maintenance of soil fertility of the cassava planting area]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemistry Section. Progress report for 1970. Bangkok, 1971?. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Fertilizers. Cultivation. Soil fertility. N. P. K. Green manures. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Studies are being conducted to obtain more information on the improvement of soil fertility for long-term cassava production and the economic use of fertilizer for different soil conditions. Treatments were as follows: control, 75-75-35.5 and 75-75-75 kg N-P20 5-K2 0 + green manure. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used; the planting area was 10 x 15 m/treatment. Plots with green manure were planted to a legume for a suitable period, after which the plants were cut and incorporated in the soil. Results of the Ist yr indicated that root yield due to chemical fertilizer +green manure was not significantly different from chemical fertilizer alone although the former was markedly different from the control. In the 2nd crop, a similar trend of response was observed. Although the difference between chemical fertilizer alone and chemical fertilizer + green manure was not significant, the former produced relatively lower yields. (Summary by Kasetsarr University) DOI D03 0077 12051 NORMANHA, E.S. Experiencias de aduba* da mandloca no Fatado de Sid Paulo. (Cassava fertilization experiences In the state of Sio Paulo).Cam­ pinas, Sio Paulo, Brasil, Instituto Agronbmico, 1955? 12p. Port., Sum. Port., 3 Refs. Paper presented at Reunlio Brasileira de Ciencia do Solo, 3a., 1955?. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. Ammonium sulphate. Calcium superpl'osphate. Potassium chloride. Germination. Tuber productivity. Plant development. Cultivars. Brazil. The results obtained in 14 fertilization trials on cassava crops in 4 regions of the state of Slo Paulo are analyzed: Sorocaba (glacial soil and/or Salmourio), Tiet8 (glacial soil and its mixture with CorumbateO, Aetras (mixed terra roxa) and Roseira (tertiary). The fertilizers used were ammonium sulfate (200/o N - 400 kg/ha), calcium superphosphate (200/o P2 0 5 ­ 600 kg/ha) and potassium chloride (500/o K2 0 - 120 kg/ha). The treatments studied were separate application of these fertilizers and in combinations of two. Applications were made soil-incorporated in the rows before planting. It was concluded that this application was harmful for the sprouts on the cuttings, especially at high rates and with ammonium sul­ tte. A favorable effect of P fertilizer was found on poor glacial soils and in mixed terra roxa. In Salmourlo soil, where cassava yields were very low, P and N fertilizers were the best. These trials served as a basis for the development of trials on other soil types and of different aspects such as the method of applying fertilizers, economical levels and green manure combinations. (Summary by F.G. Trans.by L.M.F.) DOI C01 0078 12040 NORMANHA, E.S.A. Informaes complementares part adubaj[o da mandioca. (Cassava fertilization). Agron'mico 11:7-8. 1959. Port.

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Cassava. Fertilizers. pH. Soil amendments. Agricultural lime. N. P. K. Green manures. Brazil. A summary is made offertilization practices, emphasizing acid soils that need correction (liming) before applying the fertilizer, so that this will be effective. Liming isrecommended before planting legumes that are to be used as green manure. P and K fertilizer should be applied to planting furrows and N fertilizers to the surface. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by LM.F.) DO1

0079 12285 NUGROHO, J.H. and DHARMAPUTRA, T.S. The effect of nitrogen ferti. lizer and organic matter on the yield of Mukibat cassava. Agrivita 2(6):21-27. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 9 Refs. Cassava. Mukibat system. Fertilizers. N. Field experiments. HCN content. Starch content. Fibre content. Dry matter. Tubers. Plant height. Indonesia. Four rates of N (75-150 kg N/ha) and 3 rates of OM (0-50 t/ha) were applied to Mukibat cassava cv. Faroka at 2 locations in Indonesia (1977-78) and 3 levels of N (60-150 kg N/ha) and the same rates of OM were applied at 3 locations in 1976-78. There was no yield re­ sponse to N; thus the optimum rate was < 100 kg N/haOM increased yields on a sandy alluvium soil at Tapan but did not affect yields at the other sites. There were 2-fold differ­ ences in yield at Tapan between 1976-78 and 1977-78 due to excessive rainfall and the shorter growing season (12 vs. 15 mo) in 1977-78. N fertilizer increased the HCN content in the roots,but OM decreased HCN content at 2 sites. (Author's summary) DOI C03 D03

0080 12075 OLIVEIRA, L.E.M. DE Crescimento e comportamento nutricional de cul­ tivares de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) submetidos a n(veis de aluminlo. (Growth and nutritional rcsponsc of cassava cultivars to different levels of alum­ num). Tese Mag. Sc. Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, Universidade Federal de Viqosa, 1979. 50p. Port., Sum. Port., 53 Refs. Cassava. Nutrient solution. Aluminium. Cultivars. Toxicity. Growth. Roots. Dry matter. P. Absorption. K. Ca. Magnesium. Petioles. Field experiments. Analysis. Brazil The response of 3 cassava cv. (Branca de Santa Catarina, Vassourinha SEL-514 and Riqueza) to 0, 5 and 10 ppm Al in solution culture was studied to determine var. differences in toler­ ance and to obtain information on toxicity mechanisms. Plants were obtained from the rooting of shoots, treatments lasting 20 days. The frist visible symptoms of Al toxicity were manifested by the inhibition of root growth and the development of moiphologically abnor­ mal roots. Al reduced the no. of leaves, plant height, total and specific leaf areas and DM content of leaf blades, petiole, stein and roots of the 3 cv. The part most affected by toxic­ ity was tile petiole. A differential tolerance of the cv. to Al was shown at 5 ppm; Branca de Santa Catarina presented the < decrease in growth, Riqueza the > and Vassourinha SEL 514, intermediate. Al content in the root system of Vassourinha SEL-514 and Riqueza gradually increased with the addition of this cation to the solution culture, but in Branca de Santa Catarina, the increase was stabilized at 5 ppm. In Santa Catarina and Riqueza, the Al treatment did not alter the content of this cation in the aerial part; at 10 ppm, it increased in the leaf blades and petiole of Vassourinha SEL-514. The presence of Al in culture media decreased the content of P in the aerial part and increased P in the root systems of all cv. On the av, the depressive effects of Al on K, Ca and Mg contents were > in the root sys­ tem than in the aerial part. Al decreased water uptake and content of the 3 cv. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F. DOI Col

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0081 12200 PILLAI, K.G. and GEORGE, C.M. Studies on the response N, P and K in conjunctlon: with Ca on the growth and yield of tapioca (Manihot utilma Pohl) var. "Malayan.4". Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 16(1):43-48. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., Hindi, 9 Refs.

Cauava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Ca. Growth. Tuber productivity. Plant height. Branching. India.

A field expt was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala to determine the response of 3 levels of N (50-100-150 kg N/ha), P (0-50-100 kg P2O 5 /ha) and K (100-150­ 200 kg K2 0/ha) in conjunction with Ca (0-600-1200 kg CaO/ha) on growth and yield of cassava var. Malayan-4, grown on acid red loam soils. Plant height and wt of the aerial part were generally increased by N and K, while branching of stems and no. of roots was in­ creased by N and Ca. Higher levels of N, K and Ca increased root 0; root yield was increased by all 4 elements. Application of 100 kg N, 50 kg P 05 and 150 kg K20 in conjunction with 600 kg CaO/ha was most promising for max root 2yield of this var. (,4uthor'ssummary) DOI D03 0082 12078 PRAGAS DA MANDIOCA slo: broca das ramas, henva dos brbtos e mando­ ravi. (Cassava pests: termites, shoot fliesand the hornworm). Agricultura e Pecuirla no. 542:40. 1969. Port. Cassava. Land preparation. Fertilizers. Planting. Spacing. Cultivars. Harvesting. Silba pendu. la. Erinnyis eio. Coptotermes. Brazil. Recommendations are given on cassava cultivation: land preparation, fertilization, var. according to their use, planting density, harvest, control of principal pests: shoot flies (Silba pendula), termites (Coptotermes spp.) and the hornworm (Erinnyls ello), and the CBB. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) DOI D02 FO 0083 12042 SANTANA, A.C. and RAMOS, J.G.A. Sistema de produq'o para mandio­ ca no estado de Goiis. (Cassava production system for the state of Goids, Brazil). In Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecudria. Projeto Mandioca. Relat6rio Tdcni­ co 1978. Goifinia-GO, Brasil, 1979. pp.103-111. Port. Cassava. Cultivars. Adaptation. Fertilizers. Harvesting. Timing. Harvest index. Starch con­ tent. Dry matter. Technological package. Brazil. A randomized block design with 3 replications was used to evaluate the adaptation of cassava var. Vassourinha, Vassour'o, Cacau de Goiinia, Selva ou Catalana, Branca de Luzil­ nia and P2o-da-China on a dark red latosol under the conditions of the state of Goiis. Part of the soil was fertilized with 70, 50, 50 and 35 kg of P 0 5 , K2 0, N Ind FME I (FME I 80/o Zn, 90/o B2 0 3 , 80/o Fe2 0 15O/o MnO 0.2 0 o MoO , 1.50/o CuO); the other part was left in its natural state. Harvesting was done at 10, 14 and 18 mo. Data are presen. ted in table form on branch and root production, fIl, relation between roots and branches, starch content, starch production/ha and root DM. The last 3 were obtained with the Grossman & Freitas method using a hydrostatic balance. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M. F.) DOI D02 0084 11896 SEREEPONK. S. [Study on the effect of different fertilizer formulas on yield of cassava]. In Khon Kaen University. Research Reports 1975. Khon Kaen, Thailand, Faculty of Agriculture, 1977. rp. 204- 2 08. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Fertilizers. Productivity. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Thailand.

31

A response to fertilizer application was found in cassava as measured by fresh root yield. The primary factor limiting (o cassava production was K. Formulas of 6-12-12 and 6-6-12gave yields of 2939 kg and 2753 kg/ rai (6.25 rai - I ha), resp. There was no significant difference between the 2: thus the latter is more favorable. (Author's summary) DOI D03

0085 11834 SITIIlBUT, C., UTAYOPAT, P. and NAKAVIROJ, C. [A study on the methods of fertilizer application for cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop 24 25 Division. Progress report for 1973. Bangkok, 1974?. pp.1 -1 . Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. Field experiments. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Expt were conducted on 3farmers' fields in Rayong, Cholburi and Korat to evaluate 4methods of fertilizer application: (I) broadcast, soil-incorporated before planting, (2) band application in the furrow, 15 cm deep. before planting, (3) band applications - 1/2 in the furrow, 15cm deep, before planting and 1/2. 20cm from the plants at 4 mo.and (4)1 /2 broadcast and soil incorporated, 1/2 band applied, 20cm from the plants at 4 mo. Fertilizer rates were 50-50-25 and 100-100-50 kg N­ P20.S-K,O/ha. It was interesting to note that there were significant differences among the methods only at Korat. where no. 3 gave highest yields. The higher fertilizer rate markedly increased yield at all locations, but especially at Rayong and Cholburi where the soil texture is sandy loam. Regardless of application method, the higher fertilizer treatment yielded more (33.65 t vs. 28.01 t for the lower treatment). (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0086 11835 SITHIBUT, C., UTAYAPAT, P. and NAKAVIROJ, C. [A study on the method of fertilizer application for cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Section. Progress report on soils and fertilizer studies of field crops for 1974. Bangkok, 72 75 1975?. pp.1 -1 . Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. Soil fertility. Production. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Thailand. Expt were conducted at 3 different sites to determine the suitable fertilizer application methods for increasing cassava production on low-fertility soils. At Rayong, the soil is asandy clay loam, pH 5.6, 1.49% OM, 14.5 ppm P and 70 ppm K; at Cholburi, sandy loam, pH 5.3, 0.72% OM, 2.8 ppm P and 39 ppm K; at Korat, sandy loam, pH 6.2,0.64% OM, 7.0 ppm P and 38 ppm K. Four methods were used to apply 50-50-25 and 100-100-25 kg N-P 2 0 5 -K 20/ha: (1) broadcast and incorporated in the soil before planting; (2) band applied in the furrow, 15 cm deep, before planting; (3) 1/ 2band applied in the furrow, 15 cm deep, before planting and 1/2 side-dressed, 20 cm from the planting row, at the 4th mo; and (4)1 / 2 broadcast and incorporated in the soil before planting and 1/2 side-dressed, 20 cm from the planting row, at the 4th mo. The treatments were arranged in a 2x 4 factorial expt in a randomiied complete block design with 4 replications. Each treatment occupied 8 x 10 m, and plants were spaced at I x I m. Treatment 2produced the highest fresh root yields at all locations. (Summnary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0087 11836 SITIIBUT, C. et al. [A study on methodsoffertilizer application forcassava].in Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Section. Progress report on soils and fertilizer studies of field crops for 1975. Bangkok. 1976?. pp.402-413. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Soil fertility. Fertilizers. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Thailand. Expt were conducted at Rayong, Cholburi and Korat, where soil fertility is low. to determine the

32

most effective method for improving ca,,,,ava root yield. Two fertilier rates (50-50-50 and 100­ 100-100 kg N-P 2 O.,-K 2 O/ha) were applied using 4 methods: (I) broadcast before planting, (2) band applied in the furrows before planting. 3) hand applied. 20 cm from the planting row, at 2 mo. and (4) band applied. 50 cm from the planting row. at 2mo. A I x I m spacing was used, and 5 x 17 m was required for each treatment. Harvesting %%asdone in only 45 m! at 12 mo. Although there was no significant difference i n yields, treatment%, 2-4 tended to produce higher yields than the broadcasting method. (Sumnmary h Kaseiart Uiveriti) DOI D03 0088 12829 SITIBOOT, C. et aL [Cassava fertilizer trials on farmed'fleldas. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.59. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Income.Thailand. The effect of compound fertilizer (15-15-15) at the rate of 0-312.5-625-1250 kg/ha on fresh root yield of cassava was studied at 4 sites in Cholburi Province (Sattahip soil series) from 1977-78. The fertilizer was applied in spots between plants at 1 mo. Results of the study showed that the addition of 315.5, 625 and 1250 kg fertilizer/ha increased production by 14, 22 and 35%,resp. An economic analysis is made of the net profits from these 3 treat­ ments, the 2nd being the most profitable, followed by no. 1 and 3. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0089 12822 SITIBOOT, C. et al. (A comparative study on the efficiency of Thai rock phosphate and double superphosphate on cassava yieldl. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. Thai., Sum. Engl. CaISavA.

Fertilizers. Field experiments. P. Soil fertility. Tuber productivity. Thailand.

The efficiency of Thai rock phosphate from Lampoon (34% total and 6% available P2 O,) and superphosphate (40% available P2 O) was studied with regard to root yield of cassava planted at 3 sites where available soil P was low. Prior to planting, 50 or 100 kg P 2 0/ha was applied from each source. There were no marked differences between P levels or sources. It is suggested that 11 ppm available P (Bray 1I) is sufficient for high root produc­ tion on these soils. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0090 12817 SITIBOOT, C., NAKVIROJ, C. and UTTAYOPAS, P. IDetermination of suitable time for the second application of nitrogen for cassaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1973. Bangkok, 1973. pp.126-127. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. Timing. Growth. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Loss of N fertilizer by leaching, especially where soil texture was sandy, makes the use of this fertilizer inefficient in cassava fields. Expt were conduacted in 4 farmers' fields (2 in Rayong, 1 in Cholburi and I in Korat) where N had never been applied before to determine the best time for the 2nd application of N when the 1st half had been applied before planting. There were 6 different application times: 1-5 mo after planting and all at planting. There were no marked differences among treatments although applying all the N before planting gave slightly lower root yield than the split applications. Although yield response to different application times was not consistent among the different locations, it was improved by applying the 2nd ii,.if !'fN I ma after planting. Furthermore, this treatment produced a lower top/root ratio. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03

33

0091 12818 SITIBOOT, C. et al. IDetermination of suitable time for the second applica­ tion of nitrogen for cassaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Progress report in soil and fertilizer studies. Bangkok, 1974. pp.176-180. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. Timing. Soil analysis. Tuber productivity. Thailand. The main objetive of this study was to determine the best time for the 2nd application of N for growing cassava in Rayong, Cholburi and Korat provinces. The pH, OM content (%), available P and exchangeable K, resp., of these soils are as follows: Rayong (5.9, 1.19, 22.1, 49) Cholburi-I (5.4, 0.93, 2.8, 29), Cholbur-2 (4.9, 0.75, 15.5, 24) and Korat (5.5, 0.94, 35.7, 54). Treatments were 100-100-50 kg N-PO,-K 2 0/ha-all applied before or at plant­ ing, or ' N before planting and the 2nd half at 1-5 mo after planting. There were no signifl­ cant differences among treatments, the single application producing slightly less than the split applications. It was noted that yield could be improved by applying the 2nd half of N 1 mo after planting. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0092 12820 SITIBOOT, C. et a. (Determination of suitable time for the second appli­ cation of nitrogen for cassaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Progress report on soil and fertilizer for field crop. Bangkok, 1976. pp. 414-424. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. Timing. Tuber productivity. Thailand. An evaluation was made of the best time for the 2nd application of N fertilizer at 4 sites (1 each at Rayong and Khon Kaen and 2 at Korat). Treatments were 100-100-50 kg N­ P2 O.-K2 0/ha-ail applied before planting, or '%N before planting and the 2nd half at 1-5 mo after planting. There were no marked differences among times of 2nd application; therefore, a single application of N before planting is suitable for cassava production under these conditions. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) DOI D03 0093 12826 SITIBOOT, C. et al. [Influences of N and K fertilization on starch content and yields of cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual ieport for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.56. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. N. K. Fertilizers. Starch content. Tuber productivity. Thailand. The effect of N and K fertilization (0-100-200 kg N or KO/ha) on root yield and starch content was studied on 2 soils (Sattahip and Korat series) from 1977-78, using a factorial expt arranged in a randomized complete block design. All plots received 100 kg P,0,/ha. Half the N and K was applied at 1 mo and ' at 3 mo. There was no marked effect of N and K on fresh root yield or starch content, especially on the Sattahip soil. On the Korat soil, on the other hand, increasing N and K levels tended to increase root yield markedly, but no effect on starch content was observed. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 C03 0094 12825 SITIBOOT, C. et aL (Long-term fertilizer experiment with cassavaL. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.52. Thal, Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. Timing. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Green manures. Growth. Thailand. An expt was conducted at 3 different locations to study the effect of annual fertilizer appli­

34

cations on cassava yield. In this long-term study each plot received the same fertilizer rate each yr. In addition to chemical fertilizers, there were 2 organic fertilizer treatments: compost and green manure. Results of the past 3 yr indicate that yearly applications of 50­ 50-50 kg N- P, 0,-K2 O/ha did not significantly improve root yield although the treatment gave slightly better vegetative growth than the control. Application of 13.5 t compost/ha also resulted in better crop performance, probably due to the improvement of soil physical properties, as well as the nutritional status of the soil. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI D03 0095 12828 SITIBOOT, C. etaL [Responses to potassium fertilizerof cassava grown on Yasothon and Korat soils]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Divi­ sion. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.58. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. K. G.'Nwth. Tuber productivity. Tlhailand.

The growth response of cassava to different tates of K fertilizer was studied on Yasothon and Korat soils on farmers' fields in Korat and Khon Kaen provinces, where available K was low (18 and 20 ppm K, resp.). The K treatments were 0-50-100-200-400 kg K2 0/ha, and all plots receivei 100 kg N and P2 Os/ha. Results clearly indicated that theie was a higher response of cassava growth to K fertilization on the Korat soil, where production on plots receiving 200 kg K2 0 was 46.25 t/ha vs. 28.12 t for the control (an increase of 64%). On the Yasothon soil, the same level of K gave an increase of only 21% (28.75 vs. 23.75 t/ha for the control). Response to 50 and 100 kg K2 0 followed the same trends at both locations; on the Korat soil root yields increased 49-60% and on the Yasothon soil, only 7-16%. (Sum­ mary by Kasetsart University) DO 1CO 1 D03

0096 12827 SITIBOOT, C. et al. [A study on the suitable time of potassium application to cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1977. Bangkok, 1977. p.57. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. Timing. K. Planting. Field experiments. Thailand. Previous studies revealed that cassava responded poorly to K fertilization in soils fairly low in available K. Continuous cropping without adding K caused the depletion of this element in the soil. Expt were conducted on Korat and Sattahip soils from 1977-78 to determine the best timing for K fertilization (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mo after planting). There war io significant difference among these times although the application at 2 mo tended to be the most suitable time for the Korat soil, while 3 mo was better for the Sattahip s, il. (Summary by Kasetsart University) DOI

0097 1212 SOUZA, T.S. Mandioca: outra op92o. (Cassava,apromisingcrop). IPAGRO Informa no. 10:13-16. 1974. Port., Illus. Cassava. Fertilizers. Agricultural lime. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Brazil. The effects of lime and 6 levels of NPK on the production of cassava roots and branches were evaluated at the Phytotechnical Exptl Station at Taquari (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). The NPK treatments used were: 0-0-0, 0-260-120, 40-260-120, 80-0-120, 80-130-120 and 80-260-120 kg/ha; the soil was amended with 3500 t/ha of CaCO3. With just the soil amend­ ment, yields increased ca. 400/o, obtaining an av of 8 t/ha. Ca 1 NPK produced yields of almost 20 t/ha. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) DOI D03

35

0098 11897 SUTHIPRADIT, S., MONGKOLSAWAT, C. and KATAWETIN, R. Studleson mlcrovarlability. In Khon Kaen University. Annual Report 1977. Khon Kaen, Thailand, Faculty of Agriculture, 1978. pp.114-123. Engi. Cassava. Growth. Soil fertility. Soil analysis. Thailand. Soil heterogeneity is a serious problem in the exptl fields at Khon Kaen U. (Thailand). To determine causes of scattered poor plant growth and ways to correct this, 3 studies were conducted: (I) soil profile across a variability gradient, (2) effects of OM and fertilizer on growth of sorghum in a poor soil, and (3) preliminary study of 8 crop species performance across a variability gradient. In general soil fertility, availability of macronutrients and CEC were very low; but there was no clear evidence as to why crop performances differed in these spots. Studies on additional elements such as Zn are recommended. In the 3rd study, peanuts were the most tolerant to soil heterogeneity. Cassava, Hibiscus cannabinus and cowpeas were affected but not as much as mung beans, sorghum, soybeans and maize. (Summary by TB.) DOI 0099 11829 THAILAND. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY SECilION. [Correlation of fertilizer application, soil chemical analysis and nutrient absorption of cassava (1969)]. In. Progress report for 1969. Bangkok, 1970r. pp.172-190. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. P. K. Soil analysis. Soil fertility. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Expt were conducted at Rayong. Cholburi and Korat toevaluatethe responseof cassava to PK fertilizer levels. Root yields and available P and K from soil chemical analyses were used to calculate the efficiency of fertilizer application according to field calibration, using the equation, log (A-Y) = log A-CI h + cx. The response curve was used as a basis for fertilizer rate recommendations. In the P fertilizer expt, 4 levels of P20 5(0-37.5-75-112.5 kg/ha) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with 4replications. N and K" 1 12.5kg N and 75 k K20) were applied equally to all plots. A 2nd set of expt tested the response of cassava to 4 K levels (0-37.5-75-112.5 kg K20) with 112.5 kg N and 112.5 kg P20/ha. There was no marked response to P at Korat and Rayong, where available P inthe soil ranged from 8-21 ppm. Under these conditions, P fertilizer will not increase yield significantly if soil-available P is> 8 ppm. At Cholburi, where soil-available Pis only 3ppm, the addition of P increased root yield significantly over that of the control; however, there was no marked difference among Plevels. On the other hand, K fertilizer improved root yield significantly only when soil-available K was production was obtained with var. Jaravd (51.1 t/ha); (3) studies on crop association and rotation, climatic effects, weed control, use of mulching and cattle fattening, both in the field and in confinement and (4) obtainment of new clones. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. DOI JOO 0115 12188 LOZANO, J.C. Posibles efectos del ecosistema en algunas especies de culti­ vos tropicales. (Possibleeffects of the ecosystem on some speciesof tropical crops). Fitopatologia Colombiana 7(2):94-107. 1978. Span., 37 Refs., Illus.

Cassava. Climatic requ'rements. Soil requirements. Phoma. Glomerella manihotis. Xantho­ monas manihotis. Sphaceloma mianihoticola. Cercospora vicosac Cercospora caribaea. Injurious mites. Aonidoinytilus albus. Injurious insects. Cultivars. Tuber productivity. Resistance. Ecosystems. Colombia. Some characteristics of cassava cultivation, the center of origin and the traditional cropping system are discussed. On the basis of these considerations, some hypotheses are proposed: (1) The existence and/or the severity of diseases and pests in cassava arc correlated with the characteristics of the ecosystem. (2) Pathogens and pests lack pathogenic specialization. (3) The resistance of clones to negative production factors (NPFs) seems to be stable. (4) Cassava clones are regional cv. adapted to a specific ecosystem or one similar, but not to a different one. (5) Cassava is resistant to the majority of the factors found in ecosystems since it has been selected under a wide range of ecosystems. (6) It is possible to find clones resistant to all NPFs existing in a determined ecosystem. (7) To improve and produce var. with extensive resistance, the decentralization of breeding programs issuggested. (8) Finally, a plan to obtain yield Increases is presented: a) the use of improved cultural practices with local var., b) the use of local selected vat. and c) genetic improvement. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. D01 GO 0116 de dos dosis de abonamiento nitrogenado so­ Influencia J.C. B., 13478 BERNUY bre el proceso de formaci6n de las racices reservantes y el irea foliar en el cultivo de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Effect of two rates of nitrogen fertilization Tisis on the formation process of the rootsand the leaf areain cassava cultivation). 4 Ing. Agr. Lima, Per6, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, 1975. 6 p. Span., Sum. Span., 33 Refs., Illus.

Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. Tuber development. Leaf area. Tuber productivi­ ty. Peru. This expt was conducted at the ltichal cattle ranch that belongs to the U. Nacional Agraria La Molina (Peru). Var. Negra Mochera was utilized and submitted to 2 rates of N-fertilizers (urea): 60 and 120 kg N/ha. Six samplings were taken starting from the 5th mo after plant­ ing until the 10th mo. On the basis of these data, curves on root formation and leaf area were elaborated. .Main conclusions were: (1) There was no significant difference (at the 0.05 level) In yields between the 2 treatments. (2) The curve of root formation begins from the

42

5th mo on and notably increases until the 10th mo. (3) During the Ist 5 mo, there was a slow growth of the leaf area (LA); from the 5th-6th mo there was a marked increase equal to 76.5% of the max LA; from the 6th-10th mo, the increase was greater each time. (4) The max value found for the relation leaves/roots was 7.3 and 5 mo of age. (5) Max LAI found was 0.6, also 5 mo after planting. (Author'ssummary. Trans. by LM.F. DOI D03 0117 11776 FERNANDES, C.S. Clorose par deficlencla mangamica em mandloca: co­ municado ticnico. (Chlorosis due to manganese deficiency In cassava - technical

communication. In Reunio da Comissfo Nacional da Mandloca, 6a., Recife, Per­ nambuco, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia, Brasil, Ministrio da Agricultura. Departa­ mento Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuiria, 1972. p.53. Port. Cassava. Field experiments. Chlorosis. Mineral deficiencies. Manganese. Iron. Zn. Brazil. Trials on leaf infiltration were conducted with Reach's method and others, using Fe, Zn and Mn hydroxides and chelates to detect the cause of the chlorosls observed especially on poor

podzol and latosol soils of the NE region of Brazil. Applications were made on isolated areas (marked with a circle) of young leaves, an intense greening of the treated areas was observed after 10 days with the Mn treatment. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) DOI 0118 13298 MAGALHAES, P.C. Efeito de niveis, ipocas e localizagio do adubo poti­

ssico em mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Effect of K fertilization levels, dates and application sites on cassava). Thesis Mag. Sc. Viqosa, Minas Gerals, Uni­ versidade Federal de Viqosa, 1978. Port., Sum. Port., 37 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Fertilizers. K. Timing. Mineral content. Petioles. N. P. Ca. Magnesium. Plant height. Harvest index. Starch content. Dry matter. Tubers. Brazil. The effect of K fertilization levels, dates and application sites on cassava was studied on a red-podzol Cambico, terrace phase soil of Viqosa, Minas Gerais (Brazil). N, P, K, Ca and Mg contents of the limbus and petiole were analyzed 6 mo afterwards. Harvesting took place at 10 mo and the following parameters were determined: plant height, 0 of the stem, wt of the aerial part, no., 0, length and wt of the roots, I and starch and DM content of the roots. The limbus presented higher N, P, K contents in relation to the petiole. The K2 0 levels only affected the K content in the limbus. Application dates did not affect the studied parameters. P application in the planting row gave a greater development of the aerial part and root density while broadcast fertilizing gave a greater root length. (Author's summary. Trans. by IM..JE DOI C03

0119 13297 LACHARME, F.J. Estudio de absorci6n de nutrimentos en un agrosistema de producci6n de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L), mafz (Zea mays L) y yuca (Manihot esct(ienta G). (Study ofnutrient absorption in a bean, maize and cassava production agrosystem). Tesis Mag. Sc. Turrialba, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agrico­ las de la OEA. Centro Tropical de Ensefianza e lnvestigaci6n. Departamento de Cul­ tivos y Suelos 'fropicales. 1976. 90p. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 46 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Soil fertility. Absorption. Developmental stages. Inter.cropping. Beans. Maize. pH. N. P. K. Ca. Magnesium. Nutritional requirements. Fertilizers. Producti­ vity. Biomass production. Costa Rica. A three crop subsystem was studied as a part of the Central Experiment of the Tropical Crops and Soils Dept., located in the exptl area of the Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center (CATIE) in Turrialba, Costa Rica, in soils of Instituto Clay series, normal

43

phase, of the order lnceptisol and subgroup Typic Dystropepts. The objectives covered the chemical characterization of the studied lots, to detect the changes in nutrient absorption in different stages of physiological development of the crops and its effect on the produc­ tion. The subsystem consisted of beans (var. Jamapa), maize (var. Eladio Hern.indez) and cassava (var. Valencia). in a spatial arrangement, using a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design with 8 treatments and 32 subtreatments, and permitting all crop combinations possible, not only monocrops but also 2 or 3 crop associations. According to the chemical characteristics, the soils possess an acid pll, Ohl with medium to high values, medium N, high K, low Ca, Mg, S and P, the same as base %s. The greatest need of the crops for soil nutrients was between 25-75 days. The need was cassava > maize > beans. Cassava and maize are great biomass producers and soil nutrient extractors. Fertilizer efficiency was K > N > P > S. According to the Equivalent Land Use, the polycultural systems were more efficient in yield and biomass production than monocrops. (Author'ssummary) DOI KOI D03 0120 13256 LOPEZ F., Y. Efectos de diferentes niveles de nitr6geno y potasio sobre el rendimlento de la yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) y su relaci6n con el indice de area foliar. (Effects ofdifferent N and K levels on cassava yield and their relation to leaf area index). Tesis Mag. Sc. Bogoti, Universidad Nacional-Instituto Colomblano Agropecuario, 1978. 108p. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 58 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. K. Plant height. Leaf area. Harvest index, Tuber productivity. Statistical analysis. Tubers. Leaves. Colombia. To establish the relations that exist bet veen fertilization and variations in crop yield through variations in the LAI, an expt v as conducted in Loboguerrero, Valle del Cauca, 0 Colombia, a site with very low rainfall (< 1000 mm/yr) and high temp (mean 28.4 C), with cassava var. MCot 22, one of the promising materials in the CIAT germplasm bank and well adapted to these conditions. Conventional exptl designs are not very practical for cassava because of the crop's relatively low plant populations and long growing cycle; thus a re­ sponse surface design was used. T!his permitted the placement of 16 levels of N (0-300 kg/ ha) and 16 levels of K (0-3C kg/ha), with 4 replications of the 4 quadrants on a plane of Cartesian coordinates. ,tatistical analysis of the response surfaces of variables such as biolog­ ical yield, leaf area, LAI and economic yield was done by computer. In general terms, it was found that under the exptl conditions, cassava yield depended on the nutritional status of the soil and of the plant, which was in turn influenced by the effect of fertilization on variables such as leaf area and LAI. In broader biological terms, cassava yield varies accord­ ing to the nutritional level as this affects the part of the leaf surface that intercepts the sunlight. The most important factor in the nutritional status of cassava is K content, which acts quadratically as well as linearly; whereas N (linear response) is not as important in determining the variability of the characteristics studied. (Author's summary) DOI D03

Co1 0121 13492 TORO, J.C. and COCK, J.H. Recomendaciones sobre el cultivo de t yuca parn alcohol carburante en Colombia. (Recommendations on cassava cultivation for power alcohol production in Colombia). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e Iz­ quierdo, V., eds. Simposio Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, to., Call, Colom­ bia, 1980. Memorias. Cali, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp. 35.43. Span., Sum. Span., 18 Refs.

Cussava, Climatic requirements. Soil requirements. Fertiizem Land preparation. Propaga­ tion. Cuttings. Planting. Spacing. Timing. Weeding. Erinnyis ello. Biological control. Pollster. Bacillus thuringiensis. Xanthomonas manihotis. Sphaceloma manihoticola. Glomerella mant­ hotils Disease control Harvesting. Injurious insects. Colombia. A description is given of the edaphoclimatic characteristics of the areas of the country

44

potentially apt for cassava exploitation for agroindustrial purposes: the Atlantic Coast (immediately) and the Llanos Orientales (middle term). A production system is presented in detail which includes recommendations on the adequate type of soil, land preparation, planting material, multiplication of certified "seed", var., treatment of cuttings, planting time, position and density, fertilization, mechanization, weed and pest (emphasis on Erinnyis ello) control, diseases and harvesting. (Summary by F.G. Trans by L.M.F. DOI D02 0122 13619 GRISALES G., A. La potencialidad de Iazona cafetera para explotar cafla y yuca para alcohol carburante. (Potentialof the coffee regions to exploit sugar cane and cassava for power alcohol). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e lzquierdo, V., eds. Simposin Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, lo., Call, Colombia, 331980. 34 Memorias. .2all, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp. - . Span., Sum. Span. Casva. Climatic requirements. Cultivation. Soil requirements. Colombia. The location of the Colombian coffee-producing region and the 3 principal areas according to their latitudinal position and precipitation are described: southern (1400-1800 m in alt.), central (1200-1600 m in alt.) and northern (1000-1400 m in alt.). An account of the unfa­ vorable factors of sugar cane cultivation in ccffcx-producing regions is given: soil destruction by erosion, difference in maturity due to F.brupt chaiges in sit., cloudiness and luminosity that affect sacchaiose production, and difficulty to perform cultural operations. It was concluded that coffee-producing region do not offer favorable conditions for sugar cane exploitation for fuel purpoles; only for unrefined brown sugar production for subsistence. The same holds true for cassava cultivation, which main problem is the extreme soil degener­ ation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. DOI 0123 12952 VELLY, J. Methods of fertilizer application for increasing fertilizer effi­ ciency. FAO Soils Bulletin no. 37:100-113. 1978. Engl., 43 Refs. Cassava. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Productivity. This paper reviews work with NPK on lowland rice, upland cereals such as maize and wheat, cotton and cassava, cacao, coffee and passion fruit. Expt evidence is generally in favor of split dressings of N. The best method for application of P is less clear than that for N.Thbre is general agreement that P should be applied early. The use of K presents difficulties other than price and availability in the remoter regions. It is highly probable that K fertilizing cannot be separated from use of plant residues, for which easily manageable methods have not been found. (Summary by Abstractson TropicalAgriculture) DOI

0124 12960 OFORI, C.S. Effect of various nitrogen sources on the yield of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Ghana Journal of Agricultural Science 9:99-102. 1976. Engl., Sum. Engl., Fr., II Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. Urea. Ammonium sulphate. Cultivars. S. N. Tuber productivity. Ghana. An expt using 3 N sources jurea, ammonium sulfate and sulfur-coated urea (SCU)] was conducted on a sandy-loam soil in Ghana, using an early-maturing (6 mo) cassava var. N significantly increased root yield, but rates > 70 kg N/ha gave no further significant increase. Sources of N gave no significant yield differences. (Author'ssummarl) DOI D03

45

0125 12937 WARGIONO, J., SUTJIHNO, P. and GOZALI, D. Effect on spacing and NK fertilizer on the yield of Gading cassava variety. Bogor, Indonesia. Central Research Institute of Agriculture. Contributions no. 50. 1979. 9p. Engi., Sum. Eng., 7 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Spacing. Fertilizers. N. K. Tuber productivity. Java. Field experiments were conducted at Citayam, Jakenan and Muneng substations during the rainy season to determine the optimum plant density and fertilizer rates for cassava vat. Gading that would give high profit. In general the results indicated that close spacing did not increase yield due to a decrease in the no. and size of roots. Even so, on poor soil in Jakenan there was a tendency for yield to increase by increasing plant density up to about 16,700 plants/ha (100 x 60 cm). Based on the main effect of N and K with a basic application of 30 kg P,0/ha, the recommended rate for Citayam is 90 + 30 + 0; for Jakenan and Muneng, 90 + 30 + 50. (Author's summary) DOI D03 0126 13242 KANG, B.T. et at. Effect of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with VA-mycorrhizal fungi on performance of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) grown on an Alfisol. Field Crops Research 3(l):83-94. 1980. Engi., Sum. Engl., 19 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Laboratory experiments. Fertilizers. P. Inoculation. Tuber pro­ ductivity. Absorption. Mycorrhiza. Nigeria. Field and greenhouse expt were carried out in S. Nigeria to study the effects of phosphate fertilization and inoculation with vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza on performance of the local cassava cv. Ishinukakijan, grown on Egbeda soil series (Oxic Paleustalf). Field­ grown cassava appears to have a low P requirement. At 3.4 ppm Bray P-I or about 0.01 ppm P1soil solution, root yield was still reasonably high (35 t/ha). Eight ppm Bray P-1 or 0.04 ppm P in the soil solution were required for max root yield (ca. 49 t/ha). Sampled at 3 mo after planting, a P concn of 0.5% and 0.38% in leaf blades and petioles, resp., were consider­ ed adequate. Percentage mycorrhizal fungal infection of cassava fibrous roots depended on extractable soil P levels, being low at high soil P levels and high at low soil P levels. Inocula­ tion with mixed native VA mycorrhizal fungi or with Glomus mosseae significantly im­ proved growth, lowered P response and increased P uptake in plant tops of pot-grown cassava in sterilized soil. Mycorrhized cassava appears to utilize P better from the more avail­ able Morocco rock phosphate than one from Togo. Inoculation with G. mosseae reduced plant growth and P uptake in unsterilized soil. The results of the pot trials lend support to the observation that the low P requirement of field-grown cassava may be related to Its association with VA mycorrhizal fungi. (Author'ssummary) DOID03 0127 13246 HOWFLER, R.H. Nutrici6n mineral y fertilizaci6n de ia yuca. (Cassava mineral nutrition and fertiliza'ion. In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Call, Colom­ bia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp. F-I - 1:-48. Span., Sur,. Span., 81 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Mineral deficiencies. N. K. Zn. P. Ca. Magnesium. Soil impoverishment. Toxicity. pH. S. Copper. Iron. Manganese. Boron. Colombia. Although cassava grows relatively well in unfertile acid soils where many crops do not prosper, it also responds to fertilization and, in fact, has a fairly high P requirement. In general P is the most limiting element for yields in 3 classes of tropical soil; in the Llanos Orientales of Colombia, yields are tripled by adequate P fertilization. Cassava extracts large quantities of K from the soil (approx 100 kg of K. 0/25 t of roots) and this element can be exhausted if cassava is continuously cultivated without returning appropriate quantities of

40

K to the soil. Under these conditions the crop responds to high rates of K. In comparison to other crops, cassava requires - N: and generally, only low levels are recommended since the excessive application of N fertilizers stimulates the growth of foliage and reduces starch synthesis. Cassava tolerates acid soils where other crops suffer from Al or Mn toxicity fairly well. It also tolerates a low pH, even when the optimum pH for this crop varies from 5.5­ 7.5. Cassava responds to low rates of K but is susceptible to excess liming, which can cause minor element deficiencies. Among the minor element deficiencies, Zn is the most frequent; it can be amended by applying ZnSO 4 to the soil, as a foliar spray or in solution for dipping the propagation material. By selecting a great no. of cassava cv. for their tolerance to adverse soil conditions, such as acidity or a limited amount of available P, it is possible to obtain genetic material that is especially well adapted to develop in poor soils with a min of fertili­ zation. (Author's summary. Tran. by L.M.F.) DOI

0128 Influencia de las aplicaciones de nitr6geno (N), J. PINTO, C. and 13249 ACOSTA, f6aforo (P) y potasio (K) sabre I&producci6n de yuca, variedad CMC-40, en suelos de las sabanas de Bolivar. (Influence of NPK on cassava yields In northern Colom­ bia). In Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Programa Nacional de Suelos. Informe de progreso 1976-1977. Bogoti, 1978, pp.] 37-138. Span. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Agronomic characters. Colombia. An expt was started at El Carmen Station, state of Bolivar (Colombia) to determine the most adequate and economic fertilization rates (NPK) in cassava. Highest yields (21 and 19 t/ha) were obtained with applications of 120-90-60 and 0-180-120 kg N, P2 Os and K2 0, resp. There was no direct relationship between fertilizer application and plant height or the no. of roots/plant. However, a > diameter was found in thickened roots with applications of 120-180.60 and 120-90-60 kg N, P2 O and K,0. (Summary by YKG. Trans. by L.M.IK) DOt D03

0129 13248 GUTIERREZ P., D. Respuesta de tres variedades de yuca a diferentes m&­ todos de aplicaci6n de fertilizantes en i granja Yambor6.Huila. (Response of three cassava varieties to different methods of fertilizer application in southern Colom­ bia). In Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Programa Nacional de Suelos. Informe de progreso 1976-1977. Bogoti, 1978. pp.145-147. Span. Casava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Fertilizers. Tuber productivity. Colombia. This expt was conducted at the Yambor6 farm of the municipality of Pitalito (Huila. Co­ lombia) to observe the response of 3 cassava var. to different methods of fertilizer applica­ tion. Var. used were Llanera, CMC 76 and Regional (Noli) and the application forms evalu­ ated were: control, banded around the plant, in bands and in 3 holes. There were no signifi­ cant differences in yields for either the application forms or the var.: however, both Llanera and Regional (Noli) were superior in yields (32.76 and 45.99 t/ha. resp.) to CMC 76 (21.92 tfia). (Summary by F.G. Trans. hi L.M.f.) D01 D03 0130 13247 RAMIREZ, A. Fertlizaci6n de Ia yuca con nitr6geno (N), f6sforo (P) y po­ tawo (K) en suelos de los departamentos del Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Risaralda y Quindio. (NPK fertilization of cassava In 4 states of Colombia). In Instituto Colom­ Nacional de Suelos. Informe de progreso 1976-1977. biano Agropecuario. 2Programa 4 Bogota, 1978. pp. 14 -14 . Span. Cassava. Field experiments. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Cultivanr. Tuber productivity. Colombia.

47

Results are given of several NPK fertilization trials on cassava in soils of the states of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Risaralda and Quindio (Colombia). There was no marked response to the application of fertilizers In Popayan and Darien; however, there was a marked response in Santander de Quillchao, Palmira and Caicedonia. The lowest yields were registered by var. CMC 76 in Santander de Quillchao and the highest with var. Chirosa in Caicedonia. (Sum. maryby F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) DOI D03 Seealso 0029

48

0036

a121 0184 0196

0564 0581

D02

Cultivation Practices: Propagation, Planting

Weed Control and Harvesting

0131 12174 ALCANTARA, E.N. DE and VENTORIM, N. Controle de ervas daninhas na cultura da mandloca. (Weed control in cassava cultivation). Informe Agropecui­ rio 5(59/60):50-53. 1979. Port., 13 Refs., Mllus. Cassava. Weeds. Weeding. Hoeing. Herbicides. Brazil.

The weeds most frequently found in cassava in Brazil are listed: Brachiaria plantaglnea, Cenchrus echinatus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Eleusine Indica, Rhynchelytrum roseum, Acan­ thospermum australe, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Borreria alata, Emilia sonchifo­ ia, Euphorbia pilulifera, Galinsoga parviflora, Ipomoea, Portulacca oleracea, Richardia brasi­ liensis, Sida sp. The principal control methods are described: manual, mechanical and chemical. Rates are indicated for some of the herbicides for light, medium and heavy soils, in addition to the application date. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0132 12833 BANTHUKUL, R. et al. [Study on methods for grafting Manihot glazlovll on tfenthot esculenta]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. p.33. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Grafting. Manihot glazioviL Manihot esculenta. Tuber productivity. Timing. Plant­ ing. Thailand. Grafting Manihotglaziovil on M. esculenta may give yields 2-3 times that obtained with M. esculenta; however, grafting efficiency %(GEP) was low (3-53.3%). A 2 x 3 x 3 factorial expt, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications, was used to evaluate methods of grafting. The 3 factors used were scion age, cutting time of the scion and time of planting grafted stock. Regardless of these factors, GEP ranged from 20-83.3%. Scion age had no effect on GEP. When planting the scion 0, 5 and 10 days after cutting, the GEPs were 48.8, 65.0 and 67.2%, resp. Planting a grafted stock immediately after it was grafted gave the highest GEP (78.3%), after which it declined. Interactions between scion age vs. cutting time of scion and time of planting grafted stock were not obtained; there was an interaction between cutting time of scion and time of planting grafted stock. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) D02 0133 10029 BARREIRA, M. A cultura da mandioca. (Cassava cultivation). Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Ministerio de Agricultura. Serviqo de Informaqio Agricola. Shie Tub~rculos e Raizes Alimenticlas no. 2. 1940. 30p. Port. Cassava. Taxonomy. Cultivars. Bitter cassava. Sweet cassava. Uses. Planting. Climatic require­ ments. Land preparation. Harvesting. Timing. Fertilizers. Weeding. Pest control. Disease control. Pruning. Propagation materials. Brazil. A botanical description is given of the cassava plant (root, stein and leaves), taxonomic

49

classification, the characteristics and chemical composidgpn of some sweet and bitter var. of the northern, central and southern states of BraziL Some of the principal uses of cassava are described (food, industry and forage). Some aspcts of the crop are discussed: climate, soil and its preparation, planting time, fertilization, weed, disease and pest control, pruning, harvest time and storage of planting material. (Smmary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 C03 0134 10467 BARRIOS R., J.R. Herbicldas en yuca. (Herbicidesin. cassava). Maracay, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Agronomia, 1972. 72p. Span., Sum. Span., 25 Refs., Illus. Cauava.Weeding. Herbicides. Planting. Tuber productivity. Field experiments. Timing. Ve­ nezuela. The efficiency of 4 herbicides in cassava was studied at the U. Central de Venezuela, Mara­ cay, using a randomized block design with 3 replications. Two planting dates were used: at the beginning and in the middle of the rainy season. Fluometuron, prometryn, atrazine and diphenamld (2, 2, 2 and 3 kg/ha, resp.) were applied over the entire plot surface at planting. There were no subsequent cultural practices, letting the cassava grow in competition with weeds. Root yields and aerial development were measured in the treatments, whereas total production was measured in the control plot. The most promising results for both planting dates were obtained with fluometuron; atrazine worked well at the onset of the rainy season but had a moderate phytotoxic effect on the crop later. The other products did not give good results at the rates used. (Author'ssummary. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 D03 0135 11497 CARMONA B., C. Control quimico de malezas en yuca. (Chemical weed control in cassava). In Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Informe de Progreso 1976. Bogot., Programa Nacional de Fisiologia Vegetal, 1977. pp.178-183. Span., 6 Refs. Cassava. Weeding. Herbicides. Fie!d experiments. Tuber productivity. Colombia. In Colombia, chemical weed control is seldom used. Investigations conducted by the Ins­ tituto Colombiano Agropecuario and CIAT have shown that some products are selective. Alachlor (A) is highly selective and effective i, controlling grass weeds, while diuron (D) is fairly selective; paraquat (P) is a preemergent that permits initial weed-free growth of the crop. A combination of diuron + alachlor gave good results when applied in precmergence although it did not control coco grass (Cyperus rotundus). An expt was conducted with D (1 kg Karmex/ha), A (2 1 Lasso/ha) and P (3 1 Gramoxone/ha) in 3 treatments: (1) D + A at planting time and P, 6 days later; (2) D + A + P at planting; (3) D + A + P, 6 days after planting. In treatment 1, there was a marked reduction in coco grass and Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) populations. In field observations conducted before the 1st weeding, the weeds Ln treatment 2 presented the same growth as the control. Treatment 1 is recommended when the lot is infested with these 2 weeds. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0136 2136 CAVINA, R. Mandloca. (Cassava). Selef es Agricolas 6(61):21-23. 1951. Port. Cassava. Cultivation. Production. Uses. Brazil. A brief description is given of cassava production in Brazil, analyzing plot size, soil type, sweet var. for human and animal consumption, and bitter var. (high HCN content) for industrial use. The principal uses of cassava are discussed: forage, flour and alcohol. (Summaryby F.G. Trans. by L M.F.) D02

50

0137 12017 CENTRAL TUBER CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE. Release of new high yielding varieties of tapioca. Sreekariyam, Trivandrum, 1977. 16p. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Cultivars. Germplasm. Genetics. Field experiments. Planting. Timing. Cuttings. Spacing. Disease control. Cassava African mosaic virus. HCN content. Storage. Propagation. India. Three high-yielding cassava hybrids (H-97, H-165 and H-226) were released by the Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (India) in 1971; H-1687 and H-2304 in 1977. Genetic materials within and outside the country are being collected to form a germplasm bank. Expt have also been conducted to determine optimum agronomic practices for cassava (planting time, length of cuttings, spacing and earthing-up), disease control (AMD, brown leaf spot) and HCN content. Research has been conducted on storage, production of cassava beer, rapid propagation and the Mukibat system. Research proposed for 1977-79 isalso included. (Summary by LM.F.) D02 0138 12013 CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL. Informe sobre slembra y evaluaci6n de germinaci6n de las parcelas sembradas en Mondomo (Cauca) en mayo de 1979 pot el Programa de Economfa de Yuca: proyecto conjun­ to de ensayo y validaci6n de tecnologfa (CIAT-ICA). (Report on planting and sprouting evaluation of planted plots In Mohdomo (Cauca) in May, 1979 by the

Cassava Economics Program: joint project of technological trials and validation). Call, Colombia, 1979. 7p. Span.

Camava. Sockeconomic aspects. Germination. Cultivars. Technology evaluation. Weeding. Aleyrodldae. Erinnyls ello. Mononychellus tanajoa.Colombia. In Mondomo, state of Cauca (Colombia), a socioeconomic survey was made of the 7 farmers in the area that participated in the program of demonstration plots. In general terms the educational level is varied; the majority (6) are fuI-time farmers who have lived in the area 10 yr and have an equal amount of experience in cassava cultivation. The av family size is 5 people,of whom 3 are of an economically active age. Av farm size is 15.12 ha. Cassava is the most importwait crop extensionwhe, followed by coffee. Six farmers use credit facilities. Two evaluations were made on the °/o of sprouting, weeds and insects pres,'nt in the plots: the 1st, 30 days after planting and the 2nd, at 60 days. In both, the 0/o of sprouting was > 901/o; CM 323-375 was the most promising var. with the best °/o; the var. Algodona had the > 0/o of sprouting among the regional var. There was no statistical difference in the sprouting among var. due to the treatment of the cuttings. The plots were generally found to be weed.free. When evaluating pest incidence, whiteflies, hornworm eggs and larvae, and thrips vere found, but with very low densities/plant. (Summary by L.M.F.) D02 J00

0139 11492 CHATAIGNER, J. and GLEIZES, G. L'exp6ience de la SODEPALM en matire de m~canisation. (The experience of SODEPALM in the area of mechani­ zation). Gahiers Ivoriens do Recherche Economique et Sociale No. Especial 1978: 65-69. 1978. Fr. Cassava. Mechanization. Cassava programs. Cultivation. Land preparation. Ivory Coast. SODEPALM (Enterprise for the Development of Oil Palm and Coconut Plantations) had the task to develop as quickly as possible both oil palm and cassava plantations. Despite the fact that manual torest clearing was more economical, the lack of time forced it into mechanization. The use of dumpers increased the daily harvest output from 810 to 1525 kg/cutter. Complete mechanization of cassava was made possible once the mechanical peeling of roots was solved. (Summary by Abs:ractson TropicalAgriculture)D02

51

0140 12006 COELHO, J.P. et al. Controle qulmico de ervas daninhas na cultura di mandloca;

clculo de dosagens de Karmex-DW e Lorox. (Chemical control of weeds in cassava: Karmex-DW and Lorox). In Reuniao da Comiss~o Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia, Brasil, Ministirio de Agricultura. Departamento Nacional de Pcsquisa Agropecutria, 1972. pp.9-15. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 14 Refs. Cassava. Weeding. Tuber productivity. Herbicides. Brazil. An evaluation was made of 3rates (2-6 kg a.i./ha) of Karmex-DW(diuron) and Lorox (linuron) for effectiveness in controlling weeds in cassava at Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. All rates gave better control of dicotyledonous weeds than the hand-weeded control, but there was no significant difference among treatments. None of the products controlled the principal weed Digitariasanguinalis.The use of herbicides is not recommended since hoeing gave > profit/unit cost. (Summary by TB.) D02 0141

12049 CONCEIqXO, A.J. DA and PERES, P.B. Ensalo de competiqlo de varieda­ des e ipocas de corte t.e ramas de mandioca pars forrageamento. (Varietal and pruning trials of cassava branchesfor forage). Boletim da Secretaria da Agricultura (Salvador-BA) 60(22):9-15. 1960. Port., 10 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Pruning. Timing. Foliage. Forage. Palatability. Cattle. Animal nutrition. Brazil. An cxpt with a split-plot design was conducted at the Escola Agron~mica da Bahia using 2 cassava var. (Cigana and Platina) to evaluate 4 pruning periods from 4-14 mo: every 3 (T,), 4 (T,), 5 (T,) and 6 mo (T 4 ), resp. The branches were sun dried for 2 days and fed to cattle to prove its palatability. T, (pruning every 4 mo) was superior to the rest. Var. Cigana is recommended although the 2 var. gave similar yields. On the basis of these results, a new expt will be started with 3 var. (Mamgo, Cigana and Graveto do iguape) and 3 pruning periods (3, 4 and 6 mo) to analyze the leaves and shoots, the obtainment of cassava leaf meal and to determine its palatability and nutritive value. (Summary by F.G. Tran& by L. M.) D02 H03 0142 3348 CONCEIgAO, A.J. DA Evoluqao do projeto mandioca. (Cassava prolect evolution). Cruz das Almas, Brasil, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Escola de Agronomia. 1975. l1 p. Port. Cassava. Research. Cultivation. Brazil. The School of Agronomy of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (Brazil) created a cassava

research project in 1968. Its evolution into a modem agricultural research center, which has an exptl field and a great no. of data available to students and teachers, is discussed. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02

0143 11763 COSTA, A.S. Produqio e industralizaqi'o da mandioca. (Cassavaproduc­ tionand utilization). Fazenda 41(4):40-41. 1946. Port., illus. Cassava. Industrialization. Rotational crops. Land preparation. Planting. Cultivation. Cassava starch. Industrial starches. Marketing. Brazil. The infrastructure of the Santa Cruz Plantation (Araras, Sio Paulo) is presented as an exam­

52

pie of organization and industrialization of cassava. This plantation uses a rotating crop system with cotton, maize or legumes. Land preparation is totally mechanized and branches are stored ii the shade in piles covered with dirt. In this region cassava gives better results with 2 harvest cycles; in the mo of May-Aug., the roots have a > starch content. Roots must be processed no longer than 24-36 h after harvesting; this explains the emphasis placed on the proximity of the processing plants to the cassava plantation. Two types of starch are produced: one of !st class or export quality, used mainly for food and the other of 2nd class quality, used in the preparation of glue and other industrial by-products. The possibili­ ty of Competing with the Netherlands Antilles for the US market is discussed. (Summary by L.M.F.) D02 102 0144 12161 DELGADO, A. Uso de herbicidas en yuca (Manihotesculenta Crantz). (The use of herbicides in cassava), Revista de la Facultad de Agronomfa de la Uniiersldad de Zulla 5(1):403-408. 1979. Span., Sum. Engl., Span., 8 Refs. Cassava. Weeds. Weeding. Herbicides. Field experiments. Timing. Growth. Venezuela. An expt was conducted in the zone of Morotuto, state of Tdchixa (W. Venezuela) to deter­ mine the best herbicides for controlling morning-glory (Ipomoea spp.), Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense), sandbur (Cenchrus spp.), pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), common purslane (Portulaca okra,:ea), purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), Mucuma wloanei, Chlorisinflata, maranta (7haliageniculata) and bullgrass (Paspalum fasciculatum).Fluometu­ ron (Cotoran) at 2 kg/ha and diuron (Karmex-DW) at 1.5 kg/ha gave highly significant re­ sults within 14 wk of application. The former caused the plants to turn yellow and wither; these signs of phytotoxicity disappeared later. (Author t summary) D02 0145 12116 DIAZ, R.O., PINSTRUP-ANDERSEN, P. and DOLL, J. Las malezas y su control en el ctiltivo de Ia yuca en Colombia. (Control of weeds on cassava in Colombia). Turrialba 27(4):319-326. 1977. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 6 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Weeds. Weeding. Hoeing. Herbicides. Costs. Labour. Colombia. A survey was made of weed species, weed densities and common weeding practices on 3 visits during the growing season to some 300 farms in 5 cassava-growing regions of Colombia. Broadleaf weeds were the commonest in all regions (62-65% of the species). there was a shift to slightly more grasses and sedges as the cassava grew older. Surprisingly. Peridiumaquilinum was the commonest weed; other serious problems were Bidens pilosa and Cvperus rotundus. Signifzani variations existed from one region to another; however, scveral of the weeds were common t o many regions. Weeds with the highest populations did not coincide very closely with the most frequently encountered species. Most of the annual grasses, sedges and broadleaf weeds found are susceptible to the currently recommended herbicides, but further research is needed on several perennial grasses (P. aquilinum and S'da spp.). Nearly all weeding is performed manually; chemical control was used by only 3%of the farmers sampled. Av no. of weedings/crop was 3.3. Weeding accounted for 50% of the total labor requirements in cassava production and > 1/3 total costs. Farmers do not apply herbicides due to relative costs of herbicides and labor, lack of information, lack of capital, unavailability of the right type ofherbicides, and limited availability of herbicides in reasonally small containers. The v' -fulness of an agro-economic survey to identify problems in the field is pointed out. (Author's summary) D02 0146 11215 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE ASSISTENCIA TECNICA E EXTENSXO RURAL Sistema de produga'o para mandioca Cemdo-MA. (Cassava production

53

systems for the Cerrado region of Maranho. Chapadinha-MA, Brasil. S~rie Sis­ temas de Produqi'o. Boletim no. 26. 1976. 32 p. Port., Illus. Cassava. Technu!ngical package. Land preparation. Planting. Fertilizers. Weeding. Insect control. Disease coh.trol. Harvesting. Costs. Brazil. Two technological packages for small-and large-scale production are presented for the Cerrado region in the state of Maranh o. The operations that make up the system are analyzed in detail: land choice and preparation, planting and fertilization, weed, pest and disease control, and harvesting. The technical recommendations and the production costs/ha for eacl. system are described. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by LM.F.) D02 0147 3405 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE ASSISTENCIA TECNICA E EXTENSO RURAL. Sistemas de produ lao pars mandioca: Litoral, Serra de Baturlt6, Baixo Jaguaribe, Ibiapaba e Araripe. (Cassava production systems for the state of Ceard, Brazil). Caucaia-CE, Brasil. S6rie Sistemas de Produgio. Boletim no. 15. 1976. 36 p. Port., Illus. Cassava. Technological package. Land preparation. Planting. Fertilizers. Weeding. Insect control. Disease control. Harvesting. Processing. Storage. Trade. Costs. Brazil. Three technological packages for small- and large-scale production are presented for the Litoral, Serra de Baturit6, BaLxo Jaguaribe, lbiapaba and Araripe regions in the state of Ceari (Brazil). The operations that make up each system are discussed: land choice and preparation, planting and fertilization, weed, pest and diseasc control, harvesting, pro­ cessing, storage and commercialization. The technological recommendations and produc­ tion costs/ha for each system are described. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0148 3051 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA. Sistemas de produS'o para a cultura da mandioca. (Cassava production systems). Taquari-RS, Brasil. Circular no. 133. 1976. 26p. Port.. Illus. Cassava. Cultivation. Production. Brazil. Production systems for 3 types of producers in the municipalities of the upper and lower hillsides ofNE Brazil are given. System no. I is for large-scale producers who own mechanized equipment and whose present yields are ca. Ot/ha; system no. 2 is for producers who use animal traction or contract mechanized services for soil preparation and have yields ofapprox lOt' ha: system no.3 is for small producers (up to 3 ha), whose current yields are 5-7 t/ha in the Ist cycle and 9 t/ha in th- :id cycle. (Summar' by F.G. Trans. by LM.F.) D02 0149 3406 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA. Sistemas de produqio para a cultura da mandioca; Paraiba. (Cassava production systems for Paraiba, Brazil). Guarabira.PB, Brasil. Circular no. 92. 1976. 30p. Port. Cassava. Land preparation. Planting. Fertilizers. Disease control. Pest control. Harvesting. Technological package. Brazil. Two cassava production systems are given for large-scale ( > 20 ha) and small-scale farmers ( < 20 ha) in the region of Paraiba. Data related to land choice and preparation, planting, fertilization, cultural practices, phytosanitary control, harvesting, inputs and production are given. Technical recommendations are made with regard to these aspects. With the 1st system, an av production of 18 t/ha is foreseen, and with the 2nd, 10-15 t/ha. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.). D02

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titn

3416 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA. Sistemas de produilo pars a mandioca; Pernambuco. (Cassava production ststems for Pernambuco). 7 Recife-PE. Brasil. Circular no. 27. 1976. 2 p. Port.. Illus. Cassava. Cultivation. Production. Brazil. Two production systems, destined for 2 types of farmers are presented: the Ist includes farmers with a reasonable knowledge of the crop. willing to adopt technology, with access to credit, owners of areas> 5ha. with an av yield of 12 t/ ha. The 2nd isfor farmers with alow technological level, no access to credit or technical assistence, family labor isuseil, the area sown varies in size up to 5 ha and is usually in association with beans and maize, the av yield is I0 t/ha. Cultural practices and technical recommendations for each system are given. (Summary by F.G.Trans. by LM.F) D02

0151 3571 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA. Sistemu de produio para mandioca; Bahia. (Cassava production systems for Bahia). Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil. Circular no. 117. 1976. 23p. Port. Cassava. Land preparation. Planting. Fertilizers. Disease control. Pest control. Harvesting. Technological package. Brazil. Two cassava production systems arc analyzed for large-scale ( P 5 ha) and small-scale producers ( < 4 ha) in the region of Bahia. Data related to inputs, land preparation, amend­ ments, fertilization, planting, cultural and phytosanitary practices, harvesting and pro­ duction are given, and technical recommendations are made on these aspects. The 1st system intends to increase present yields of 14-16 t/ha to 23 t; the second from 12-14 t to 20 t/ha. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02

0152 11472 EMPRESA BRASILEIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPiCUARIA. Sistemas de produ go para mandioca, Esp kitu Santo. (Cassava production systems for the state of EjptrituSanto). Viana, Espiritu Santo, Brasil. S~rie Sistemasde Produigo. Boletim no. 55. 1976. Port., Illus. Cassava. Marketing. Trade. Cuttings. Planting. Harvesting. Cultivation. Erinnyis ello. Silba pendula. Mononychellus ianajoa. Cercospora caribaea. Cercospora henningsii. Phytophthora drechsleri. Xanthomonas manihotis. Cassava common mosaic virus. Selection. Technological package. Brazil. The importance of cassava cultivation in the state of Espiritu Santo. Brazil(area planted in 1974, ca. 55,268 ha) is analyzed- including aspects of marketing and exportation, and regional characteristics such as climate, no. of farms by size and form of land tenancy. Two production systems are presented: one for farmers that have an intermediate knowledge of technology and are capable of accepting innovations: the other for those having little knowledge and unwilling to accept changes. For each, recommendations are given on choice and preparation of land, selection and preparation of cuttings, fertilization, planting, cultural practices, phytosanitary control, harvesting and commercialization. Date on principal pests and diseases that attack the crop are annexed: ants (Atta sp. Acromyrmex spp.), cassava hornworm (Erinnyis spp.), shoot flies (&qlba pendula), mites (Mononychellus tanajoa), Cercospora spp., rust, anthracnose, Phytophthora root rot and CBB. (Summary by FG. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 E0I FOI

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0153 12941 EXPERIMENTOS PROVAM que cultura da mandioca pode dobrar indice de produgio. (Cassava production can be doubled). Revista EMATER-RIO 3(10): 9-10. 1979. Port. Cassava. Technological package. Land preparation. Planting. Timing. Cuttings. Fertilizers. Cultivars. Resistance. Botryodiplodia theobromae. Brazil. Results of expt conducted at the exptl station of Pesagro-Rio and the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuiria in the state of Rio de Janeiro are described. On this basis, some technical recommendations are presented on planting time, selection of cuttings, land preparation, fertilization, improved var. (Moreninha is the most susceptible to attack by the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae and Manjari is the most resistant). (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0154 12875 FUNDA XO GETULIO VARGAS. CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AGRICOLAS. Mandloca: distribuigio mensal do plantio e da colheita, segundo o censo agropecui­ rio de 1970. (Cassava: monthly distribution ofplanting and harvesting according to the 1970 agricultural census). n_. Brasll-produtos de origen vegetal; distri­ buiqao e concentraqao percentual do plantio e da colheita, segundo os meses, no ano de 1970. Rio de Janeiro O-RJ, Brasil, 1979, pp.30-32. Port. Cassava. Planting. Timing. Harvesting. Brazil. A monthly distribution chart is given of the area planted to cassava and harvested in 1970, for 25 states and territories of Brazil (Summary by L.M.F.) D02 0155 11493 GERODETTI B., M. Efectos de Ispoda y laboreo del suelo sobre elc recimlento y rendimlento de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), asoclada con malz (Zea mays L.) y vainits (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). (Effects ofpruning and land preparation on growth and yield of cassava in association with maize and french beans). Tesis Mag. Sc. Turrialba, Costa Rica, Universidad de Costa Rica-Centro Agron6mico Tropical de lnvestigaci6n y Enseflanza, 1979. 93p. Span., Sum. Span., 99 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Pruning. Cultivars. Weeding. Land preparation. Inter-cropping. Tuber productivity. Maize. Beans. Growth. Costa Rica. An expt was conducted on an Inceptisol, Typic Distropepts, with normal drainage at Turrialba, Costa Rica to evaluate growth, production and quality of cassava var. Valencia, maize var. Tuxpefio PBC7 and french bean var. Kentucky Wonder under different agronomic treatments. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications was used to compare spatial arrangement, soil preparation (ridging, on the flat), pruning (0, intermediate, heavy) of cassava and weed control (6 mo after planting cassava, herbicides or manual). Beans were planted in all treatments during the 2nd cycle, 172 days after planting cassava, and pruning was done 8 days later. Heavy pruning reduced total cassava yield by 10% and the portion ofcommercial roots, 25%; there was no significant difference in yields at intermediate levels. When planted simu! aneously, the cassava/maize association reduced total production of cassava by 40%; this association and pruning decreased starch content of the commercially usable roots as well. Heavy pruning increased total bean pod production 25% but lowered their quality. Planting without hilling favored increased yields of cassava and beans, while maize yield was not affected. Herbon (DNPB) at a rate of 5 I/ha permitted crop yields similar to those obtained with hand weeding. Weed growth was favored by pruning and the cassava/ maize association. Greatest total biomass was recorded for the cassava/ maize association, but this association had the lowest economic value. (Author's summary) D02 C01 K01

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0156 12280 GURITNO, B. and SOETONO. Comparison between yields of Mukibat and ordinary cassava at five densities. Agrivita 2(6):1-13. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engi., 6 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Mukibat system. Field experiments. Cultivars. Spacing. Tuber productivity. Dry matter. Leaves. Stems. Tubers. HCN content. Starch content. Planting. Indonesia. Mukibat and ordinary cassava cv. Faroka were grown at 5 spacings (8000-18,700 plants/ha) at Turen and Tupan, Indonesia. Max root dry wt was 41 and 33 t/ha for Mukibat and ordi­ nary cassava at 13,300 plants/ha at Turen. No. of roots/plant, stem 0 and HCN content in roots decreased with increasing populations. In these and earlier expt, optimum population appeared to vary between lines, sites and yr; and they have not yet been clearly defined. For example, at Tapan, 10,700 plants was optimal for Mukibat whereas for ordinary cassava yields increased up to 17,800 plants/ha although there was only a small increase above 10,000 plants/ha. (Author's summary) D02 C03 D03 0157 12283 GURITNO, B. and SOETONO. Influence of pruning on the root yield of Mukibat cassava. Agrivita 2(6):12-1S. 1979. Engi., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Pruning. Harvesting. Timing. Tuber productivity. HCN content. Indonesia. Mukibat cassava cv. Faroka was grown at Turen and Tapan (Indonesia) in split.plot expt, the main treatment being time of harvest (10 or 12 mo) and subplots, leaf pruning (removal of 0, 50 and 800/o of leaves at 8 mo). There were no significant differences among treat­ ments although root yields were generally greater after 12 mo without leaf pruning. (Author'ssummary) D02 D03 0158 12284 GURITNO, B.and SOFTONO Preliminary study on weed control on Muki­ bat and ordinary cassava. Agrivita 2(6):15-20. 1979. Engi., Sum. Engl., 3 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Mukibat system. Field experiments. Weeding. Herbicides. Cultivars. Hoeing. Tuber productivity. Weeds. Plant height. Indonesia. Weed control using the herbicides Tota-Col (100 g paraquat + 300 g diuron), Gramoxone (200 g paraquat) and hand weeding was evaluated for Mukibat and ordinary cassava in Indo­ nesia. These 3 treatments increased yields by 45, 15 and 100/o for Mukibat cassava and 60, 21 and l°/o for ordinary cassava, resp. When Tota-Col was applied at planting, weed growth was suppressed for 6 wk. Application of Gramoxone at 6 wk after planting anid hand weeding at 6 and 12 wk after planting resulted in early competition between weeds and the cassava plants. The dominant weeds were Cynodon dactylon (540/o) and Digitariasanguina. Us (330/o). (Author's summary) D02 D03 0159 12004 HARPER, R.S. Low dosages of paraquat for weed control in four tropical crop. World Crops 31(5):176-178. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., Fr., Span., 9 Refs., Illus.

Camava. Weeding. Herbicides. Thailand.

Low rates of paraquat (Granoxone) give acceptable weed control in cassava, pineapple and rubber seedllrgs, applied as directed postemergence sprays at 0.2-0.4, 0.2-0.3 and 0.175 kg a.L/ha, resp., if a repeat application is made after an interval of 10-14 days. (Author'ssum­

may) D02

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0160 12069 HEMERLY, F.X. and SANTOS, R.N. DOS Custos de produqgo e nivel tecnol6gicos da cultura da mandloca em municipios selecionados do Espfritu Santo. (Production costs and level of technology of cassava cultivation in Espiritu Santo). Brasilia, Empresa lrasileira dc Assist~ncia Ticnica e Extenslo Rural. Infor­ maq'o Tdcnica sobre Mandioca no. 17. 1978. 20p. Port. Cassava. Technology evaluation. Costs. Cultivation. Land preparation. Spacing. Cultivation systems. Cuttings. Tuber productivity. Brazil. A study was conducted on the technology used, costs and cultivation aspects of cassava on 177 farms (divided into 3 groups according to the area and no. of producers) in the munic­ ipalities of Nova Ven6cia, S5o Mateus, Conceiq3o da Barra, Boa Esperanqa, Pinheiro, Montanha and Mucurici in the state of Espiritu Santo. The technological level was measured using a 100-point scale distributed along the following 3 parameters: (1) branch size and selection for planting material, (2) land choice and its preparation,(3) planting distances. Cropping systems (monoculture, in association and intercropping) were evaluated. Within the same group, there were no significant statistical differences in yields. The highest pro­ duction costs in all c;opping systems corresponded to producers with areas < 3 ha. The technological level is low, varying from 18.37 to 25.869/o , depending on the pattern con­ sidered. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0161 4013 JOEPFERT, C. Ramas de mandioca podem ser conservadas durante meses para plantio. (Cassava branches can be stored for months prior to planting). Agricul­ tura e Pecuiria 37(500):52. 1965. Port. Cassava. Cuttings. Storage. Brazil. Two methods of storing propagation material are discussed: (1) furrows are opened in the soil (25-30 cm deep), cuttings are placed horizontally and covered with a layer of straw and one of earth, and (2) a hole is dug (20-25 cm deep), cuttings are placed vertically and on their ends, others are placed horizontally, then they are covered with a layer of corn straw and one of earth (10 and 15 cm thick, resp.), taking care to leave ventilation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M..) D02 0162 11701 LEIiINER, D.E. and CASTRO M., A. Pricticassencillaspara aumentarel rendimtento del cultivo de [a yuea (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Simple agronomic practices for increasing cassava yields). Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional do Agricultura Tropical, 1979. 40p.Span., Sum. Span., 11 Refs., Illus. Paper presented at Reuni6n del Programa Cooperativo Centroamericano de Mejo­ ramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios, 25o., 1979. Cassava. Cuttings. Cultivation systems. Land preparation. Spacing. Planting. Timing. Tuber productivity. Cassava programs. Cultivars. Herbicides. Hoeing. Colombia. The low cassava yields obtained in L.A. at present are the result of a complex of problems: 1) deficient quality of planting material, which results in low sprouting, poor rooting and little initial vigor; 2) inadequate land preparation anZ planting systems; 3) control systems for pests and diseases are unknown and weed control, untimely; 4) some local var. have a low yield potential. The CIAT Cassava Program has developed a set of simple low-cost prac­ tices aimed towards increasing cassava yields. These improved practices include the selection of healthy and mature planting material and its chemical treatment with fungicides, insecti­ cides and micronutrients. The best cuttings are 20 cm long, from the upper or middle part of the plant and cut at a right angle. It is recommendable to carry out planting on well-pre­ pared land, using ridges if the soil is of a clay texture and if annual rainfall exceeds 1200

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mm. Recommended planting practices are: planting the cutting in a vertical position, at a

depth of 10 cm, using an optimum density (normally not less than 10,000 plants/ha) and a spatial arrangement adequate for the form of cultivation used (monoculture or association, mechanized or manual labor). Manual weeding should be strategically distributed during the 1st 120 days after planting, this being the critical stage of weed competition with cassava. The use of preemergence herbicides is frequently more economical than manual labor but has to be complemented with additional control measures when cassava is planted in mono­ culture. These improved practices have been evaluated on an international basis for 4 crop cycles; with them it is possible to more than double the yields of local var. without irriga­ tion and the use of fertilizer, insecticide and fungicide inputs. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02

0163 5000 LOZANO, J.C. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). In Hewitt, W.B. and Chiarappa, L., eds. Plant health and quarantine in international transfer of genetics resources. Cleveland, Ohio, CRC Press, 1977. pp.103-109. Engi., 34 Refs. Cassava. Production. Tuber productivity. Propagation materials. Disease control. Xanthomonas manihotis. Sphaceloma manihoticola. Giumerella cingulata. Sclerouum rolfsi. Cassava African mosaic virus. Bemisla. Cassava bacterial blight. Fusarium. Tetranychus telarius. Mononiychellus tanajoa. Erinnyis ello. Efforts to increase cassava yields and production are threatened by underestimation of the importance of diseases and insects in cassava and the need for effective quarantine measures. Problems arising from international transfer of planting material are discussed, emphasizin_ the distribution and dissemination of diseases and pests. The Workshop for International Exchange and Testing of Cassava Germplasm (CIAT, Feb. 75) gave specific and general recommefidauons related to international movement of vegetative propagating material and true seed. Proposals for establishing an intermediate quarantine station in a noncassava-producing country or island and the future use of tissue culture techniques for quarantine purposes are presented. (Summary by LMf.F.) D02

0164 11232 LYNAM, J.K. New technology validation in cassava. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1979. 10p. Engl. Paper presented at Workshop on Pre-release Testing of Agricultural Technology, Cali, Colombia, 1979. Cassava. Production. Field experiments. Productivity. Selection. tnttings. Hoeing. Spacing. Cultivars. Starch content. Technology evaluation. Colombia. La Colorada, on the North Coast of Colombia, was chosen by CIAT to study new technology

validation in cassava. Trials measured the productivity of improved cassava production technology under actual field conditions, defined factors limiting cassava yields that may have been overlooked in the design of technology, and provided a preliminary assessment of potential constraints on adoption of the new technology. Among the components tested were selectica and treatment of stem cuttings, plant population and manual weed control. A split plot design was used since local and promising cv. can be given the same treatment. Ratings of the general eating quality of cv. CMC 40 and MEX 59 indicated that neither was of sufficient quality for human consumption and would only serve for industrial purposes. Only a partial adoption of some techniques was observed. (Summary by L.. F.) D02

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0165 12839 NARINTARAPORN, K. et al. (Effects of spacing and ages of the cassava plant on leaf and root yieldst. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.32. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Field experiments. Spacing. Planting. Harvesting. Timing. Tuber productivity. Leaves. Thailand. An expt was conducted at the Huai Pong Field Crop Expt Station to study the effect of spacing (40 x 40, 40 x 50, 50 x 50, 40 x 80,50 x 100 and 100 x 100 cm) and age of the plant (leaves harvested at 2, 4, 6 and 12 mo) on cassava leaf and root yield. A 6 x 4 factorial expt was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. A spacing of 100 x 100 cm gave the highest root yield; lowest yield was obtained with the most frequent leaf removal. Plants harvested at 12 mo gave highest root yield and leaves yield about 0.63 t/rai (6.25 ral = 1 ha). (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) D02 D03 0166 12836 NARINTARAPORN, K., TIRAPORN, C. and SINTUPRAMA, S. [Storage of cassava plantin- materialj. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. p.35. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Storage. Cuttings. Timing. Germination. Thailand. A 3 x 2 x 8 factorial expt was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 2 repli­ cations to study the effect of storage conditions and treatment of cuttings on %survival of planting material. Storage conditions were as follows: stored in a shed, stored under cover in the field,stored in the open in the field; storage periods were 0-15-30-45-60-75-90-105 days. Storage conditions and period were important in reducing %survival. Higheft %sur­ vival was obtained when storing cuttings in a shed for up to 45 days (91.06-100%). A gradual decrease in %survival was detected after 45 days, decreasing to 58.96% at 105 days. Treatment of cuttings had no effect on %survival. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0167 12164 OLIVEIRA, D. DE Fileiras duplas: novo sistema de plantio para mandioca. (Double-rows: a new planting system for cassava). Brasilia, Brasil. Empresa Brasl­ leira de Assistencia Tdcnica e Extensgo Rural. informativo Mandioqueiro no. 30. 1979. 15p. Port., 29 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Planting. Production. Brazil. The advantages of double-row planting over the traditional method are discussed: (1) it permits association with other crops and the continuous use of the same area; (2) produc­ tion and productivity increase (from 14 t of fresh roots/ha to 25 t/ha); (3) reduction of capital invested and area cultivated; (4) less pest and disease incidence; (5) facility in crop management and (6) rational use of land and better exploitation of family labor. Data are given on production and area planted in 1978 for the states of Parg, Maranhgo, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina. (Summary by #.G. Trans. by L.M.F. D02 0168 12932 PATERA, L.F., BARBA, R. G. and ESTRELLA, J.E. Now rapid methods of causava propagation by leaf-bud and stem cuttings. Los Baflos, Philippines, University of Philippines at Los Bathos. Institute of Plant Breeding, 1979. iSp. Engl., Sum. Engl., 7 Refs. Cassava. Propagation. Cuttings. Propagation materials. Plant-growth substances. Philippines. Although cassava is easily propagated by stem cuttings, this method gives only 10-30 cut­

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tings, 25 cm long, from one mature plant each year. This will not meet the demand for planting material In the Philippines, especially with the coming release of Datu Iand Lakan 1, both very high-yielding var. A new method for rapid propagation has been devcloped, whereby one million plants can be obtained from one mature plant with 500 healthy leaves. Single leaf-bud cuttings are rooted under mist. The leaf-bud cuttings are dipped In 10% captan and 50 ppm indolebutyric acid, inserted in a sand bed with a I x I"wire mesh as support. Roots form within 2 wk. Rooted cuttings are then transferred to soil in pots or plastics bags for 2 wk before transplanting in the field, for better establishment. If healthy leaves are not produced by the mother plant, immature green or mature stems (normally unsuitable for planting materials) can be used as an alternative method. For the latter, cut ends of the stem are dipped in 5%calcium hypochlorite for sterilization. Mist provides favorable environment for shoot and root formation. Application of growth regulators (50 mg/l GA or benzyladenine) or ringing of the stalk between each node to control apical dominance is necessary to force individual buds to grow. (Summary by T.B.) D02 0169 11498 PIEDRAHITA C., W. and DOLL, J.D. Resumen de tressaosdeinvestigaci6nde herbicidas en yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Results of three years of research on herbicides in cassava). Revista Comalfi 2(4):185-197. 1975. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 8 Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Herbicides. Plant development. Productivity. Weeding. Colombia. Based on results of 2previous trials in which 19 herbicides were found to be selective in cassava at rates up to 4 times the normal one in heavy soils, a final expt was conducted at CIAT with many compounds at the recommended rate and 4 times that rate. Norea, benthiocarb, nitrofen, pronamide, methazole, butachlor, alachlor, DNBP, chloramben, perfluidone, metribuzin, S­ 2846,. H-22234, napropamide, fluorodifen, cyanazine, FMC-25213, prinachlor and bifenox were selective even at the high rate. Those that caused injury at the high rate but not at the normal rate were considered marginally selective and included diuron, linuron, fluometuron. oxadiazon, methabenzthiazuron and CIPC + alanap. Nonselective compounds included DPX-3674 and tebuthiuron in preemergence and bentazon, DNBP. amitrol and DPX-1 108 in posteniergence. (Author's summary) D02 0170 10923 PIMENTA, A. et aL Sistema de produqilo de mandioca (Regi'o de Cerra­ dos). [Cassavaproduction system (Cerrados region) ].Informe Agropecuirio 3(33): 13-18. 1977. Port. Cassava. Land preparation. Planting. Timing. Pruning. Storage. Cuttings. Spacing. Tuber productivity. Fertilizers. Weeding. Erinnyis ello. Xanthomonas manihotis. Mycoplasmoses. Harvesting. Rotational crops. Brazil. A cassava production system is recommended for the Cerrados region in Brazil, in which several aspects are considered: land preparation, selection of planting material (health, age and part of stem), angle of cut, storage, transportation and treatment of propagation mate­ rial, quantity and wt of the cuttings needed/ha, planting time, density and method, ferti­ lization, control of weeds, pests (termites - Coptotermes spp, and the hornworm - Erinnyls ello) and diseases (CBB, witches'-broom), pruning, harvesting, crop rotation and yields (18 mo). (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F})D02 0171 12076 PINHO, .L.N. DE Conservago de sementes vegetativas do mandloca, (Manlhot eaculenta Crantz), no Iltoral do Cear/ BrasiL (Storage of canava cuttings on the coast of Ceard, Brazil). Tese Mag. Sc. Fortaleza, Ceari, Brasil, Uni­

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versidade Federal do Ceari. Departamento de Fitotocnia, 1979. 59p. Port., Sum. Port., 27 Refs.

Cassava. Cuttings. Storage. Laboratory experiments. Field experiments. Plant development. Germination. Tubcr productivity. Dry matter. Brazil

Ten methods for storing cuttings were studied for 4 periods, using a randomized block design with plots split into 40 treatments and 4 replications, compared with a control using cuttings the same day they were harvested. The methods studied were: heeled or nonheeled cuttings; covered or uncovered with straw; in vertical, inverted or horizontal av no. of sprouts/plant was significantly affected by the method of conservingposition. The the cuttings, storage period and the type of cuttings. Sprouting was not affected by storage but was affected after 120 days, in both the uncovered and some of the coveredup to 90 days treatments. Reduction in plant vigor presented different intensities according to the storage method; greater initial vigor was observed in the aerial part of plants from cuttings stored vertical or inverted vertical position and covered with straw. Storage reduced in a normal the. vigor of the aerial part even for a period of 90-120 days. Storage contributed to thpadevelopment of a superior root system in the cuttings and a greater formation of total DM in the roots as compared to the control. (Authork summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 C01 0172 12179 RODRIGUES, R.A. M6todo de propagaro ripida de mandloca. (Rapid propagation method for cassava). Informe Agropecuirio 5(59/60):79-81. 1979. Port., 7 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Propagation. Cuttings. Rooting. Germination. Brazil. The methodology and materials used are described in detail for a rapid method propagation, which basically consists of 2-node stem pieces cut from a plant (8 of cassava mo old) and treated with a solution of Dithane M-45 before being planted horizontally, 1 cm deep. Within 3 wk a great no. of sprouts are obtained inside the chamber. When high, the upper 8 cm are cut and the sprouts placed in pots and these, in these are 9 cm turn, in a rooting chamber. After 1-2 wk, leaves are formed and the 1st roots appear. They should be trans­ planted immediately to the field. The advantage of this method over the traditional system Is discussed. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0173 11473 RODRIGUEZ M., S. Estudo comparativo de cuatro distanca de planta­ ci6n en yuca (Manihot esculenta). (Evaluation of fourplantingdistances In cassava). Ciencia y Tcnica en la Agricuitura (Vianda, Hortalzas y Granos) 1(2):43-51. 1978. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 13 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Planting. Spacing. Clones. Tuber productivity. Timing. Cuba. A 3-yr evaluation was made of 4 planting distances (90 x 45, 90 x 60, 90 x 75 and 90 x 90 cm) at the Centro de Mejoramiento de Semillas Agimicas, Sto. Domingo, Villa Clara, Cuba, using 2 clones with erect habit and few branches. Seflorita yielded significantly better than Baluja 1 over the 3 yr and at all planting distances. Yields at 90 x 75 and 90 x 90 cm were the best for both clones. Further studies should be conducted with clones of different growing habits, using higher plant populations. (Summary by T.B.) D02 0174 12955 SALDIAS, M.O. La mandioca es un cultivo interesante'para [a zona Norte de Entre Rios. (Cassava, an interesting crop for northern Entre Rios). Chacra (65):62-63. 1936. Span., Illus. Cassava. Agronomic characters. Bitter cassava. Sweet cassava. Climatic requirements.

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Planting. Weeding. Harvesting. Tuber productivity. Industrialization. Technological package. Argentina. Cassava cultivation is recommended for the N. zone of Entre Rios, Argentina. A brief description is given of plant characteristics, the difference between sweet and bitter var., adequate climate and land, planting, cultural practices, harvesting, yields and industrial­ ization. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. D02 0175 12973 SANDOVAL C., LF. Goal 2 EC, nuevo herbicida para el cultivo de [a yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). (Goal 2 EC, a new herbicide for cassava cultivation). Coagro no. 27:39-41. 1980. Span., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Weeding. Herbicides. Colombia. After various trials with the herbicide Goal 2 EC (oxyfluorfen) at different rates, a recom­ mendable rate was determined: preemergence 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha and directed postemer­ gence 0.75.1.0 kg a.i./ha + Gramoxone (paraquat) 0.2 kg a.i./ha. The advantages of this her­ bicide are lsted: it eliminates weeds resistant to other herbicides; has an excellent residual effect (> 7 mo); synergism when combined with Gramoxone. There is no accumulation in the soil; iK;is selective and is greatly versatile in combining with other herbicides. (Summary by FG. 7?ans by L.M.F.) D02 0176 12877 SANDOVAL, LF. Oxifluorfen, nuevo herbicida parn el cultivo de la yuca. (Oxyfluorfen, a new herbicide for cassava). Nueva Agricaltura Tropical 32(1):16. 1980. Span. Cassava. Weeding. Herbicides. Colombia. The 1st 3 mo of the vegetative period are the critical period of weed competition. Due to its residual effect, oxyfluorfen is recommended for preemergent applications immediately after planting and up to 10 days afterwards at rates of 0.75-1.0 kg/ha. It can be mixed with paraquat for postemergent applications (0.72-0.96 kg/ha of oxyfluorfen .+ 0.24 kg/ha of paraquat) in a total vol of 400 i/ha. (Summary by L.MF.) D02 0177 12025 SAR, T. VAN DER. Hand-operated cassava harvesters. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia 10(l):64-68. 1979. Engi., Sum. Engl., I Ref., Illus. Cassava. Harvesting. Mechanization. Agricultural equipment. When cassava is harvested by hand, simple implements are used; e.g., a fork ora boom with halter to lift the roots out of the soil. In this paper 2 types of cassava harvester are described. After cutting of the stem, the plant is gripped by a pair of self-clenching tongs. The Ist design requires 2 people; the 2nd, I man. (Author's summary) D02 0178 12136 SHARMA, A.P. Studies on the mechanized harvesting of cassova in Fiji. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia 10(2):39-41. 1979. Engi., Sum. Engl., 10 Refs., Illus. Also in Fiji Agricultural Journal 40:59-61. 1978. Cassava. Harvesting. Mechanization. Field experiments. Fiji.

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Field trials were carried out to study the most effective method of harvesting cassava. The methods included a tractor-drawn single-disk plow, tractor-drawn single-bottom moldboard plow, animal-drawn moldboard plow and manual digging with afork. Best results were obtained with the tractor-drawn single-bottom plow, which harvested 0.4 ha in 6 h with min root damage (1.44%). (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) D02 0179 12916 SHARMA, A.P. Study on the mechanised digging of cassava. ,Mlahabad Famier 49(l):33-36. 1978. Engl., 5 Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Harvesting. Timing. Agricultural equipment. Mechanization. Fiji. A single-bottom, tractor-drawn moldboard plow proved to be the most suitable tractor­ drawn cassava digger as it exposed nearly 100% of roots on the surface with only 1.5% damage, whereas in other cases root damage varied from 7.7 to 24%.Time taken to harvest one ha of crop was found to be nearly 11 h, while with manual digging 77 man­ hours were needed with 5%root damage. The following factors may affect mechanical digging: speed of the machine, MC in the soil, weeds in the fields, physical properties of soil, pattern at planting , root growth pattern, depth of digging, row spacing, topography of land and experience of the operator. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) D02 0180 12110 SILVA, A.A. DA et at. Controle qulmco de plantas daninhas na cultura da mandloca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Chemical control ofweeds in cassava). Cariacica, Espiritu Santo, Brasil. Empresa Capixaba de Pesquisa Agropecuhria. Boletim Ticnico no. 1. 1979. 26p. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 15 Refs., Illus. Cassava, Weeding. Tuber productivity. Herbicides. Field experiments. Brazil. The effectiveness of cotoran, Devrinol (napropamide), linuron, Surflan (oryzalin) and 2,4-D, alone or in combination with diuron, and diuron +ametryn in controlling weeds in cassava was evaluated at Ponte Nova, Minas Gerais. All herbicides were applied at a rate of 3.0 kg a.i./ha, except for 2,4-D (2.0 I/ha); when used in combination with diuron, dosages were reduced 50%. Evaluations 35 and 70 days after application showed that none of the herbicides was toxic to the plants; all treatments were efficient, Devrinol being the least effective. The best treatment for branch production was diuron +2,4-D and for root production, diuron + Surflan, producing 10.2% > wt and 23.8% > roots than the weeded control. In the nonweeded control there were< values for stem 0at 5cm from the soil surface, root length and HI. None of the treatments affected % of starch in the roots, plant height or root 0. (Author's summary) D02

0181 4000 SILVA, J.R. DA Mardloca: aumenta a produtividade com estacas inclinadas, (Inclined planting of cassava cuttings increases productivity). Cerrado 8(33):7-8. 1976, Port., Illus. Cassava. Cuttings. Productivity. Planting. Brazil. An extensive analysis is made of the planting characteristics of long cuttings (50-60 cm), which planted vertically or inclined, increase production approx 60%. The main inconveniences of this system are: (I) increases difficulty of hand planting and harvesting of roots; (2)the farmer needs to take into account the bud position on the cuttings; (3) greater consumption of branches for

54

planting material. Crop mechanization is a possible solution to these problems. (Summary by F.G. Trans. hy 1.. M.1..) D02 0182 11857 SINTHUPRAMA, S. et at. [Study on cassava spacing]. In Thailand. Depart­ ment of Agriculture. Division of Research and Experiment. Progress report for 1971. Bangkok, 1972?. pp.1410-1413. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Spacing. Weeds. Costs. Weeding. Income. Thailand. An expt was conducted with a local var. to determine the optimum spacing for cassava and the effect of different spacings on weed growth. A randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 6 replications was used. Spacing treatments were 60 x 60, 60 x 80, 60 x 100, 60 x 120, 80 x 100, 80 x 120, 100 x 100, 100 x 120 and 120 x 120 cm. There were no significant differences in the no. of weeds among spacings. The cost of weed control was almost th same for all treatments, but the highest net income was obtained with the 100 x 100 cm .pacing. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0183 11852 SINTHUPRAMA, S. eraL [Study on relationship between plant spacing andweed control of cassava]. In Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Division of Research and Experiment. Progress report for 1971. Bangkok, 1972?. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Spacing. Weeding. Tuber productivity. Thailand. An expt was conducted to study the effect of spacing on weed control and cassava growth, usinga randomized complete block design with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Spacing treatments were 60 x 50, 60 x 100, 100 x 50, 100 x 100, 140 x 50and 140x 100cm, without weeding orweeded when necessary. There was no significant difference in yield between the weeded and nonweeded treatments due to great variations in the main plot. No relationship between weed control, row and plant spacing was found. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0184 12831 SITIBOOT, C. [Influence of plant population and rate of fertilizez on cassava yieldl. In Soil and Fertilizer Conference, 1st., 1978. Proceedings. Bingkok, Thailand, Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division, 1978. p.7. Thai., Sum. EngL Cassava. Field experiments. Spacing. Planting. Fertilizers. N. P. K. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Expt were conducted on 3 soil series (Sattahip, Yasothon, Korat) to evaluate the effect of plant density (5000-20,000 plants/ha) and fertilization (0-93.75-187.5 'kg each N-P 0 s K2 0/ha) on fresh root yield. One half the N and all the P and K were applied before plant­ ing, and the remaining N banded at 2 mo. Plants were harvested at 12 mo. A population of 20,000 plants/ha was best for Sattahip and Yasothon soils, lowest yields being obtained with 5000 plants. For the Korat soil, however, there was no marked difference among densities. Significant yield increases due to NPK fertilization were noted on Sattahip and Yasothon soils when using 13,331 plants/ha (spaced at 100 x 75 cm). (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 DO 1 0185 11471 SOBRE A cultura da mandioca. (Cassava cultivation). Selefo-s Agricolas 14(154):75-82. 1959. Port.

65

Cassava. Cultivation. Cuttings. Planting. Spacing. Timing. Harvesting. Erinnyis clio. Plant damage. Brazil. Aspects of cassava cultivation in Brazil are briefly analyzed: botany, taxonomy, cultural practices (size of cuttings, planting distance and season, harvesting). A description is given of the biology and plant damage caused by Erinnyis e//o, the principal cassava pest. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by LM.F.) D02 0186 12968 SOLORZANO H., A. Tecnologia mejorada pa'a producci6n de yuca (Manthot esculenta Crantz) en Ia amazonia peruana. (Intermediate technology for the Peruvian Amazon region). Avances en lnvestigaci6n (Pert) no. 3:1-6. 1980. Span. Cassava. Technological package. Cultivaus. Land preparation. Planting. Timing. Spacing. Cuttings. Weeding. Insect controL Disease control. Cecidomyiidae. Cercospora caribaea. Cercosporavicosae. Peru. A technological package for cassava cultivation in the Peruvian Amazon region is presented, in which recommendations are given on the best var.,, land preparation, planting time, method and density, selection and treatment of cuttings, and control of weeds, pests (leaf­ cutting ants (Atta sp., Acromyrmex sp.),gall midges (Cecidomyiidae)] and diseases (blight leaf spot (Cercosporavlcosae) and white leaf spot (Cercosporacaribaea)]. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) DO2

0187 11846 SOMBATNUN, P., THIRAPORN, C. and SINTHUPRAMA, S. [Study on multiplication of cassava]. In Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Division of Field Crops. Cassava research report for 1975. Bangkok, 1976?. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Propagation. Timing. Cuttings. Germination. Thailand. To determine the best method for multiplying cassava, a 5 x 3 x 3 factorial expt in a randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications. The Ist factorstudied was plant age (4,6, 8, 10 and 12 mo); the 2nd, portion of the stem used for the cutting (top, middle and basal parts); and 3rd, cutting length (5, 10 and 15 cm). Each treatment consisted of 25 cuttings planted at 20x 20cm in a 2 x 2 m plot area. Cuttings 15 and 10 cm long, both from the middle and basal part of the stem (4-12 mo old) gave the highest % germination (95-100%). Cuttings 15 and 10 cm long, both from the middle and basal part of the stem (6-12 mo old) gave the highest % survival (94-100%). Cuttings 5 cm long from 6-mo-old plants gave the highest rate of multiplication. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0188 11854 THAILAND. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT. [Study on cassava spacing]. In. Annual report for 1967. Bangkok, 1968?. pp.99-100. Thai., Sum. Engi. Casava. Field experiments. Spacing. Tuber productivity. Planting. Thailand. The effect of spacing on cassava yield war studied at the Huai Pong Field Crop Expt Station, in Rayong Province using a randomized complete block design with 9 treatments and 6 replications. Spacing treatments were 60 x 60, 60 x 80, 60 x 100, 60 x 120, 80 x 100, 80 x 120, 100 x 100, 100 x 120 and 120 x 120 cm. Although there were no statistical differences among treatments, the 100 x 100 cm treatment tended to give the highest yields, followed by 60 x 80 and 60 x 100 cm. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02

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0189 11858 THAILAND. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT DIVISION. [Effect of harvesting time after cutting stems on root yield of cauava. In.._. Annual report for 1966. Bangkok, 1967?. pp.73-74. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Harvesting. Timing. Pruning. Tuber productivity. Thailand. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used to determine the effect of time of harvesting (30, 15 and 1 day) after the cutting of stems. It was found that the longer the time between stem cutting and harvesting, the lower the yields obtained. This may be due to the reutilization of food reserves in the roots to produce new leaves and shoot growth. Uprooting the plant immediately after cutting the stems is suggested. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0190 12809 TIRAPORN, C., BUAKONGDI, C. and SINTUPRAMA, S. [Time of planting for cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperations. Divi­ sion of Field Crop. Abstracts compilation report. Bangkok, 1977. pp.30-31. Thai., Sum. Engl., Casava. Planting. Timing. Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Starch content. Thailand. The effect of planting time on fresh and dry wt as well as starch content of cassava roots was studied using a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments (7 monthly plantings from April-Nov. 1976) and 4 replications. N, P20 and K2 0 were applied equally at 50 kg/ha. Plot size and plant spacing were 7 x 17 m and 1 x 1 m, wip. Harvesting was done at 12 mo. The 7 plantings resulted in marked differences in fresh root yield, but had little effect on starch content and dry wt. Fresh root wt varied from 28-49 t/ha, whereas starch content and dry wt varied from 16-22 and 31-37%, resp. Planting in April gave the highest fresh root wt, whereas planting in Aug.-Sept. gave the lowest; therefore, planting should be done in the early rainy season months (April-May). (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0191 12841 TONGHAM, A. et al. [Effect of time of planting and harvesting of cassava on fresh root and chip yield]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.17. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Planting. Harvesting. Timing. Tuber productivity. Cassava chips. Thailand. The effect of planting and harvesting time on yield of fresh cassava roots and chips was studied at Huai Pong Field Crop Expt Station, Rayong Province, using a 62 factorial expt arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Planting dates were on the l0th-20th days of each mo from May-Oct. (rainy season), and harvesting was at 2-.mo intervals from 8-18 mo after planting. Planting early in the rainy season (May-July) gave higher root yield (4.8-4.9 t/rai, 6.25 ra = 1 ha) and chips (1.6-1.7 t/rai); and the later the harvesting time, the higher the yield. Planting from May-July and harvesting at 12 mo was the best, confirming the results of the 1974 expt. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) D02 D03

0192 12840 TONGHAM, A. et al. [Effects of delayed harvesting after stem removal on yield and quality of cassaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.18. Thai., Sum. Engl.

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Cassava. Timing. Harvesting. Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Starch content. Thailand. Results of 1974-76 expt showed that harvesting 30 days after cutting the stems had no effect on root yield and quality of cassava. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used to study the effect of different harvesting times (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days) after stem cutting at 365 days after planting. Harvesting time (75 days) after stem cutting had no effect on fresh root yield, but starch content of roots decreased 15-60 days after stem cutting and increased at 75 days. This may be due to reutilization of food re­ served in the roots for new leaves and shoot growth; at 75 days after stem cutting the leaves become older and have been shed and the remaining leaves are active in photosynthesis. Root rot was not found in any of the treatments. (Summary by Kasetsart University)D02 D03 0'93 12808 TONGHAM, A. et al. [Time of planting and harvestbig for cassaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agricult.-e and Cooperations. Division of Field Crops. Abstracts c mpilation report. Bangkok, 1977. pp.28-29. Thai., Sum. Fagl. Cassava. Field experiments. Planting. Harvesting. Timing. Tuber productivity. Thailand. A randomized complete block design was used to study the impact of planting and harvest­ ing time on fresh and dry wt of cassava roots. There were 6 monthly plantings (May-Oct. 1975); harvesting was done at 2-mo intervals from 8-18 mo. Plot size was 7 x 15 m, and spacing was I x 1 m. Each plot received 50 kg N-P2 0 5 -K2 0. Results showed that different planting and harvesting times gave significant differences in fresh and dry root wt. Planting during the early rainy season (May-June) gave higher yield than during the late rainy season (Sept.-Oct.). It was also noted that y* 'd of fresh and dry roots increased as plant age in­ creased from 8 to 18 mo. In conclusion, cassava planted in May and harvested at 18 mo produced the highest fresh and dry root yield, whei, as planting in Oct. and harvesting at 8 mo gave the lowest fresh and dry root wt. (Summary .y KasetsartUniversity) D02 0194 12810 TONGHAN, A. et al. [Effect of the time between removal of the aerial part of the cassava plant and harvesting of the roots on yield qualityL In Thai­ land. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperations. Division of Field Crop. Abstract compilation report. Bangkok, 1977. pp.32-33. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Harvesting. Timing. Tuber productivity. Starch content. Prun­ ing. Thailand. To determihe the influence of the time between the removal of the aerial part of the plant and harvesting of the roots, a randomized complete block design was used with 6 treatments (harvesting at 0-15-30-45-60-75 days after removing the aerial part) and 4 replications. Plot size was 7 x 10 m and spacing, 1 x 1 m; all plots received 50 kg/ha N-P2 0,-K2 0. Data were taken on starch content and fresh wt of the roots. Leaving the roots 0-60 days before harvesting resulted in a gradual decrease in starch content from 18.3 to 11.4%; however, harvesting at 75 days raised the starch content to 15%. This phenomenon may be attributed to the photosynthetic activity of the newly emerged leaf. As regards fresh root wt, no marked effect was obtained; in fact, increasing the time between the removal of the aerial part and harvesting from 15 to 75 days increased root fresh wt from 24.7 to 27.4 t/ha although this was not statistically significant. (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) D02 D04 0195 12945 TORO, J.C., CASTRO, A. and LEIHNER, D. Agronomy & cultcral prac­ tices-Highlights at CIAT in 1978. Cassava Newsletter no. 5:7-9. 1979. Engl., lllus.

a8

Also in Spanish. Cassava. Field experiments. Technological package. Land preparation. Planting. Timing. Cuttings. Spacing. Weeding. Fertilizers. P. Agricultural lime. Cassava programs. Colombia. Four years of regional trials showed that "assava needs the same soil preparation as any other crop; ridges should be used in case of heavy soil and over 1200 mm rainfall/yr; plant­ ing should be done at the beginning of the rainy season unless there are serious disease problems; cutting should be cut rectangularly at 20 cm, dipped in a mixture of Dithane M45 (mancozeb) and Manzate 80 (maneb) and planted vertically at 10,000 plants/ha; and the crop should be kept weed-free especially during the Ist 4 mo. (Summary by Ab. stracts on Tropical Agriculture) D02 DOI 0196 11395 TORO M., J.C. Three years of cassava technology evaluation in Colombia. Field Crops Research 2:291-308. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 13 Refs. Cassava. Technology evaluation. Technological package. Cultivars. Field experiments. Pro­ ductivity. Cultivation. Cassava programs. Colombia. Cassava, a crop of increasing importance, is a basic food for > 300 million people in the tropics. CIAT in Colombia and IITA in Nigeria are engaged in intensive research on the crop. In 1974, a regional trial network was established in Colombia to evaluate varietal perform­ ance of selected and improved cassava var. over a wide range of edaphic and climatic condi­ tions. The basic improved technology used was based on low inputs and adequate soil preparation. Cuttings were selected and treated with a mixture of Dithane M-45 (manzeb) and Manzate-80 (maneb) and the crop was kept clean during the growing cycle. There was no irrigation or control of insects and diseases. Only at Carimagua, a site of extremely acid, infertile Oxisols, was fertilizer applied: 0.5 t/ha of lime and I t/ha of 10-20-20 fertilizer. At all sites the prevalent local var. was used as a control. Trials were planted on farmers' fields in cassava-producing areas and exptl stations over 3 consecutive yr. Nine trials were planted in the 1st 2 yr and 10 in the 3rd yr. A total of 38 promising var. and 10 local ones were evaluated over 3 yr. The mean 0/o of sprouting of promising and local var. over 3 yr was 940/o. The 3 best selected var. at each site averaged more than 34 t/ha, or 4 times the na­ tional av of 8 t/ha, in the final year's trials. Cv. MPan-70 yielded the most, with 54.3 t/ha at Caicedonia, an excellent cassava-growing area with fertile soil, ideal climatic conditions and with relatively mild disease and pest attack. The overall mean of the best local var. for the 3 yr was 23.8 t/ha. Thus with the simple, inexpensive technology it was possible to double the yields of both local and improved var. (Author's summary) D02 0197 12812 UTI'AYOPAS, P. et al. [Determination of the NPK requirements of cassava by plant analysis methods]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperations. Division of Field Crop. Annual abstract report. Bangkok, 1977. pp.177-181. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Field experiments. Nutritional requirements. Fertilizers. N. P. IL Leaves. Tuber productivity. Thailand. To determine the N requirement of cassava, 4 field expt were set up in farmers' fields In Cholburi and Rayong provinces In the 1977-78 season, using a randomized complete block design. The 14 treatments were as follows: the contro; 0-187.5-187.5; 62.5-187.5-187.5; 125-187.5-187.5; 187.5-187.5-187.5; 312.5-187.5-187.5; 187.5-0-187.5; 187.5-62.5-187.5; 187.5-125-187.5; 187.5-250-187.5; 187.5-187.5-0; 187.5-187.5-62.5; 187.5-187.5-125; and 187.5-187.5-250 kg/ha N-P2Os-K 2 0. At 1-5 mo after planting, samples were collected monthly from the youngest leaf, young matured leaf (the 4th leaf from the apex) and the fully matured leaf (the lowest). Fresh root wt and NPK contents in the leaf were determined

69

and correlated. Root fresh wt was highly related to N fertilizer rates but not to PK levelp. Fresh root yield increased from 16.3 to 22.5 t/ha as the N levels increased from 0-312.5 kg N/ha. Based on these results, assessment of nutrient availability in the soil was focused on N only. Considering the relationship between relative yield and N concn in the plant, it was found that N content in the 4th leaf from the apex at 2, 3 and 4 mo of age gave the highest correlation with relative yield, indicating the best sampling part and age. The critical concn of N was 4.2%. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0198 12921 VERMAAT, P. De mogelijkheden van hefbomen bij de mechanisatie van de casave-oogst. (Possibilities of using levers in the mechanization of cassava harvesting). Paramaribo. Universiteit van Suriname. CELOS Rapporten no. 126. 1978. 29p. Dutch., Sum. Dutch., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Agricultural equipment. Harvesting. Mechanization. Labour. Surinam. Three tools for uprooting cassava plants are described, and results given of field tests. Working with the digging fork required a 2-man team and 171 manhours/ha. Corresponding figures for one type of lever were 2 men and 136 manhours, and for a second type I man and 63 manhours. The lever types resulted in much less damage to the roots than was the case with the digging fork. (Summary by Abstracts on TropicalAgriculture) D02 0199 11867 WANNAPOOTI, V., SAENBUTRA, P. and KOTAMA, P. [Effect of planting date and harvesting time on yield of cassava) . In North-Eastern Agricultural Institu­ tion. Thailand. Annual report for 1974. Bangkok, 1975?. pp.2 3 -26 . Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Field experiments, Planting. Harvesting. Timing. Cultivars. Tuber productivity. Thailand. An expt was conducted to determine optimum planting and harvesting dates. The local var. was used in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Planting was done at 15-day intervals from Oct.1973-May 1974; harvesting was done at 1-mo int,'rvjs 8-15 mo after planting. Planting in the late rainy season (Oct.-Dec.) and harvesting no earlier than 13 mo gave higher yields than planting in the early rainy season (Mar.-May) and harvesting at 12 mo. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D02 0200 12138 WIJEWARDENE, R. and GARMAN, C. Notes on mechanised cassava harvesting trials at IITA. Ibadan, Nigeria, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, 1979. 3p. Engl. Cassava. Harvesting. Mechanization. Field experiments. Agricultural equipment. Nigeria. The performance of 4 mechanized cassqva harvesters is compared under field conditions: Ransomes, A.P.I., CIAT and Alpha-Rec,.rd. It is concluded that the simple CIAT blade lifter is the Ist step in introducing mechanized harvesting into a manually planted field although it lacks coulters at the 2 arms of the blade to slice off the vegetation. This, fol­ lowed by a 2-stage endless-belt elevator, is recommended. (Summary by L.M.F. D02 0201 9754 YOUNG, D.L. An evaluation of efficiency and distributional implications of changes in weed control technology in Northeast Brazil. Ph.D. Thesis. Salem, Oregon

70

State University, 1977. 152p. Engl., Sum. Eng., 92 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Weeding. Herbicides. Costs. Socio-economic aspects. Technology evaluation. Brazil. The economic efficiency and implications for social welfare of adopting the use of herbicides are analyzed for 2 regions of NE Brazil: the Pernambuco sugar cane region and the Agreste region of diversified agriculture (maize, beans, cotton, cassava and some mixed legume and fruit crops). A differentiation was made between adopting herbicides as an alternative to improve the efficiency/response to technological or marketing factors and as an answer to price distortions due to govtl policies. In the Agreste region, 89% of the area cultivated on properties < 2 ha is dedicated to maize/bean intercropping and cassava in monoculture. Almost all the crops are planted in intercropping mixtures, with the exception of cassava. Cost comparisons for cassava revealed that chemical and mechanical weed control can be profitable; nevertheless, human and financial capital restraints and the infrastructural defi­ ciencies precluded their use. Hoeing gave both an effective and economical weed control. A gradual transition to intermediate technology is recommended, this often being more consistent with relative factor prices. (Summary by L.M.F. D02 JOO 0202 1177S NORMANHA, E.S.A. Plantas de boa produqio x plantas de baixa produ­ q9ro ns parcelas experimentais: uma sugestio para o mitodo de pesagem no campo. (High. and low-yielding plants in experimental plots: a recommendation for field weighing). In Reuniio da Comissio Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernambu­ co, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia, Brasil, Minist6rio da Agricultura. Departamento Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuiria, 1972. pp.49-51. Port. Cassava. Harvesting. Tuber productivity. Research. Brazil. The following recommendations should be taken into account when harvesting exptl plots of cassava: (1) Plants should be removed one by one, and the roots left in their places. (2) Register the no. of roots. (3) Separate the plot populations into 2 groups, high- (> 1 kg/ plant) and low-yielding plants (< I kg/plant). (4) Register separately 1he wt of the plants of the 2 groups. (5) Weigh the roots separately and (6) Investigate whenever possible, the causes of low production. These observations are conducted in order to determine the characteristics of each var. and correlate the existence of low-yielding plants with some factor of cultural management. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 D03 0203 13272 CONTROL DE MALEZAS: en siembras de yuca. (Weed control In cassava crops). El Moriche 1(16):1-4. 1977. Span., Illus. Cassava. Weeding. Herbicides. Costs. Venezuela. Aspects related to weed control in cassava crops in the southern savannas of the state of Monagas (Venezuela) are discussed; those that most frequently invade the land are Trachy. pogon sp. and Tricholaena repens. A list is given of the chemical products (including costs) that gave the best results in weed control at the Guara Exptl Station of the Delta Program. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 J00

0204 12115 MANDIOCA; RECOMENDA OES tecnol6gicas. (Cassava: technical recom­ mendations). Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Instituto de Pesquisas Agropecuirias do Nordeste. Circular no. 18. 1972. l1 p. Port.

Cassav. Technological package. Land preparation. Planting. Spacing. Selection. Propagation

materials. Fertilizers. Injurious insects. Erinnyis ello. Coelosternus granicollis. Carpolon.

71

chaea chalybea. Xanthomonas manihotL Atta. Sphaceloma manihoticola. Cercospora vico­ sae. Harvesting. Insect control. Storage. Bacterioses, Mycoses. Brazil

A technological package is recommended according to research conducted by the Instituto de Pesquisa Agropecuaria del Nordeste (IPEANE), the Instituto de Pesquisa Agropecuaria (IPA) and the Superintendencia de Desarrollo del Nordeste (SUDENE). Cultivation aspects included are land preparation, planting methods and density, selection of propagation mate­ rial, fertilization, control of pests [hornworms (Erinnyis ello), stemborers (Coelosternus gra­ nicolils), shoot flies (Carpolonchaea chalybea), cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon and Prodenia eridania)and leaf-cutter ants (Atta sp.)] and diseases [CBB (Xanthomonas manihotis), super­ elongation (Sphaceloma manihoticola), root rots and blight leaf spot (Cercospora vlcosae)], harvesting and storage. (Summary by F.G. Trani by L.M.F.) D02 0205 13493 CASTRO M., A. Efecto del arreglo espacial de siembra en el rendimiento de las raices de yuca (Manihot esculenta). (Effect of spatial planting arrangement on cassava root yield). Call, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Serie SE-12-80. 1980. 15p. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Planting. Tuber productivity. Spacing. Colombia. Two trials were conducted at the CIAT expt station in Cali, Colombia, to measure the effect of spatial arrangement at fixed planting densities on cassava root yield. In expt 1, 3 cassava cv. of different growth habit were planted at 10,000 plants/ha and arranged in 5 different patterns. Experiment II consisted of 3 different cassava cv. planted at 10,000 and 15,625 plants/ha, both densities arranged in a square and rectangular pattern. F-test and Duncan's multiple range test showed no significant difference on root yield (P-0.05) due to spatial arrangement within a given density and a given cv. Different cv. yield different and there is an optimum planting density for a given cv. according to its growth habit. Agronomic implications suggest that wider row spacings may enable easier weed control, allow easier management of mixed crops and leave uncultivated bands between rows to assist in control­ ling erosion on slopes, without significantly affecting root yield. (Author's summary) D02 D03 0206 12944 BREKELBAUM, T. The Mukibat system. Cassava Newsletter no.5:4-6. 1979. Engl., 5 Refs., Illus. Also in Spanish. Cassava. Mukibat system. Manihot glaziovil, Manihot esculenta. Grafting. Mukibat. Tuber productivity. India. Indonesia. This system is based on the grafting or budding of Manihot glaziovil onto a stock of M. esculenta. The Mukibat system is more labor intensive, but it outylelds ordinary cassava. Mukibat cassava does very well in shaded areas. It performed better in yards than fields. The higher initial input is one of the limiting factors to adopting this system. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) D02 0207 12938 TRES, F. 17ecnologia da produr'o da mandioca. (Cassa'a production tech. nology). Revista EMATER-RIO 3(10):14-15. 1979. Port., 2 Refs. Cassava. Uses. Technological package. Cuttings. Land preparation. Agricultural lime. Propaga­ tion materials. Planting. Timing. Fertilizers. Harvesting. Weeding. Pest control. Disease control. Brazil.

72

The main uses of cassava in human and animal feeding and foc industrial purposes are ana. lyzed. Cassava var. can be divided into 3 groups according to their use: industrial, food and forage. The production technology recommended for the state of Rio de Janeiro is present. ed: land choice and preparation, liming, propagation material, planting method and time, treatment of cuttings, fertilization, cultural practices, pest and disease control and harvest­ ing. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0208 13236 COCK, J.H. et al. Propagaci6n ripida de [a yuca. (Rapidpropagation of cassava). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.C-95 - C-103. Span., Illus. Cassava. Propagation. Propagation materials. Cuttings. Colombia. A system for rapid propagation of cassava is described, including detailed characteristics of the installations (propagation chambers and rooting area), materials needed and process to be followed. The advant3ges of this system are: (1) it is the only way of rapidly propagating promissory var. in sufficient quantities; (2) var. affected by CBB (Xanthomonas manihotis) can be cleaned: and (3) it is a simple, inexpensive system. When comparing this system with the traditional one, a > no. of commercial-sized cuttings were obtained (100-400 vs. 12,000­ 24,000 cuttings/yr). (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F) D02 0209 13238 LEIHNER, D.E. and DOLL, J.D. Control cultural de las malezas en yuca. (Cultural weed control in cassava). In Manual de produccl6n de yuca. Call, Colom­ bia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp D-l I - D-22. Span., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Spacing. Weeding. Cover crops. Inter-cropping. Pro­ ductivity. Co!ombia. Some cultural control measures of weeds in cassava are discussed: quality of the material, planting system and density, density x plant type interaction and use of mulching. In order to study the interaction plant type x planting density, var. MMex 59 (vigorous) and MCol 22 (nonvigorous) were planted in plots of 7500 and 15,000 plants/ha: and 3 levels of weed control were established: complete, intermediate and no control. The vigorous var. was < sensitive to a deficiency in control than the nonvigorous var.; the increase in fresh root yield reached up to 60% at high densities. DifTerent materials for mulching were evaluated at Carimagua and CIAT (Colombia), obtaining effective weed control with corn husks, hay from Hyparrhenia nila and Stylosanthes guyanensis, and sugar cane leaves. Moreover, 2 cover crops (Desmodium heteroph*vllum and I'hascolus iulgaris) were evaluated, as well as cane bagasse, chemical control and continuous manual weeding systems. Highest yields in cassava were obtained with weeding 22, 40, 60 and 115 days after planting, but it was the most expensive because of the labor. The 2 cover crops are valid choices for their effec­ tiveness, but their high cost justifies their use only when seed is produced locally and with family labor. [ntercropping systems and different weed control practices were studied whereby the stabilizing effect of the cassava yield was verified and the utilization of legumes with short growing cycles was shown to reduce weed growth. It is concluded that there are many possibilities of combining cultural weed control with other measures to permit the farmer to choose between capital or labor input. (Summary by F.G. Trans by L.M.F. D02 K01 D03 0210 13235 CASTRO M., A. and HOLGUIN V., J. Manejo del material de siembra de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Management of cassava planting material). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultu­

73

ra Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.C-65 - C-94. Span., Sum. Span., 65 Refs., Illus. Cassa- A. Field experiments. Cuttings. Timing. Planting. Tuber productivity. Colombia. Several cassava trials were planted at CIAT to study the effect of the maturity of stem cuttings, depth of planting, cutting length, planting position and the angle of the cut on root yield. Cuttings from the top and middle part of vigorous I-yr-old plants produced > root yields than those proceeding from the lower part of the plant or from ;lder stem parts. Cuttings planted vertically 10, 20 and 30 cm deep do not affect-the yield but do affect root distribution, the no. of roots/plant and the difficulty of harvesting; planting at 10 cm in depth was the most adequate. Twenty-cm long, selected and treated cuttings gave slightly higher yields than 40 or 60 cm ones. Cuttings placed veftically assure more rapid emergence, -->.% of germination, > yields and prevelnt lodging in comparison to those planted in a hori­ zontal or inclined position. When the stems were cut rectangularly or bevel-edged, different rooting systems were produced; the former produced roots with a more uniform distribu­ tion; nevertheless, yield was not affected. Vertical planting, either with a straight or bevel­ edged cut, gave > yields than horizontal planting. To obtain max yields, planting material should be selected from the middle part of mature, vigorous plants, cut at right angles 20 cm long and planted vertically 10 cm deep. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F. D02 D03

0211 13233 LOZANO, J.C. et al. Selecci6n y preparaci6n de estacas de yuca para siem­ bra. (Selection and preparation of cassava cuttings for planting). In Manual de pro­ ducci6n de yuca. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Pro­ grama de Yuca, 1979. pp.C-31 - C-54. Span., Sum. Span., 23 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cuttings. Planting. Selection. Colombia. It should be kept in mind that a fairly or badly diseased cutting can produce, under ade­ quate conditions, an apparcntly normal, healthy plant, but whose yield will always be infe­ rior or sometimes nil as compared to the yield of a plant from a good-quality cutting. From the point of view of prodoiction, tie root yield/unit of time/unit of area is of interest. To obtain the may yield, it is n,:cessary to realize select cuttings carefully: (I) Choose plants of a vigorous var. from a healthy cassava plantation; take parts of stems with the appropriate maturity (8-18 mo old), and cut pieces 20 cm in length, with 5-7 nodes and with a 0 not less than half the max width of the main stem. (2) Physical damage to the cuttings should be avoided during their preparation, transport and planting. (3) Propagation material from AMD-infected regions should not be introduced into regions where the disease does not exist. The introduction of cuttings from regions where CBB or witches'-broom is present should be avoided. When these diseases exist in a region, planting material should be selected only from those plantations that remain healthy during the rainy season. If these cannot be found, CBB-free material should be produced and the cuttings treated with some of the fungicides (Difolatan, 6000 ppm) that eradicate the causal agent of witches' broom. (4) Cuttings should not be taken from plants that present symptoms of viruses, mycoplasma or frog skin; plants with these symptoms should be burned. (5) Each of the cuttings should be carefully observed. Any piece of stem that shows traces of localized pathogenic agents (cankers, local epidermic or medular rotting) and insect damage (galleries, tunnels or epider­ mic wounds) should be destroyed. (6) Cuttings should be treated with fungicides and herbi­ cides immediately after being cut off the plant and before storage. Storage should be min under optimum conditions. (7) Cuttings should not be planted in insect-infested soils (grubs, termites and subterranean cutworms) without 1st applying insecticides around the cuttings or to the soil. (8) Finally, planting should be done when the soil has sufficient MC; planting during the dry seasons should be avoided. Good agronomic practices should be used and the soil given an adequate preparation for the crop. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02

74

0212 13234 LEIINER. I). and ANDRADE. A.S. Respuesta agron6mica de [a yuca a du­ raci6n y modalidad del almacenamiento de estacas. (Agronomic response o.fcassava cuttings to storage length and nmethod). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Cali, Co­ lombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp. C-35 -C-64. Span., 16 Rel's., Illus. Cassava. Propagation materials. Storage. Timing. Germination. Colombia. The methodology used for be!ter conservation of the quality of planting material and to reduce the losses caused by the inadequate storage of cuttings is discussed. Generally, it is recommendable to shorten the storage period as much as possible. General conditions for the conservation of cutting%are listed. l)il lerent systems and storage periods were evaluated using var. CMC 76. The sprouting process was faster in stored material than in fresh cuttings. Final % of, prouting (95-100) %% as not aTfected by storage time %% lien this was adequate. It was concluded that:( I ) Ilie most important (actor inthe decrease in cassava yields due to the storage of cuttings. is their loss of' sprouting ability. (2) Under adequate conditions of storage and with chemical treatment, cuttings may be conserved for several mo. (3)In tropi­ cal climates, the storage of planting material in a fresh, shaded and moderately hunid envi­ ronment is more lavorable than in storehouses. (4) Storage conditions for cuttings are more critical, the longer it lasts. (5) In spite of conserving material under food conditions and obtaining 100% sprouting, yield decreases were obscrved due to the prolonged storage. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 0213 13271 ESTACAS DE yuca para [a siembra. (Selection ofstem cuttings for planting material). El Moriche 1( 1): 1-4. 1977. Span., Illus. Cassava. Cuttings. Planting. Selection. Venezuela. Some recommendations are given on stem cutting selection and preparation. Selection cri­ teria are (I ) sanitary conditions of the crop, (2)age and localization of propagation material and (3) seed viability. Those of preparation are (I ) stem cutting size, (2) angle of cut and (3) chemical treatment. (Summary by 1G.Trans. bt' LDI02) )2 0214 13255 IIHHIINER, D. Evaluaci6n de dos cosechadoras de yuca. (Evaluation of two cassava harvesters). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Cali, Colombia. Centro Inter­ nacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.1-7 - 1-12. Span., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Planting. Spacing. Harvesting. Mechanization. Agricul­ tural equipment. Colombia. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of acommercial cassava harvester (A) and a harvesting implement (B): (1) the var. Chiroza (difficult to harvest) was planted using 3 systems (beds, ridges and on the flat) at different densities and (2) three cassava var. (M Col 22, CMC 84 and M Mex 11) were planted on the flat. Harvester A lelt the roots totally exposed on the surface and partially removed the soil on them, while harvester B did not expose the roots totally. Root losses were > with manual harvesting and < with harvester B: hrvester A caused more root breakage. When comparing planting systems and densities, the proportion of roots left in the ground tended to be > in ridge planting at low%densities and < in cassava planted on the flat at a high density. The net working efficiency of harvester A was calculated at approx 0.2 ha/h, while that of harvester B was estimated at 0.5 ha/h. The overall damage for root breakage and bruising with harvester B was low, comparable to that of manual harvesting: that of harvester A being > . Harvester B was recommended for small farms while harvester A has potential for large-scale production. (Summary by .G. Trans. by L.M.I) D02

75

0215 13250 CASTRO M., A. Efecto de la ipoca de siembra y edad de coseclut en el ren­ dimiento de yuca. (Effect of planting date and age at harvest on yield of cassava). Call, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Seminarios Internos. Serie Sl'-10-80. 1980. 27p. Span., 12 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Planting. Timing. Harvesting. Tuber productivity. Starch con­ tent. Colombia. A trial was conducted on planting date and age at harvest at 2 esptl stations of Jhe Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario -Carimagua (Meta) and Caribia (Magdalena)- to evaluate the physical production and quality of cassava produced under different climatic conditions and to identify a continuous production system for cassava. Six planting dates (every 2 mo throughout the yr) were evaluated at each locality, with monthly harvests from 7-12 mo of age. A split plot design with 4 replications was used. In both regions, early planting dates produced yields significantly superior to those of late plantings. In relation to the age at harvesting, > productivity was obtained at both localities when the crop was 10-12 mo old. Optimum planting time for max root production extends over a 3-4 mo period at the begin­ ning of the rainy season. Starch content is relatively constant over time. Transition periods from drought to rainfall reduce starch content in the roots. (Summary by FG. Trans. by L.M.F.) D02 C03 0216 in the highlands of New Guinea: a pre­ Cassava cultivation HOLMES, E.B. 13230 liminary note. Cassava Newsletter no. 6:7-8. 1979. Engi. Also in Spanish. Cassava. Land preparation. Planting. Spacing. Cuttings. Harvesting. Tuber productivity. Papua New Guinea. Prior to the establishment of a pilot project for power alcohol production from cassava starch in Papua New Guinea. 3 sites were surveyed to evaluate potential cassava production levels and cultivation methods. This survey isdescribed. (Summary byAbstracts on Tropical Agriculture) D02

Seealso 0044 0056 0066 0082 0557 0558 0559 0560 0579

78

0083 0583

0310

0316

0325

0354 0427 0544

D03

Energy Productivity and Yields

0217 12167 ALVIM, R. and MAIA, W.D. A contribuigio da mandioca como cultur energitica. (Contributlon of cqssava as an energy crop). Informe Agropecu6.io 5(59/60):3-8. 1979. Port., Sum. Port., 14 Refs.,lllus. Cassava. Alcohol. Production. Ethanol Energy productivity. Brazil. The advantages of -using cassava instead of other crops in the production of alcohol are listed: (a) the possibility of cultivating soils otherwise considered marginal, with a low level of nutrients and unfavorable climatic conditions; (b) the existence of extensive germplasm, whose agronomic characteristics can be studied in order to select the most promising cv. for alcohol production; (c) the possibility of having a reserve of raw material and a continuous supply of cassava to industries by harvesting throughout the yr and (d) the possibility of effectivc participation of small farmers. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F. D03 102 J00 0218 12857 WATANANON, W. et at. [Cassava regional yield trial]. In Thailand. Minis­ try of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1976. p.15. Thai, Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Tuber productivity. Starch content. Thailand. In regional yield trials, Rayong I and Rayong yielded more than the local var. at Khon Kaen Field Crop Expt Station (2793, 2590 and 1587 kg/rai, resp.; 6.25 ral = 1 ha). At Huai Pong and Banmaisamrong, no sigiificant differences in yield were observed although Rayong 1 gave higher yields than Rayong and the local var. As for starch content, Rayong I gave the aighest starch content at all sites (Summary by Kasetsart University) D03 G01 0219 12863 CENPUKDEE, U. et al. [Cassava yield trial. 1. Clones from local varieties]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. p.1 1. Thai., Sum. Engi. Zassava. Field experiments. Clones. Tuber productivity. Starch content. Thailand.

k randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used to evaluate different assava lines. None of the lines yielded more than the local Rayong 1. However, CR-17-125 ended to give > yield, and CR-17-44 and CR-17-66, > starch content. (Summary by Kaet­ wrt University) D03 G01

0220 12859 CENPUKDEE, U. etaL [Cassava yield trial. 11. Clones from open-pollinated seedas. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. p.12. Thai., Sum. Eng.

77

Cassava. Cultivars. Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Ten cassava lines selected in 1976 were further tested for yield in 1977, using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Rayong and Rayong I were used as the checks. There were no significant differences in yield, but line SR 14-4-1-2 gave the highest yield (5324 kg/ral) (6.25 rai 1 ha). (Summary by KasetsartUniversity) D03 GO 0221 12144 LIAN, T.S. and COCK, J.H. Branching habit as a yield determinant in cassava. Field Crops Research 2:281-289. 1979. Engl.; Sum. Engl., 11 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Branching. Tuber productivity. Cultivars. Statistical data. Colombia. The ability of the roots to accept extra carbohydrate and the effects of branching habit on yield were observed on cassava grown in the field. Apex and root were competing sinks; roots accepted more carbohydrate than was available in normal situations. Reduced sink did not limit total growth. Yield was increased 750/o by branch control. Good yields can be obtained by either late- or continuous-branching types with 2 branches at each branch level. Late-branching types appear to be the easiest to obtain in a breeding program. (Author's summary) D03 BOO 0222 13288 MORENO, R.A. Balance energ~tico de sistemas de producci6n de cultivos basados en la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Energeticbalance ofcassava.based production systems). Turrialba, Costa Rica, Centro Agron6mico Tropical de Investi­ gac16n y Ensefianza (CATIE), 1980. 18p. Span., Sum. Span., 5 Refs., Illus. Paper presented at XXVI Reuni6n Anual del PCCMCA, Guatemala, 1980. Cassava. Energy productivity. Inter-cropping. Beans. Maize. Sweet-potatoes. Costa Rica. In Turrialba, the energetic balance of 10 exptl production systems based on cassava was estimated. These systems include monoculture, associations with dry beans, maize and sweet potatoes in diverse combinations. The cultural energy composed mainly of agrochemicals and labor was considered as input and the energy contained in the nourishing part of the crop as output. The ust of labor was adjusted according to real facts. The cultural energetic balance decreased as the no. of species in the system increased, due mainly to the increment in the utilization of applied fertilizers. Those systems with > N fertilization, resulted with < balance. In general, balances with values that fluctuated between 4.0 and 8.6 GJ/ha/yr were registered. The < balance corresponds to a system integrated by cassava, beans, maize and sweet potatoes in association and the > balance to a system of just cassava and beans in association during its establishment. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) D03 0223 12947 CHANDRA, S. Energetics of crop production in FijI. Agricultural Mechani­ zation in Asia 10(3):19-24. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 19 Refs. Cassava. Energy productivity. Cultivation. Sweet-potatoes. Maize. Rice. Fiji. On Fijian farms, the efficiency ratio E [yield in k (k measures the edible portion of crop yields) divided by the k for energy expended by man, draught atimals and fossil fuels to attain that yield] ofcassava, sweet potatoes, taro, yam, rice and maize was 52, 60, 21, 66, 17 and 39, while on Indian farms in Fiji E for cassava, sweet potatoes, rice, maize and pulses was 42, 44, 9, 22 and 11. It is concluded that the Fijians are more efficient at semisubsist­ ende farming while the Indians are more efficient at commercial agriculture. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) D03

78

0224 13489 V'LITOS, A.J. Botinica creativa. Un desaffo part el futuro. (Creative botany. Opportunities for the future). Sugar y Az6car 74(7):62-64. 1979. Span. Also in Sugar y Az6car 74(7):25, 28, 29. 1979. Also in English.

CAMvL Blomm production. Energy productivity. EthanoL Plant breeding. England. Food, energy and environment are stated to be the themes likely to dominate and challenge the next generation of botanists. In tropical areas, attention is mainly drawn to crops such as sugar cane and cassava which are capable of providing substantial quantities of ethanol to be used most lkely in the chemical industry. Leucaena as a fuel producer and the winged bean (Pophocarpustetragonolobus) with its N-fixing ability are among other crops men­ tioned which may be improved by botanical means. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) D03 0225 12963 COCK, J.H. Some physiological aspects of yield in cassava. Palmira, Colom­ bia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1973. 12p. Engi., Sum. Engl., Span., 16 Refs. Paper presented at International Symposium on Tropical Root Crops, 3rd, lbadan, Nigeria, 1973. Cassava. Field experimentL Cultivars. Dry matter. Leaf area. Harvest index. Productivity. Colombia. Results are presented or various trials with cassava. The importance of DM production and factors affecting it, such as LAI and leaf inclination, are discussed. The relative importance of DM production and its distribution, particularly in relation to spacing, are reviewed. The author suggests a plant ideotype based on these observations. (Author'ssummary) D03 COO

See also 0085 0099 0126 0205 0335 0347

0024 0086 0101 0128 0210 0336 0348

0032 1087 0104 0129 0267 0337 0350

0035 0088 0105 0130 0308 0338 0353

0057 0089 0108 0134 0309 0339 0465

0060 0090 0110 0156 0313 0340 0470

0064 0091 0113 0157 0320 0341 0498

0073 0092 0116 0158 0322 0342 0554

0076 0093 0119 0165 0328 0343 0556

0079 0094 0120 0191 0331 0344 0562

0081 0095 0124 0192 0333 0345 0576

0084 0097 0125 0202 0334 0346

79

D04'.'

Postharvest Studies

0226 12133 MAIN[, S.b. and BALAGOPAL, C. Biochemical changes during post harvest deterioration of cassava. Journal of Root Crops 4(l):31-33. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 12 Refs. Cassava. Storage. Cultivars. Deterioration. Post-harvest losses. Starch content. HCN content. Dry matter. Sugar content. Tubers. India. Studies on biochemical changes occurring during postharvest deterioration in cassava var. Sree Visakham (H- 1687) and Sree Sahya (H-2304) indicated that there was a reduction in starch, HCN and DM content during storage, while total sugars increased. Dehydration of roots resulted in cracks in the cortex, followed by invasion of microorganisms, predominently Rhizopus oryzae. (Author's summary) D04 0227 12027 MARRIOTT, J., BEEN, B.O. and PERKINS, C. The aetiology of vascular discoloration in cassava roots after harvesting: development of endogenous resistance in stored roots. Physiologia Plantarum 45(l):51-56. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 13 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Tubers. Deterioration. Storage. Etiology. Cultivars. Plant vascular system. Harvesting. Resistance. Timing. The susceptibility of cassava roots to vascular discoloration beneath 2 types of injury site (transverse cuts and periderm injuries) was compared for freshly harvested and stored roots. Susceptibility beneath transverse cuts changed rapidly so that roots store, at ambient temp for 5­ 9 days were largely resistant to vascular discoloration beneath this type of injury. Susceptibility to localized deterioration beneath periderm injuries changed more slowly, but significant decreases were observed in roots stored at ambient temp for 10-16 days. Changes in susceptibility were observed in all cv. tested, 7 in Colombia and I in Jamaica. These changes were retarded but not prevented by storage at 2°C and by storage in sealed polyethylene bags. Pruning plants 1-3 wk prior to harvesting, which has been shown to reduce the rate ofpostharvest deterioration of roots, was also found to reduce the susceptibility of roots to vascular discoloration beneath injuries made immediately after harvesting. Water loss through injuries caused a respiratory response as well as vascular discoloration. This respiratory response was as large in stored (resistant) roots as in freshly harvested (susceptible) ones. The potential of cassava roots to develop endogenous resistance to vascular discoloration either before or after harvesting isdiscussed in relation to the problems of storage of harvested cassava roots. (Author's summary) D04 0228 12842 NARINTARAPORN, K. et al. [Postharvest study of cassava rootsj. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Research. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.30. Thai., Sum. Engl.

80

Cassava. Planting. Timing. Post-harvest losses. Tubers. Starch content. Storage. Thailand. An expt was conducted at Huai Pang Field Crop Expt Station, Rayong Province to study the effect of planting during the rainy season (July) and dry season (Jan.) on cassava roots after harvest. Planting during the dry season gave higher starch content and cassava chip yield. There was no significant difference in root rot incidence between the 2 seasons. It was also found that the roots could not be stored more than 2 days because of increased root rot and decreased starch content. (Summary by Kasetsart University) D04

0229 12143 ORRACA-TETTEH, R. A note on post-harvest physiology and storage of Nigerian crops. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1(1):40-43. 1978. Eng. Cassava. Post-harvest losses. Storage. Deterioration. Ghana. Specific storage problems and postharvest deterioration are discussed briefly for root and tuber crops, plantains, fruits and vegetables, cereals and legumes in Nigeria. Cassava, one of the most important root crops, becomes soft and rotten after several days' exposure to the atm. Proper handling and protection during transportation and storage could minimize losses; cooperative storage was suggested as a possible solution. Large-scale technology must be adapted to small-scale or home-level farming of cassava. (Summary by L.M.F.) D04

0230 11593 PASSAM, H.C. and NOON, R.A. Deterioration of yams and cassava during storage. Proceedings of the Association of Applied Biologists 85(3):436-440. 1977. EngL, Sum. Engl., II Refs. Cassava. Yams. Deterioration. Storage. Timing. Tubers. In yams, a tropical annual root crop, the tubers become dormant at or soon after harvest and, in the absence of physical or pathological damage may be stored satisfactorily for long periods until sprouting occurs, after which tubers naturally senesce. In contrast, cassava is a perennial crop, andi ts swollen storage roots senesce naturally immediately after harvest and cannot normally be stored for more than a few days. The influence of senescence on storage of yams and cassavais discussed in relation to the physiological roles of the storage organs. (Author's summary)D04

0231 11736 RICKARD, J.E., MARRIOTT, J. and GAHAN, P.B. Occlusions in cassava xylem vessels associated with vascular discoloration. Annals of Botany 43:523-526. 1979. Eng., 17 Refs., Illus. CassavL Post-harvest losses. Deterioration. Tubers. Vascular streaking. Plant vascular system. The utilization of cassava is seriously hindered by the rapid postharvest deterioration of roots. This occurs in 2 stages: (1) vascular discoloration (physiological process); (2) micro­ bial rotting. This study concerns the origins and composition of occluding material in the cassava xylem. Histochemical tests were performed on discolored and unpigmented material and wound surfaces on unfixed, frozen sections of cassava roots from Jamaica (cv. Yellow Heart) and Ghana (cv. Ankrah). Based on the results of these tests, it seems that vascular discoloration in cassava is a physiological process in response to wounding, the xylary pig­ mented material containing lipid, llgnin and carbohydrate derived from adjacent paren­ chyma cells. (Summary by L.M.F.) D04 COO

81

0232 13494 OCAMPO J.,M.A. Estudlos ffsicos y de conservaci6n de cden variedades de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) de [a colecci6n Manihot colombiana (C.M.C.). (Physical and conservation studies on one hundred cassava varieties of the Colom­ bian Manihot collection). Tesis Ing. Agr. Manizales, Colombia, Universidad de Cal­ das. Facultad de Agronomfa, 1974. 119p. Span., Sum. Span., 35 Refs., Illus. Cauava. Laboratory experiments. Storage. Cultivars. Tubers. Starch content. Dry matter. Protein content. Deterioration. Cassava brown streak virus. Resistance. Colombia.

Two trials were conducted on the "Monte Lindo" farm of the Universidad de Caldas (Co­ lombia) between March and June of 1973 to study the presence of cassava var. with a high degree of conservation as well as relate starch, DM and protein contents and wt losses to the period of conservation and the presence of the brown streak and root rots. Cassava -oots of the CMC var. collection were stored and deterioration readings were made during 15 days. With the 1st trial, 100 var. were stored in 2 adjacent rooms, one closed and the other semi, ventilated. Readings on 35 cassava var. were made during the 2nd trial. No conservation­ resistant var. were found and a direct negative correlation was found b-tween cassava deterioration and starch and DM contents. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) D04 C03 0233 12994 AJMAD, D. and PEREIRA, J.F. Estudio del rayado marr6n de layuca. (Study of vascular streaking in cassava). Jusepin, Venezuela, Universidad de Orien­ te. Escuela de Ingenieria Agron6mica, 1977. 47p. Span., 7 Refs., Illus. Paper presented at Jornadas Agron6micas, 9a., Maracay, Venezuela, 1977. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Vascular streaking. Cultivars. Resistance. Tubers. Deterio­ ration. Venezuela. Various expt were conducted at the Plant Physiology Lab of the U. de Oriente in Jusepin, state of Monagas (Venezuela), to determine the causes and possible control of vascular streaking in cassava. Twenty-seven cv. were evaluated according to the degree of resistance, the effect of different atm, impermeability and anatomical changes in the roots. It was found that av damage was of 15 and 60% for cv. Corcovada and Sonrisa, resp.; cv. were kept free from streaking when they were made watertight with grease. With refard to anatomical structure, Sonrisa (susceptible) presented 60%damage, 280 vessels/cm 2 and an area of 6700 pm2 /vessel while Morada (resistant) had 20% damage, 160 vessels/em and an area of 5200 pm 2 /vessel; therefore, there is > damage when the no. of vascular bundles is >. It was proved that primary deteriuration is not caused by bacteria although secondary deteriora­ tion is. (Summary by 1.G. Trans. bY L.M.I') 1)04

See also

82

0194

0456

EO1

General DeScriptive Studies

0234 12801 CHANDRASRIKUL, A. (Diseases of Manihot utlissima Pohl: a preliminary host list of plant diseases inThailand]. Bangkok, Thailand. Department of Agricul­ ture. Plant Pathology Section. Technical Bulletin no. 6. 1962. ThaI., Sum. EngL Cassava. Field experiments. CercosporahenninZsTL Erwinla cassavae. Glomerellamanihots. Diplodia. Fusarium. Thailand.

Diseases of several plants including cassava were st,:died from 1937-60 In order to compile a record of diseases commonly found in Thailand. Diseases found on cassava were brown leaf spot caused by Cercosporidium henningsil (Cercospoto cassavae), bacterial stem blight (Erwinla cassavae), anthracnose caused by Glomerella manihotis (Colletotrichum maniho­ ts), stem rot (Diplodiamanihoti) and root rot (Fusariumsp.). (Summary by Kasetsart Uni­ versity) EO1 0235 12195 KIMATI, H. Doenqas di mandioca Manihot utlissima PohL (Cassava diseases). In Tokeshi, H.et al. Manual de fitopatologia. Sg'o Paulo, Brasil, Agron8­ mica Ceres, 1968. pp.352-363. Port., 34 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Symptomatology. Etiology. Disease control. Xanthomonas manlhots. Cercospora henningsli Cercospora caribaea. Oidium. Phyllosticta. Glomerella manihots. Sclerotlum rolfsiL Rosellina. Phytophthora drechsleri. Sphaceloma manthotcola. Mycoplasmoses. Cassava common mosaic virus. Cassava vein mosaic virus. Brazil. The symptonatology, etiology and control of the principal cassava diseases in Brazil are discussed: CBB(Xanthomonas manihotis), brown leaf spot (Cercosporidium hennlngsi), white leaf spot (Cercospora caribaea), cassava ash (Oidium manihotis), concentric-ring leaf spot (Phyllosticta manihobae), anthracnose [Glomerella (Colletotrichum) manihots], stem rot (Botryodiplodia theobromae), root rot [Corticium (=Sclerotum) rolfsll, Rose. lina bunodes, Phytophthoradrechslerij, superelongation (Sphaceloma manihoticola), witches'-broom (mycoplasma), common mosaic virus and leaf vein mosaic virus. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) EO1 0236 12077 "MANCHA ANGULAR", nova doenqa da mandioca, aparece em Sio Paulo. (Angular leaf spot, a new cassava disease appears in Sio Paulo). Agricultura e Pecuiria no. 542:40. 1969. Port. Cassava. Diseases and pathogens. Symptomatology. Brazil. The symptomatology of a new disease (angular leaf spot), associated with CBB, is reported for the var. Branca de Santa Catarina in the state of SIr Paulo. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) EO1

83

0237 10474 MOSTADE, J.M. Les principales maladies du manioc au Rwanda. (Important diseases of cassava in Rwanda). Bulletin Agricole du Rwanda I1(3):178-181. 1978. Fr., i5 Refs. Cassava. Cassava African mosaic virus. Cassava bacterial blight. Cercospora caribaea. Cercospora henningsii. Phyllosticta. Mononychellus tanajoa. Verticillium dahlae. Glomerella manihotis. Rwanda. The principal diseases of cassava in Rwanda are described; 'viz., AMD, CBB, fungal diseases (Cercospota spp., Phyllosticta sp., Glomerella manihotis, Verticillium dahliae) and spider mites (Mononychellus tanajoa). (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) E01 P02 0238 12178 TANAKA, M.A. DE S., CHALFOUN, S.M. and ABREU, M.S. DE Doenqas da mandioca e seu controle. (Cassava diseases and their control). Informe Agropecuirio 5(59/60):70-78. 1979. Port., 18 Refs. Cassava. Symptomatology. Disease control. Xanthomonas manihotis. Glomerella manihotis. Oldium. Cercospora hennngsiL Cercospora vicosae. Uromyces manlhotis. Phoma. Phyllos. ticta. Phytophthora drechsler. Rosellinia Sclerotium rolfslL Fusarium. Aspergillus. Myco­ plasmoses. C-ssava vein mosaic virus. Cassava common mosaic virus.Cassava African mosaic virus. Vascular streaking. Nematodes. Epidemiology. An analysis is made of the symptomatology and the control of the main cassava diseases caused by: (1) bacteria: CBB (Xanthomonas manihots); (2) fungi: anthracnose (Glomerella manihotis). cassava ash (Oidium manihotis, brown leaf spot (Cercosporldium henningsl), blight leaf spot (Cercospora vicosae), rust (Uromyces spp.). concentric-ring leaf soot (Phoma spp., Phyllosticta spp.), stem rot (Glomerella and Botryodiplodla spp.), root rot [Phytoptho. ra drechsleri. Rosellinia necatrix, Corticium (= Sclerotium) rolfsi, Fusarum, Rhizoctonla, Aspergillus spp.]; (3) mycoplasma: witches'-broom; (4) viruses: leaf vein mosaic, common mosaic, African mosaic and vascular streaking. Root knot nematodes (Meloldogyne incognita, A. javanica, Al. arenaria, M. hapla) and lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus bra­ chyurus) are also discussed. The epidemiology, dissemination, bacterial survival and favorable conditions for CBB infection are discussed in detail. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) EOI

See also 0152

84

0272

0296

0317

E02

Bacterioses 0239

2419 BOURIQUET, M. Mosafque et maladle bactirienne du manioc. (African Recherches syst~matiques, biologi­ mosaic and bacterial blight of cassava). In -. ques et citologiques sur les maladies des plantes cultlv6es i Madagascar. Th~se. Paris, Editeur P. Chevalier, 1939. pp.85-113. Fr., 31 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava African mosaic virus. Xanthomonas manihotis. Disease transmission. Bemi. sia. Plant damage. Africa. Symptoms of AMD and CBB on cassava in Madagascar are described. Data are given on the chemical composition of diseased and nondiseased plant tissues. Histological and cytological changes occurring in the leaves of diseased plants are described, and detailed cytological drawings are included. Bemisia manihotis seems to be the vector of AMV. Bacterium robici (- Xanthomonas manihotis) was proposed as the name for the bacterium causing CBB, whose vector is an insect. Infections were obtained through Anoplocnenis madqgascarienss, a Hemiptera commonly found in Madagascar. (Summary by H.J.S.) E02 E03 0240 12903 BUTARE, I. Xanthomonas cassavae Wiehe & Dowson agent causal du deperissement bacterien du manioc au Rwanda. (Symptomatology and ecology of cassava bacterial necrosis caused by Xanthomonas cassavae in Rwanda). Kigall. Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda. Note Technique no. 1. 1979. 12p. Fr., Sum. Fr., Engi., 18 Refs. Cassava. Xanthomonas cassavae. Symptomatology. Epidemiology. Isolation. Inoculation. Field experiments. Ecology. Rwanda. Since 1977, Xanthomonas cassavae has been detected on cassava in Rwanda. It induces water-soaked angular leaf spots, which often spread along the veins. With time, the spots necrose and cause premature leaf fall. When coalescing or when a principal vein is infected, they also sometimes cause a drying of large areas of the lamina. On the stein, dark green water-soaked spots are visible, which later become cankerous and which on enlarging may girdle the stem and cause a loss of turgidity and dieback of the shoot. Vas­ cular browning is restricted. Inoculation of cassava plants in the field with X. cassavae cultures reproduced these symptoms. A survey has shown that the disease is only of limited importance in Rwanda, being found only on gravelly and sandy soils. Natural infection during the rainy season seems to depend on heavy storms injuring the plant and propagating the inoculum. (Summary by JITA) E02 0241 12999 DYE, D.W. The inadequacy of the usual determinative test for the iden­ tification of Xanthomonas spp. New Zealand Journal of Science 5(4):393-416. 1962. Engl., Sum. Eng., 70 Refs. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Xanthomonas manIhotis. Culture media. Isolation. Inoculation. Etiology.

85

A comparative study was made of 209 phytopathogenic Xanthomonas cultures comprisinj 57 recognized species (including X. manihotis), using the so called standard methods in al attempt to clarify the identification of the species by lab procedures. The various species that have been proposed could not be differentiated by any or all of the 30 different tests used. They formed a remarkably uniform group which could easily be distinguished from some other yellow-pigment producing organisms that were included for comparative purposes. It is suggested that the many Xanthomonas species could well be regarded as special forms of one species adapted to particular hosts. (Author's summary) E02 0242 12943 ELANGO, F. and LOZANO, J.C. CBB is seed-borne. Cassava Newsletter no, 5:4. 1979. Engl. Also in Spanish. Cassava. Research. Xanthomonas manihotis. Disease transmission. Seed. Colombia. Investigations showed that Xanthomonas manihotis is a seed-borne pathogen that can be disseminated by seeds taken from infected cassava plantations. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) E02 0243 12186 ELANGO, F. and LOZANO, J.C. Transmisi6n de Xanthomonas manihotis por semilla sexual. (Transmission of Xanthomonas manihotis in sexual seed). Fito­ patologia Colombiana 8(l):15-19. 1979. Span., Sum. Span.,Engi., 18 Refs.

Cassava. Xanthomonas manihotis. Disease transmission. Seed. Symptomatology. Isolation. Inoculation. Colombia.

Transmission of Xanthomonas manihotis in sexual cassava seeds was studied by direct im­ munofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. The pathogen was detected in seed embryos but not in other tissues when using these 2 serological techniques. Alt ough both healthy and infected seeds showed no signs of damage due to X manihotis 10 cells/ml approx were found in affected embryos. Seed transmission in these tests varied from 0.400/o. It is concluded that sexual seeds obtained from infected cassava plantations should not be used for plant propagation. (Author's summary) E02 0244 12804 NINMANEE, S. and JEWJIN, N. (Cassava diseases in Thalland]. In Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. pp. 578-582. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Xanthomonas manihotis. Cercospora henningsL Glomerella manihotits. Phytoph. thora. Fomes lignosus. Mycoplasmoses. Thailand.

Of the diseases observed in cassava fields in Thailand since 1975, only 6 are found at pres­ ent: CBB (Xanthomonas manihotis), brown leaf spot [Cercosporidlum (Cercospora) henningslij, stem rot (Botryodiplodia sp.), anthracnose [Glomerella (Colletotrichum) man­ hotisj, root rots [Phytophthora sp., Rigidoporus (Fomes) lignosus] and witches'-broom. CBB could become serious in the future. (Summary by Kasetsart University) E02 E03 0245 12119 OTIM-NAPE, A.W. and SENGOOBA, T. A report of the casava bacterial blght (CBB) surey In the northern zone of Uganda. Kampala, Uganda, Department of Agriculture. Kawanda Research Station, 1977. 9p. EngL, Illus.

Be

Cauava. Xanthomonas manlhoL. Epidemiology. Symptomatology. Maps. Uganda. A survey was made of CBB incidence in N. Uganda. Severity of infection was evaluated on the basis of visual observations of plants, using a scale of 0-5. Wilting was the most striking symptom, but blight and angular leaf spotting were also observed. In some heavily infected fields roots were also rotted; this could be an indirect effect of the disease. Results indicate that CBB is widespread in Northern, Nile and Western provinces. (Summary by T.B.) E02 0246 12117 OTIM-NAPE, A.W. Report on cassava bacterial blight (CBB) in Nile and Northern provinces of Uganda. Soroti, Uganda, Department of Agriculture. Serere Research Station, 1976. 5p. Engi. Cassava,Xanthomonas manihotis. Epidemiology. Disease control. Uganda. This report includes a description of leaf and wilt symptoms caused by CBB as observed in field crops in Uganda. Distribution of the disease was observed in the Central Nile, North Nile and South Nile districts; in the Northern Province, symptoms were observed in the West Acholi and East Lango districts. It is most likely that the pathogen was introduced on im­ ported stem cuttings. The following control measures are discussed: eradication, restriction, selection and/or breeding for resistance, pruning of infected plants, planting disease-free cuttings, crop rotation, crop sanitation. (Summary by L.M.F.) E02 0247 12883 PERSLEY, G.J. Studies on the survival and transmission of Xanthomonas manihotis on cassava seed. Annals of Applied Biology 93:159-166. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 18 Refs. Cassava. Seed. Storage. Xanthomonas manihotis. Inoculation. Isolation. Hot water treat­ ments. Disease transmission. Australia. Cassava seed that had been stored at 5*C and 60% RH for 2-51 mo was assayed for the presence of Xanthomonas manihotis by a leaf inrldtration technique, using as inoculum the supernatant from seeds soaked in sterile water at 30*C for 2-4 h. The threshold of sensitivity of the assay method was 10$ cells/ml. Twenty out of 50 samples yielded the pathogen. The infested seed had been stored for 2-18 mo. Bacteria reisolated from infiltrated leaves were identical to X. manihotis in cultural characteristics, phage type and pathogenicity. Surface sterilization or hot air treatment for 24 h at 65°C cr lower did not eliminate the pathogen from infested seed. Soaking of infested seed in hot water at 60*C for 20 min reduced the no. of bacteria to less than the min detectable level without appreciably reducing germi­ nation. CBB was observed in 8-wk-old seedlings that had been planted during the dry season at a site where infection from outside sources was unlikely. It is postulated that a low % of successful seed transmissions of X. manthotis can occur under favorable environmental conditions. (Author'ssummary) E02 0248 12155 RAMOS, J.G.A. and SANTANA, A.C. Introdurao, avalia2qa e multi­ plcaqao de variedades de mandioca (Manihotesculenta, Crantz) no estado de Goiks (Introduction, evaluation and multiplication of cassava varieties in the state ofGolds). In Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecuiria. Projeto de mandio­ ca. Relat6rio Ticnico 1978. Goifinia-GO, Brasil, 1979. pp.112-114. Port., Illus. Cassava. Adaptation. Resistance. Xanthomonas manihotis. Bacterioses. Cultivars. Inocu­ lation. Maps. Field experiments. Technological package. Brazil. A report is made on the adaptability and degree of resistance to CBB in the field of 142 cassava var., introduced and evaluated at the Exptl Station in Golinia during 1977-78. Of

87

the 70 vat. inoculated with Xanthomonas manihots, none was resistant, 7 presented me­ dium resistance, 27 medium susceptibility and 36 were susceptible. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. E02 G01

0249 12920 REDDY, D.B. Recommended measures for regulating the importation and movement of plants. Food and Agricultural Organization. Plant Protection Committee for the South East Asia and Pacific Region. Information Letter no. 121. 1978. 20p. Eng. Cassava. Xanthomonas manihotis. Cassava common mosaic virs. Cassava brown streak virus. Cuttings. Quarantine measures. Disease control. The Plan' Protection Committee, at its l1th Session in Sept. 1978, reviewed previous recommended plant quarantine measures to be taken by the govt. Crops, plants and other related items on which recommendations have so far been formulated include banana,

cassava, citrus, cotton, rubber and coffee. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agricul.

ture) E02 E04

0250 12882 RUIZ B., P. Caracterizaci6n y busca de resistencia al tiz6n bacte :l de la yuca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) en el estado de Tabasco, Mixico. (Characteri. zation of and search for resistance to CBB in the state of Tabasco, Mexico). Tesis Mag. Sc. H. C.irdenas, Mexico, Colegio Superior de Agricultura Tropical, 1979. 62p, Span., Sum. Span., 78 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Xanthomonas manihots. Isolation. Etiology. Resistance. Cultivars. Inoculation. Mexico. Cassava is affected by a bacterium in the state of Tabasco (Mexico), where preliminary damage has been estimated at 20-30% . The objectives of this study were to determine the causal agent of the disease, test inoculation methods and look for varietal resistance. In isolates of diseased tissue, 4 different bacteria were found. When pathogenicity assays were conducted, only one presented a positive reaction; and on the basis of morphological and physiological trials, Xanthomonas manihotis was Identified. Of the inoculation methods tested, the most efficient was the scissors clipping method since it revealed symptoms in < time (20 days) and produced the > %of diseased plants k94%). In screening of 112 lines and var. for resistance under greenhouse conditions, those that showed resistance to CBB were: Mex-6, Mex-59 and Tapachulteca; however, many var. show different tolerance levels ;.n the assays conducted. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) E02

0251 12910 "VELAZQUEZ, E. and CEDEfRO, L. Incidencia y distribuci6n de la bacte. riosis de la yuca en el Oriente de Venezuela. (Incidence and epidemiology of CBB in eastern Venezuela). CIARCO 5(1/4):41-45. 1975. Engl., 2 Refs. Cassava. Xanthomonas manihotis. Epidemiology. Isolation. Mononycheilus tanajoa. Erinnyis ello. Carpolonchaea chalybea. Cercospora henningstl Cercospora caribaea. Thrips. Venezuela. CBB has recently been detected in the NE part of Venezuela, where plantations are between 50-57% infected on the av. Control measures are indicated, but because farmers plant mixturms of cassava clones of unknown origin, control of the disease will be difficult. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) E02

Be

0252 4012 FUKUDA, C. Relat6rio; enfermidades de mandioca. (Report on cassava diseases). Brasilia, Brasil, Universidade de Brasilia. Departamento dc Fitopatologfa. 1975. 2 7p. Port., Sum. Port., 6 Refs., Illus. Casava. Diseases and pathogens. Laboratory experiments. Culture media. Isolation. Inocula­ tion. Xanthomonas manihotis. Cercosporacaribaea. CercosporahenningsiL Oidium. Glome­ relia manihotis. Uromyces manihotis. Phyllosticta Cassava African mosaic virus. Cassava common mosaic virus. Sphacelona manihoticola. Brazil.

A report is given on the activities conducted at the U. of Brasilia (Brazil) between Nov. 1974 - March 1975 related to the most important diseases that attack the cassava crop in the Federal District. The steps involved in disease recognition such as field identification, prepa­ ration of cultivation methods and isolation and inoculum techniques are explained in detail. The following diseases were found: CBB (Xanthomnonasmanihotis), white leaf spot (Cercos. pora caribaca), brown leaf spot (Cercosporidium henningsii), cassava ash (Oidium maniho­ ds), anthracnose (Giomerella manihotis) and rust (Uronyces spp.). A bibliographic review is made of other diseases that were not observed in the region but attack the crop: concentric­ ring leaf spot (Phyllostictasp.), witches'-broom, AMD, CMV and superelongation (Sphacelo­ ma manihoticola). (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.I.) E02 E03 E04 0253 on bacterial blight of cassava In Africa. Ph.D. Studies G.J. 13496 PERSLEY, Thesis. Brisbane, Australia, University of Queensland, 1980. 182p. EngL, Sum. EngL, 152 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Xanthomonas cassavae. Laboratory experiments. Culture media. Epidemiology. Isolation. Inoculation. Africa. CBB was first recorded in Africa in 1973. The distribution, epidemiology and ecology of the disease in Africa and the characteristics of the causal agent, Xanthomonas camp',stris pv. manihotis are discussed. In terms of cultural characters and physiological reactions, 21 isolates of X. campestrispv. manihotisfrom Africa, Asia, South America and Mauritius were similar to one another and to other xanthomonads of the sp. X. campestris. Isolates from Africa could be differentiated from other isolates of X. campestris pv. manihotisby bacte­ riophage typing, using 3 newly-described bacteriophages. There were differences in aggres­ siveness among the 9 isolates from W. Africa but no evidence of pathological specialization among the isolates. The presence of the disease was confirmed in Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nige­ ria, Cameroon, Zaire, Kenya and Tanzania. It was more prevalent in the savanna and forest/ savanna transition zones than in forest zones. Expt showed that epiphytotics could be estab­ lished from a few diseased plants in the 1st 2 zones but not in the last. A leaf-infiltration technique was devised to assay the presence of the pathogen in various infection sources. It survived the dry season on leaves, in Infected stems and In plant debris. No. surviving in debris decreased sharply as substrates becamne moist, in both field and laboratory expt. An epiphytic phase on leaves was shown to be part of the disease cycle of CBB. A potential for seed transmission of the pathogen was demonstrated and curative treatments for infested seed investigated. (Author's ummary) E02

0254 13237 PIRIM, S., TAKATSU, A. and FUKUDA, S. Triagem de variedades de mandioca visando resist~ncia a bacteriose. (Screening cassava varietiesfor resistance to CBB). Fitopatlogia Brasileira 5(1):21-24. 1980. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 12 Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Cultivars. Xanthonionas manihots. Selection. Resistance. Temperature. Brazil.

89

An evaluation was made of the cassava colltion at the Centro de Pequisa Agropecua'ria of Cerrados, Planaltina. )1:. for resistance to CUB caused by Xanthomonas manilotis.The methodology used in the evaluation %%as that of leaflet cuts in the greenhouse with con­ trolled temp and RII. The max and rain temp were 30 and 18°C. resp.: the Ri was 70%dur­ ing the day and 100% at night. Of 242 var. screened, 4 were resistant (1.7%), 9 partially resistant (3.7%), 49 partially susceptible (20.2%) and 180 susceptible (74.4%J. (Author's sumnnaOv) 1:02

90

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Mycoses

0255 12874 ADENKULE, A.A. and AYENI, 0. Occurrence and distribution of myco­ toxic flora in some Nigerian foods. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology 9(1/2):85-95. 1974. Engi., Sum. Engl., Egyp., 12 Refs. Cassava. Gari. Landang. Cladosporium. Penicihium. Aspergillus. Fusarium. Isolation. Labo­ ratory animals. Nigeria. Fungal patterns were determined for 15 different Nigerian food samples (including cassava and gari) obtained from 26 lbadan markets. Gan was among the most highly contaminated foods. There was heavy contamination by Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium. Many of the isolated species were shown to have toxigenic potentiality in Wistar rats. (Author's summary) E03 0256 12055 CHANDRASEKHARAN NAIR, M. et al. Anthracnos. of cassava; a new record for India. Current Science 48(10):443. 1979. Engl., 5 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Glomerella cingulata. Symptomatology. Isolation. Etiology. ndia.

Anthracnose,, a leaf spot disease of cassava, was observed during the SW monsoon period in the state of Kerala; it was identified as Glomerella cingulata (= Colletotrichumgloeospo­ rioldes, Gloeosporium manihotis). (Summary by T.B.) E03

0257 12016 CHEN, C.T. and LEE, S.M. A new leaf-spot disease of cassava caused by Periconia manihoticola. Taiwan Sugar 26(4):123-127. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 8 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Periconia manihoticola. Symptomatology. Etiology. Cultivars. Isolation. Laboratory experiments. Taiwan. A previously undescribed leaf spot disease of cassava, caused by Periconia manihoticola, was found at Pu-li, Taiwan in 1975. P.manihoticola sporulated well on PSA and V-8 juice agar, producing dark brown, globose and verrucose conidia of widely varying size (22-43.um in 0), but it did not produce conidia without light stimulation. Small circular brown spots with yellow halos developed on inoculated leaves 24-36 h after inoculation. The spots enlarged to 2-4 mm with a dark brown border, and the center of the spot gradually turned to light brown in color. All var. tested including Wu-chi, Pai-fen and Pu-li no. Iand Hevea brasiliensis showed high susceptibility to the disease. The fungus grew best when galactose, mannose, lactose and raffinose were used as C sources, and asparagine and glycine as Nsources. Mycelial growth and spore germination were better at the lower temp ( £ 26°C) than those > 300. This characteristic may be in accordance with the fact that the disease often occurred on the hillsides at the higher elevations and became epidemic in the cooler season. (Author's summar.) E03

91

0258 12912 DIVINAGRACIA, G.G. Survey and control of pathogens and insect pests attacking rootcrops. NSDB Technology Journal 3(2):62-72. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Cercospora vicosae. Cercospora henningsiL Epidemiology. Symptomatology. Etiol­ ogy. Philippines. In this study from the Philippines, different var. of sweet potatoes, yams, cassava and other root crops were examined under lab conditions after diseased specimens had been collected from different places in tfe country. Their diseases arc described and control measures indicated. Special attention was given to resistance. Cercosporidium leaf spot and blight were found on cassava. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) E03 0259 12073 EMPRESA BRASILtIRA DE PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA. Superalongamento de mandioca. (Cassava superelongation). Bel6m, Parh, Brasil. Comunicado T~cnico no. 5. 1978. 5p, Port.. Ilus. Cassava. Symptomatology. Disease control. Sphaceloma manihoticola. Cultivars. Resistance. Plant damage. Brazil. Dissemination, symptomatology, effects on production and the most important control measures of cassava superclongation are discussed. This disease, caused by the fungus Sphaceloma manihoticola. attacks cassava in the Amazon region of Brazil, The most susceptible regional cv. are Engana Ladrao, Miguel, OIho Verde, and IPEAN-12. The use of resistant cv. Lagoa, Vassourinha Brnca and Riqueza is recommended. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) E03 0260 10993 LOPES. EB., MATIAS, E.C. and AGUIAR FILHO, S.P. DE Podridtoderdzes na mandloca. (Root rot in cassava). Pesquisa AgropecuAria Brasileira 13(4):45-50. 1978. Port., Sum. Port., Eng., 6 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Phytophthora drechsleri. Cultivars. Disease control. Resistance. Brazil. A 2-yr study was made of 25 cassava var. to evaluate damage caused by Phytophihora drechsleri, causal agent of root rot. Under field conditions the damage index was estimated as 68.75%. The use of resistant var. (Cedinha and Osso-duro) and planting on the ridge are recommended as control measures. (Author's summary) E03 0261 12287 SASTRAHIDAYAT, I.R. Observation on the cassava diseases in East Java. Agrivita 2(6):36-38. Eng., Sum. Engi., 6 Refs. Cassava. Timing. Phyllosticta. Glomerella cingulata. Cercospora henningsii. Gloeosporlum manihotis. Symptomatology. Etiology. Isolation. Laboratory experiments. Field experi­ ments. Java. Observation of cassava diseases in the rainy and dry seasons at S locations in East Java showed that there were 4 common ones: leaf blight or dieback caused by Phyllosticta sp.; gray-brown leaf spots and perforations caused by Colletotrichum sp.; brown leaf spot caused by Cercospora;and stem and leaf anthracnose caused by Glomerella sp. and Gloeosporlum sp. (Author'ssummary) E03

92

0262 na cultura da mandioca. (New disease of cassava). doena Nova M. TERMES, 11766 Florian6polis. Brasil. Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuhria Santa Catarina. Circular CID no. 014/77. 1977. 2p. Port., Illus. Cassava. Sphaceloma manihoticola. Symptomatology. Epidemiology. Disease control. Brazil. A new disease of cassava isreported in the region comprised of the states of Amazonas and Para. called superelongation caused by Sphaceloma manihoticola. Its symptomatology, epidemiology, form of dissemination, damage to the plant and some preventive measures are discussed. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L A.F.) E03

0263 12982 RADEMACHER, W. and GRAEBE, J.E. Gibberellin A4 produced by Spha­ celoma manihoticola, the cause of the superelongation disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 91(l):35-40. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 11 Refs., Illus.

Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Sphaceloma man/hotcola. Culture media. Gibberellm. German Federal Republic. Gibberellin A4 was identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a culture medium of Sphaceloma manihoticola, a fungus known to cause the superelongation disease of cassava. Gibberellin A4 was synthesized in aging cultures and reached concn as high as 400 pg/l nutrient broth. After Gibberellafujlkuro, S. manihotlcola is the 2nd phyto­ pathogenic fungus known with certainty to produce an active gibberellin in considerable amounts. (Author's summary) E03

See also

0239

0244

0252

0584

93

E04

Viroses

0264 12085 COSTAA.S. Observajessobreomosalcocomumeomosaicodasnervadursda mandioca (Manihot utilissima Pohl). (Observations on common and leaf vein mosaic diseases ofcassava). Jornal de Agronomia 3(3)239-251. 1940. Port., Sum. Engl., 3 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava common mosaic virus. Cassava vein mosaic virus. Etiology. Disease transmission. Symptomatology. Disease control. Brazil. A description is given of 2virus diseases of cassa a: common and leafvein mosaic. They widespread and do not seem to be very infectious under present conditions. Common are not mosaic is perpetuated by diseased cuttings and transmitted by grafting and rubbing; there is no known vector. The virus has a longevity in vitro of 48 h, a thermal death point between 65-75*C and tolerance to dilution > 1:5000. Leaf vein mosaic is also perpetuated by diseased cuttings, but not in all cases; it is transmitted only by grafting. Diseased plants should be eradicated from fields where cuttings will be taken. (Author's summary) E04 026.i 12128 KITAJIMA. E.W. and COSTA, A.S. Rhabdovirus-llke particles in tissueofflve different plant species. Fitopatologia Brasileira 4(1):55-62. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., Port., 14 Refs.. Illus. Cassava. Cassava latent virus. Laboratory experiments. Brazil. Bacilliform. viruslike particles (60-80 nm x 200-300 nm) were found in leaf dip preparations thin sections of leaf tissues from 5 plants including cassava. The viral nature of the particle and could be demonstrated by mechanical transmission only in Datura stramonium. The particles detected in symptomless cassava may represent a latent virus. (SummarY by TB.) E04 0266 11476 STOREY, H.H. and NICHOLS, R.F.W. Virus diseases of East African plants. ViI. A field experiment in the transmission of cassava mosaic. East African Agricultural Journal no. 3:446-449. 1938. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Field experiments. Cassava African mosaic virus. Planting. Timing. Climatic requirements. Disease transmission. Kenya. An expt was conducted in Kiwanda, Kenya to study the effect of seasonal on the rate of spread of AMD and the susceptibility of the plant depending on differences its age at thf time of exposure to infection. Forty-eight sq. plots, each of 9 were laid out with a border row of AMD-infected plants m.ound each, to ensure a highplants, and nearly equal infection -ate. Records were taken at the beginning of each oo, all infected plants being removed at that time. At 8 mo, healthy plants were also removed. Mean monthly temp was max (300 C) in Feb.-Mar. and min (190 C) in July-Aug., rainfall rising to a peak in May and falling to a

94

min in Jan. and July. Statistical analysis failed to show that plant susceptibility varied with its age during the period of normal growth although there was less risk of receiving a dose of the virus during the 2nd mo. The main probability of infection (appearing in all age­ classes except 2 mo) shows great variation with seasons, probabilities being high during Feb.May and remaining at low values from Aug.-Oct. Plantings at the beginning of June survived the longest without infection; however, at the end of the 8 mo, almost all the plants were entirely diseased. (Summary by L.M.) E04 0267 13208 TERRY, E.R. and HAHN, S.K. The effect of cassava mosaic disease on growth and yield of a local and an improved variety of cassava. Tropical Pest Management 26(l):34-37. 1980. Engl., Sum. EngI., 5 Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Cassava African mosaic virus. Culti.,s. Growth. Tuber productivity. Nigeria. The improved AMD-resistant cassava var. TMS 30395 produced significantly higher root yields under field conditions than its susceptible parent Isunikakiyan, irrespective of whether it was established from mosaic-free or mosaic-infected planting material. Signif­ icant reductions in fresh root yield, root no., root size, top fresh wt and starch content in both var. resulted from plants established from AMD-infected planting material. For the var. Isunikakiyan, yield reduction was greater in plants established from clonal AMD­ infected cuttings than in those established from disease-free cuttings but which later became infected through vector transmission. (Author's summary) E04 Cal D03

See also 0013

0017

0018

0249

0252

95

E06

Nematodes 0268

12127 ZEM, A.C.. FUKUDA, C. and MACEDO. M.M.C. Incidencla de Meloldogyne incognita e outros nemat61des na cultura da mandloca. (Incidence of Meloldogyne incognita and other nemtatodes in cassava. Fitopatologia Brasileira 3i3):311-313. 1978. Port.. Sum. Port.. Engl., 5 Refs. Cassava. Plant damage. Nematodes. Symptomatology. Resistance. Cultivars. Brazil. Roots of cassava plants from 2 widely separated places in Brazil (Cruz das Almas, Bahia and Pindorama. Alagoas) were found to be attacked by Meloidogyne incognita. Material from Cruz das Almas was also infested with Helicotylenchu.sdihystera and Praty/enchus brachvurus. Plants infested with M. incognita showed poor growth, being dwarfed and having chlorotic leaves; roots were galled and showed detachment of cortical tissue. Aboveground symptoms were similar to those presented by Mn deficiency. (Author's sionmary) E06 0269 13487 RAZAK, A.R. Variation in plant response, gall size and form induced by Meloldogyne on some Malaysian crops. Kasetsart Journal 12(1):43-45. 1978. Engl., 2 Refs. Cassva. Nematodes. Meloldogyne. Pratylenchus brachyurus. Malaysia. Symptoms of root-knot nematodes are described for rubber, cassava, black pepper, bread­ fruit and vegetables. (Summary by Abstracts on TropicalAgriculture)E06

9o

FOO

PEST CONTROL AND ENTOMOLOGY

0270 12033 SERAFINO, A. and MERINO, J.F. Poblaciones de mlcroartr6podos en diferentes suelos de Costa Rica. (Microarthropod populations in d(fferent soils in Costa Rica). Rcvista de Biologla Tropical 26(1): 139-151. 1978, Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 14 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Ecology. Entomology. Costa Rica. Density, vertical distribution and degree of aggregation of soil microarthropod populations were studied between July-Aug. 1977 in soils of 3 crops (coffee, cassava and maize), a forest and a pasture in 2 different zones of the Central Valley in Costa Rica. The pasture had the < microarthropod population (16525); cassava 50% resp. Also, it was should be supple­ mented with fat at levels of 2.5-5.0% . A formula for adjusting the chemical grade for HCN is outlined. (Author's summary) H03 0386 13224 KHAJARERN, S. et al. Biological titration of Thai cassava root products of various quality grades, trial 11. In Khon Kaen University. Faculty of Agriculture. Cassava/nutrition project: annual report 1978. Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1979. pp. 123-132. Eng., Sum. Engi., Illus. Cassava. Cassava products. Swine. Diets. Nutritive value. Palatability. Animal nutrition. Thailand.

137

Thirty-six pigs of balanced genetic background, age, sex and previous handling were used In a randomized complete block expt at Khon Kaen U. Groups of 3 pigs were assigned to one of 4 treatments: a commercial diet or diets based on 3 quality grades of cassava at 50, 60 and 70% for the starting, growing and finishing periods, resp. Pigs on the commercial diets consumed more feed and grew at a faster rate and higher efficiency than those on cassava diets. Palatability and protein quality are at least 2 drawbacks, making pigs utilize cassava diets less efficiently. Among different cassava products, cassava grade A seemed to have the highest feeding value for pigs; grade B had a feeding value of approx 95% of grade A, while grade C was about 80% (Author'ssummary) 1103 0387 12122 KIIAJARERN, S. et al. Substitution of cassava root products for cereals in livestock and poultry feeds. Taipei City, Taiwan. Asian and Pacific Council. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center. Extension Bulletin no. 122. 1979. 12p. Engl., 45 Refs. Cassava. Protein contert. IICN content. Fibre content. Palatability. Poultry. Swine. Cattle. Pellets. Ash content. Ca. P. Zn. Methionine. Tubers. Tailandia. Results are given of studies conducted at Khon Kaen U. (Thailand) on the quality standard of cassava root products and their possible levels of incorporation in livestock and poultry rations. Among drawbacks found in the efficient utilization of cassava in animal feeds are the presence of IICN, low protein, fatty acid and mineral contents, and palatability. Re­ search findings indicate that despite the poor quality of Thai cassava root products, these can substitute cereals: 58-600/o in rations for broilers, 600/o for growing pigs and finishing beef cattle and 70°/o for finishing pig rations. Optimum feed intake is accomplished by pelletizatio -, addition of fat and/or molasses or diets fed in wet form. Attention must be paid to levels of crude fiber, ash and Ca in cassava-based diets which, in excess, decrease the digestibility of the ration as a whole and interfere with mincial metabolism (P, Zn); met should be supplemented to facilitate IICN detoxification. In poultry rations, xanthophylls must be added to maintain pigmentation of the skin and egg yolk. Because of the increased amount of expensive protein sources, economic considerations are the main determinant in deciding when to use cassava. (Summary by L.M.F.) H03 0388 1833 KOK, E.A. 0 farelo de raspas de mandioca na allmentagio dos animals. (Cassava chip flour wastes in animal nutrition). Boletim de lndistria Animal 5 (4): 195-205. 1942. Port., 5 Refs. Cassava. Cassava chips. Nutritive value. Protein content. Fat content. Fibre content. Ash content. Dairy cattle. Poultry. Swine. Diets. Waste utilization. Brazil. A detailed description is given on the production, general characteristics, nutritive value, protein, fat, fiber and ash contents of the wastes from cassava chip flour (CFW). It is recommendable to use CFW in balanced rations with feed rich in proteins and fat for poultry, cattle and swine feeding. Ration formulas are given for dairy cows (15-400/o CFW); work animals (15-300/o); growing (20470/0), breeding (10-200/o) and fattening pigs (25.501/o). (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) H03 0389 12962 LONGE, O.G. and OLUYEMI, J.A. Comparative use of cassava, maize and guinea corn as the major dietary source of carbohydrates for chicks. Journal of the Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Science in Africa 4(2):47-52. 1977. Engl., Sum. EngL, Fr., 18 Refs. Cassava. Chicks. Diets. Cassava meal. Metabolism. Digestibility. Cassava starch. Animal nutrition. Nigeria.

I IN

Three diets containing either 50% maize, sorghum or cassava meal were fed to chicks from 1 day to 6 wk of age. Livewt gain, feed conversion efficiency, energy metabolizability and N retention were lowest for the chicks fed 50% CM during the 1st 3 wk, but at 6 wk this group compared favorably with that of maize. Chicks fed 50%sorghum performed best. Mortality was highest for the CM group. Apparent digestibility of cassava starch was slightly lower than for the cereals, but not significantly so. The water-soluble polysaccharides, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were poorly digested in all 3 diets. (Author's summary) H03 0390 12095 MANDIOCA E BATATA-doce podem ser empregadas com sucesso na alimentailo do gado leitero. (Cassava and sweet potatoes in rations for dairy cattle). Agricultura e PecuAria 32/33(459):10. 1962. Port. Cassava. Sweet-potatoes. Dairy cattle. Feeds and feeding. Production. Milk. Animal nutrition. Brazil. An expt conducted at the Exptl Station at Pindamonhangaba, Sgo Paulo studied some economical and zootechnical aspects of using cassava, sweet potatoes and arrowroot as feed for dairy cows. During the summer (Jul.-Sept.) 24 Friesian cows received I kg of feed/2 kg of milk produced. Milk production increased 12.4%with cassava, 9% with sweet potatoes and just 2.7% with arrowroot. Even though cassava is more economical, its growth cycle is 3 times longer than that of sweet potatoes. (Summary by LM.F.) H03 0391 11466 MANICKAM. R. and GOPALAKRISHMAN. C.A. Studies on feeding of tapioca thippi (tapioca or cassava starch waste) to swine. Indian Journal of Animal Research 12(l):13-15. 1978. Engl.. Sum. Engl., 4 Refs. Cassava. Waste utilization. Swine. Feeds and feeding. Animal nutrition. Animal physiology. India. The use of 10. 20 and 30%r cassava starch waste to replace maize in rations for .Large White Yorkshire piglets was studied over a I-yr period at Tamil Nadu Agricultural U. in India. Totalwt gain. daily wt gain and feed efficiency were almost equal up to the 20% level, but at 30%. performance was poor. Carcass qualities such as length, back fat thickness and loin eye were almost the same at all levels. The most economical level of production was at 20%. (Author's H03 %utaniarr) 0392 12141 MENDES, M.A., CAMPOS, O.F. DE and SILVA, J.F.C. DA Determinago do valor nutritivo da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz, var. Salangorzinha), planta integral. (Determination of the nutritive value of the whole cassava plant). Seiva 38(86):1-5. 1978. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 10 Refs. Cuava. Nutritive value. Sheep. Digestibility. Dry matter. Protein content. Fibre content. Ca. P. Consumption. Brazil. The nutritive value of dried cassava var. Salangorzinha (both aerial part and root) was stud­ ied using castrated male sheep kept in metabolism cages. The conventional method of deter­ mining apparent digestibility was adopted. The dried ground whole cassava plant contained 92.90/o DM, 4.30/o CP, 3.869 kcal/kg of gross energy, 13.80/o crude fiber, 0.640/o ether extract, 0.910/o Ca and 0.100/o P. The apparent digestibility coefficients were 71.2, 18.8 and 70.40/o, resp., for DM, CP and gross energy. Consequently, the digestible CP and digest­

139

Ible energy were 0.80/o and 2.826 kcal/ky, resp. The mean day DM intake was 1.90 /o of the Ulvewt. (Author's summary) H03 0393 10466 MONTILLA S., J. DE J. Posibilidades e utilizacl6n de follaje de yuca en alimentaci6n de pollos de engorde. (Possibilities ofusing cassava leaf meal In rationsfor fryers). Maracay, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 1977. 7 8p. Span., 23 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava leaf meal. Dietary value. Poultry. Costs. Animal nutrition. Venezuela. The possibilities of using cassava leaf meal (CLM) in rations for fryers were studied. Using a completely randomized design, 4expt. with 1216 Vantress x White Rock chicks were conducted; the 1st 2 lasted 10 wk and the last 2, 8 wk. In expt. I and 11,the CLM (bitter var. 2078) was incorporated into the rations in amounts of 10, 20and 30%; in expt. III,0,8 and 16%; in expt. IV, 0 and I0%. The results were evaluated on the basis of wt gain and feed efficiency (conversion index). Wt increase decreased linearly up to the 6th wk; feed efficiency also decreased linearly. This was corrected to a great extent by preparing the food in pellets. The cost of feed required for one Venezuelan bolivar of chicken was modified only when the CLM incorporated was > 1I%; 16% was considered th best. Usage of CLM allows the quantity of chicken/ha to increase. Better quality meal can be obtained through var. selection, determination of harvest time and rapid dehydration. (Summary by F.G. Trans.. by LM.F.) H03 0394 12129 MONTILLA, J.J. Utilization of the whole cassava plant in animal feed. In International Symposium on Feed Composition, Animal Nutrient Requirements, and Computarization of Diets, Ist., Logan, Utah, 1976. Proceedings. Logan, Utah State University, 1976. pp.98-104. Engl., Sum. Engl., 40 Refs. Cassava. Tubers. Leaves. Processing. Cassava leaf meal. Cassava products. Protein content. Nutritive value. Amino acids. Toxicity. Feeds and feeding. Poultry. Swine. HCN content. Cattle. Dry matter. Animal nutrition. Venezuela. In contrast to the short-cycle crops (cereals and soybeans), tropical long-cycle crops like cassava produce high yields and are generally well adapted to the ecosystem. Both cassava roots and foliage are easily processed to DM with acceptable storage capabilities. Cassava roots can substitute for more than !6of the cereals in broiler rations and the whole cereal grain fraction in laying hen rations without detrimentally affecting productivity. In swine nutrition, cereals can be safely replaced by cassava meal at levels higher than 75% without adverse effects, while in ruminant nutrition even at higher levels cassava leaf meal can be used as a partial substitute for the traditional protein sources in most animal species. However, met supplementation and careful control of energy:protein ratios are necessary for satisfactory results with CLM particularly in nonruminants. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) H03 102 0395 1158 0 FARELO de raspas de mandloca na allmentauro das vacas leiteiras. (Residues from cassava chip flour in rations .for dairy cows). Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba) 15:263-265. 1940. Port. Cassava. Cassava chips. Waste utilization. Feeds and feeding. Dairy cattle. Feed constituents. Composition. Nutritive value. Animal nutrition. Brazil The use of residues from cassava chip flour in rations for domestic animals is discussed.

140

Composition and nutritive value are analyzed.Three different combinations (20-40% cassava) of this residue with wheat bran, cotton, rice and maize are given. Under normal conditions, cows can be fed I kg of feed/3 I of milk produced. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by1LM.F.) H03 0396 12913 OKE, O.L. Problems in the use of cassava as animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology 3:345-380. 1978. EngI., Sum. EngI., 182 Refs. Cassava. Feeds and feeding. Toxicity. Protein content. Energy productivity. Cyanogenic glycosides. Animal nutrition. Nigeria. Of all the tropical crops, cassava provides the highest energy/ha. Therefore, in this review its use is advocated as a replacement for maize in animal feed. However, the use of cassava poses a no. of problems, which can be grouped as chemical, nutritional and physical factors. This paper deals with these problems and concludes that with proper management cassava can be used as a substitute for maize in animal feed. This will have the double advantage of releasing the more nutritious maize for human consumption and of producing cheaper feed and possibly cheaper animal products in the tropics. (Summary by Abstracts on TropicalAgriculture) H03 C03 0397 12902 RAVELO, G. et al. Metabolismo de Ia glucosa en el ganado alimentado con call do azcar: comportamiento de Ia pulidura de arroz y Ia harina de raz de yuca como suplementos. (Glucose metabolism In livestock fed with sugarcane: rice polishings and cassava meal as supplements). Produccl6n Animal Tropical 3:12-18. 1978. Span., Sum. Span., 10 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Domestic animals. Cassava meal Metabolism. Glucose.. Starch content. Diets. Animal nutrition. Dominican Republic. Glucose entry rates (GERs) were determined for animals fed with sugar cane/urea sup­ plemented with rice polishings or cassava meal (CM). Glucose metabolism was measured 4 h after feeding, for the rice polishings; 4-7 and 7-10 h after, for the CM. GERs were 3 measured by isotopic dilution using glucose (2- H). The most important finding was the considerable increase in GERs when rice polishings werc given to the animal; however, there was only a slight improvement with the CM. The relation between the quantity of starch in the supplement and the GI'Rs 4 and 7 h after feeding indicated that glucose is more available with rice polishings than with CM. The animals fed the latter had an apparent decrease in their GERs and in all the metabolic parameters of glucose in the 7-10 Ih interval, compared to 4-7 It after feeding. This pattern differed greatly from that of rice polishings. A transcendental finding was that the distribution capacity of glucose in those animals that received CM was greater 4 h after feeding than after 7 h. The most important conclusion of this expt is that the CM seems to supply only min quantities of glucogenic precursors, indicating extensive fermentation of starch in tile rumen. (Author's summary. Trans by L.M.F. H03 0398 12056 REDDY, T.K. and REDDY, M.R. Studies on the utiliation of urea-mols­ ses enriched paddy straw and tapioca residue in lamb rations. Indian Veterinary Journal 56:400-407. 1979. Engl., Sum. EngL, 13 Res. Casva. Cassava starch. Wastes. Lambs. Digestibility. N. Molases. Animal nutrition. India. An evaluation was made of the nutritive quality of paddy straw (PS) and cassava starch wastes (CSW), supplemented with urea and molasses, as compared to conventional rations (200 g concentrate + mixed hay ad libitum) for growing Merino x Deccani ram lambs in In­ dia. In a 2nd expt 200 j concentrate was supplemented to the PS and CSW. Av daily wt

141

gains of 22.9, 18.6 and 25.7 g were recorded for the control, treated PS and CSW rations, resp.; but these gains were nonsignificant. Feed required/kg wt gain was 19.43, 30.47 and 18.06 kg; and DM intake, 3.08, 3.94 and 3.19 kg/I00 kg body wt, for the control, treated PS and CSW rations, resp. Improved digestibility of DM, OM, CP and N-free extract was observed for the treated CSW rations as compared to the control; improved crude fiber digestibility was recorded with the treated PS rations. A positive N balance was observed among all 3 treatments; significantly higher N retention was noted with the CSW rations. Positive Ca and P balances were recorded for all 3 exptl groups. In the 2nd expt, concen­ trate supplementation to the treated materials significantly improved growth rate and feed efficiency. Av daily gains of 21.4, 72.4 and 155.2 g were observed for the control, treated PS and CSW rations, rcsp. Feed required/kg wt gain was 20.03, 10.11 and 4.82 kg and DM Intake, 2.90, 4.50 and 4.09 kg/100 kg body wt for the control, treated PS and CSW rations, resp. The results suggest that urea-molasses supplemented PS and CSW could be used in sheep rations; supplementation of concentrate mixture to the treated materials further improved growth rate and feed efficiency. (Author ssummary) H03 0399 12197 SARAI)AMMA, K., ASARI, P.A.R. and NAIR, M.R.G.K. On the relative preference of Rattus rattus Linn to different varieties of tapioca. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 16(1):80-81. 1978. Engl. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Cultivars. Rats. Feeds and feeding. Palatability. India.

A lab evaluation was made of different cassava var. to determine the relative feed prefer­ ences of rats in Kerala, India. Two expt were conducted: in the 1st, 5 var. (M4, H 165, H 226, Adukkumuttan and Pannivella) were fed to individual rats in separate cages, 70-80 g/rat/day. The rats were not fed for 12 h before the expt. The quantity of roots consumed/ rat/24 h was calculated for 5 days. In the 2nd expt each rat was fed I var./day. This was repeated for 5 days with a 12-h interval between feedings. Under conditions of choice, Pannivella was significantly more acceptable (26.20%) to rats, followed by Adukkumuttan (15.64%) and M4 (13.72%). When fed alone, Adukkumuttan showed max preference. (Sum­ mary by L.M.F) 1103 0400 11499 SILVESTRE. R., MAC LEOD, N.A. and PRESTONT.R. Efectodelaharinade carne, raiz secada de yuca y aceite de mani en dietas basadas en carla de azcar/urea o mlel/urea. (Effect of meat meal. cassava meal and peanut oil on diets based on sugar cane/urea or molassesurea). Producci6n Animal Tropical 2:154-160. 1977. Span., Sum. Span.. 5"Refs., Illus. Cassava. Feed constituents. Tubers.-Drying. Cassava meal. Cattle. Dietary value. Dominican Republic. Forty-eight Zebu steers (200 kg) were used in a 2 x 2x 2 factorial design to study the effect of 0 or 600 g/day of meat meal; 0 or 1000 g/day ofcassava meal (CM); and 0 or 30 g/day of peanut oil when added to basic diets of cut sugar cane + urea/ammonium sulfate or molasses/urea (free­ choice) with restricted cane tops and bagasse forage. With the control diet (no supplementation), daily wt gain was 54 g/ day with sugar cane/ urea as compared to 351 g/day with molasses/ urea. Protein supplement improved wt gain slightly (P < 0.23) with the sugar cane diet and significantly (P - 0.02) with molasses. CM had the opposite effect, with a significant improvement in the sugar cane diets (P < 0.02) and a tendency to decline in the molasses diet (P e-0.23). Peanut oil had no effect. Data on voluntary intake showed similar responses to those found for livewt gain, except with the molasses diet where CM increased intake. The response to feed conversion was identical to that of livewt gain. None of the dietary supplements affected the proportions of volatile fatty acids, but there were significant differences with > levels ofbutyric

142

acid and - yield of dorsal fat and wt was observed in T, in relation to T3 and T 4, but not regarding T2 , when evaluating the carcass. (3) The best economic results were obtained with T 1. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M. F) H03

0403 4044 PEIXOTO, R.R. Utilizaqib da farinha de mandioca em ragoes e considera­ 9&s econbmicus sobre o desaleitamento precoce de terneiros holandeses. (Use of cassava meal In rations of Frieslan calves and economic considerations on early

143

weaning). Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, BrasU, Universidade Federal do Pelotas. Indi­ caqfo da Pesquisa no. 2. 1974. 3p. Port., 1 Ref. Cassava. Calves. Diets. Cassava meal. Costs. Animal nutrition. Brazil. Sixty-four Friesian calves (32 females and 32 males) were used in this expt, distributed in 4 treatments and raised from birth up to 16 wk. Treatments (T) were: T, - feed mixture no. 1 (50% maize) + alfalfa hay + milk up to 16 wk (control); T, - feed mixture no. 1 + alfalfa hay + milk up to 42 days; T. - feed mixture no. 2 (25% CM + 25% maize) + alfalfa hay + milk up to 42 days; T4 - feed mixture no. 3 (50% CM) + alfalfa hay + milk up to 42 days. It was concluded that: (a) Early weaning at 42 days, substituting milk for a feed mixture, allows good calf development and is unquestionably more economical because it permits a reduction in milk (ca. 400 kg/calf raised). (b)When CM substitutes maize 50%, it is efficient but total substitution leads to less calf growth due to less intake. Therefore the possibility of substituting maize for CM depends on the cost. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. H03 JOO 0404 11394 MELACO, MANDIOCA e cana-de-aidcar integral no arracoamento de bovi­ nos Nelore. (Molasses, cassava and integralsugar cane in Nelore cattle rations). FIR 12(3):41. 1969. Port. Caava. Cattle. Molasses. Diets. Animal nutrition. Brazil. This trial was conducted to evaluate: (1) the Influence of molasses provided ad libitum and in restricted rations in diets for cattle in dry lots and (2) the possibility of using cassava and sugar cane as alternative sources of carbohydrates. Twenty-four animals (Nelore race), 21 mo old and 335.5 kg initial av wt were used, kept in confinement during 112 days. The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups with 4 treatments: (a) 50% rice straw + 20% cottonseed meal + molasses ad libitum; (b)50%rice straw + 20%cottonseed meal + 1 kg molasses/day/head of cattle; (c) 60% rice straw + 20%cottonseed meal + 20% sun-dried cassava roots and (d) 65% rice straw + 15% cottonseed meal + 20% integral sugar cane. Statistical analysis showed that treatments (a) and (b) were similar while (d) and (c) made evident the possibility of substituting molasses with cassava or sugar cane with highly signif­ icant results. (Summary by F. G. Trans. by L.M F.) H03 0405 13461 CARDOSO, E.M.R. et al. Efeito das sobras de mandioca no ganho de peso de femeas bovinas e bubainas. (Effect of cassava leftovers on weight gain of female zebu and water buffalo). Belm-PA, BrasiL Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agrope­ curia. Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Tr6pico Umido. Circular T~cnica no. 2. 1980. 12p. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 13 Refs., Itlus.

Casava. Waste utilization. Animal nutrition. Leaves. Petioles. Cortex. Cattle. Brazil Sixteen female zebu and water buffalo were penned for 84 days, and fed cassava aerial parts (leaves, petioles and branches) and leftovers from cassava meal (peelings and cortex) proc­ essing, plus ad libitum mineral mixture supplementation. The material was fed 24 h after harvesting and exposed to sunlight for 3 h. The av intake/treatment was annoted daily and the animals weighed every 28 days. The results showed that cassava aerial parts and roots can be used as animal feed. (Author's summary) H03

0406 3713 SANTANA, J.C.R. Raspa de mandloca processada pelo calor seco (torragem) na almentaqgo de suinos. (Cassava chips toasted by dry heat for swine feeding).

144

Tese Mag. Sc. Vigosa-MG, Brasil, Universidade Federal de Vigosa, 1976. 57p. Port., Sum. Port., 59 Refs.

Cassava. Animal nutrition. Cassava chips. Swine. Energy productivity. Diets. Brazil Three expt were conducted with 108 piglets to evaluate the effect of cassava chips toasted by dry heat on the better utilization of cassava energy by growing and finishing pigs. Exptl diets contained maize, cassava chips (integral or residual), toasted or not, balanced with soybeans, minerals and vitamins and supplemented with met. These expt were conducted in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design (3 energy sources, toasted or notand sex differentiation). Expt I and III were organized in random blocks with 12 and 4 animals/treatment; expt I was totally accidental with I male and I female/treatment. Wt gain and feed efficieny were measured for all the treatments. Maize and toasted cassava chips did not produce any addi­ tional significant effect on wt gain. In growing pigs, expt Iwith toasted cassava chips (inte­ gral) gave a feed efficiency higher than 16%. The iodine index in fat was significantly lower for animals fed with cassava chips (integral or residual), toasted or not. From an economic point of view, a possibility exists of totally substituting the maize for integral or residual cassava chips as an energy source for pigs. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) H03 0407 13497 BORGGREVE, G.J. et aL The net energy content of pig feeds according to the Rostock formula. The value of starch in the feed. Zeitschrift flr Tierphysiolo­ gie, Tierernihrung und Futtermittelkunde 34:199-204. 1975. Engl., Sum. Enal., Germ., 5 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Swine. Tubers. Starch content. Energy productivity. Digestibility. Feeds and feeding. German Democratic Republic. Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of the starch content in feeds on the growth rate, food conversion and killing-out % of pigs. Better results were obtained with higher starch contents. This effect may be due to the unfavorable influence of the "dnfe­ starch" group on the digestibility of the other nutrients, or to an incorrect evaluation of the "dnfe" group in the Rostock formula. By introducing the starch content as an explain­ ing factor into the Rostock formula for energy gain in pigs (NEFs), we were able to show that the NEF s in the feeds was estimated much more correctly when starch had been added to the formula as an explaining factor and that the net energy content of starch for pigs was approx 12% higher than the energy of the "dnfe-starch" group. It was concluded that the net energy content of feeds and raw materials rich in starch is underestimated and the energy of feeds poor in starch is overestimated. (Author'ssummary) H03 0408 13484 RUBIO C., E. Efecto compazativo de Ia melaza de carla y harina de yuca en lautllzacl6n de urea en Iaallmentaci6n de rumiantes. (Comparativeeffect ofsugar cane molasses and cassava meal on the utilization of urea In animal nutrition). Re­ vista ICA 13(3):537-542. 1978. Span., Sum. Span., Engl., 14 Refs., Illus.

Casava. Cattle. Molasses. Cassava meal. Animal nutrition. Colombia. At the Palmira Exptl Lenter, Valle del Cauca (Colombia) an expt was conducted to compare 2 energy sources, molasses and CM infattening steer rations, supplemented with urea as a protein source. Maize silage was used as forage. All the treatments received a daily supple­ mentation/head of 300 g cottonseed meal, 100 g urea and mineral salt ad libitum. In treat­ ment I, 1.0 kg of molasses/head/day was given as an energy supplement. In treatment II, 0.5 kg of molasses was replaced by 0.375 of CM. In treatment 111, the total amount of molasses was replaced by 0.7;0 kg of CM. Av daily wt gains were 0.766, 0.809 and 0.859 kg for treatments I, II and III, resp. Differences among treatments were not statistically significant, however a favorable effect was observed when molasses was replaced by CM. Daily wt gain

145

was 12.1% greater when 1.0 kg of molasses was replaced by 0.750 kg of CM. This favorable affect in wt gain indicates a better utilization of N by the urea in bacterial protein synthesis due to the presence of a complex carbohydrate that is degraded slower than sugar cane molasses. The results obtained indicate the need of incorporating energy sources rich in starch when urea is used in rations for ruminants. (Author's summary. Trans. by LM.F.) H03 0409 13219 KHAJARERN, J.M. et al. Effects of protein level in cassava diets on per­ formance of broilers. In Khon Kaen University..Faculty of Agriculture. Cassava/ nutrition project; annual report 1978. Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1979. pp.75-83. Engl., Sum. Engl., 2 Refs.

Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Diets. Supplements. Poultry. Proteins. Animal nutrition. Thailand. A total of 840 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were used to evaluate the growth per­ formance and economy of production as affected by the variation in dietary crude protein, from 18-22% of cassava A rations. A 22% protein maize diet was used as the control. Wt gain of chicks was linearly increased as the dietary protein was increased. The optimum protein level of the high-cassava broiler diets was between 19-20% . Lower protein levels were asso­ ciated with decreased wt gain and efficiency of feed conversion and thus was uneconomical. Similarly, higher levels caused a protein wastage indicated by the lower protein efficiency ratio. The possibility of the deficiency in essential amino acids was discussed. The adequacy of the dietary protein was not readily reflected by the feed/gain but, rather by the PERs, Apart from protein, the readily available energy, particularly from the supplemented fat, was also important to the high-cassava broiler diets. A min of 1.5% supplemented fat was required for such a diet; the recommended level of supplemented fat in a high-cassava ration was 5%. (Author's summary) H03 0410 12964 ANGULO, M. Uso de la yuca, camote y soya grano en engorde de cerdos. (Cassava sweet potatoes and soybeans in rations forfattening pigs). Avances en In­ vestigaci6n (Per6) no. 3:50-59. 1980. Span. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Laboratory animals. Swine. Finishing. Energy productivi­ ty. Tubers. Animal nutrition. Peru. An expt was conducted with finishing pigs at El Porvenir Exptl Station (Peru) in 1975, to evaluate fresh cassava and sweet potatoes as energetic sources and soybeans as a source of proteins. Forty cross-bred Duroc, Yorkstiire and Poland China (3-3.5 mo old with an av livewt of 26 kg) were groupcd in 4 lots of 10 each, balanced according to sex, litter, degree of crossing, and wt using a cempletely randomized design. The treatments were: (1) 82%maize + 8%fish meal + 8%cottonseed cake + 1.5% mineral salts + 0.5%common salt; (2) fresh chopped cassava +a supplement of 37%TP and 65%TDN; (3) fresh chopped sweet potatoes +a protein supplement of 37%TP and 65%TDN; (4) 70%maize + 6%fine rice dust + 9% cottonseed cake + 13% soybeans + 1.5% mineral salts + 0.5 common salt. It was concluded that fresh chopped cassava and, to a lesser degree, chopped sweet potatoes alone, can substitute maize as energetic sources in rations, when they are supplemented with pro­ tein. (Summary by PIG. Trans. by L.M.IQ H03 0411 13217 KHAJARERN, J.M. et a. An evaluation of the replacing value of cassava root meal for maize, sorghum or rice by-products in broiler rations. In Khon Kaen University. Facuity of Agriculture. Cassava/nutrition project; annual report 1978. Khon Kacn, Thailand, 1979. pp.54-64. Engl., Sum. Engl., 4 Refs.

146

Diets. Nutri­ Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Laboratory animals. Cassava meal. Poultry. tive value. Supplements. Animal nutrition. Thailand. the replacement Two trials, each using 840 one-day-old broilers, were conducted to evaluateand rice by-prod­ value of 3 quality grades of Thai cassava root products for maize, sorghum the same, while ucts. The growth performance of broilers in all treatments was essentially the cereal treatments. the feed/gain of cassava-fed chicks was significantly poorer than for partially influenced were feed/gain in differences the that Further analysis of data indicated level and quality of by the dietary protein concn. It was estimated that, on an equivalent cereals, whereas other of those to comparable value energetic an had C protein, cassava an adulteratedhad more being pellet, Thai The maize. of that of cassava A had approx 93% H01 H03 summary) (Author's maize. estimated energetic value of ca. 91%of that of 0412 cyanide toxicity in 13218 KHAJARERN, J.M. et al. A preliminary study on Cassava/nutrition Agriculture. of Faculty University. Kaen Khon In broilers. 6 5 74

- . Engl., Sum.

project; annual report 1978. Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1979. pp. Engl., 3 Refs., Illus.

content. Animal nutrition.

Cassava. Poultry. HCN. Toxicity. Cyanides. Cassava chips. HCN Animal physiology. Thailand.

physiological responses An evaluation was made of chick growth performance and some using 225 one-day-old KCN, added or cassava from

caused by the level of dietary cyanide or the inclusion of 150,

hroiler chicks. The incorporation of cassava products at a 50% level responses in terms of similar caused diet starch 48.5% a to cyanide KCN 250 or 500 ppm differences on wt of v't gain, feed intake and feed/gain. There were no significant treatment finished broilers; the of hematocrit or any of the selected organs, hemoglobin concn increased linearly chicks of excreta in and serum blood in level thiocyanate however, the fed cassava were equiv­ with increasing dietary KCN. The serum thiocyanate values of chicks level was substan­ excreted the whereas alent to those of chicks on the 500 ppm treatment, in diets, the intact level equivalent an at present being that, suggested is It tially lower. intake of the former was in­ cassava cyanide was more noxious than that from KCN. The in the blood stream thiocyanate, product, detoxifying its volved in a more prolonged rise of It was also found that the and the product was excreted to a less extent than the latter. than those dried slowly. more rapidly dried cassava chip. contained a higher level of HCN storing period of and/or drying of rate the and IICN The relationship bct%%ecn residual H04 cassava products needs to be studied. (Author's summary) 1103

0413 de yuca y 13261 LOZADA, H. and ALDERETE, R. Efecto de Ia harina de raiz calidad con i­ nivel de urea sobre el comportamiento de becerros en pasto de baja behavior of bre acceso a melaza. (Effect of cassava meal and level of urea on the Tropi­ steers on low-quality grass with free access !o molasses). Producci6n Animal cal 4:46-48. 1979. Span., Sum. Span., 13 Refs. Mexico. Casava. Cassava meal. Urea. Molasses. Cattle. Finishing. Animal nutrition. into 4 groups of 12 Forty-eight Zebu steers with an initial wt of 335 kg were divided ha) at the Colegio (2.5 grass unfertilized with pastures enclosed in animals each and kept was assigned one Superior de Agricultura Tropical, Cirdenas, Tabasco, Mexico. Each group were 2 levels of treatments The design. factorial 4 x 4 a to according treatments 4 the of and supplemented urea (2.5 and 5%/wt) mixed with molasses, which was given ad libif;um 250 g of blood with 0.75 or 1.25 kg of CM/day. In addition to this, all animals received for the 2.5 and meal and minerals/day. The expt lasted 97 days. The principal effects of 783, 707, 715, 772 5%levels of urea and 0.75 and 1.25 kg of cassava, resp. were: wt gains

147

1 140 g/day and molasses/urea intake 4.62, 4.77, 4.68 and 4.70 kg/day. The response to C'M was low. (Author's summary. Tran. by L.M.F) H03 0414 13258 GOMEZ G., G., SANTOS N., J. and VALDIVIESO, M. rarces y productos de yuca en alimentaci6n porcina. (Utilization Utillzacl6n de of cassava roots and products in swine feeding). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Call, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.1-55 1-75. Span., Sum. Span., 25 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Tubers. Swine. Cassava meal. Silage. Forage. Cassava leaf meal. Energy productivi-' ty. Animal nutrition. Colombia. Cassava roots are an excellent source of energy that can be used fresh, dried or as silage in swine feeding programs. Chopped fresh roots with a low cyanide content can be given to pigs throughout their life cycle, separately or mixed with a supplement that contains pro­ teins, minerals and vitamins. Roots with a high cyanide content are not easily consumed by pigs because of their high linamarin content. High levels of cassava meal studied experimentally at CIAT and compared to common maize-based(60-70%) have been diets in integrated feed programs for the pig's life cycle. Performance of weaned piglets was inferior in the cassava-based feed programs. Met supplementation did not seem essential in diets based on CM. Whole cassava roots can be stored in silos covered with earth, or chopped and kept in polyethylene bags or in trench silos, for periods up to 6 mo without a significant loss in their nutritional value as swine feed. Root silage kept up to 6 mo is easily consumed by pigs. Cassava forage production for ruminants offers very good perspectives. Cassava leaf meal can be used in relatively low levels (- 20% ) in diets for growing and finishing pigs. There are possibilities of using higher levels in diets for gestating sows. Because of its low protein content, feeding programs based on high levels of cassava require considerable quantities of protein supplement in comparison to programs that use conventional energy sources such as cereal grains. These aspects should be considered in economic studies on the feasibility of using cassava in animal nutrition. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.I:) H03

0415 13257 SCIINVII)ER, VON W. et al. Zur wachstumsfordernden Wirkung von Avotan bei Matschweinen. (The growth-promoting effect of Avotan on fattening pigs). Zeitschiift fur Tierphysiologie, Tierernahrung und Futtermittelkunde 41(6): 293-300. 1979. Germ., Sum. Germ., Engl., 14 Refs. Cassava. Swine. Finishing. Diets. Cassava meal. Animal nutrition. German Federal Republic. Growing pigs (n = 7, Deutsche Landrasse) received a barley-maize-soybean.diet with 20.5

and 17.7% CP and 13.8 and 14.2 MJ ME in the 1st (20-50 kg) and in the 2nd period (50-100

kg), resp. The rations of the exptl groups were supplemented with 20 and 40 ppm Avotan in

the 1st period and with 10 and 20 ppm of this glykopeptid antibiotic in the 2nd period. Av

daily gain was improved by 4.9% (not significant) and 7.2% (P < 0.05) in the groups fed

Avotan. Feed conversion was not significantly affected. To obtain more information on the

mode of action of this antibiotic, 2 N-balance expt were conducted at 29-35 kg and 60-68

kg bodywt. In both periods CP digestibility was improved, at the lower and at the higher rate by 3.6% (significant P < 0.05 in the 2nd period). rate by 1.5% (n.s.) increased by about the same extent, but not significantly. Protein utilizationProtein retention was not affect­ ed. Blood analyses conducted following the 1st N-balance period showed significantly higher urea levels before and 4 h after feeding in the Avotan groups. Addition of CM to the rations reduced the differences in blood urea between the treatments. Glucose level was signifi­ cantly increased with 40 ppm Avotan, but insulin decreased at the same time (n.s.). (Author's summary' 1103

148

0416 Effect of supplementation of cassava-based diets at. et S. 13225 KHAJARERN, on growth performance of pigs. In Khon Kaen University. Faculty of Agriculture. Cassava/nutrition project; annual report 1978. Khon Kaen, Thailand, 1979. pp.133­ 142. Engl., Sum. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Diets. Supplements. Swine. Amino acids. Ash content. Animal nutrition. Thailand. Thirty-six growing pigs (av wt 40 kg) were used to test the effects of amino acid and saccha­ ine supplementation to cassava-ba.:ed diets. It is demonstrated that quality of the natural protein source is one of the critical factors determining the success of cassava incorporation irto pig rations. Supplementation of lysine and met to the cassava diets containing a poor rrotein source would not be helpful, thus economically unjustified. Inclusion of saccharine at a level > 0.06% of the cassava-based diet depressed the voluntary feed intake of growing pigs. The same herd of pigs was subsequently used to test the effect of ash level and supple­ mentation of fat to cassava diets. Finishing pigs performed better on cassava-based diets, once the diets were formulated to contain < ash. Fat supplementation (at a 5%level) of ash­ reduced cassava diets would significantly improve the finishing pig performance. This type of fat supplementation may eem to be not economically justified, but data from the pre­ sent expt showed that it significantly reduced the feed cost/unit of' wt gain. These dietary treatments had no %ignificanteffect on carcass characteristics of market pigs except that cassava-fed pigs had a harder fat than the controls. (Author's summary) 1103

See also 0141

0365

0366

0433

0461

0490 0491

0495

0512 0521

0525

149

H04

HCN Toxicity and DetoxificIation 0417

12154 BARRETT, M.D.P., ALEXANDER, J.C. and HILL, D.C. Effect of linama­ rin on thiocyanate production and thyroid activity In rats. Journal of Toxicology

and Environmental Health 4:735-740. 1978. Eng., Sum. Engl., 8 Refs. Cassava. Linamarin. Laboratory animals. Thiocyanate.

Methionine. Animal nutrition.

Animal physiology. Analysis. The principal cyanogenic glucoside in cassava is linamarin (2-hydroxylsobutryonitrleB-D­ glucoside). Addition of pure linamarin to a diet based on 100/o vitamn-free casein did not affect wt gain of rats. Animals receiving the casein diet supplemented with met gained more wt than those on the unsupplemented diet, as was expected. The amount of thiocyanate ion excreted in the urine by animals receiving linamarin was higher than that excreted by animals that did not receive linamarin, at both levels of dietary met. The plasma thlocyanate concn was also higher for linamarin-fed animals. Higher plasma thiocyanate levels were asso­ ciated with a lower 0/o uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid. (Author's summary) H04 0418 4291 BARRETT, M.D.P., ALEXANDER, J.C. and HILL, D.C. Effects of dietary cyanide on growth, and thiocyanate levels in blood and urine of rats. Nutrition Reports International 18(4):413-419. 1978. Eng., Sum. Engl., 9 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Linamarin. Toxicity. Laboratory animals. Cyanides. Thiocyanates. Animal physi­ ology. Animal nutrition. Analysis. Cyanide from the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin is associated with the toxicity of cassava. Adverse effects from cyanide under acute conditions are well known, but reports of chronic toxicity have dealt mainly with tobacco amblyopia. Observations were made on the effects of dietary cyanide on urinary and plasma thiocyanate levels, growth and histology. Rats were fed a low-protein but otherwise adequate diet that contained 0-2400 ppm KCN for 8 wk. The ingestion of cyanide decreased wt gain and feed consumption. Urinary and plasma thiocyanate levels were elevated. Histological examination of the brain, spinal cord, duo­ denum, livei-, kidney, Ypleen, heart, lung, leg muscle, thyroid and bone marrow showed no differences amang the groups. (Author's summary) H04 0419 12981 OLUSI, S.O., OKE, O.L. and ODUSOTE, A. Effects of cyanogenic agents on reproduction and neonatal development in rats. Biological Neonate 36:233-243. 1979. Engl., Sum. lIngl., 28 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Laboratory animals. Diets. Gari. Cyanogenic glycosides. Tubers. Rats. Animal phys­ iology. A diet consisting of 50%gari caused no significant biochemical and hematological changes in adult female rats. Although this diet caused a significant increase in their serum thiocyanate

150

levels, there was no corresponding signilicint increase in the wt of their thyroid glands. The offspring of these rats had significantly lower birth wt and brain wt and never attained the same adult wt as those of the contiols. Adult female rats fed a diet consisting entirely of raw cassava had significantly educed hematological and biochemical indices. This diet also caused an increased incidence of cannibalism and a significant reduction in tile frequency of pregnancy, the av no. of the litter and the birth wt among these rats. In addition there was an increased incidence of necnatal deaths among tile offspring which also had poor develop­ ment, reduced brain wt and an increased tendency towards biting their littermates. Adult female rats fed diets containing 5 and 10 g cyanide/100 g lab diet survived for more than 3 mo but never became pregnant. They developed enlarged thyroid glands and tumors of the large intestine. The relevance of these findings to the areas of the world where cyanogenic glycosides form the staple diet is discussed. (Author's summary) H04

See also

0045

0412

101

Cassava Starch and its Properties

0420 0900 GUTHEIL, N.C. Aspectos da indtistria da fcula de mandioca no pals e suas possibilidades no Rio Grande do Sul. (The cassava starch industry in Brazil and its perspectives in Rio Grande do Su). Revista de Qulmica Industrial 24(280):12-18. 1955. Port., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Industrialization. Production. Costs. Phices. Marketing. Brazil. The process used and general production characteristics in cassava starch (fine, superior quality) plants in Sgo Paulo and Santa Catarina and perspectives in Rio Grande do Sul are discussed. Production costs and prices for Brazilian starch in N.Y. areanalyzed. The state of RioGrandedo Sul is Ist in root production (vol) and 4th in area sown, thus offering favorable conditions for developing a cassava starch industry. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 101 0421 12187 KAYISU, K. and HOOD, L.F. Effects of dehydration and storage condi­ tions on the pancreatic alpha amylase susceptibility of various starches. Journal of Food Science 44:1728-1731. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 19 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Analysis. Cooking. Storage. Enzymes. Drying. Hydrolysis.USA. Maize, waxy maize, potato and cassava starches were cooked, subjected to different de­ hydration (oven, freeze and drum drying) and storage (frozen and refrigerated) conditions and evaluated for pancreatic a( -amylase susceptibility. Dehydration reduced the enzyme susceptibility of all the starches. Oven drying had a greater effect than freeze or drum dry­ ing. Frozen and refrigerated storage affected the susceptibility of maize, potato and cassava starches but not waxy maize starch, the last having a greater effect. No differences were observed between constant and variable temp in frozen storage or between quick and slow freezing. Enzyme susceptibility did not change during 6 wk of storage. (Author's summary) 101 102 0422 12152 MEUSER, F. et al. Comparison of starch extraction from tapioca chips, pellets and roots. Stirkc 30(9):299-306. 1978. EngI., Sum. Engl., Germ., 33 Refs., Ilus. Cassava. Laborutory experiments. Cassava starch. Cassava chips. Pellets. Tubers. Producti­ vity. Sucrose. Glucose. Fructose. Analysis. HCN content. Protein content. Mineral content. Processing. Extraction of starch from cassava roots, chips and pellets was studied on a lab scale in relation to possible yield, product quality and use of by-products. Processing of roots to starch and by-products was simpler, more effective and achieved better product quality than that of chips and pellets. Impurities (sand, stones, earth) were difficult to remove: grinding

152

produced difficulties in separating impurities from the starch; wLt cleaning was possible only with chips as they are mechanically stable. Purity of starch from chips and pellets could not be improved by pretreatment (steeping or fermentation), limiting their applica­ tion to nonfood uses. Starches, starch hydrolysates or derivatives from the roots could be used in the food industries. (Summary by FoodScience and Technology Abstractsj 101 HO 0423 13294 MARCHANT, J.L. and BLANSHARD, J.M.V. Anisotropic light scattering by a population of starch granules. Stirke 31(5):146-148. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., Germ., 6 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Analysis. Laboratory experiments. Previous research has found a good correlation between the "experimental" scattering 0 calculated using the Stein-Rhodes equation and the observed radii of single starch granules. However, on extending the theory to populations of granules of cassava, maize and potato involving a distribution of 0 , a discrepancy was observed between the "experimental" scattering 40 derived using the Stein-Rhodes equation and what theory would predict. The problem has been reexamined for wheat and cassava starches by comparing the calculated "experimental" scattering 0 with a "theoretical" scattering 0 calculated from an intensity profile which was computed by applying the Stein-Rhodes equation to the population size distribution. The agreement between these 2 parameters was significant and suggests that for wheat starch and this sample of cassava starch, it is unnecessary to postulate the existence of an isotropic region in the centre of the granule. (Author's summary) 101 0424 13281 DENNETT, K. and STERLING, C. Role of starch in bread formation. Stirke 31(6):209-213. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., Germ., 16 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Breads. Analysis. Gelatinization. Characteristics of starch grains were tentatively assessed for their interrelationships and their effects on the properties of a 'synthetic' wheat gluten - starch bread system. The starches used were wheat, potato, cassava, rice, maize, waxy maize, and high-amylose maize. In this admittedly small sample, statistically significant negative correlations existed between amylose content and fractional vol increase, crumb penetration (tenderness), and crumb hydration capacity. Significant positive correlations were found between fractional vol increase and crumb penetration and between crumb hydration capacity and crumb soluble amylase. Gelatinized wheat starch was most uniformly oriented in fibrous strands of the crumbs and in films about the walls of gas cells. (Author'ssummary) 101 102 0425 11475 SEIDEMANN, J. Untersuchungen zur mikroskopischen Unterscheidung von Manioka-und Batatenstarke. (Research on the microscopic differentiation of cassava and sweet potato starch). Stirke 15(9):326-329. 1963. Germ., Sum. Germ., Engl., Fr., 15 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Analysis. Laboratory experiments. After describing the microscopic picture of cassava and sweet potato starch, and mentioning their most important characteristics, various microscopic methods for differentiation of the 2 starch types in mixtures were examined as to their utility. Both the use of coloring matter and polarization filters gave unsatisfactory results; cassava and sweet potato starch showed the same behaviour. The swelling range, determined with the aid of a micro heating stage, Bodtius (4°C/min), are very close to another (cassava starch = 60-72°C, sweet potato starch 58-680 C); therefore this method proved useless for differentiation purposes. The determi­

153

nation of granule size distribution seems to be suitable for the differentiation of the 2 starch types in mixtures. This method, however, also proves useless if only small portions of one starch types are added to the other. (Author's summary) 101 0426 1186 ASCHENGREEN, N.H. et al. liquefaction, saccharification and isomeriza­ tion of starches from sources other than maize. Starch/Stirke 31(2):64-66. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., Germ., 2 Refs., fllus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Fructose. Confectioneries. Processing. The suitability of a no. of starches (maize, wheat, potato and cassava) for producing fruc­ tose syrup was examined. Liquefaction, saccharification and purification were performed on a pilot scale, while the syrups produced were isomerized on a lab scale. Liquefactions were performed with Termamyl E in a jet cooke; process. Saccharification with Amyloglucosi­ dase Novo 150 L under standard conditions gave good DX values. After purification, syrups were Isomerized in lab columns with Sweetzyme E . Activity and productivity of Sweet­ zyme were as good as or better for all syrups than those obtained with dextrose solutions. (Author'ssummary) I01

I FA

102

Uses, Industrialization, Processing and Storage

0427 12125 ALLEN, G.H. Cassava... a new look at an old crop. Queensland Agricul­ tural Journal 105(l):58-71. 1979. Engl., 6 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Human nutrition. Animal nutrition. Cassava starch. Alcohol. Cultivation. Weeding. Harvesting. Production. Australia. New prospectives are presented of cassava as an agro-industrial crop in Australia. The uses given to cassava products in other countries are analyzed: partial replacement for high-value grains in stock rations, industrial starch, for paper or cardboard manufacture, as an export livestock feed in chip or pelleted form, as a base for alcohol production and as a substrate for protein production systems. Cultivation practices, weed control and harvesting or roots and leaves of different var. are briefly discussed. Cassava yields-are high (30-100 t/ha)in com­ parison with yields in other countries (17 t in Thailand; 15 t in Brazil), Even though ana­ lyses support the develdpment of cassava industries, some problems must be overcome 1st: soil depletion, response of existing and introduced var. to nutrients and climatic or geo­ graphical variability, definition of production areas, mechanization of production, especial­ ly harvesting, and drying of cassava for chip or pellet production. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 D02

0428 12015 ALVIM, P. DET. and ALVIM, R. Energf apartir de plantas: un nuevo desaflo pars In agricultura tropical. (Energy from plants - a new challenge for tropical agriculture). In Simposio sobre Fuentes Energ6ticas Renovables, Ciudad de Panama, 1978. Roma, Italia, Instituto Italo-Latinoamericano, 1979. pp.125-150. Span., Sum. Span., 13 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Production. Alcohol. The problem of fuel production of plant origin is analyzed on the basis of a literature review and some experiments conducted in Brazil. Special mention is made of alcohol production for motors, organic carbon for the iron and steel industry, and vegetable oils for diesel motors. Besides discussing the potentials and socioeconomic implications of projects with crops known to be efficient energy sources (sugar cane, cassava, eucalyptus, oil palm), it also mentions some botanical species that have not been studied from an agro-industrial point of view, but are promising as oil or hydrocarbon sources. (Author's summary. Trans. by LM.F.) 102 0429 12063 ARO, N.d' A mandloca:alguns tipos de farinha.(7pesofcassavaflourinBrazil). Campo 8(2):6-70. 1937. Port., Illus. Cassava. Processhtg. Cassava flour. Brazil.

,

155

A description is given of the 3 types of processing (empirical, routine and progressive) used for cassava flour (farinha seca, do comercio, de pau, de guerra) in Brazil. Definitions are also given for farinha dagua (gorda), dagua de mistura and tupi. (Summary by TB.) 102 0430 12065 ASSIM SE fabricam o amrdo, a raspa e a farinha de raspa. (Manufacturing of cassava starch, chips and flour). Agricultura e Pecuiria no. 533:52-55. 1968.

Port. Cassava. Processing. Tubers. Cassava chips. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Brazil The chemical composition of cassava roots is analyzed as a raw material. The stages involved in the processing of cassava starch, chips and cassava chip flour wve discussed in detail. (Sum. mary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 0431 4016 BANCO DO BRASIL. CARTEIRA DO COMERCIO EXTERIOR. Farinha de mandioca e produtos amiliceos. (Cassava flour and starchy products). Rio de Janeiro-GB, Brasil, 1971. 24p. Port. Cassava. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Tapiocas. Cassava chips pH. Starch content. Brazil. The resolution issued by the Brazilian Foreign Trade Board regarding the classification and quality control of cassava flours and starchy products is discussed in detail. These exporta­ ble products are divided into groups, classes and types; the 1st depending on the use and color (yellow, white) and the last 2 on the manufacturing process, granulation and quality. Methods of analysis for determining the acid factor, acidity, moisture content, starch content, the color and quantity of pulp are recommended. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 C03 0432 12036 BOOTH, R.H. and DHIAUDDIN, M.N. Storage of fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta). Ill. Preserving chipped roots before and during sun-drying. Experimental Agriculture 15:135-144. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 4 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Storage. Cassava chips. Drying. Solar drying. Deterioration. Malaysia. The potential of using sodium chloride and sodium metabisulfite as chemical preservatives during predrying storage of wet cassava chips and during slow sun drying under adverse weather conditions was demonstrated. Both chemicals permitted chips to maintain good color and texture and prevented gross microbial deterioration. (Author's summary) 102

0433 12087 BURGER, J. A industrializatio da mandioca. (Cassava industrialization). Boletim de Agricultura 1(9):72-76. 1952. Port. Cassava. Cultivars. Starch content. Tubers. Forage. Protein content. Feeds and feeding. Cassava

leaf meal. Brazil.

From an industrial point of view, the Instituto Agronomico in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, has conducted biochemical and biological studies on cassava. The% of starch in the roots of the Institute's 270 var. was determined. The % of starch in 20-mo-old roots (fresh basis) varied between 20.6-40% and DM, 76.9-90.5%. Great var. differences were found in starch content.

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According to comparative preliminary trials, cassava leaves and branches can replace alfalfa in cattle, swine and poultry forage (the protein, starch and ether contents of alfalfa are 14.17, 22.32 and 1.82%, resp.; for CLM, 17.66. 24.41 and 4.96%, resp.). (Summary by F.G.Trans. by L M.F.) 102 H03 0434 12079 CASTRO, M. 0 ilcool a partir da mandioca; suas perspectivas no estado da Bahia. (Alcohol from cassava perspectives for the state of Bahia). Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, Secretaria da Ind6stria e Comircio, 1979. 15p. Port. Paper presented at Congreso Brasileiro de Mandioca, lo., Salvador, Bahia, Brasil, 1979. Cassava. Alcohol. Production. Consumption. Statistical data. Brazil. A review is presented of the cassava situation in the state of Bahia, analyzing perspectives of alcohol production. The state was self-sufficient in production of gasoline and its by-prod­ ucts from 1975-78. In reference to alcohol production, the state is not a traditional produc­ er; it has only one distillery with a capacity of ca. 9 million I/yr. For 1981, capacities of 90 million i/yr can be reached with the projects approved by the National Alcohol Council. Due to the favorable climatic and soil conditions of the region, - good potential exists for the development of cassava and sugar cane crops, raw materials used in the obtention of alcohol. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 0435 12082 CENTRO INTERNACIONAL DE AGRICULTURA TROPICAL. Algunos aspectos generales de Iaproduccl6n de yuca yextraccl6n de almldbn en Modomo (Cauca). (Aspects of cassava production and starch extraction in Mondomo, Colombia). Cali, Colombia, 1979. 7p. Span. Cassava. Production. Cassava starch. Soil analysis. Cultivars. Marketing. Factories. Colombia. A brief analysis ismade of the general aspects of cassava cultivation and soil types in Mondomo, state of Cauca (Colombia). Emphasis is plpced on bitter starch production, with 25 starch factories working throughout the yr. These generally operate with 2 permanent workers and are classified as small, medium and large (4000. 7000 and 10.000 kg of cassava/wk, resp). The production of starch varies according to the var. and age (cassava 10 mo old does not have a high starch content, while that 16-18 mo old does). In general, 125 kg of cassava produce 12.5 kg of starch slurry. Buyers from Santander de Quilichao grant credit to mills, thus assuring their market; in Mondomo, 7 middlemen buy the > part (86.6%) of the starch produced. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by I.M.F.) 102 JOO 0436 12162 EFFERSON, J.N. Nuevos usos de Ia mandioca. (New uses for cassava). Agricultura de las Americas (USA) 28(11):29-51. 1979. Span., Illus. Cassava. Cassava flour. Cassava chips. Diets. Domestic animals. Alcohol. Sugars. Cultivation. Tuber productivity. Europe. Brazil. New uses given to cassava in tropical countries are analyzed, such as flour and chips useful in the preparation of balanced rations for livestock; industrialization through alcohol pro­ duction used as fuel and its by-products in animal fecdstuffs; the production of sugar containing a large amount of fructose from cassava starch. Some brief concepts arc given

157

on cassava cultivation (cultural practices, processing). Factors that can reduce increases in production and industrialization are low yields, quality standards, marketing and contami­ nation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. 102 0437 12097 FABRICA(QO DE farinha de mandioca. (Cassava flour manufacture). Seleges Agrfcolas 1'0(110):84-88. 1955. Port. Cassava. Cassava flour. Processing. Tubers. Brazil. When manufacturing cassava flour, care must be taken not to impair its nutritional value. Fresh roots should also be used, which prevents producing a dark flour. The mass must be well dried; the covers of the raspers should be changed frequently to assure a fine mass, which should be well sifted. Other recommendations are included on how to maintain good quality. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 04,8 12165 FERREIRA, J.C. A farinha de mandioca e a industrializaqio rural: uma andlise econ6mico e sociaL (Cassava flour and rural industrialization: a socio­ economic analysis). Brasilia, Brasil. Empresa Brasileira de Assistencia Tcnlca e Extenslo Rural. Informativo Mandioqueiro no. 29. 1979. 32p. Port., Sum. Port., 29 Refs. Also in Revista de Economia Rural 17(2):75-93. 1979. Cassava. Factories. Cassava flour. Costs. Socio-economic aspects. Production. Statistical analysis. Brazil The productivity and benefits are compared for the 3 types of cassava flour mills in Ccari: (a) manual, (b) those using gasoline motors and (c) those using electric motors. Furthermore, this type of rural industry is compared to urban industries in Slo Paulo to determine the costs/bencits of the installation of a large-scale cassava flour mill in Ceara'. Those that use electric motors have the highest rate of wages, productivity and profit. Social implications such as the rate of rural unemployment and a reduction in cassava consumption caused by the opening of a plant in this area should be considered. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.A1.FiJ 102 J00

0439 3854 FUNDAgXO CENTRO REGIONAL DE PRODUTIVIDADE DO PIAUI. BRASIL. Oportunidades de investimentos; amido de mandioca.(Perspectves for the cassava starch indust.-v in the state of Piaui, Brazil). Teresina, Piaui, Brasil, 1974. 9p. Port. Cassava. Industrial starches. Factcies. Marketing. Brazil. A project for installing an industrial cassava starch factory in the state of Piaui is analyzed, taking into account the market, size, localization, objectives, investments, budget, financing, profitability and organization. It was concluded that first rate starch production does not exist in NE Brazil. Based on the situation of cassava producers, there will be no limitations to the supply of raw material needed for the project. In areas where cassava is grown, the ecological conditions are favorable but due to the low technological level, low yields are obtained. It is recommended to work initially towards the obtainment of industrial starch and later extend this to include forage production; use better techniques to increase production and conduct a detailed study on optimum sizes. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 JO0

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0440 1623 GRAVATA, A.G. Aproveitamento industrial da manipueira (reslduo do fabrico da farinha da mandioca). (Industrial use ofcassareep, a residue of cassava flour manufacture). Chicaras e Quintaes 74:82-84: 186-188. 1946. Port., Illus. Cassava. Cassava chips. Cassava flour. Nutritive value. Sweet potatoes. Cassava meal. Water content. Fibre content. Protein content. Ash content. Alcohol. Cassareep. Brazil. This study emphasizes the superiority of cassava chips over common flour from a nutrition­ al point of view. This is due to the process used in producing chips, which conserves the liquid resulting from pressing the roots. A plan for a cassava chip production plant is in­ cluded. The chemical composition of cassava and sweet potato chips, and cassava flour and meal are compared in a table. The liquid resulting from pressing the roots can be used in treating the must in alcohol production and in preparing tucupay, but it is uneconomical in vinegar production. (Summary by S.S. de S. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 0441 12026 HERATH, H.M.P. 5(4):10. 1979. Engl., Illus.

A clamp to store cassava roots. Appropriate Technology

Cassava. Storage. Tubers..Colombia. A description is given of a CIAT-developed technique allowing fresh cassava roots to be stored for periods up to 2 mo, on occasions 3-6 mo; however, extreme heat or continuous rainfall will result in losses after I mo. Between 300-500 kg of fresh unselecied roots are heaped in a conical pile on top of a circular'bed of straw approx 1.5 m in ;t hese are covered with a similar layer of straw and a layer of soil 100-150 mm thick placed on top. A drainage ditch surrounds it. Stored roots do not discolor externally: there is a conversion of starch to soluble sugars and a reduction in HCN content, advantageous for animal feed purposes. (Summary by LM.F.) 102 0442 12120 IGBEKA, J.C. Moisture movement and equilibria in the dehydration of c=-;aV1 and white potato. Ph.D. Thesis. Columbus. Ohio State University, 1976. 175 p.Engl.. Sum. Engi., 68 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Water requirements (processing). Processing. Drying. Temperature. Statistical analysis. This study was carried out to determine the equilibrium moisture content (MC) of cassava and potatoes and to investigate the variation of moisture diffusivity with MC and temp in the 2 products and examine the moisture movement mechanism in the products during drying. These data are important in the design of drying processes. Equilibrium MC was determined by 3 methods - static desiccator, agitated chamber and equilibrium RH probe methods. The data were analyzed using Henderson plots to obtain local isotherms, Clausius Clapeyron plots to obtain the heat of desorption. BET approach to obtain the monolayer coverage and the power law function to characterize the pore-size distribution. The heats of dcsorption ranged from 16.6 to 10.45 kcal/ mole for cassava and from 12.8 to 10.58 kcal/ mole for potatoes. For both products, the heat of desorption was found to decrease with MC and approached a constant value at high MC, equal to the heat of vaporization of liquid water. The BET approach was valid for both products up to a RH of 50%. The moisture diffusivity was obtained by analyzing moisture profile plotted from drying data. The method described by Crank and Park (1949) and used by Mateno (1933) for Cu-Al alloy was employed. The final expression used was D mi = I d' Sm x d m. The data received at different temp and RH were fitted statistically to different functions and the one with the best fit was chosen. Two functions, one for each product, were found to best fit the data. For cassava, it was: D = B0 + B1 m + B2 e + B3e + B4 XR where, Ba, B1 , B2, B3 and B4 are

159

constants and X RisRH indicator. The R-squared value for this was 0.95. For potato, it was:D = fo+fiem+f 2XR+f 3 x6+f 4 xlem where, f,, ff, f ,f3and f areconstantsand Xl and X6are 2 temp 4 indicators. XR is RH indicator. The R-squared value was 0.91. The functions were used to predict moisture profile at 65'C 10% RH and compared with the exptl data. The drying rate data were analyzed by plotting nondimensional moisture vs. time in a semilog. It was found that there was no constant rate ofdrying and that the mechanism of moisture movement in the falling rate was by liquid diffusion due to concn gradient. This was confirmed by analyzing the surface temp of the products during drying. (Summary by Dissertation Abstracts) 102 0443 11481 INDUSTRIALIZA ,O DA mandioca. (Industrialization of cassava). Campo 11(132):52-53. 1940. Port. Cassava. Taplocas. Cassava starch. Processing. Brazil. The steps involved in tapioca processing (from cassava starch), conditioning and granulation are discussed. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by LM.F.) 102 0444 9737 LIMA, T.B. DE S. Aspectos da implantasfo da usina do ilcool, a partir di mandioca. (Alcohol fom cassava). In Simp6sio Estadual do Alcool, lo.. Divin6polis, Brasil, 1977. Divin6polis, Brasil, Empresa de Assistcncia Ticnica e Extcns~o Rural do Estado de Minas Gerais, 1977. pp.35-56. Port., Illus. Cassava. Production. Alcohol. Uses. Processing. Brazil. A historical review on the evolution of the use of different fuels isgiven. Due to scarce petroleum reserves, Brazil created the National Alcohol Program in 1975. whose objective is to increase large-scale production destined for various uses, among them, fuel. A primary technology for obtaining alcohol from cassava has been created. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by LM.F.) 102 0445 12946 LISTER'S MOBILE crop drier suitable for the tropics World Crops 31(5): 202. 1979. Eng. Cassava. Drying. Tubers,

This mobile medium-sized drying unit is suitable for batch drying of all cereals (including wheat, rice and maize), peanuts, cacao, coffee, ginger, copra and cassava in quantities ranging from 1-2 t of coffee or cassava to 25 t of rice or maize. Drying time for 25 t is 2-3 days depending on ambient conditions. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agricul­ ture) 102 0446 11495 MISSIAEN, E. Brazillan agriculture to help meet fuel needs. Foreign Agriculture 15(18):9-10. 1977. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Alcohol. Cassava programs. Costs. Brazil. Brazil's program, begun in 1975, of mixing anhydrous alcohol from sugar cane or cassava with gasoline, issummarized. Among plans are the usage of 1:1 ratio of alcohol to gasoline in diesel trucks and buses, and all-alcohol fuel in passenger cars. Alcohol isalso being considered as fuel

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for electric power plants. Special financing is discussed. Of the 83 distillery projects approved by Dec. 1976. 5 will distill alcohol from cassava. Although the costs of producing alcohol from cassava and sugar cane are about the same, the manufacturing process for cassava is more complicated, and there is no pool of experienced entrepeneurs in cassava processing. The additional agricultural capacity required to reach the proposed goal of 4 billion liters of alcohol is calculated for sugar cane and cassava. (Summary hy LM.F) 102 JOO

0447 12939 MUELLER, K.E.K. Uma raiz brasileira. (A Brazilian root). Revista EMATER-RIO 3(10):12. 1979. Port., Illus. Cauava. Tubers. Processing. Cassava flour. Beverages. Brazil. Reference is made to the way Indians prepared cassava roots: flours and beverages. European navigators disseminated cassava in Asia and Africa after the discovery of America. (Summary by F.G. Tranr. by L.M.F.) 102 0448 AI.. C. and MAIN I... Studies on the physicochemical 117X4 NAIR. PG.. BAl.AiOL chips of tapioca. Journal of Root Crops and microbiolorical characteristics or market Illus. 4(l):25-30. 1978. Engl.. Sum. Engl.. 13 Refs.. Cassava. Cassava chips. Anal.sis. pli. Bacterioses. Mycoses. Vicosity. Storage. Timing. India. A study was made of the ph%%icochemicaland microbiological characteristics of cassava chips collected I rom different markets in Kerala State and a few samples from Nagercoil. Tamil Nadu and (India). The pliof the water cxtract and viscosity were lowered, and free acidity and bacterial fungal populations increased as the chips were spoiled. Chips with > MC spoiled earlier. Chips 7 dipped in sodium hypochlorite 10.510 for 2-3 min and washed with fresh waterand driedat 0'C had a longer shelf life (90 days) than unwashed chips (25 days). The bacterial load was also reduced considerably in the treated chips. The edible qualities of starch prepared from these chips were not up to the Indian Standard specifications. (Authors srummaryr) 102 0449 G. Elaboraci6n de "pan de yuca". (Bread. NAVAS, and L. NAVARRETE, 12971 making from cassava flour). Ambato, Ecuador, Universidad Tcnica de Ambato, 1979. 25p. Span., 15 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Cassava flour. Cassava bread. Ecuador. Different recipes for breadmaking with cassava flour are evaluated, as well as some charac­ teristics of the raw material used and of the finished product. A technological process adaptable to E. Ecuador is suggested. The best recipe and the steps to follow in breadmaking are given. The soups and porridge made with cassava had acceptable organoleptic charac­ tnri tics. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.MF) 102 0450 L. Estudio del secado de yuca como NAVARRETE, and G. NAVAS, 12970 mitodo de conservaci6n aplicable en el Oriente ecuatoriano. (Study on drying cassava as a method of conservation for the Ecuatorlan Oriente). Ambato, Ecuador, Universidad Tcnica de Ambato, 1979. 49p. Span., 33 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Drying. Cassava chips. Ecuador.

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The response of an Ecuatorian cassava var. (Lago Agrio) to drying under tions of shape, load, temp and velocity of the air in closed chambers different condi­ physical, chemical and microbiological changes that occurred during was studied. The were evaluated and design criteria for the construction of dryers defined.the drying process The root drying process recommended at the family level in the E. Ecuatorian region is described: cutting of the rest of the stem, washing and selection, peeling, washing, cutting (slices), placement in tray, Jrying and packing in polyethylene bags. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.J 102 0451 12068 NGABA, P.R. and LEE, J.S. Fermentation of cassava (Manifot esculenta Crantz). Journal of Food Science 44:1570-1571. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 6 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Fermentation. Isolation. Laboratory experiments. Gadi. Fermented products. Lactic acid. Industrial microbiology. Cameroon. Microorganisms isolated from traditionally fermented cassava from Cameroon and from fermented cassava in the lab were examined for their ability to produce fernentation was due mainly to lactic acid bacteria. Lactobacillus sp. garil flavor. Cassava and,to a lesser degree, Streptococcus sp. were responsible for the acid production and gari flavor development. (Author'ssummary) 102 0452 11723 NIETO M., J., GARCIA R., A. and RODRIGUEZ G., A. Construcci6n de miquina "picadora de yuca" tipo Malasia basada en el diseflo del truction of a Malaysian-type cassava chipper based on the design by T.P.I. (Cons­ TPI). Mixico, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas. Centro de Investigaciones Agrico­ las del Golfo Centro, 1979. 19p. Span., 7 Ref., Illus. Cassava. Cassava programs. Small-scale equipment. Technology evaluation. Costs. Cassava

chips. Mexico.

The Engineering and Agricultural Mechanization Program in Mexico the cassava chipper built by Tropical Products Institute in Malaysia compared the design of

and its modification by

CIAT,on the basis of work efficiency, pulleys required, motor potential on these analyses, blueprints were drawn up for a modified machine and bearings. Based

and are included. The amount of investment required is within the reach of a large sector of ducted with the machine indicate that it is necessary to reduce the farmers. Trials con­ installed potential to

1 1/2 hp, test new materials for the blades, increase efficiency (840/o) by reducing disk

speed and design more efficient blades. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 0453 11781 NIGERIA. MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Final report on a study regarding production, processing. and storage of agricultural products. ii. Carl production, gai enrichmept. Wilhelmina-park, The Netherlands, Berenschot­ Moret-Bosboom, 1976. 139p. Engl., Sum. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Cultivation. Production. Gar. Processing. Factories. Marketing. Food enrichment. Costs. Nigeria. This final report on gari production and enrichment is part of a study on production, proc­ essing and storage of agricultural products of East Central State of Nigeria (ECS), conducted by Berenschot-Moret-Dosboom B.V. Among stable food crops, cassava Is the highest pro­ duccr of carbohydrates per unit of area and per crop; however, it is lowest in protein con­ tent/kg of edible root. Although climate and soils in ECS are suitable for the production of

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cassava, fertilizer application will be required for continuous high yields. It is recommended that cassava be grown on govt lands by private farmers or peasants alloted plots of 6 ha, plus 0.4 ha compound farm (2 ha of cassava interplanted with maize). Therefore, the establish­ ment of gari factories is parallel to the establishment of a maize-milling plant. Five small­ holder schemes involve a total of 4375 farm families with a potential production of 35,000 t of cassava/yr. Among recommendations given: mechanical soil cultivation; fertilizer on credit through farmers' cooperative; subsidy of 50 0/o on costs of clearing; manual labor done by contract; gari factories harvest and transport roots, using a fixed wage/t of roots in­ cluding loading. In each of these 5 areas, large-scale gari plants should be established with a total potential output of 2160 t of regular gari, 540 t of instant foofoo and 540 t of feed; peelings and pulp can be used as manure. The market potential is sufficient to justify the establishment of these factories. Packaging, brand name and distribution chains are dis­ cussed. Gari protein enrichment, preferably with powdered skim milk, is recommended with an equivalent of protein of 1 egg/kg; this enrichment will not affect appearance or taste. The ECS govt will provide staff and necessary fixed assets. The capacity of pro­ posed gari factories is: input 2 t cassava /h 250 days/yr, extraction rate 22.50/o, output 900 t gari/yr/shift. To avoid problems of available qualified personnel and marketing, it is recommended nr', to start all projects simultaneously. Investment expenditbres for each factory, wot 'sg capital required, total annual costs and selling prices are discussed. (Extractedfrom author's summary) 102 0454 12031 PARKER. B.L. and BOOTH, R.H. Storage of cassava chips(Manihot esculenta): Insect Infestation and damage. Experimental Agriculture 15(2):145-152. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engi., 4 Refs. Cassava. Storage. Cassava chips. Injurious insects. Rhizopertha dominica. Lasioderma serricorne. Araecerusfasciculatus. Malaysia. Insects cause serious problems during the storage of cassava chips in Malaysia: quality may be reduced and significant quantities of the product consumed. The major species naturally infesting chips were Rhizopertha dominica, Lasioderma serricorne and Araecerusfasciculatus. Infestation occurred during the sun-drying process, and up to 16% reduction in chip wt due to insect feeding was recorded after 2mo storage. Chips that had not received any pred rying storage but contained salt as a preservative were infested by fewer insects than chips without salt. The poorest quality chips had significantly more insects than better quality ones. (Author's summary) 102 FOI 0455 12942 PEIXOTO, S.M. Produgio de Mlcool no Brazil. (Akohol production in Brazil). Revista EMATER-RIO 3(10):11. 1979. Port. Cassava. Ethanol Production. Brazil. The advantages and disadvantages of using sugar cane and cassava as raw materials In the production of ethyl alcohol in Brazil are listed. (Summary by FG. Trans by L.MF.) 102 0456 E. and SREEMULANATHAN. Post harvest ABRAHAM, K.C.M., 12130 RAJA, storage of cassava tubers under modified environmental conditions. Journal ofRoot Crops 4(1):1-6. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engi., II Refs. Cassava. Storage. Tubers. Temperature. Post-harvest losses. Deterioration. India. 0 Cand a RH of Fresh cassava roots were stored in: (I) a wooden chamber at a temp of 23.8-27.8 0 86-100%; (2) adesiccator, from which much of the air was evacuated, at 26-27 Cand 100% RH;

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(3)ambient room conditions as a control. Treatment Igave only 32.5% root spoilage after9 days and 35% after 15 days. Losses in treatment 2 were 60% after 8days and 100% after 12 days; those in treatment 3 were 70% after 3days and 100% after 4 days. The favorable results of treatment I are ascribed to the combination of reduced temp,a rather high RH and some degree of aeration. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) 102 D04 0457 11500 RAVELO, G., MAC LEOD, N.A. and PRESTON, T.R. Ensilaje do Incaia do az6car, forraje de yuca y urea. (Sugar cane silage, cassavaforage and urea). Produccion Animal Tropical 2:34-39. 1977. Span., Sum. Span., 9 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Forage. Silage. Urea. Lactic acid. Protein content. Dry matter. Analysis. Dominican Republic. Lab. silos (30-kg plastic bags) were used to evaluate the addition of fresh cassava forage (0, 10, 15, 20.30 and 45%) and urea (3%DM of sugar cane) tosugarcane silage( 120 Brix, 28% DM) in a 2x 6 factorial design with 2replications. The cassava forage consisted of the aerial part of 4-mo-old plants and old plants containing 15% raw protein in DM I DM content was 25%. Both cassava and sugar cane were chopped into 10- and 20-mm pieces and ensiled for 20 days. Sugar loss (Brix) was greater in the control than in treatments with cassava and urea. The effect of these 2 additives on the final pil indicated a significant interaction: cassava increased the pH in absence of urea and decreased the pH inits presence. Regarcingt he lactic acid content, the interaction consisted of a linear increase with cassava in the presence of urea (max concn 4.2% DM with 45% cassava); whereas in the absence of urea, the value was significantly lower and curvilinearly associated with the level of cassava. (Author's summarv. Tans. by L M.F.) 102 0458

11479 ROBINSON, R.K. and KUTIANAWALA, S.N. Cassava: its potential as an industrial crop. World Crops 31(5):168-174. 1979. Engi., Sum. Engl., Fr., Span., 24 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Storage. Gari. Cassava starch. Confectioneries. Cassava chips. Hydrolysis. Fermenta­ tion. Alcohol. The growing deficiency in liquid fuels has encouraged govt to reexamine the potential of renewable resources, and in developing countries, cassava has aroused especial interest. Cassava is a crop that can be grown on a wide range of soils, often under conditions not suitable for other crops; and with effective management, yields of 50 t/ac can be achieved. Iven at lower cropping rates, plantations can be economically established to provide a continuous supply of starch for conversion to ethanol, and estimated returns on investment are very attractive. It is reasonable to predict, therefore, that the important role of cassava as a food crop may soon be complemented by its usage as an industrial feedstock, for many countries share a common concern about the future availability of fossil fuels for transport or other activities. (Author's summary) 102 0459 12091 SAMPAIO, A.S. A mandioca: da panela ao carburador. (Cassava for motor alcohol). Lavoura 80(3):3. 1977. Port., Illus. Cassava. Tubers. Processing. Ethanol. Erinnyls ello. Silba pendula. Insect control. Resist­ ance. Brazil. Due to the rise in petroleum prices, interest has increased in crops such as sugar cane, cassava and sweet potatoes among others, from which ethyl alcohol can be obtained. Since 1

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t of cassava roots can be transformed into 200 1 of ethyl alcohol, Pctrobris (Brazil) has started 2 pilot centers - one in Bahia and the other in Minas Gerais. Pest populations (horn­ worms and shoot flies) are also expected to increase with the expansion of cassava culti­ vation; therefore, resistant var should be planted. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 F01 0460 0337 SAMWAYS, M. Alcohol from cassava in Brazil: pests tlreaten yields. World Crops 31(5):181-186. 1979. Engl., Sum. Eng., Fr., Span., 9 Refs.,lllus. Cassava. Alcohol Production. Erinnyls ello. Biological controL Energy productivity. Tetra­ nychus cinnabarinus. Mononychellus rana/oa. Bemisla. Sclrtothrps manihoti Anastrepha pickelL Maps. BraziL

In Brazil cassava is being grown extensively as a source of starch for conversion into indus­ trial alcohol. Brazil's aim is to replace 750/o of their liquid fuel imports by alcohol produc­ tion from either sugar or cassava. It is expected that this target will be reached by the yr 2000. At present all gas sold must include 100/o alcohol, and up to 200/o is permitted. Not all starch crops are equilly suited as a source of alcohol. Cassava, however, contains 20-40 0/o starch, and for this reason is a better source than sugar cane (130/o sucrose). With the growing interest in cassava, research is aimed at improving agronomic properties of cassava and selecting pest-resistant var. In Brazil, arthropods associated with the crop and their population fluctuations are being determined. A table is included on pest species found in Brazil and some of their natural enemies. Some species (Tetranychus urticae, T. clnnaba­ rinus and the hornworm Erinnyis ello) can be eliminated locally by their predators. On the other hand, natural enemies have little impact on ScIrtothripsmanihott, Vatiga illudens and Mononychellus tanaloa,but rainfall inhibits population growth. A cost-effectiveness analysis including a "pest and disease margin" (to compensate losses and pay for pest coriLol meas­ ure.) is recommended for long-term fuel crops. (Summary by L.M.F. 102 F01 F03 0461 SEIDEMANN. J. Bedeutung und Verwendung von Manlok und 12029 Manlokprodukten als Nahrungsmittel. (The importance and the utilization ofcassava and its products as food). Beitrige zur Tropischen Landwirtschaft und Veterinirmedizin 16(4):431-438. 1978. Germ., Sum. Germ., Rus.. Engi., Fr., Span., 43 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Tubers. Foofoo. Landang. Gari. Cassava flour. Cassava bread. Tapioca macaroni. Beverages. Cassava starch. Tapiocas. Feeds and feeding. Fermented products. German Federal Republic. Adetailed description is given of the different uses of cassava roots and food products, including household preparations, which are mostly fermented, as well as small- and large-scale industrial processes for making foofoo, cassava rice (landang), gari, cassava flour, cassava bread, tapioca macaroni, alcoholic beverages, starch and tapioca, and the use of cassava and cassava products for animal feedstuffs. (Author's summary) 102 H03 0462 12090 SILVEIRA, A.H. DA Fabricaggo de farinha de mesa na fazenda. (Small­ scale processing of cassava flour). SelegSes Agricolas 11(126):93-94. 1956. Port. Also in Campo 11(1):30. 1946. Cassava. Small-scale processing. Cassava flour. Productivity. Brazil. The steps to follow in the small-scale production of cassava flour are discussed: careful washing of the roots, peeling, rewashing of roots, rasping, pressing of the rasped mass; screening and roasting the flour in iron pans. After cooling, the flour is again pressed to

105

obtain a uniform product. This is stored in sacks or cardboard boxes in a dry, ventilated place. A flour yield of 25.350/o is obtained. All these operations must be done the same day. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 0463 12124 THANH, N.C., MUTIAMARA, S. and LOHANI, B.N. Field studies of Thai tapioca chips and pellets. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science 11:139.148. 1978. Eng., Sum. Eng., 4 Refs. Cassava. Field experiments. Pellets. Drying. Cassava chips. Thailand.

Good-quality pellets can be produced only from good-quailty cassava chips. Drying tech­ niques (plain cement floor, black-topped cement floor, shelf drier) for chips of various sizes and forms, as well as pelletizing processes, were studied by the authors in the lab previously. Therefore, field studies were conducted at Chon Purl Province, Thailand, to verify the practical applicability of the lab results and to de:nonstrate to the local producers that the production of better cassava products may increase their marginal profits. (Author's sum­ mary) 102 0464 12929 THANH, N.C. et al. Optimization of drying and pelleting techniques for tapioca roots. Bangkok, Thailand, Asian Institute of Technology, 1979. 119p. Eng., 5 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Technology evaluation. Drying. Pellets. Cassava chips. Solar drying. Timing. Statis­ tical analysis. Costs. Thailand. Although cassav. has gained popularity as a feed grain substitute due to its low prices, the EEC has proTosed 2 alternatives to the ".,ai govt-either Thailand has to increase the export tax on cesava shipped to the EEC or the EEC will raise the import tariff. Further­ more, environmental groups in the EEC are pressuring for the enforcement of laws against the pollution caused by cassava pellet dust in European ports. This study is concerned with the parameters that affect the efficiency of the drying and pelleting process of the roots and to optimize these processes to produce pellets of a uniform and acceptable quality, suitable for storage and handling, and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of various improved processes vs. traditional technologies. The modifications and improvements in the drying technique, chipping, peleting and cooling operations include the construction of a black­ topped floor, redesign of Thai cutter and pellet mill dies, modification of their speed and of the cooler utilized. MC, hardness, durability, solar radiation and wind speed were analyzed for cassava pellets. On the basis of these modifications and analyses,the advantages of small regular chips over large, irregular ones, black-topped floors over plain concrete ones and the most appropriate loading rates to be adopted under the meteorological conditions of Thailand were evaluated. Results indicate that smaller and regular chips require less drying time (12% reduction) than large irregular ones on either plain concrete or black­ topped floors; in the case of large irregular chips there was no difference in the drying times. Pelleting and cooling studies showed that chips with 14% MC produced better quality pellets; standards for pellet quality should be fixed at 10 + 2 kg/cm2 according to Kahls' Hardness tester. A straight die hole (10/32 or 11/32 in. in () was superior to that with a relief (10/32-11/32 in. or 11/32-12/32 in. in 0) in relation to the mean bulk specific wt of the pellets (687.4 kg/m 3 and 635.8 kg/m 3 , resp.), level of hardness achieved and max durability, but its output capacity rate was too low for economical operation. A balance will have to be reached between pellet hardness and economics. The modified cooler was superior in terms of cooling time reduction and output capacity. Economic analysis showed that the production of good-quality pellets could be economically feasible if standards demanded by importing countries and purchase rates are maintained. Appendices include the design details of the modified cooler, exptl data for chip drying and pelleting, statistical analysis of drying study results, meteorological data, and a detailed breakdown of produc­ tion costs for chipping and pelleting mills. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102

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0465 12949 THOMPSON, G.D. Ethanol from sugarcane. South African Sugar Journal 63(6):233-235. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 25 Refs. Cassava. Ethanol Production. Costs. Energy productivity. Africa. Ethanol can be produced from a no. of crops t),at can be grown under South African conditions. Sugar beets, sweet sorghum, maize, cassava and sugar cane are considered. From the point of view of energy gain, sugar cane and sweet sorghum are to be preferred at present. Total energy input for ethanol production from cassava has been, estimated at 3.93 GJ/m 3 of ethanol. Net energy ratios values were 0.44, 0.69 and 3.56. Temp < 130C, such as that of the South African cane belt, could adversely affect germination. When more experience has been gained with cassava and the technology improved for its production and processing, this crop could become viable. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 D03 0466 10482 ZWANKHUIZEN, M.T. The improvement Inprocessing and utilization of copra, cassava (gar), rice and cashew nuts suitable for adoption Inrural Industries. Rome. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Expanded Program of Technical Assistance. Report to the Government of Nigeria (Eastern Region) no. 1529. 1962. 70p. Engi., Sum. Engl.. 19 Refs. Cassava. Gar. Processing. Cassava flour. Taplocas. Industrlalization. Tapioca pearls. Tapioca flakes. Tapioca seeds. Factories. Costs. Production. Nigeria. A survey was made of the present state of rural industries in E. Nigeria, with emphasis on the processing of agricultural products. Cassava in the form of gariis one ofthe most important food crops. An estimated 480,000 ac are planted to cassava, but yields are very low (3-5 t/ac/ 18 mo). The processing of gari (ca. 400,000 t/yr) isrustic: roots are grated on a tinsheet and fermented in bgs or baskets. The fermented mass isgranulated by rubbing it through a homemade sieve and fried in shallow cast-iron pans. An improved process for all these stages isdescribed in detail, including costs for establishing a plant. The processing of flour isencouraged; data are given on the different steps of the process, different types of factories for rural industries, installation requirements and capacities. Another product that is recommended is tapioca, which ismade from good-quality starch. The process for tapioca seeds, pearls and flakes is also described in detail. Root yields need to be greatly improved if these industries are to be profitable. (Summary by TB.) 102 0467 11228 WILLIAMS, C.E. Cassava processing problems in Nigeria. lbadan, Nigeria, University of Ibadan. Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, 1979. 19p. Engl. Paper presented at Workshop on Pre-release Testing of Agricultural Technology, Cali, Colombia, 1979. Cassava. Processing. Tubers. Gari. Cassava flour. Foofoo. Cassava starch. Kpokpo gari. Labour. Water requirement (processing). Equipment. Distribution. Marketing. Food energy. Water content. Carbohydrate content. Protein content. Fat content. Mineral content. Vita­ min content. Nigeria. Due to its ease of cultivation, min inputs and productive skilb for planting, drought resist­ ance and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, cassava is one of the major stable crops in Nigeria. Here it is used as a cheap source of carbohydrates for human and animal consumption. Various methods of processing cassava are discussed in detail: (1) gari; (2) lafun (cassava flour); (3) fu-fu (cassava gruel); (4) cassava starch and 'popo gari' and (5) boiled cassava. These processing methods present problems with labor, equipment, water

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and sanitation, transportation of products and their marketing. Recommendations given include the invention of small-scale harvesting implements, improved peelers and toasting pots, construction of drains to evacuate the water used thus reducing stagnant pools of

hydrogen cyanide; the use of stagnant pools should be discouraged and education for women encouraged. (Summary by L.M.F) 102 C03 0468 13209 MORAES. J.R. DE Manual do ,lcool carburante. (Manual on fuel alcohol).

Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasil, Confederaq-o Nacional da lnd6stria, 1979. 70p. Port, 13 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Ethanol. Brazil.

The possibility exists in Brazil of obtaining abundant ethyl alcohol fuel from cassava, sorghum, sugar cane and the babassu palm (Orbignya speciosa) due to the high incidence of solar energy, the large territorial extension, soil fertility and the availability of cultivable land. This manual includes: (a) special characteristics of ethyl alcohol and methanol; (b)

comparison of the properties of ethyl alcohol and gasoline; (c) principal definitions used in alcohol technology; (d) contamination of the mixture gasoline-ethyl alcohol by water; (e) the most appropriate place for the mixture; (f) use of alcohol in diesel motors and (g)

storage and handling of ethyl alcohol. According to a trial conducted, the mixture of gaso­ line with fuel oil is not recommendable. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 0469 9973 AMILA, B.L. and SHANKAR, J.V. Conservation of potato and tapioca in India. Journal of Root Crops 1:2438. 1975. Engl., 34 Refs. Cassava. Cultivars. Harvesting. Timing. Tuber productivity. Storage. Analysis. Carbohydrate content. Protein content. Fat content. Water content. Fibre content. Mineral content. Vitamin content. Animal nutrition. Human nutrition. Cassava chips. Cassava starch. Sago. India. In the future tuber crops (potatoes and cassava) can play an important role in the supple­ mentation of nutritional needs in India. Cassava is important as a dietary ingredient and is being commercially utilized in the manufacture of starch and sago (processed edible starch in pearls or flakes). Cassava flour may also be used in various processed products such as macaroni and mixed with wheat flour. Cassava is generally planted after the monsoons or in summer; roots being harvested 6-8 mo after for marketing and 8-10 mo, if they are for starch and sago manufacture. Yields vary from 4.5-17.9 t in Assam and Kerala, resp. Roots can be stored at room temp coated with a fungicidal wax emulsion, fumigated with a mixture of ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide 48 h after harvesting, dip treated with an aqueous solution of formalin or cold stored (temp 32-350F, 85-90% RH) for 16, 19, 25 days and 6'% mo, resp. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 C03 0470 13454 CARVALIIO JUNIOR, A.V. DE etal. Energetics, economics and prospects of fuel alcohols in Brasil. In lnternat;onal Symposium on Alcohol Fuel Technology H HC OH Methanol and Ethanol, Wolfsburg, Germany, 1977. Proceedings. Wolfburg, H Volkswagenwerk AG, 1977. v.3, pp.1-10. EngI., Sum. Engl., 12 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Ethanol. Fermentation. Costs. Income. Consumption. Energy productivity. Brazil. The shortage of oil and natural gas has induced an intensive search for alternative liquid fuels in Brazil. An analysis is made of the potential availability and uses of ethanol and

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methanol in the Brazilian context in the light of the govt programs to substitute petroleurr derived fuels for domestic sources. Fermentation ethanol has long been blended with gaso line for automotive uses. Emphasis is placed on the potential utilization of this alcohol as transportation fuel in the short term. Alcohol will probably not be used as a utility fuel ir Brazil for economic considerations. Energetic analysis of cassava and sugar cane ethanol production has shown that, in both cases, a net positive return on energy investment ih achieved, considering current Brazilian agricultural and industrial technologies. Economic! reveal disadvantageous costs as compared with the price fixed by the Govt. However, the expected improvements in both agricultural and industrial technologies, the increase of imported oil prices and perhaps internal political decisions can make fermentation ethanol more competitive. (Author's summary) 102 D03 0471 13287 VITTI, P.and PIZZINATTO, A. Emprego da farinha de raspa de mandioca prC-gelatinizada em p~o e biscoito. (Bread and biscuits made with the addition of pre-gelatinized cassava flour). ColetSnea do Instituto de Tecnologia de Alimentos 6(Pt.2):409-429. 1975. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 27 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava flour. Cassava bread. Biscuits. Ascorbic acid. Brazil. The baking performance of pre-gelatinized CF in bread and hard biscuits was evaluated. Amounts of up to 20% and 15% pre-gelatinized CF were used in the biscuits and bread, resp. Ascorbic acid and calcium stearoyl 2-lactil lactate were used as additives for bread. Results showed that pre-gelatinized CF and the referred additives could be used without impairment of the physical qualities of the biscuits and bread. In all cases, tests were run for compari­ son, using common CF as the control. (Author's summary) 102 0472 13286 JOHNSTON, T.D. and MADRIGAL, L.G. Metodologia para el estudlo del punto de equihibrio aplicada a una fibrica de chips y harina de yuca en San Carlos de Alajuela, Costa Rica. (Methodology in the study of the equilibrium point of a cassava chip and flour factory in San Carlos de Alajuela, Costa Rica). Turrialba, Costa Rica, Centro Agron6mico Tropical de lnvestigaci6n y Ensefianza. Departa­ mento de Cultivos y Suelos Tropicales, 1977. 101p. Span., Sum. Engl., Span., 8 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Factories. Cassava chips. Cassava flour. Statistical analysis. Costs. Prices. Costa

Rica.

The methodology used to conduct a study on the breakeven point of a cassava chip and flour factory in Costa Rica is presented in detail. The model used isexplained graphic- and mathematically and the technical coefficients of conversion of raw materials into chips or flours, plant and mill capacities are included; fixed and variable costs were also taken into account in the analysis. On the basis of the results obtained, possible solutions and recom­ mendations are given for this factory which main problem is the loss due to high production costs and low selling prices. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.l.) 102 J00 0473 13283 MENEZES, T.J.B. DE Mat~rias-primas paraa produglo de ilcool etfllico. (Raw materials for the production of ethyl alcohol). Ciencia e Cultura 31(6):632­ 637. 1979. Port., Sum. Eng., Port., 9 Refs. Cassava. Ethanol. Energy productivity. Brazil. The properties of raw materials that can be used in the production of ethyl alcohol are de­ scribed: sugar cane, cassava, sweet sorghum, babassu palm (Orbignya speclosa) and sweet

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potatoes. Cassava has 2 notable difficulties in comparison to sugar cane: (1) the absence of agricultural mechanization and (2) starch liquefaction and dextrine saccharification since these 2 steps require a considerable amount of extra energy input prior to fermentation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 0474 13282 MEUSER, F. and SMOLNIK, H.D. Processing of cassava to gari and other foodstuffs. Stiirke 32(4):116-122. 1980. Engl., Sum. .ngl., Germ.. 16 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Tubers. Processing. Gari. Cassava flour. Atieke. Fermentation. German Democratic Republic.

In tropical countries cassava roots are processed into storable foodstuffs as for instance gari, cassava flour, lafun or atieke. The processing consists of simple procedures: the end products have an acceptable taste. Compared to traditional production methods a new process has been developed whose single steps have been established by controlling the chemical and physical characteristics of the intermediate and end products. The roots are peeled mechani­ cally and ground to a mash which is fermented anaerobically. The fermentation is finished after ca. 72 h. Because of lactic and acetic acid formation during fermentation the pH value of the mash decreases to between 3.8 and 4.1. At these pH values acetocyanohydrin pro­ duced by the enzymatic breakdown of linamarin is very stable. Therefore the mash must be washed after fermentation to remove the cyanohydrin whereby nearly all other soluble substances are removed as well. The washed mash is drained mechanically and afterwards dried and roasted in a two-stage process, where the starch granules are partly gelatinized so that the new particles obtain the desired structure. The end product gari can be ground to any required granulation size. The remaining HCN content is < 10 ppm. The product can be stored without any change in taste for more than 1 yr with a water content < 12% . (Au­ thor'ssummary) 102 0475 13280 DOS NUEVOS mitodos pan almacenar yuca. (Two new methods for storing cassava). Campo Moderno 1977(Feb.):29-31, 33-35. 1977. Span., lilug. Cassava. Storage. Deterioration. Tubers. Two new methods for storing freshly harvested cassava are described in detail. One consists in storing cassava in field silos and the other, in wooden boxes with sawdust. The impor­ tance of an adequate storage is discussed to avoid damage that can result due to physiologi­ cal reactions or pathogenic agents. It is recommended to preserve roots that have suffered lesions, caused by improper handling, by placing them at a RH between 80-85% and temp between 25-40C to avoid primary deterioration. (Summary by F.G. Trans.by LM.F.) 102 0476 12785 ESCOTO, R. Rural industrialization in Costa Rica. Case study of the co­ operative union URCOZON in the San Carlos Region. Industry and Development no. 4:68-85. 1979. Engl. Cassava. Cassava programs. Industrialization. Factories. Cassava chips. Costs. Consumption. Income. Socio-economic aspects. Costa Rica. In the 1st part a description is made of the policies initiated in 1970 by the govt of Costa Rica with the objective of industrializing rural areas so as to slow or prevent peasant migra­ tion to the cities. The creation of 26,000 rural employments/yr, the rationalization of the agrarian structure and the creation of co-operative forms of production, as well as the pro­ motion of rural manufacturing and occupational training in these activities figure in the 1974-1978 national development plan. A summary is given of the development of co­

170

operatives and the privileges that they enjoy according to the law. !n the 2nd part a descrip­ tion is given of a project of the Regional Union of Co-operatives of the Northern Zone (URCOZON), made-up of 12 co-operatives from the area and constituted in 1972, which primary objective is the development of the area of San Carlos from an agricultural and industrial point of view. In 1974, feasibility studies on tle installation of a cassava chip factory were initiated, which were based on the European market for cassava chips. In 1977 this factory was working at 30% of its installed capacity. The costs of the URCOZON Project, its achievements and effects on the community are given. Annexes are included on estimated costs and incomes for the installation of the factory. (Summary by L.E.A. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 100 0477 11255 NIGERIA. MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Final report on a study regarding production, processing and storage of agricultural products. Ill. Cassava processing into starch, flour and dextrose. Wilhelminapark, Netherlands, Berenschot Moret Bosboom, 1976. 131p. Eng., Sum. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Processing. Cassava starch. Cassava flour. Dextrose. Confectioneries. Glucose. Storage. Factories. Consumption. Costs. Prices. Nigeria. This final report on cassava processing into starch, flour and dextrose is part of a study on production, processing and storage of agricultural products of the East Central State (ECS) of Nigeria, conducted by lBerenschor-Moret-Bosboom B.V. during 1975-77. Cassava is a raw material for the production of special starches for specific uses or for starch derivation (ad­ hesives, dextrose, glucose syrup). The acid enzyme conversion process is recommended for the conversion of starch into dextrose. The establishment of a combined starch and flour factory is not recommended for technical reasons; therefore each one is discussed in detail. The starch dextrose factory proposed will process 25,000 t of cassava tubers/yr with a capacity of producing 1 t of starch/h an6 converting 1/3 of this starch into glucose syrup and 2/3 into crystalline dextrose and hydrol. The cassava flour (food grade product ob­ tained by grinding and drying cassava tubers) factory would have an output of 6000 t of flour/yr. Market potential is more favorable for dextrose, therefore it is recommended to convert produced starch into dextrose and glucose. The establishment of a dextrose-glucose factory would also introduce new and higher skills and increase the local production of a product presently in short supply. Part of the output of gari plants (vol 1i) could be a pre­ gelatinized flour to be marketed as 'instant fufu'. Investment expenditures for each factory, working capital required, total annual costs and selling prices are discussed. (Summary by L.M.F.) 102 J00

0478 13623 NAVARRO S., A. Programa para producir alcohol etilico carburante en Colombia. (Program for producing power alcohol from ethyl alcohol in Colombia). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e Izquierdo, V., eds. Simposio Colombiano sobre Al­ cohol Carburante, lo., Cali, Colombia, 1980. Memorias. Cali, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp.79-85. Span., Sum. Span. Cassava. Ethanol. Costs. Uses. Colombia. An intent is made to partially substitute 2 of the most valuable fuels on the international market, such as motor gasoline and Diesel fuel, by the utilization of ethyl alcohol. The requirements that should be fulfilled for the effective utilization of this renewable energy source are listed, from an economic, social and environmental point of view. The basis to produce power alcohol would be to save holdings of ca. US$ 200 million/yr. Substituting 20% gasoline corresponds to producing approx 2.5 million I of alcohol/day which could be obtained with 30 agroindustries distributed throughout the country. Other possible uses of ethanol are described: domestic fuels, mixtures with Diesel fuels, use of 95% hydrated ethanol in modified motors and as a raw material in chemical-alcohol industries. Aspects

171

of sugar cane and cassava production as raw materials for the obtainment of alcohol and the installment of t.istilleries are discussed. The bases of the Programa Nacional de Alcohol are described In .tail and the decree by which the Comiti Nacional Asesor of the program was created is amiexed. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. 102 J00 0479 13624 BENNETT, M.C. Algunas implicaciones econ6micas del alcohol carburante. (Some economic implications of power alcohol). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e lzquierdo, V., eds. Simposio Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, lo., Call, Co­ lombia, 1980. Memorias. Call, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp.87-92. Span., Sum. Span. Cassava. Alcohol Processing. Costs. Development. The relation between the different technical and economic aspects of power alcohol produc­ tion based on crops such as maize, sugar cane, cassava, etc. and other appropriate raw mate­ rials (molasses, sugar syrup, cassava starch) is described. Since power alcohol programs to partially substitute gasoline have different characteristics in each country, a description is given, as an illustration, of the situations in Brazil, Thailand and Sudan where programs are already in process. Three basic concepts, that have originated from the diverse attitudes adopted by different countries in relation to power alcohol, are also analyzed: a) the vol that should be established as an objective; b) the use of surplus crops, that would serve as an economic regulator in countries with a well defined agricultural economy (e.g. maize in the USA) and c) the utilization of subproducts, agricultural residues and wine drawn from the lees. Market and operational flexibility are briefly studied in relation to the scope of their international implications. It is concluded that a power alcohol program would significantly affect the production policies of mills (molasses vs. raw sugar vs. other raw materials) and the quality of raw sugar. (Author'srammary. Trans by L.M.F.) 102 JO0 0480 13626 MENEZES, T.J.B. DIE Producci6n de alcohol de yuca - El caso brasilero. (Cassava alcohol production - the case of Brazill. In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e lzquierdo, V., eds. SirnpoAo Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, lo., Call, Co­ lombia, 1980. Memorias. Cali, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp.1 3 3 -144 . Span., Sum. Span., 16 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Alcohol. Processing. Washing. Peeling. Rasping. Fermentation. Screening. Centrifu­ ging. Carbohydrate content. Productivity. Cultivars. Protein content. Vitamin A. Leaves. Brazil. Cassava is one of the richest crops in carbohydrates, indirectly fermentable, that can be transformed into a raw material as valuable as sugar cane for power alcohol production. In fact, it is already being used for this purpose in several countries such as Brazil, Australia, Japan and the United States. In these last 2, distilleries will shortly begin to operate and Brazil already has 2 distilleries in operation that produce 52,000 1 of anhydrous alcohol weekly. The process of manufacturing power alcohol from cassava is described in detail, which consists of the following stages: washing-peeling, disincegration-rasping, cooking, saccharification, fermentation, screening and distillation. Valuable subproducts were obtained from the different stages of manufacture (e.g. oil fuel, -condary alcohol, CO, fibrous residues) useful in other industries. (Summary by I'.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 C03 0481 13625 COLMENARES, J. Modelo industrial ran un programs dt; alcohol. (An Industrial model for an alcohol program). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e lzquier­ do, V., eds. Simposio Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, 1o., Call, Colombia, 1980. Memorias. Cali, Centro Internacional dc Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp.93­ 131. Span., Sum. Span., 10 Refs., Illus.

172

Cussava. Alcohol Costs. Energy productivity. Uses. Processing. Colombia. A model is presented to analyze the feasability of an alcohol program taking into account its incidence in the energetic program on the development of an chemical-product industry and finally gn the agricultural situation. An extensive and critical analysis was made of the dif­ ferent alternatives Colombia has to solve its energetic problem with an agricultural program that emphasizes studies on sugar cane and cassava. Other raw mineral materials such as natu­ ralgas and carbon are briefly analyzed. It was concluded that a power alcohol program is only profitable if: 1) Residues or surplus from agricultural production are used as raw materials. 2) The utilization of marginal sugar cane- and cassava-producing lands is improved with investments in industrial infrastructure. 3) Alcohol production is complemented by unrefin­ ed brown sugar, sugar, starch and yeast. 4) The energetic balance is positive, such as the case of sugar cane, and a use for excess energy is developed in form of vapor and electric energy. 5) Sugar cane bagasse and CO. are given a better use as raw materials for tht obtainment of furfural, alcohol, cellulose derivatives, ammonia and methanol. An adequate financing is available with low interests and above all, a favorable tributary policy. In the case of cassava, an analysis is not included on the profitability and energetic balance of the subproducts since a&'extensive study is required. Finally, it was concluded that Colombia does not have to worry about importing gasoline; on the contrary, it is not able to import it. (Author's summary.Trans. by L.M.F.) 102 JOO 0482 13491 DOLE, G.E. The use of manioc among the Kiukuru: some interpretations. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History no. 67:217­ 247. 1978. Engi., 64 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Bitter cassava. Processing. Tubers. Cassava starch. Cassava flour. Tapiocas. Cassava bread. Pulp. BraziL The Kiukuru and other people in the Upper Xing6 region of Central Brazil cultivate only bitter cassava. The techniques used by the Kiukuru to process the tubers are described and compared to practices elsewhere. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) 102

0483 12951 LE MIANIOC, culture d'avenir pour laGuyane. (Cassava,crop of the future for Guyana). Avenir et Conjoncture no. 6/7:21-23. 1978. Fr., Illus. Cassava. Marketing. Cultivation. Iluman nutriton. Cassava flour. Confectioneries. Animal nutrition. Alcohol. Industrialization. Guyana. The characteristics that make cassava not only a basic foodstuff for the population of Gu­ yana but also a crop favorable for exporting and large-scale agriculture are given in this brief review of the cassava market. Data are included orcassava cultivation in (;uyana and the different uses are analyzed: 11) [ood (mainly in tle torm of fresh roots). Besides being a profitable plant from the point of view of calories/unit of surface worked, cassava represents a new market: the transformation of cassava into an easily stored product. The different

processing stages for cassava flour and it,; uses are included: the advantage of using cassava instead of maize or sugar cane in the manufacture of high-sucrose syrup is the low invest­ ment cost. (2) In relation to feed markets, these are already established (Germany, Belgium and th,; Netherlands) and are constantly increasing. lapan, the ISA, ('anada and F. Iurope can become important markets in the future. It is necessary to reduce tle costs by crop mechanization, var. selection, and improvement of tile manulacturing process for cassava chips. (3) In relation to industrial Lises, those of biocnergy (alcohol and methane),its differ­

ent applications in foodstuffs, textile adhesives and binders, paper and cardboard industries, etc. are outstanding. The USA, Canada and Japan are the main consumers of industrial starch. (Summary by LB.Trans.by L.M.F.) 102 J00

173

0484 12899 ABE, M.O. and LINDSAY, R.C. Influence of processing and palm oil on the carbonyls and fatty acids in Nigerian cassava foods. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 56(4):512-515. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 36 Refs. Cassava. Gari. Cassava flour. Fat content. Processing. Nigeria. Monocarbonyls, free fatty acids and total fatty acids were determined for traditionally and mechanically processed gari, lafun (cassava flour) and crude palm oil. n-Alkanals and 2-al'iu­ nones were most abundant in the cassava foods, and unsaturated aldehydes contributed by palm oil to yellow gari were observed to a limited extent. 2-Alkanones were not found in the palm oil, which indicated that they arise through the fermentation processes. Mechani­ cally processed gari exhibited a total fatty acid profile generally similar to the traditionally processed gari. (Author'ssummary) 102 HO1 0485 11827 MEYER, O.J. and MEYER, J. Werkwijze voor het afscheiden van bastvezels uit stengels en wortelstokken. (Recovery fibers from stalks and roots). Dutch Pat­ ent no. 83.359. 1956. 2p. Dutch. Cassava. Processing. Patents. Netherlands. "Theraw material is treated for several min with a sulfite solution 1Na2 -SO3, NaHS0 3 or CA (1-1O5)2 l and then with an acid IIICL, I2iSO4 (or lactic acid)l or an acid salt. The sequence of these treatments may be reversed. The fibers are then mechanically separated from the ',pene- mpss. Examples are the winning of flax fibers and of starch from cassava roots. (Summaryr by ChemicalAbstracts) 102 0486 13274 LIMA, D.C. DE and PARK, Y.K. Produqlo de xarope de glicose apartirde amido de mandioca empregnado enzimas ffingicas. (Production of glucose syrup from cassava starch). Eclitica Qufmica io. 2:61-67. 1977. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 13 Refs. Cassava. Cassava starch. Confectioneries. Enzyme& Glucose. Brazil. A glucose syrup was produced from cassava starch using the enzyme-enzyme method. The enzymes used in the process were of fungal origin. A stable, good glucose syrup was pro­ duced using 75% a-amylase and 25% amyloglucosidase. (Author's summary) 102 0487 13265 PRODUCTOS DE yuca para piensos. (Cassava products for compound fedstufJfs). Agro 7(58):4-5. 1978. Span,, Illus. Cassava. Cassava meal. Cassava chips. Pellets. Cassava flour. The characteristics of some cassava products such as chips, chopped roots, pellets, meal and cassava flour residues are described. The stages of cassava chip manufacturing are explained in detail. (Summary by I.G. Trans. by .L.M.I1}) 102

Seealso 0009 0536 0537

174

0045. 0109 0540 0541

0143 0553

0217

0394

0421

0424

0505

0521

0526

I03

Industrial Microbiology 0488

12190 ADOUR ENTREPRISE.

Manioc prot6ini; enrichissement du manioc en

prot6lnes par fermentation. (Cassava protein; cassava protein enrichment by means offermentation). Pau, France, 1980. 25p. Fr., Illus.

Cassava. Protein enrichment. Fermentation. Cassava starch. Industrial microbiology. Alco­ hol. Cultivation. Prices. Costs. Candida tropicalis. France. An innovation is presented of the industrial process of protein enrichment of cassava (from 30/o natural protein to 15-200/o, characteristic of balanced foods): starch fermentation without previous hydrolysis (Adour/Speichim procedure). The fungus Candida tropicalis, which contains an cc -amylase and directly metabolizes the starch and/or starchy com­ pounds, was used for this purpose. At the same time it does not contain gluco-amylase thus amylopectin chains are not metabolized. Yields varied from 0.5-0.55; being slightly higher than those obtained by glucose or saccharose fermentation. Information is given on 5 yr of research, flow charts of the procedure followed; a description of the product, whose amino acid content falls between those of cassava and fish meal, in addition to product prices, production costs and a comparisor, between cassava fermentation for the obtainment of proteins and that for alcohol (the latter being more expensive). Some data on cassava culti­ vation are also included. (Summary by LB. Trans. by L.M.F.) 103 0489 12084 AZOULAY, E. et al. Fermentation methods for protein enrichment of cassava and corn wit0 Candida tropicalis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 39(1):41-47. 1980. Entgf., Sum. Engl., 14 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Fermentation. Industrial microbiology. Protein enrichment. Candida tropicals. Nutritive value. Candida tropicalis grows on soluble starch, maize and cassava powders without these sub­ strates having to be previously hydrolyzed since C. tropicalis possesses the enzyme needed to hydrolyze starch; namely, an a-amylase. This property has been used to develop a fer­ mentation process whereby C. tropicalis can be grown directly on maize or cassava powders so that the resultant mixture of biomass and residual maize or cassava contains ca. 20% pro­ tein, which represents a balanced diet for either animal fodder or human food. The fact that no extra enzymes are required to hydrolyze starch results in a particularly efficient way of improving the nutritional value of amylaceous products through a single-step fermentation process. (Author'ssummary) 103 0490 13259 SANTOS N., J. and GOMEZ, G. Producci6n y evaluaci6n de proteina uni­ celular a partir de yuca. (Production and evaluation of single-cell protein from cassava). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Call, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.1-77-1-85. Span., Sum. Span., 8 Refs.

175

Cassava. Laboratory experiments. Technology evaluation. Proteins. Swine. Methionine. Animal nutrition. Industrial microbiology. Protein enrichment. Colombia. A process for the production of SCP was developed and tested under lab conditions at the U. of Guelph. The microorganism used is the fungus Aspergillusfumigatus 1-21A, a mutant that does not produce spores and can grow under very selective conditions at a temp of 45°C and a pH of 3.5. A pilot center was constructed at CIAT to evaluate the technology developed on a lab scale and to produce a sufficient quantity of biomass for the practical evaluation with animal feed, especially swine. A report is given on the most recent results obtained at the pilot plant. Results of various feeding trials with protein biomass, obtained at the pilot plant, indicate that the product has a good ntritional quality, whenever it Is adequately supplemented with met. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) 103 H03 0491 12135 SENEZ, J.C. Solid fermentation of starchy substrates. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 1(2):18-20. 1979. Engl., 6 iefs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava flour. Fermentation. Protein enrichment. Starch crops. Feeds and feeding. Industrial microbiology. The principle of a new procedure, developed by Reimbault & Deschamps (ORSTOM), for fermenting starchy materials in a commercial 10-kg breadmaking blenderis explained. Protein enrichment of cassava (initial, 2.5% protein; final product, 18%) is ofspecial interest in tropical areas where conditions are not suitable for growing soybeans or other protein-rich feed grains. (Summary by T.B.) 103 H03 0492 11778 CONCEIqXO, A.J. DA and GRAMACHO, D.D. Teste de enriquecimento da fcula da mandioca com a utilizaeio da Rhizopus nigricansEhr. Penicilliumdigi. tatum Sac. (Study of cassava starch enrichment by using Rhizopus nigricansand Penicillium digitatum). In Reuni o da Comiss o Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia, Brasil, Minist~rio da Agricultura. Depar­ tamento Nacional de Pesquisa Agropecuiria, 1972. pp.57-59. Port. Cassava. Laboratory experimeuts. Protein enrichment. Rhizopus nigricans. Penicillium dig.

tatum. Inoculation. Analysis. Protein content. Dry matter. Industrial microbiology. Brazil The trial was conducted in the Department of Applied Botany of the Escuela de Agronomia of the U.F.BA., Cruz das Almas (Brazil) to study the efficiency of cassava starch enrichment using Rhizopus nigricansand Penicillium digitatum. A mineral salt formula was used, com­ posed of 2, 0.5, 1.0, 0.5 and 0.001 g NaNO 3, KCI, PO H K, MgSO and FeSO , resp., 2 4 4 along with 500 g of cooked cassava crushed in a mortar 4to form a mass. Mineral salts were dissolved in 15 ml of distilled water and incorporated into the mass; afterwards 50 g of this mass were placed in sterilized petri plates that were taken to an autoclave at 120*C/30 min. When the plates cooled, half of them were inoculated with Rhizopus and the other half with Peniciflum. According to sample analysis, the plates had 12.68% CP and 13.56% DM for Rhizopus and Penicllum, resp. It is concluded that the process can be useful in the obtainment of forage material for human nourishment in the future. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 103

0493 12093 MINNIKIN. 1).1.., COLLINS. M.D. and GOODI. I.LLOW. M. Fatty acid and polar lipid composition in the classification of Cellulonmonas. Oerskoria and related taxa. Journal ot"Applied Bacteriology 47:87-95. 1979. I:ngl., Sum. I'ngl.. 42 Refs., Illus.

176

Cassava. Industrial microbiology. Cori-nebacteriun

Fat content. Laboratory experiments.

Strains representing the taxa Cellulomonas, Oerskovia, Brevibacterumfermentans, Coryne­ and the bacterium manihot ond Nocardia cellulans were degraded by acid methanolysis The nonhydroxylated fatty acid esters released examined by TLC' and gas chromatography. ('= t. which occurred major fatty acid in all strains was 12.methyltetradecanoic acid (anteiso acid protiles of the together with other antviso acids. iso and siraight-chain acids. The fatty and significantly acids 13-carbon of presence the by cellulomonads were distinguished whose profiles higher proportions ot"straight-chain acids than found in the other test strains identical and almost that showed TLC Two-dimensional another. one to similar were very the only study: under organisms the all by given were very characteristic polar lipid patterns 2 phosphoglyco­ major components were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and and diacyl lipids chromalographing similarly to. but distinguishable from, the monoThe actinomycetes. other and Nocardia of characteristic phosphatidylinositol dimannosides manihot and N. accumulated lipid data support the reclassification of B. Jermentans, C. cellulans in the genus Oerskovia. (Author's summars') 103

177

J00 ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT

0494 11238 AGRICULoTURAL kLSEARCH efficiency in Thailand, a study on the impact of research on agricultural production. II!. Cassava. Bangkok, Thailand. Interim Committee for Coordination of Investigations of the Lower Mekong Basis, MKG/77. 1979. 46p. Engl., Illus. Cjssava. Production. Productivity. Trade. Cassava products. Cultivation. Developmental research. Cassava programs. Maps. Thailand. A history of cassava expansion in Thailand is presented, including a description of existing var., areas of cultivation (NE and SE) and their resp. agricultural practices. Threats to cassava are discussed: susceptibility to insect pests and even rodents; fungus (Armillariella, Glomerella); bacterial and viral diseases (AMD, brown streak); soil fertility, depletion and erosion; cconomb, threat of increased production resulting in lower prices. A review of research work in this field and an assessment of its impact and relevance are given. Var. improvement, fertilization (great yield fluctuations, probably related to rainfall conditions, rapidly declining yields of unfertilized plots, variable response to fertilizers), spacing, weeding and intercropping trials are discussed. The impact of research on production (adoption of new techniques and benefits observed) is also analyzed. Negative effects of cassava cultivation (soil fertility depletion) are analyzed. A reorientation of existing research programs is suggested, emphazising crop diversification and fertility restoration. Multidisci­ plinary work is encouraged. (Summary by L.M.F. JO0 0495 11291 ANDRAULT, J.P. Manioc: quoi de neuf?. (News on cassava). Producteur Agricole Franfais 54(239):II. 1978. Fr., Illus. Cassava. Trade. Feeds and feeding. Europe. Information is given on the situation of several EEC countries regarding importation of cereal substitutes (CS), especially cassava, which present serious competition to European cereals, especially in animal feedstuffs. The EEC had a surplus of 2-3 million t of cereal in 1978-79 and at the same time depended on imported energy concentrates. In Germany, limited importation of CS, according to demand, is suggested; in Ireland, limited importation ofCS is based on nutritive value for cattle, compared to that of cereals. In Great Britain, where the use of cassava is advantageous to swine producers, priority for cereals is recommended to try to reestablish a balance. In Belgium, CS restrict the marketing of cereal by-products, making non-European meals more competitive. (Summary by 1.1B. Trans. by L U.F.) JOO H03

0496 10800 ARBELAEZ DE MORALES, G. La commercializatIon du manioc dans la Communaut6 Economique Europdenne. (Cassava commercialization in the Euro­ pean Common Market). Thise Mag. Sc. Anvers, Belgium, Centre Universitaire de I'Etat i Anvers, 1975. 38p. Fr., 6 Refs.

178

Cassava. Trade. Production. Productivity. Cassava products. Europe. Colombia. Aspects related to the commercialization of cassava are analyzed, especially the dynamics of promoting cassava inside and outside of Colombia as a partial answer to problems prebentcd by the extreme dependency on coffee exportation. Agricultural policies and the structure of prices in the EEC; importation taxes on cereals and cassava (60/o ad valoreii); C.I.F. prices; production of compound feed for animals (in 1974, 1553 million t of cassava were used for this purpose, largest consumers being the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium and France) are discussed. Data are included on world marketing of dried cassava, importations, standazds and quality control (with tables on all aspects studied), marketing norms and recommenda­ tions for future studies. (Summary by 1.B. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 0497 12057 BRASIL. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA. Aspectos econbmicos da mandioca. (Economic aspects of cassava). Rio de Janeiro, Departamento Econbmi­ co, Estudos Brasileiros no. 25. 1967. 37p. Port. Cassava. Production. Prices. Marketing. Trade. Cassava meal. Cassava products. Brazil. An economic study was conducted on the production, consumption per capita, area cultivated, prices, obtainment of by-products, and internal and external commercialization of these by-products in Brazil for the period 1957-61,and some estimates are made for 1965-70. It is concluded that the elaboration of cassava flour is done by rudimentary processes. Fluctuations in av yields (12.52, 13.37 t/ha) have been observed in the last 5 yr. Only 40% of the production is destined for direct consumption and the remaining 60%, for industrialization. The main cassava-producing states are Bahia, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais, Si'o Paulo and Pernambuco. The crop is grown without any technology; therefore, the national production represents only 52% of what it should be. Export vol ofcassava products has had an overall 50 and 16% decrease for 1961-62, resp. Finally, 10 recommendations are given for improving crop development and production. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.A.F) JO0 0498 11289 BRO ME IUS. Varias sobre a mandioca eo trigo. I. Trigo cultlvado no Brasil, nos ultimos dez anos, a mandioca cultivada no Rio Grande do Sul - As culturas do trigo e da mandioca sob o ponto de vista social economico. ( Notes on cassava andwheat. I Dataon prodtuction in Rio Grand' do Sul over a ii'n.iear period:socioeconomi aspects). Chicaras e Quintacs 60(5):109-611. 1939. Port.. Illus. Cassava. Pruductivity. Production. Costs. Socio-economic aspects. Brazil. The yields, production time and costs of cassava and wheat are compared. Between 1928-37, the av wheat production in Brazil was 147,000 t; in 1938, 522,000 t of cassava were harvested. Although >gains are obtained in a shorter time by plantingwheat. cassava is preferred because more is known about its cultivation. (Summary' by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) JOO D03

0499 DE Mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz); V.P. FILHO, 12080 CAMARGO produqo e importfincia econ6mica, comercializaglo. (Cassava production, eco­ nomic Importance and marketing). Sg'o Paulo, Brasil, Coordenadoria de Asslstncia Tdcnica Integral, 1977. Port., Illus. Cassava. Production. Tuber productivity. Costs. Cassava chips. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Taplocas. Trade. Prices.Statistical data. Brazil. The evolution of cassava production in the world (1960-75) and in Brazil (1960-77) Is ana­

179

lyzed on the basis of tabjes. Some considerations are given on the current world situation (marketing, exporting of cassava and its by-products) and in Brazil (commercialization, pro­ duction of cassava flour and its by-products, standards for classifying cassava by-products, min prices and production costs). (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 100

0500 10475 CASTRO DE R.,G. Production, employment and agrarian structure In the cacao regions or Bahia. Brazilian Economic Studies no. 4:141-172. 1978. Engl., 28 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Production. Income. Marketing. Soclo-economic aspects. Brazil. Development patterns and particularly the influence of the agrarian structure on income levels, agricultural production and rural labor conditions are discussed. A model of the duality "family sector/wage sector" is presented. Monoculture is a striking phenomenon, the wage sector accounting for > 90% of cacao production: the family sector, only 6%. in the case of temporary crops, the reverse is true; the family units, limited to lands that are marginal for cacao production, are responsible for at least 80% of cassava production, an activity with the lowest resource requirements/UP in marked contrast to the resources used for livestock activities in the wage sector. It is proposed that the duality family/wage production gives rise to and expresses itself through (I) a systematic difference between the account rate of profit and the ruling rate of profit, and (2) a definite relationship between the net income/worker in the family sector and the remuneration of labor in the wage sector. Only by selling their commodities at prices that make these activities unattractive to wage producers are family producers able to compete. The basic characteristics of property holding and access to the means of production are reproduced to the extent that their income is not high enough to allow for savings, therefore precluding investment;

on the other hand, profit and investment are the rule in the wage sector. (Summary by T.B.) JOO

0501 12908 CHANDRA, S. The production, marketing and consumption of root crops in Fiji. In The adaptation of traditional agriculture. Camberra. Australian National University. Development Studies Centre. Monograph no. 11:303-323. 1978. Engl. Cassava. Socio-economic aspects. Marketing. Consumption. Labour. Productivity. Cultiva­ tion. Costs. Fiji. The technological and economic aspects of root crop (cassava, taro, yams and sweet pota­

toes) production in Fiji are described. Home consumption is far more important than sale

for cash which creates problems with the provision of the urban centers where consumers

tend to retain their preference for these bulky, perishable root crops. (Summary by Ab.

stracts on TropicalAgriculture) J00

12150 COCK, J.H. Engi., 44 Refs.

0502 Cassava research.

Field Crops Research 2:185-191. 1979.

Cassava. Research. Cassava programs. Production. Colombia. A historical review of highlights on cassava research is given. The programs of both IITA (Africa) and CIAT (Colombia) are briefly discussed. CIAT is producing new clones for

areas without AMD and IITA, AMD-resistant lines. Research results suggest that large yield increases can be expected from these new clones. Basic guidelines for the safe movement of vegetative material resulted from cassava workshops in LA and in Africa. New diseases have been reported in the last 5 yr (superelongation, bacterial stem rot and frog skin). The use of cassava as animal feed or as a source of alcohol to replace gasoline is analyzed. (Summary by L.M.F.) J00

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0503 11773 CONCEIgAO. A.J. DA A mandloca. (Cassava). Cruz das Almas-BA, Brasil, 382 p. Port., 316 Refs., Illus. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Escola de Agronomia, 1979. Cassava. Plant geography. Taxonomy. Production. Plant anatomy. Cassava products. Industrialization. Plant physiology. Ecology. Socio-economic aspects. Animal nutrition. Cultivation systems. Plant breeding. Uses. Human nutrition. Diseases and pathogens. Processing. Cultivation. In this book for agronomy students, teachers, extension workers and researchers, the author presents the cumulative results of research carried out at the School of Agronomy of the U. Federal da Bahia, as wcll as the development of cassava cultivation in the NE part of Brazil. The chapters deal with the following aspects: (I) origin, geographic distribution and diffusion; (2) botany - taxonomy, root, stem and leaf systems, inflorescence, fruit, seed, germination; (3) physiology - sprouting of cuttings, formation of the root system, branch and leaf development, thickening of the storage roots, period of dormancy: (4) ecophysiology - influence of water, temp, frost and photoperiod, tubeiization. LAI, liquid assimilation rate, influence of soils, nutrients and wind; (5) importance of the crop - situation in the world ans in the different regions of Brazil, production and marketing, industrialization; (6) productio., technology - soils, climate, agronomic characterization of cassava, fertilization, planting, cu:,ural practices, pruning, pests and diseases, harvesting, storage, utilization of wastes, rotation :nd associations with other crops, technical coefficients in production systems, model for determini,.g production costswith an example from the Cerrado region: (7) improvement of the crop - cultural and genetic improvement; (8) products - flour, meal. tapioca, pellets, starch and its derivatives, ethyl alcohol including aspects of its use as a fuel and the implantation of an agro-industry, forage, utilization of spent pulp and other waste products in feedstuffs. (Suotmary by TB.) J00

0504 12958 COULSON, A.C. Crop priorities for the lowlands of Tanga Region. Tanza­ nia Notes and Records no. 81/82:43-53. 1977. Engl., 5 Refs. Cassava. Marketing. Prices. Cassava chips. Dried tubers. Human nutrition. Animal nutrition. Tanzania. Most of the Tanga lowlands (Tanzania) are unsuitable for growing crops that require predictable rainfall and/or dry periods. Among the drought-resistant crops recommended iscassava. (Summary by T.B.) J00 0505

12917 COURSEY, D.G. Root crops and their utilization in West Africa. In The adaptation of traditional agriculture. Camberra. Australian National University. Development Studies Centre. Monograph no. 11: 199-212. 1978. Engl. Cassava. Marketing. Processing. Toxicity. Gari. Cassava flour. FooFoo. Africa. This paper describes the production and marketing of root crops in West Africa, especially yams and cassava. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) J00 102 0506

11704 CRESTA, M., DE MAJO, A.M. and CALANDRA, P.L. L'allmentation et Ia nutrition des agriculteurs du Bas-Dahomey. (Food intake and nutrition offarmers in Lower Dahomey). Acta Facultatis Medicae Universitatis Brunensis 57:301-306. 1976. Fr., Sum. Fr.

181

Cassava. Socio-economic aspects. Human nutrition. Tubers. Garl. Nutritive value. Food energy. Composition. Dahomey. As part of a cooperative technical and scientific project between Italy and Dahomey, 72 farming families in a rural improvement project were interviewed to determine differences in income levels produced in the last yr, especially regarding their budget for food consumption. Fifteen of the families interviewed practiced a traditional type of agriculture (I), 25 were members of cooperatives with traditional agriculture as a complementary activity (11). and 32 families, also members of cooperatives, practiced mechanized cultivation (11). The highest level of expenditures corresponded to those families belonging to group I, followed by thosc of groups Ill and If ( 10.65, 8.85 and 4.53%. resp., for flours and tuber crops). Gari intake increased 121%, while the intake of other flours decreased. Calorie intake increased 17%. proteins 26% (85% animal protein consumption), lipids 30%. Total food expenditures decreased at the same time consumption increased, especially of nonexportable products with a great local demand. (Summary by .. Trans. by L.M.I'F) J100 1101 0507 12106 DIXON, J.A. Production and consumption of cassava in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 15(3):83-106. 1979. Engl., 34 Refs. Cassava. Prod ction. Prices. Tuber productivity. Marketing. Consumption. Food energy. Proteins. Food products. Statistical data. Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to place cassava in perspective so as to understand better its role in the Indonesian diet. Past trends in production and consumption are discussed, as well as the forms in which cassava is consumed and its relative importance in various diets. Data include agricultural statistics, food balance sheets, household consumption figures and impressions arising from field trips and interviews. Economic interactions between cassava and 2 other important commodities (rice, maize) are examined with regard to changes in economic variables (per capita income, redistribution of existing incomes, relative prices, tastes and consumer preferences). Roots of sweet var. are eaten steamed, boiled or fried; fermented (tape) or steamed, sliced and dried (kripik). Bitter var. are used to make starch, flour, gaplek (which in turn is used to make a ricelike product, fiwul) and grist (oyek). It is concluded that cassava plays an important role in the Indonesian food system. The fresh roots have either a very low (urban) or quite positive (rural) expenditure elasticity, the dried forms consumed only in the rural areas have a strongly negative expenditure elasticity for most of the population. The dried forms are, nevertheless, important for the lowest expenditure groups, being a low-cost substitute for rice. Although there is considerable scope for increasing cassava yields via the use of new var. and fertilizers, this will not occur until the economics are profitable to the individual farmers. This in turn is related to demand and the 2 main uses-exports or industrial uses and human consumption. The former depends on foreign demand, the spread of processing facilities and the infrastructure required to serve these facilities; the latter will probably not increase greatly, barring major changes in relative prices between rice, maize and cassava. (Summary by T.B.) 100 H01 0508 11750 DOORMAN, F. The social and economic context of the introduction of new technology among traditional cassava procedures in the village of Media Luna, Northern Colombia. Wageningen, The Netherlands, Wageningen Agricultural University, 1978?. 182p. Engl., Sum. Engl., 4 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Soclo-economic aspects. Cultivation. Marketing. Income. Tubers. Production. Colombia. Insight is provided into the socioeconomic context in which new cassava technology is to be

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introduced, and a survey is made of demands that this technology must meet to be successful. Occupational structure of the village, farmers' cultivation methods especially for cassava, use of credit, marketing, land tenancy, use and organization of labor, motives behind production decisions, cooperation among farmers and farmers' opinions of new CIAT technology are discussed on the basis of a 4-mo field study in the village of Medih Luna on the N. Coast of Colombia. Farms are small (0.5-10 ha) and soils are generally poor. The main crop is cassava, providing as much as 70% of total income. Most of the production is sold to fresh food markets in the region. Production is marked by a relatively low input of capital and a high input oflabor. Use of machinery is limited to mechanical land preparation; the use of modern inputs (i.e., fertilizer and insecticides) is also limited. Farmers base their selection of cassava var. mainly on starch content of the roots; secondary criteria are yields and color of the root peel. CIATs technological package consists of treatments of stem cuttings and 2 new var. The former may be accepted but the new var. may prove unacceptable to Media Luna farmers since the starch content is very low as compared to the local var. It is recommended that research be directed more to priorities as perceived by farmers and as dictated by the market. Research programs at the small farm level should be maintained. (Author's summary) JOO

0509 1189 EDMUNSON, W.C. Two villages In contrast, 1971-1976. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 13(1):95-110. 1977. Engl., 3 Refs.. Illus. Cassava. Soil fertility. Bitter cassava. Gaplek. Irrigation. Soclo-economlc aspects. Indonesia. The levels of income of 2 villages (Glanggang and Pagak) in Java were compared in 1971 and again in 1976. The former has clay soils with an impervious layer, making irrigation by canals possible; and rice production has been increased hy a no. of agricultural innovations. In the latter, the soil is deficient in humus, very poor in P and porous, making irrigation impossible. Bitter cassava and maize are cultivated with some innovations such as the use of urea. The main item of commerce is gaplek. There is overall acceptance ofgovtl aid, and levels of income have increased, especially in Glanggang. (Summary by LR. Trans. by L.Af.F.) JOO

12067

0510 EVENSON, J.P. and DE BOER, A.J. Role of root and tuber crops in food

production strategy for semi-subsistence agriculture. Agricultural Systems 3:221­ 232. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 25 Refs., Illus.

Cassava. Productivity. Production. Prices. Cultivation systems. Energy productivity. Sta­ tistical analysis,

Persistent population pressure on agricultural land in the tropics has led to the evolution of food production strategies heavily weighted towards increasing productivity/unit of land. In many of these areas, tropical root crops represent a major item in the national food eco­

nomies. Given this scenario, the potential role of tropical root crops in meeting domestic

food needs is examined. First, their present contribution is summarized briefly and used to

provide simple guidelines for allocating research resources. These guidelines are somewhat deficient in that they overlook a no. of energetic considerations of importance at both the individual producer and national level. To illustrate, a 2-goods model of a semisubsistence agricultural production unit is constructed and some conclusions drawn that lend weight to the opinion that tropical root crop research should receive high priority. (Author's sum­ mary) J00 0511 12156 GATEL, P. Ciriales fourragires: vers une situation de concurrence accrue,

(Greater competition for feed grains). Producteur Agricole Franqais 54(236):17-19 1978. Fr., Illus.

185

Cassava. Trade. Prices. Marketing. Feed mixtures. Cereals. Production. Europe. During 1977-78, the amount of feed grains sold was 100,000 t less than from 1976-77; during this period, 455,000 t of cassava were imported, competing mainly with barley since cassava has the same nutritional value and the price of SIM, used to supplement cassava, is low (0.8 kg of cassava + 0.2 kg of SBM = 1 kg of cereal). In 1978-79, the advantages of using cassava will become mor, evident if preventive measures are not taken. According to forecasts, imports will double; while at the same time, it will be necessary to increase cereal exports (300,000 1.).Those regions that for geographical reasons can use significant quanti­ ties of cassava (cohstal regions and areas near the great fluvial systems) are at an advantage. On the other haind, due to high production costs, it is not likely that tile r -k deficit (2.5 billion F in 1977) in France will be significantly cut in the medium term. The 1977-78 barley prices are somewhat more favorable, but the hierarchy of prices is susceptible to change depending on the harvests and cereal exports to the EEC. (Summary by .B. Trans. by L.M.F.) JOO 0512 12153 GATEL, P. Manioc: 6chec a l'oganisation du marchi c&ralier europien?, (Cassava vs. cerealsin the EEC). Producteur Agricole Franqais 54(232):7-12. 1978. Fr., Illus. Cassava. Marketing. Prices. Proteins. Production. Trade. Animal nutrition. Uses. Europe. Animal feeds are still the principal market for cereals (2/3 of the demand) although they are currently threatened by cereal substitution products (CSP), among which cassava is of pri­ mary importance (3.5-4 million t during 1977-78). Grown mainly in Thailand, with favor­ able import duties (60/o tariff), cassava costs only 1/2 the price of maize in the EEC. Since cassava is not governed by the same regulations as cereals, differences between the buying price for cereals and cassava can vary between 50-1200/o, depending on the country. In areas where 750/0 of the cereals are substituted by cassava, the price of 1 kg of meat on the hoof is 2.88 F vs. 3.24 F. Moreover, the situation is made worse as a result of the com­ pensating monetary increases that are apF!icable not only to cereals but also to animal by­ products. Another problem for the EEC is the supplying of protein; when cereals are re­ placed by cassava, it is also necessary to supplement the lack of N in cassava with oleaginous meals, thus increasing the EECs requirements to 1 million t of meal. It is suggested that the same tariffs for cereals be applied to cassava. Tables and graphs on EEC imports, tariffs, cereal and CSI' trends and technical data on cassava are included. (Summary by LB. Trans. by LA.M.F) J00 1103

0513 10436 IGWEBUIKE. R.U. Barriers to agricultural development: a study of the economics of agriculture in Abakaliki area, Nigeria. Ph.D. Thesis. Stanford, California, Stanford University. 1975. 266p. Engl., Sum. Engl.. 75 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Production. Cultivars. Consumption. Food products. Inter-cropping. Rotational crops. Productivity. Foofoo. Gari. Socio-economic aspects. Technology evaluation. Nigeria. A detailed study is made of farming in 4 villages in Ezikwo Division. East Central State of Nigeria. using linear programming methodology. A model developed and tested on this basis provided solutions that closely approximated actual resource allocation and explained the relative importance and availability of various production factors, tenure system and staple food demand. Potential consequences ol and barriers to the introduction of improved technology are investigated. An important conclusion is that moderniation of traditional agriculture requires much greater effort to understand how and whv farmers allocate their resources. Cassava isthe least preferred of the major staple food crops. being cultivated after yams in a rotation scheme or

184

interplanttd with okra, pepper and cocoyam. Yields are low (1.56-5.7 t ac): most of the production is processed into foofoo and gari. which requires agreat deal of labor. Consumption should increase in the future with rapid increases in population but > percapita incomes will not

favor growth in its demand. New high-yielding var. are being released to farmers, but increased yields may lead to substantial decline in its price. There is scope for its utilization as a livestock feed. (Summary by TB.) JO0 KOI 0514 11225 INDONESIA. CENTRAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS. Production of food crops in Java and Madura. Jakarta, RTB 77-22. 1976. pp.37-45, 73-110. Indo., Engi. Cassava. Statistical analysis. Productivity. Production. Indonesia. A statistical analysis is made of area harvested, yield and production of various food crops from Java and Madura; paddy rice, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, peanuts and soybeans. Tables give data on areas harvested, planted and damaged in different regions of Java and Madura. (Summary by L.M.F.) JOO 0515 3910 MANDIOCA; farinha continua em falta no mercado. (Shortage of cassava flour on the Brazilianmarket). Mercado em An.lise 2(6):35-36. 1976. Port. Cassava. Cassava flour. Production. Prices. Marketing. Brazil. In spite of the great increase in root production, there is still a shortage of cassava flour on the market. Wholesale prices for fine and coarse flour in markets in Sio Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and NE Brazil (Fortaleza and Recife) are analyzed for the period 1975-76. (Sum. mary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 0516 13202 MORGAN-REES, A.M. The cassava industry in Jamaica. Caribbean Agricul­ ture 1(l):34-39. 1962. Engl., Sum. Fr., Span. Cassava. Cultivars. Starch Consumption. Jamaica.

content. Production.

Costs. Income. Tuber productivity.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Lands of Jamaica has started the classification of local cassava var., the introduction and evaluation of var. and trials to determine starch content in order to select the var. with the highest starch yield/ac. Data on imported industrial starch and starch for food purposes are given in table foim for 1954-59. In Jamaica, cassava is mainly grown in regions with little rainfall. The no. of ac planted with cassava are report­ ed: farms are grouped in categories according to their extension, cassava production, quantity sold and consumed by producers in 1954 and 1958. Estimated cassava production costs/ac are specified for the farmer who uses mechanized equipment and small farmers who use manual equipment. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00

0517 10477 NAIGEON, C. and CATRISSE, B. L'agriculture ivoulrenne. Les produits vivribes: une prioccupation nationale. Manioc. (Agriculture in the Ivory Coast). Afrique Agriculture no. 38:65. 1978. Fr. Cassava. Production. Mechanization. Cultivation. Forage, Sheep. Ivory Coast. A brief review is made of the current agronomic and industrial situation of various crops In

185

the Ivory Coast and the research efforts spent on their development. With regard to cassava, annual production is 1,200,000 t; almost aU production is destined for domestic consump­ tion, mainly in rural areas. Cultural practices are mainly traditional. At Toumod6, SODEPALM has begun a cooperative program to mechanize cultivation; the project includes the use of forage for sheep. (Summary by TB.) JOO 0518 11779 NOBRE, A. and MENEZES, D.M. DE Contribuiqlo ao levantamento da zona mandioqueira e industrial do Norte Fluminense. (Contribution to the study of cassava production and industrialization zones of the Norte Fiuminensc). In Reuniao da Comissao Nacional da Mandioca, 6a., Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, 1972. Anais. Brasilia, Brasil, Ministcrio da Agricultura. Dcpartamento Nacional de Pesqul­ sa Agropecuiria, 1972. pp.61-69. Port., Sum. Port., 11 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Production. Statistical data. Plant geography. Climatic requirements. Soil require­ ments. Cultivars. Costs. Prices. Maps. Factories. Brazil. The regions of the state of' Rio de Janeiro producing > cassava were located and classified on the basis of' statistical data on agricultural production from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica, Associaqao de Cridito c Assist~ncia Rural in Rio de Janeiro and the Fundaq;o Norte Fluminense de Desenvolvimento Regional. The municipality of STo Joio de Barra is the main production center; ca. 5001o of all the cassava flour industries in the state are located in this area. There are > 256 cassava flour factories and the area planted was 21,380 ha in 1970. Observations are made on the conditions of cassava cultivation, the var. used by the local producers, production costs, prices obtained and the 1971 prices for flour. (Author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 0519 7496 PHILLIPS, T.P. An agro-economic study of cassava production practices; progress report 2: 20 December 1974. Guelph, Canada, University of Guelph, School of Agricultural Economics and Extension Education, 1974. 38p. Engi., Sum. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Cassava programs. Cultivation. Field experiments. Socio-economic aspects. Re­ search. Costs. Brazil. Colombia. Nigeria. Thailand. Preliminary proposals of comparable agroeconomic studies in different countries (Colombia, NE Brazil, East Central State - Nigeria and Thailand) are presented. These studies of fssava production will make possible the differentiation between problems that should be investi­ gated internationally and nationally. They will also indicate the regions or countries with advantages in terms of providing cassava for export markets. Colombia, Brazil, Nigeria and Thailand were visited to discuss these proposals with project coordinators. A brief progress report is made of each of these studies. (Summary by L.M.F.) JOO 0520 11226 PHILLIPS, T.P. and MILFONT JUNIOR, W.N. Assessment of agricultural energy production systems-AEPS. Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, Centro de Tecnologia Promon, 1978. 21p. Engl., II Refs, Paper presented at Carribbean Consultation on Energy and Agriculture, Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic, 1978. Cassava. Alcohol. Plant geography. Production. Costs. Maps. Brazil. This paper discusses the micro aspects of agricultural energy production systems (AEPS)and in

186

particular, the assessment of proposals related to the production of agricultural energy in the Brazilian context. The value of an AEPS is determined by its contribution to the economy of the region or country, compatibility with existing energy systems and consistency with regional or national goals. Guidelines developed for assessing AEPS consist of 3phases: (I) the identification of geographical areas suitable for AEPS and the enumeratinn of key variables (employment needs, cost, foreign exchange consideration, benefits, net energy ratio), (2) the identification and weighing of objectives that are applied to phase I data, and (3) analysis of the results. A cassava AEPS in the Brazilian context is analyzed. The coastal region from Rio Grande do Norte to Rio de Janeiro; Acre in GoiAs; and a region W. of the ParanA River in S. MatoGrosso were identified as suitable areas, but potential competition with other crops must be examined. Labor requirements and estimated production costs are included; foreign exchange savings could vary from 0- $2 million. These results are evaluated on the basis of the provsion of targeted alcohol requiremints (500,000 m 3/yr ofcassava alcohol by 1985). In phase 3a rapid analysis of sugarcane AEPS is made to provide a comparison with cassava AEPS. (Summaty by LM.F.) JO0 0521 12142 PHILLIPS, T.P. Prospects for processing and marketing cassava products as animal feed. World Animal Review no. 31:36-40. 1979. Engl., 7 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Marketing. Production. Cassava chips. Pellets, Forage. Prices. Europe. In tropical countries, cassava can be used as an animal feed in 3 ways: (1) as an ingredient in compound feed nrnufacturing; (2) as a substrate for single-cell protein production and (3) as a "feed extender" during periods of feed shortage. In the Ist, cassava must meet certain specifications (starch, fiber, sand, moisture content), and prices of other competitive crops must be considered before including it in compound feed rations. In the 2nd, research indi­ cates that the SCP process is capable of producing a nearly balanced pig feed directly from cassava; thus more pigs/unit land can be supported. A 3000-I fermentor, installed at CIATColombia, currently produces a 28-380/o protein biomass. As a supplementary feed (3), when there is, for example, a shortage of pasture, cassava can be used to maintain the wt gain achieved during the flush season. The production of cassava forage is also considered very promising. (Summary by L.M.F.) J00 H03 102

0522 3736 PRODUqAO DE mandioca volta a crescer em 77. (Cassava production in­ creases again in 1977). Agricultura e Abastecimento 3(2):8-9. 1977. Port. Cassava. Production. Cultivars. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Alcohol. Cultivation. Brazil. Cassava production in Brazil was 254,892 t for 1976, and it is expected to increase 30-400/o for 1977-78. Groups of sweet and bitter var. are analyzed as well as the obtainment of by. products such as flour, starch and alcohol. The most adequate climatic conditions and the management for obtaining optimum production are briefly discussed. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. JOO 0523 12096 QUASE 18 M IIlOES de toneladas aproduggo de hatatas emandloca. (Potato and (a.ava productin in 8ra:i). Agricultura e Pecuiria 32(456):56. 1962. Port. Cassava. Production. Brazil. 1960 statistics are given on cassava production and area cultivated in Brazil (17.613,213 t; 1,342.403 ha). Principal cassava-producing states are Bahia. Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Cassava production increased > I million t with respect to the 1959 index. (Summary lty .G. Trans. hY LAt.F.) J00

187

0524 DE ESTADO DE REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. SECRETARIA 4031 AGRICULTURA. Resumenes de proyectos: yuca amarga. (Project resumds: bitter Plan de desarrollo; La Sierra. Santo Domingo. Unidad de Divulgaci6n cassava). In-. Ticnica, 1978. p.34. Span. Cassava. Bitter cassava. Cassava programs. Production. Dominican Republic. In the region of the Sierra (Dominican Rep.). some 3000 small farmers plant 49,350 tareas (15.9 tarca = I ha) to traditional bitter cassava var. for making casave. Cassava is grown in monoculturc or in association with tobacco, mai/c and beans. This govt project will spend US$780,000 in 4 yr for credit and fixed capital investments; they will also control prices. With technical assistance, yields are expected to increase from 5quintals( I quintal = 100 lb)/tarea to 7.(Summnary by T. B.) JO0 0525 10462 RICHARDS, D. Growth of cassava use as feedgrain substitute not without problems. Foreign Agriculture 16(51):6-8. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., Ilius. CasaVa. Uses. Protein content. Trade. Pellets. Distribution. Production. Feed mixtures. Sub­ stitutes. Animal nutrition. Europe. Although cassava is being increasingly used as a feed-grain substitute in the EEC, it is low in protein and exhausts the soil. Another problem is the shipping and handling of pellets due to the lack of effective binding agents to keep them from disintegrating. The largest export­ ers with pelletizing facilities are Thailand and Indonesia; the former is trying to improve pellet quality to increase cassava consumption in other countries. The Netherlands is the largest buyer, using 15-350/o cassava in feed mixtures for hogs and cattle and 100/o for poultry. In West Germany cassava has replaced barley in hog and poultry rations (30 and 200/o, resp.). Belgium uses 700/o of its cassava imports in hog rations; the rest is for fat­ tening cattle, dairy cows and poultry. Cassava imports are affecting established European markets for French maize and other feed grains, and prott=dve tariff measures have been requested for low-priced substitutes, especiaUy cassava. (Summary by L.M.F.) J00 H03 0526 12071 ROSENTHAL, F.R.T. and LIMA, J.A. DE Pcrspectivas para o amido de mandloca. (Perspectives for the cassava starch industry). Rio dc Janeiro, Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia. 1974. 139p. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 92 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava starch. Production. Consumption. Trade. Cultivars. Industrlalization. Uses. Processing. Brazil. A worldwide panorama ispresented of the starch industry and its by-products, with emphasis on the Brazilian agro-industry which produces starch from cassava. Production, consumption, international trade and future perspectives for said products are examined. The development of new high-yielding var. with high starch content and shorter maturing cycles, as, wcll as the manufacturing processes used in Brazil for extracting the starch from the roots, isdiscussed. Emphasis isplaced on technological research on new starch raw materials and the development of new starch products. The possibilities of new uses for cassava starch on the domestic market and foreign demand are pointed out. Although some importing countries such as the USA are restricting purchases of starch, other markets are rising or reappearing, as in the case ofJapan, which isalready importing the same quantities of cassava starch as the USA. There are also good prospects in S.and Central America, as well as Africa, in addition to other alternatives for transformation into more refined products such as modified and semihydrolyzed starches for domestic consumption and export. (Author's summary) JOO 102

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0527 L.G. Acesso aos fatores de produqio pelos MENDES, 12070 SAIIT, W.S. and das Almas, Estado da Bahia. (Access of Cruz mandlocultures de baixa renda em in Cruz das Almas, otate of low-income cassava growers to production factors de Assist~ncia T6cnica Brasileira Empresa Brasil. Bahia, Almas, das Cruz Bahia). 15. 1977. Port., 3 no. Mandioca sobre

Ticnica e Extenslo Rural. Informaio Refs.

Income. Brazil.

Cassava. Soclo-economic aspects. Labour. Trade. Productivity. to learn more about the socioeconomic

The present study (April-June 1976) was conducted Bahia. Aspects such as the way in

Almas, das Cruz in production cassava organization of access to production goods (land, gain to organized are family which the farmer and his Afterwards, land tenancy, labor discussed. are information) capital, labor, technology and the technical assistance employed, level availability, distribution of capital, the technological and income are analyzed. Results productivity production, commercialization, the received, farmeis are in the range of 0.9-9.9 indicate that the factor land is limiting (ca. 70% of thetechnology is practically nil; nearly of utilization the ha); there is little access to capital; % of farmers who receive technic.al 53% of'the labor is the family work force; and the it is concluded that the farmers results, these of basis the On assistance is insignificant. development programs. (Sum­ agricultural from isolated completely live a subsistence life, JO0

mary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) 0528 Comun Europeu espera a nossa raspa. (The Mercado DA J.R. 12100 SILVA, 29(268):14-15. 1972. Port., Sum. Coopercotia EEC). market for cassava in the Port., Illus. Brazil. Europe. Cassava. Cassava chips. Cassava products. Trade. Production. in the EEC, one of the large cassavn An analysis is made of the demand for cassava products chips if they are of good quality cassava of quantities great consumers that can assimilate grown due to (1) increased consumption and offered at competitive prices. The demand has cassava products in the composition of 0/o of greater a of use the (2) rations, of balanced high prices for maize and barley, and (4) these rations (from 3.4 to 6.40/o within 6 yr), (3) recommendations are made as to what Some operations. the expansion of poultry and swine Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 Brazil must do to enter this market. (Summary by F.G. 0529 of technology. Bangkok, Thailand, 11230 SINTHUPRAMA, S. Pre-delivery evaluation 13p. Engi. 1979. Division, Crop Field Department of Agriculture. of Agricultural Technology, Cali, Paper presented at Workshop on Pre-release Testing Colombia, 1979. aspects. Labour. Technology Cassava. Cultivation. Costs. Marketing. Prices. Socio.economic evaluation. Thailand. to resources, skills and level of The importance of appropriate technology (according between research inf: rrnr'..on distinction management) is emphasized, making a technology. Technology transfer in Thailnnd is

(recommendations, packages of practices) and following aspects are dealt with. description of discussed wth regard to cassava cultivation. The labor, cultivation costs, capitit, marketing, holding, (land the target area, economic parameters of delivery (Dept. of Avyir.ilture, Dept. of crop prices), social and cultural parameters, and agents Current cassava rcsearch associations). farmers' Agricultural Extension, industries, (S,m' mv v by L H.F.).100

form. are giver in table recommendations and appropriate technology

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0530 11712 VIEIRA, G. Anilse comparativa do uso dos fatbres de produq~o em dife­ rentes atividades agropecuirias do municiplo de Lavras, MG, ano agricola 1964/65. (Comparative analysis of the use of production factors In different agricultural ac­ tivities in Lavras, AMinas Gerais from 1964.65). Tese Mag, Sc. Viqosa-MG, Brasil, Universidade Rural do F'stado de Minas Gerais, 1966. 7 3p. Port., Sun. Port., 16 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cultivation. Income. Production. Economics. Brazil.

In the municipality of Lavras in S. Minas Cerais tllra:'ilt, a study was conducted on the L'asis of data from tile 1964-65 agricultural yr to detcinine crop and animal breeding combina­ tions that permit a rational usv of resources. Onc hundred surveys were conducted of prop­ erties whose areas were distributed in groups: 10-40, 40-90, 90-140, 140-190, 190 ha. Those < 10 ha were eliminated, being considered uneconomical. It was concluded that as farms increased their yields, less land was dedicated to forage grasses- using them for coffee and maize crops instead. Farms with > income distributed their land in the following way: coffee 7.10/o, maize 11.90/o, rice 3.50 /o, cassava 1.90/o, dairy cattle 71.30/o. It was con­ cluded that rice, bean and cassava crops do not increase earnings: therefore, the resources destined to their cultivation should be distributed among tle following selected activities: dairy farming, coffee and maize cultivation, swine breeding. (Author's summary. Trans. b, L.M.F.) JOO 0531 12872 WALDER, V.M. et at. Padr~es estacionais de preqos de produtos agropecui­ rios no Estado do Espiritu Santo. (Seasonal price patterns of agricultural and animal products in the state of Espirru Santo). Revista Ceres 25(140):372-389. 1978. Port., Sum. Port.; Engl., 10 Refs. Cassava. Prices. Marketing. Brazil. Seasonal price analysis is an important tool for market policy. The objective of this study is the analysis of seasonal price patterns for 6 important farm products in the state of Espi­ ritu Santo: paddy rice, maize, green coffee, beans, bananas and cassava. Moving av of prices paid to farmers over a 12-tno period were used as basic information; data were obtained by extension agents. Products such as rice, maize and coffee, harvested only once a yr, showed a decreasing seasonal index during the 1st semester and an increasing index during the 2nd semester, suggesting an inverse relationship between supply and price. Products harvested throughout the year such as bananas and cassava showed stable seasonal patterns. However, products harvested twice a yr, such as beans, presented higher seasonal indices the 1st semester and lower seasonal indices the 2nd semester. These seasonal price indices may be useful for marketing policies for farmers, middlemen and govt decision-makers. (Author's .umtnary) J00 0532 12288 WIJOYO, P., MARYONO, K. and SOF-TONO. Analysis of efficiency and income of Mukibat cissava farming system in Tulungagung Regency, East Java. Agrivita 2(6):39-69. 1979. lngl., Sum. Engl., 11 Refs. Cassava. Mukibat system. Costs. Culhivars. L.our. Income. Indonesia. A survey was condicted in one of the cassava-producing centers (Tulungagung Regency) in East Java in th,. 1977-78 planting season to study the Mukibat cassava farming system from the viewpoint of production costs, production and income; and the income and economic efficiency of this system as compared with ordinary cassava. Proportionate random sampling was used, with 3 strata divided according to the no. of cassava plants/farm. Results showed that profits from the Mukibat system were higher than for ordinary cassava. Data are given on the basis of management and household activity, and cost/benefit ratios. (Summary by T.B.) J00

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0533 4041 BRASIL. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA. ESCRITORIO DE PESQUISAS E EXPERIMENTAIAO. Projeto naclonal de pesquisas corn a mandloca. (National cassava research pro/ect). Brasilia, Brasl, 1971. 13p. Port. Cassava. Cassava programs. Brazil. This project aims to extend the research and experimentation on cassava and its products to acquire knowledge on the crop and improve product quality. Criteria followed to adequate­ ly implant the project are described. The following aspects were studied: germplasm, bota­ ny, citology, genetics, physiology, ecology, improvement and selection, cultural practices, biochemistry, pests and diseases, nutrition, technology and economy. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F. J00

0534 12990 MOLINA M., C. and OVALLE, L. Estudlo agro-econ6mico y social del cul­ tivo de Ia yuca en Is regi6n Nor-oriental de Barlovento, Venezuela. (Agro-socioeco­ nomic stud., of cassava cultivation in the NE region of Bariovento, Venezuela). Ca­ racas, Venezuela, Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, 1977. 9p. Span. Paper presented at Jornadas Agron6micas, 9a., Maracay, Venezuela, 1977.

Cassava. Socio-economic aspects. Productivity. Costs, Income. Venezuela. In 1976 an agro- and socioeconomic study was conducted in the NE region of Barlovento (Venezuela) to determine characteristics, necessities and problems of cassava cultivation, establish the technology used and make adequate recommendations for its technification and increase production. A sample of 50 exploitation units was used, and a survey of pro­ ducing farmers was conducted. Data was tabulated according to the following parameters: farmer's characteristics, housing type and tenency, plot characteristics and tenancy, labor used, production, production costs/ha, investments and net profit. It is concluded that culti­ vation is done in a rudimentary and traditional way; the region counts with agro-socioeco­ nomic characteristics suitable for the crop; credit organisms should establish timely and corapetent loan plans to encourage crop development; the Instituto Agrario Nacional should make plans for crop expansion. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.I) J00 0535 11233 STROBOSCH, P. Cassava cultivation and starch production in an Andean village. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1979. 12p. Engi. Paper presented at Workshop on Pre-release Testing of Agricultural Technology, Cali, Colombia, 1979. Cassava. Socio-economlc aspects. Cultivation. Processing. Colombia. A socioeconomic study was conducted on cassava cultivation and starch production in Cua­ tro Esquinas, Cauca (Colombia). The area is characterized by small landowners, with a cheap supply of labor, 2 rainy seasons, temperate climate, with cassava and coffee as the 2 most important cash crops. Twenty-four small-scale starch factories' exist in the region, the con­ stant demand for cassava has stimulated its production, although there has not been a major change in agricultural practices. Starch factories may be considered as simple or mechanical, processing 600 and 1200 kg of cassava/day, resp.; although in the latter, cassava shortage may reduce processing to 600-750 kg of cassava/day. Sharecropping is common. After initial manual land clearing, the soil is ploughed with oxen, there is no crop rotation, and the ma­ jority of farmers grow 3 consecutive crops of cassava in the same field. Intercropping sys­ tems used are cassava/plaintain, cassava/maize, cassava/beans and cassava/maize/beans. Chemical technology is limited to the application of insecticides to control ants; herbicides

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and fertilizers are not used due to negative attitudes and lack of sufficient knowledge on their advantages and disadvantages. Except for the small amount used for home consump­ tion, all the cassava is sold locally to the starch factories. Credit facilities are limited. Present problems in cassava cultivation include the growing scarcity of cassava due to excessive demand and to a decrease in cassava yields (frog skin disease and deterioration of soil fertil­ ity), lack of capital and refusal of starch producers to buy fertilized cassava. (Summary by L.M.F.) JO0 0536 13227 DIAZ D., R.O. Caracteristicas de la producci6n de yuca en el mundo con enfasis en America Latina. (Characterization of worldwide cassava production with emphasis on Latin America). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.A-I­ A-32. Span., 20 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Production. Tuber productivity. Prices. Animal nutrition. Factories. Concentrates. Marketing. Statistical data. The importance of cassava cultivation in relation to other agricultural products of cassava­ producing countries is briefly analyzed. The production, area and yields of cassava cultiva­ tion in all the production zones, and especially L.A. countries, were studied with the pur­ pose of evaluating the impact on product prices and producers' income. Since the increase in production is mainly due to the increase in area sown, real prices have been almost constant throughout the period (1955-74) and the majority of the cassava produced is directly used for iuman consumption, one could think that both the supply on behalf of the growers and the demand for human consumption has increased in relation to the popu­ lation growth. An increase in cassava production > 3% yearly would cause a lowering in prices and a reduction in tale gross profit of the producer and therefore, a lack of incentives for production for the following yr. A practical solution should reduce cassava prices to levels competitive with those of other products, principally flours and starches; utilize cassava as an energetic supplement in animal concentrates or as a substrate in unicellular protein production. Export markets for starches should be studied thoroughly since sub­ products from this process are of great utility in animal concentrate industries. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 102 0537 13302 LYNAM, J.K. Cassava. In Centro Internaclonal de Agricultura Tropical. Latin America: trend highlights for CIAT commodities. Call, Colombia. Internal Document Econ 1.5. 1980. pp.99-108. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Production. Tuber productivity. Consumption. Cassava flour. Tubers. Prices. Trade. Latin America. In L.A., food uses determine the demand for cassava, especially in rural areas, because of problems in marketing this highly perishable crop. Production is stagnant due apparently to the lack of growth in demand. A significant growth market for cassava products Is needed; e.g., the alcohol program in Brazil. Outside of Brazil, market growth will come in the animal feed sector but to exploit these markets competitively, increasing technology will be re­ quired. (Summary by L.M.F.) J00 102 0538 13269 COSTA RICA. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA Y GANADERIA. Estu­ dio de costos de producci6n de yuca en la zona norte, zona de San Francisco de la Palmera. (Study on cassava production costs of the northern San Francisco de la Palmera area). San Jos6, Costa Rica. Direcci6n de Planeamiento. Boletfn Ticnico no. 21. 1974. 39p. Span., Illus.

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Cassava. Costs. Cultivation. Marketing. Income. Prices. Costa Rica. The results of an agroeconomic study conducted in the San Carlos region (Costa Rica) in 1973 are given. After analyzing the surveys, it was concluded that the ecological conditions are adequate for cassava cultivation, the highest cost islabor, the av yield is 21.5 t/ha, credit policies are considered opportune, the seed is mostly produced by the farmer himself and market prices are favorable for the producers. Costs are included for: inputs, land prepara­ tion, planting, fertilization, weeding and harvesting. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 0539 13268 ORGANIZACION DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS PARA LA AGRICULTURA Y LA ALIMENTACION. Aumenta la demanda mundial de yuca pero Ia producci6n permanece estacionaria. (World demand for cassava increases but its production remains stationary). M6xico. Servicio de informaci6n de la FAO. Noticiero de Economfa no. 91. 1978. 3p. Span. Cassava. Production. Tuber productivity. Trade. According to the report on nutritional perspectives of the FAO, cassava production is stagnant (av annual production were 76, 96 and 107 million t for the yr 1961/65, 1970 and 1976/77, resp.). In 1977 the av world yield was 8.9 t/ha. Cassava, in spite of having new uses such as chips, flours, pellets, forages, starch and alcohol, is still the basic energy food in rural areas of L.A., Africa and the Pacific islands. The international trade of cassava has increased greatly ir. the last 10 yr due to the increase in imports of EEC countries that are used to utilizing cassava roots as forage. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.l.) J00 0540 4345 MANDIOCA, PRODUTOS tem custo elevado. (tligh costs of cassava prod. ucts). Dirigente Rural 19(9/10):52-53. 1977. Port. Cassava. Marketing. Cassava chips. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Trade. Costs. Prices. Brazil. The international market of Brazilian cassava chips, flour and starches is analyzed. Exporta­ tion of these products has declined due mainly to hh production costs and transport expenditures which cause their value to be higher than those on international price lists. Prices for cassava chips from Thailand and Brazil were 1.95 and 2.49 cruceiros/kg, resp.; starch costs in these countries were estimated to be 16-20 and 26.50 cents/kg, resp. (Sum­ mary by I.G. Trans. by L.M.i ) JOO 102 0541 13296 GRAMACIJO, I. DA C.P. Viabilidade econ6mica de um projeto para o aproveitamento da mandioca na micro-regi~o cacaueira da Bahia, BrasiL (Economic viability of an industrial project to process cassava in the cocoa microregion, Bahia, Brazil). Tesis Mag. Sc. Bogoti, Colombia, Instituto interamericano de Ciencias Agri­ colas de la OEA. Centro Interamericano de Desarrollo Rural y Reforma Agraria, 1972. 247p. Port., Sum. Port., Engl., 32 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Socio-economic aspects. Tubers. Processing. Cassava flour. Trade. Pellets. Cassava chips. Cassava starch. Costs. Brazil. A study was conducted on the socioeconomic factors which characterize cassava produc­ tion and suggestions are made, which could contribute to the solution of cultivation prob­ lems. A survey of the cassava producers in 4 municipalities located in the cocoa micro-region in the state of Bahia was conducted to identify the sampling universe and 61 cssava produc­ ing farmers were randomly selected from this population. Eighty-two %ofthe farmers indi­

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cated favorable opinions toward a cooperative organization. Conditions are favorable for cassava cultivation although the yields are low due to the primitive levels of technology used. All the production of cassava roots in the area is transformed into flour for human consumption and is sold in the region generally at low prices. Currently, there are good perspectives for exporting cassava p,'duet. epecially pellets, chips and starch. Brazil. which is the largest cassava producer in the orld, consumes almost all its production, ex­ porting only a small amount of' the total production. The agro-industrial project for the ex­ portation of the cassava chip%in the cocoa legion, revealed that the industrial production cost is very high for export purposes, theretore it is not competitive in the world market. In order to be competitive, it would require the acquisition of new materials at a max cost of US10.25/t or an increase in the yields. To guarantee a constant suptly, 50% of cassava must be produced by the factory itself. and the other 50% could be purchased the from local farmers. The requirements can be met by reorganizing the productive structure of the cassava crop, providing farmers with adequate technical and financial assistaitce. An agro­ industrial project would represent an important contribution to the diversification of the regional economy and also to improve the living standards of the producers. The intensifi­ cation of exptl work, which would increase cassava production/ha and reduce production costs, is suggested: also, the cassava production scheme in the region can be improved, by organizing production cooperatives that should be organized before the installation of processing industries. (h'xtracted from author's summary) J00 102 0542 13211 THAILAND. MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE &COOPERATIVES. DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS. Agricultural statistics of Thailand crop year 1975/76. Agricultural Statistics no. 54:16, 21, 47, 52. 1)76. Thai., Engl. Cassava. Statistical data. Production. Trade. Cassava flour. Pellets. Wastes. Prices. Cassava meal. Thailand. Tables are given on: (I) the estimated gross domestic product of agriculture, forest and fish products in Thailand; for cassava, this has steadily increased from 1,662.7 t( 2,772.8 million baht (Thai currency) from 1969-75; (2) the value of agriculture, forest and fish exports; for shredded cassava, CF, cassava pellets and cassava residue, these values have increased for the 1st 3 and decreased for the latter; cassava pellets have increased from a ,alue of 616.9 to 4,027.9 million baht from 1969-75, while residual cassava decreased frem 12.0 to 1.4; (3) planted area of the principal upland food crops from 1962-75; cassava cultivation has in­ creased from 767 to 3078 x 10' rai (I ha = 6.25 rai);and (4) the planted area, production and farm value of cassava, 1962-75; root production reached a peak in 1975 with a produc­ tion of 7,053 t/ra. Farm prices, values and wholesale prices for CM and pellets and their market values are included. (Summary by L.M.P) J00 0543 12196 MANDIOCA: UN tubero alla ribalta. (Cassava in the EEC). Informatore Zootecnico 26(12):32-33. 1979. Ital., Illus. Cassava. Marketing. Trade. Feeds and feeding. Europe. Cassava is creating a worldwide problem, especially in EEC. Countries with strong currencies (Netherlands, the German Federal Rep., Denmark) benefit from high import volumes, which has caused notable distortions in the internal trade and competition (Netherlands and Germany resell cattle feed containing 49% cassava to England). The concession of compensa­ tory sums based on the cereal content of the feed instead of the starch content is foreseen. In Italy, the principal EEC importer of cattle feed, the use of cassava is the best way to regain competiveness in the EEC. A leveling off of imports at the present level is feared (Italy would be left out) or cassava will turn into i: nonlisted ingredient of animal feed (in this case, it would be more beneficial for feed producers than for livestock farmers). The risk is greater in Italy since the legislation in this regard requires only the % composition

194

according to chemical analysis. The search for an equitable solution is necessary taking into account cassava producers from Thailand and other countries, feed manufacturers and live­ stock farmers (especially hog raisers). (Summary by LB. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 0544 12744 LYNAM, J.K. and SANDERS, J.H. The role of economists in on-farm testing in agricultural research. Cali, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. l 8 p. Engl., Illus. Cassava. Cassava programs. Technological package. Technology evaluation. Productivity, Economics. Agricultural research in developing countries has lacked relevance to farm-level production problems, especially appropriate technologies for small-scale or limited-resource farmers. Currently research institutions are directing their efforts towards these objectives. This paper is a preliminary assessment of the research carried out by international and national centers, especially the regional trials conducted by CIAT, emphasizing their economical as­ pects. The strategy developed by the CIAT Cassava Program to increase crop productivity by a min-input technological package is described in detail. It is concluded that economic analysis is a critical component in the process of on-farm research, especially in ex-ante eval­ uations on technology adoption. (Extractedfrom summary by F.A.E. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 D02 0545 13621 DIAZ D., R.O. Aspectos econ6micos de la producci6n de yuca en I&Costa Atlintica Colombiana. (Socioeconomic aspects of cassava production on the Colombian Atlantic Coast). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e lzquierdo, V., eds. Simposio Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, lo., Call, Colombia, 1980. Memo­ rias. Cali, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp.57-63. Span., Sum. Span., 2 Refs. Cassava. Marketing. Socio-economic aspects. Costs. Cultivation. Alcohol Labour. Colombia. The criterias used to define 3 regional primary markets on the Atlantic Coast are analyzed: Fundaci6n, Valledupar and Monteria. On the basis of cassava production costs estimated in the Fundaci6n area, a cost of Col.$1033 (US$22.96)/t was estimated. The infrastructure required for installing an alcohol distillery of 60,000 /day is described; this implies grinding 65,250 t of cassava during 180 days of the yr. A cost of US$1.18/gal of alcohol produced was estimated (Summary by F.G. Trans.by L.M. F.) J00 0546 13620 CHAMAT, J.J. Aspectos econ6micos de Ia producci6n de yuca en los Lis­ nos Orientales de Colombia. (Economic aspects of cassava production in the Llanos Orlentalesof Colombia). In Brekelbaum, T., Toro, J.C. e lzquierdo, V., eds. Simpo­ sio Colombiano sobre Alcohol Carburante, lo., Cali, Colombia, 1980. Memorias. Cali, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1980. pp.45-55. Span., Sum. Span., 3 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Climatic requirements. Soil requirements. Cultivation. Costs. Marketing. Colombia. A description is given of the characteristics of the Piedemonte region in the state of Meta (Colombia), where cassava is best cultivated. Agronomic aspects and marketing of the crop are discussed. Production costs are analyzed according to each cultural operation: land preparation, treatment of planting material, planting, resowing, chemical and manual weed control, pest control, fertilization, harvesting, supervision, administration and transporta­ tion. An economic analysis i- also made. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00

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0547 13343 COLOMBIA. MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA. OFICINA DE PLANEAMIENTO DEL SECTOR AGROPECUARIO. Estudio del caso del cultivo do yuca.

(Case study on cassava cultivation). Bogoti. Serie D.A. no. 2. 1979. 53p. Span.

Cassava. Production. Tuber productivity. Trade. Inter-cropping. Technology evaluation. Costs. Colombia. The area planted with cassava in Colombia is made up to a great no. of small plots. The area cultivated during the 1970-78 period remained constant, explaining the lack of stimulus for production and demand stability. Considerable differences exist in crop yields on a national level; an av of 6000 kg/ha is estimated. An important part of the production of small exploi­ tations (, 1 ha) is dedicated to sJf-consumption; a mean consumption of 31.1 kg/person is estimated. Commercialization of cassava roots is affected by the lack of price stability and the distance between production and consumption centers. The information was divided into 3 groups: cassava in monoculture, cassava/other crops and other crops/cassava; these were analyzed according to the area planted and production and yield levels.'rhe role tech­ nologies play in the area sown, production and utilization is indicated as well as consump­ tion figures according to the different income levels. A summary is given of the production costs according to the use of inputs, machinery, animal power and labor and the net farm surplus is also determined on this basis. Tables a~e included on the analyzed aspects. (Sum­ mary by F.A.E. Trans. by L.M.F.) J00 KO 0548 13203 COSTA RICA. MINIST[RIO DL AGRICULTURA YGANADERIA. Cos­ tos de producci6n de yuca, zona norte. (Production costs for cassava in northern Costa Rica). San Jos6. Direcci6n de Planeamiento. Boletin Ticnico no. 60. 1979. 27p. Span., Illus. Cassava. Costs. Income. Production. Statistical analysis. Costa Rica. The results obtained on production costs, incomes and profits in surveys carried out in the N. zone of Costa Rica from oct. 77-nov. 78 are given in table form. On the oasis of these data, a statistical analysis is made of regression and correlation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.b) JO0 0549 Latir. American countries in the development of for Options 12909 LYNAM, J.K. integrated cassava production programs. In The adaptation of traditional agricul­ ture. Camberra, Australian National University. Development Studies Centre no. 11:213-256. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 4 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Cassava programs. Production. Technology. Cultivation systems. Marketing. Socio. economic aspects. Latin America. This paper explores the technological and economic factors that either limit or enhance cassava as a crop alternative in meeting agricultural development objectives in L.A. It is felt that cassava offers great potential for the development of smallholder agriculture and that tile key to achieving sustained grow!'t is through technology design at both the farm and the processing level. For this objective govt policy in the choice of technique is crucial. (Sum­ mary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) JOO 0550 4014 MANDIOCA: produqo ainda n~o atende o mercado. (Cassava). Mercado em Anilise 2(3):21-22. 1976. Port. Cassava. Production. Prices. Cassava flour. Cassava starch. Brazil.

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The low cassava production in Brazil has caused a rise in cassava flour and starch prices. Tables are included on 1975-76 cassava flour prices (fine and coarse)/mo for the markets of Sbo Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and the NE region (Fortaleza and Recife). (Summary by L.M.F.) J00 0551 13207 SANARRUSIA V., I., COTO Q., A. and UMAR4A F.,J. Estudio analitico agroecon6mico de [a producci6n y elaboraci6n de yuca o mandioca en Costa Rica. [Agroeconomic analysis of cassava production and processing in Costa Rica). San Josi, Costa Rica, Ministerio de Agricultura y ;anaderia. Serie Documento de Estu­ dio no. 3. 1975. 29p. Span., 21 Re's. Cassava. Production. Marketing. Costs. Income. Consumption. Prices. Tuber productivity. Costa Rica. The possible expansion of cassava production in Costa Rica in 1975 was studied in order to plan the supply of different markets and improve the balance of paymentu. Root yields are expected to increase by providing technical assistance to farmers, defining input and labor costs and estimating possible incomes. The present situation is analyzed: producing zones, farm characteristics, harvested area, production and its value, producer and consumer prices and the historical trend of the crop. Production costs and net income expecicd/ha were estimated on the basis of an economic analysis of 6 different cases. Availability of cassava is discussed on the basis of apparent consumption, per capita consumption and exports. Market projections for the next 3 yr are presented. A deficit of approx 32,000 t is foreseen for 1976 and 55.000 t for 1977: therefore, there is an immediate necessity of expanding activity, planting 1500-2500 ha more. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M. F) JO0 0552 13266 REPUBLICA DOMINICANA. SECRETARIA Dl I-STADO DE AGRICULTURA. Producci6n de yuca amarga. (Productionof bitter cassava). In_. Plan de desarrollo La Sierra. Santo Domingo, Departamento de Planificaci6n, 1978. pp.86­ 93. Span. Cassava. Bitter cassava. Cassava programs. Planting. Timing. Cultivation. Labour. Costs. Income. Dominican Republic. A 4-yr project for cassava production in La Sierra (Dominican Republic) was proposed. The main problems of the crop are analyzed: rainy season divided into 2 periods. long crop cycle (24 mo): lack of improved var., fertilizers, pest control, inadequate land preparation; limited access to agricultural credit facilities; and the lack of transportation media for the commer­ cialization of products. Recommendations are given for solving these problems, together with a description of the programming for the localization, adequate cultural practices, planting time, equipment, input, labor and credit requirements, production costs and in­ come. (Summary by FG. Trans. by L.M.F.) JOO 0553 13263 EVANGELIO, F.A. White gold of the tropics: Cassava-its potential In the Philippine economy. Visca Vista 2(6): 11-13. 1979. Engl., I I Refs., Illus. Cassava. Ethanol. Economics. Cultivation. Philippines. Ethyl alcohol, one of the best answers to the world energy crisis, is a competitive fuel when burned in properly designed engines. Cassava has higher alcohol units/ha than sugar cane with less production input. Advantages are case of cultivation, no critical period of propaga­ tion and harvesting, adaptability to both extremes of' acid or basic pH, cultivable on all soil types, and resistant to droughts, pests and diseases. With its present cassava production, the

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Philippines can produce ca. 177,718,640 1 of alcohol. Cassava can also be used as a feed supplement although this has not occurred to a great extent in the Philippines because of the popularity of local high-protein leguminous crops (Leucaena leucocephala). Its use in starch production has not been fully developed either. (Summary by L.M.l.) J0 102

Seealso 0114 0446 0472

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0)38 0476

0201 0203 0477 0478

0217 0380 0479 0481

0384 0403 0483 0556

0435 0580

0438

0439

X01

Rotational Schemes and Intercropping

0554 11889 DEERATIKASIKORN, P.and WICKHAM, B. [Comparison ofcasava yieldsas affected by oversowing with Townsville slylo and by inorganic fertilizer application: progress report for 1975-76]. In Khon Kaen University. Research Report 1975. Khon Kaen, Thailand, Faculty of Agriculture, 1977. pp.!-7. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Tuber productivity. Fertilizers. Stylosanthes. Inter-cropping. Thailand. A 3-yr expt was conducted to study the response of cassava to inorganic fertilizer and to study the effect of oversowing Townsville slylo on cassava yield at different rates of fertilizer application. The Ist yr results showed no response of cassava to fertilizer application. Yield ofTownsville stylo tended to be higher in the fertilized plots; however, oversowing stylo resulted in a decrease in cassava yield in both fertilized and nonfertilized plo's. (Authors sumnary) KOI D03 0555 11987 HART, R.[). The design and evaluation of a bean, corn and manioc polyculture cropping system for the humid tropics. Ph.D. Thesis. Gainesville, University of Florida, 1974. 160p. Engl., Sum. Engl., 204 Refs.. Illus. Cassava. Beans. Planting. Timing. Harvesting. Intercropping. Productivity. Spacing. Maize. Field experiments. Statistical design. Costa Rica. When more than one species of crop plant populations is planted within sufficient spatial proximity to result in interspecific competition, the resulting polyculture cropping system has characteristic propertiesi that can he identified and considered i n the design of other polyculture cropping systems. A polyculture cropping system was designed by considering general characteristics of biomass compartmentalization during natural succession. The succession polyculture cropping system wits evaluated in expt at Turrialba. Costa Rica. The expt were designed to allow an investigation of the characteristic properties of polyculture cropping systems by computer simulation. Beans (B), maize (NI) and cassava (C) were planted separately in 3 monoculture systems, and together in 3 polyculture systems. The polyculture systems consisted of a succession polyculture in which B, Mand C v ereall plantedat the same timeand harvested after 9, 18 and 36 wk, resp, a reverse polyculture in which Cwas planted alone and then interplanted with M after 18 wk and B after 27 wk, and all crops harvested after 36 wk, and an intensive polyculture in which 4 B crops, 2 M crops and I C crop were all interplanted during a 36-wk period. Four treatments consisting of the factorial product of 2 fertilizer treatments (0 and an initial applica.ion of 222, 169 and 40 kg/NPK/ha, resp) and 2weeding treatments (no-weeding and weeding every 6 wk) were applied to the 3 mono- and 3 polyculture systems and a natural vegetation cropping system that consisted of the invading weeds. A higher yield and economic return was obtained from the polyculture systems than from any of the monoculture systems. A higher net economic return was obtained from the succession polyculture than from the other polyculture systems. Analysis of the results suggested that weed control and modification of the

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M and C architecture were important factors which contributed to the high yield from the polyculture cropping system. The dynamics of the interspecific competition within the succession polyculture were inve:stigated by analog computer simulation of an energy flow model. After a validation procedure inwhich the biomass dynamics predicted by the model were compared with data collected in the field, a series of fertilizer and insect predation experiments were simulated. The computer simulations were used to consider the properties of polyculture systems with different levels of interspecific competition. The results of 'he expt and compute.,r simulation suggested that, in general, the level of interspecific competition within apolyculture was inversely related to risk. In polycultures with high interspecific competition a decline in yield of one crop resulted in an increase in yield of another. Total polyculture yield was at a max at some point between zero interspecific competition and a point at which interspecific competition was equal to intraspecific competition. The general properties of polyculture systems which became apparent in the evaluation of the succession polyculture system can be used as aguideline in the design of other polyculture systems. (Extracted from summary by'Dissertation Abstracts) KOI 0556 11769 INSTITUTO INIERAMERICANO IDE CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS. DEPARTAMENTO DE CUTIVOS Y SUEL.OS TROPICALES. Sistemas de producci6n agricola probados en el CATIE, Turrialba. Aspectos agron6micos y econ6micos. (Agro-economic a.spects of crop production sistems tested at CATIA

Turrialba). In Reuni6n Anual del Programa Cooperativo CentroamrJcano para el Mejoramiento de Cultivos Alimenticios, l2a., San .los&, Costa Rica, 976. Irabajos presentados. San .Ios . Ministerio de Agricultura, 1976. pp.K I - K II. Span. Cassava. Costs. Inter-cropping. Rotational crops. Spacing. Timing. Beans. Maize. Sweet­ potatoes. Tuber productivity. Energy productivity. Income. Technology evaluation. Costa Rica. A summary is presented of the results obtained from Nov.'74 - Oct. '75 in the evaluation of 24 production systems of beans. nai/e, cassava and sweet potatoes in different spatial and chronological arrangements. A randomized block design was used with 4 replications; there was min use of insecticides, and all cultural practices were done by hand. Bean yields varied from 0.009-1.3 t/ha! yr and cassava yields, 6.3-23.6 t/haIyr. The systems producing the most energy had cassava and sweet potatoes in their composition. Systems with a relatively high protein energy % (9.5-12.7%) had beans and maize. Beans are considered to be one of the principal contributors ofincome in these systems even though they present e production vol than the other crops. Cassava isconsidered amore stable (performance and productionwise) and less risky crop. (Summary by LM.F.) KOI JOO D03 0557 12832 KANCItANAIIUT, C. et al. [Methods and time of intereropping cassava with mung beans]. fi Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research summary. Blangkok, 1976. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Planting. Timing. Inter-ciopping. Beans. Tuber productivity. Income. Field experi­ ments. Thailand. To determine the proper time of intercopping cassava with mung beans and methods of intercropping, a 3 x 4 factorial expt was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were cassava monoculture (TI ), planting in the cassava row (4 hIlls of mung beans between 2 of cassava, the beans spaced at 20 cm, T 2 ), planting between cassava rows (2 rows of mung beans, 30 x 20 cm, T3 ), and T 2 + T3 (3 rows of mung beans, 2 plants/hill/cassava row, T4 ). The mung beans were planted 40, 20 and 0 days before cassava, which was planted at 1 x 1 m. Fertilizer was applied at 4-8-8 kg/rai (6.25 rai = I ha) of N-P2 05 -K2 0 at planting and 4-0-0 kg/rai at 1 mo after planting. Cassava

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was harvested at 12 mo and mung beans at 75 days. Results from Ban Mal Samrong and Hua Field Crop Expt Stations showed that T, was the best method. Planting time had no effect on method of planting as mung bean yields were not reduced although planting cassava 40 days after mung beans gave > income than at 20 and 0 days. (Summary by Kaset. sart University) K01 D02 0558 12344 KANCHANAHUT, C., TIRAPORN, C. and SINTUPRAMA, S. [Methods and time of intercropping cassava with peanuts]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agricul­ ture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research summary. Bangkok, 1976. Thai., Sum. Engl.

Cassava. Field experiments. Planting. Timing. Inter-cropping. Groundnut. Thailand. A 3 x 4 factorial expt, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, was used to determine the proper time and methods of intercropping cassava with peanuts. Methods of planting were cassava monoculture, planting peanuts in the cassava row (4 hills of peanuts between 2 hills of cassava, peanuts spaced at 20 cm), planting 2 rows of peanuts between the cassava rows (30 x 20 cm), and planting 3 rows of peanuts between the cassava rows. Times of intercropping were 40, 20 and 0 days before cassava. Cassava was planted at Ix 1 m and harvested at 12 mo; peanuts were harvested at 120 days. Planting peanuts in the cassava row at the same time as cassava was the best method. (Summary by Kasetsart Uni­ versity) KO D02 0559 12834 KANCIIANAIIUT, C. IMethods and time of intercropping cassava vOith soybean]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research summary. Bangkok, 1976. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Field experiments. Planting. Timing. Inter-cropping. Soybeans. Thailand. To determine the proper time for intercropping cassava with soybeans and the best methods of intercropping, a 3 x 4 factorial expt was used, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Planting methods were monoculture (T, ); intercropping in the cassava row (4 hills of soybeans between 2 hills of cassava, soybeans spaced at 20 cm, T2 ); intercropping between the cassava rows (2 rows of soybeans at 30 x 20 cm, T,); T, + T 3 (3 rows of soybeans, 2 plants/hill/cassava row, TO. Soybeans were planted 40, 20 and 0 days before cassava. T3 was the best method. Planting cassava 0, 20 and 40 days after soybeans yielded nearly the same amount of roots, but at 40 days, soybeans gave > income. (Summary by Kasetsart University) KO I D02 0560 11227 LEIJtNER, D.E. New technology for cassava intercropping. Call, Colombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, 1979. 27p. Engl., 13 Refs., Illus. Paper presented at Workshop on Pre-release 'resting of Agricultural Technology, Ca­ li, Colombia, 1979. Cassava. Technology evaluation. Inter-cropping. Cultivars. Timing. Planting. Spacing. Soil fertility. Mechanization. larvesting. Pest control. Weeding. Legume crops. Colombia. CIAT has developed a ne," intercropping technology (cassava/grain legume associations) that tries to solve the numerous problems that arise in traditional intercropping systems. High­ yielding cassava cv. with an erect, late-branching growth habit are recommended to mini­ mize intercrop competition. The legume species used (preferrably Phascolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, Arachis hypogaea) should be early-maturing, cover the ground rapidly and with

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determinate growth habit. The associated crops should be planted simultaneously, each at its normal monocropping density. An appropriate planting pattern should be determined, and diseases, insects and weeds adequately controlled. Further research is needed in the area of plant nutrition and mechanization of the intercropping system. (Summary by LM.F.) KO D02 0561 12996 LIZARRAGA H., N.A. Evaluaci6n del crecimiento del camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) y su relaci6n con la radiaci6n solar, en monocultivo y en asociaciones con yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y maiz (Zea mays L). (Evaluation of sweet potato growth and its relation to solar radiation, in monoculture and in association with cassava and maize). Tisis Mag. Sc. Turrialba, Costa Rica, Univer­ sidad' de Costa Rica-Centro Agron6mico Tropical de lnvestigaci6n y Ensefianza, 1976. 10 2 p. Span., Sum. Engl., Span., 59 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Sweet-potatoes. Inter-cropping. Field experiments. Costa Rica. This study took place within the central expt carried out by the Tropical Crops and Soils Dept. of the Cent? i Agron6mico Tropical de Investigaci6n y Ensefianza (CATIE), as part of the project on Development of Agricultural Production Systems for the Tropics. In associated systems it is important to evaluate solar radiation conditions and other micro­ climatic factors within the crop, as well as to study the causes affecting these factors. The principal objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate sweet potato (SP) growth in mono­ culture and in association with cassava or maize, by measuring the biological and agronomic components such as length and 0 of the main stem; leaf, stem and root biomass; DM production rate, photosynthetic efficiency and yield; (2) to measure the solar radiation intercepted by the crops of the upper stratum in the associations; and (3) to observe the relationships of the prevalent solar radiation conditions for SP with the biological and agronomic components of growth and yield. SP var. CIS was interplanted between rows of cassava and maize at a density of 50,000, 40,000 and 20,000 plants/ha, resp. The evaluations of the radiation conditions in the associations and in monoculture were done with a Gunn Bellani alcohol distillation radiometer; the biological components were evaluated periodically during the crop cycle, using growth analysis techniques. SP growth and yield were affected by the competitive effect of the species that it was associated with. The interception of solar radiation was greater in the maizC!/SP association than cassava/SIP. The growth and yield of SP tubers was quintitatively greater in the mono­ culture than in the associations. SP yielded more when associated with cassava than with maize. At the time when the gieatest values of SP aerial biomass were registered, the correlation coefficients of dry wt of leaves, stems and roots with solar radiation were high. SP associated with maize was as efficient photosynthe:."ally as SP associated with cassava; but in the latter, yield was greater because the SP received more solar radiation than with maize. (Author's summary) K01

0562 11702 NITIS, I.M. Stylosanthes aftermath as companion crop to cassava and Its subsequent effect on the pasture production. Denpasar, Indonesia. Udayana University. Faculty of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry. IFS Research Grant Agreement no. R76. 1978. 43p. Engl., Sum. Engl., 19 Refs. Cassava. Production. Inter-cropping. Stylosanthes. Field experiments. Productivity. Growth. N. P. K. Fertilizers. Forage. Analysis. Protein content. T-bers. HCN content. Starch content. Leaves. Indonesia. The effect of cassava/stylosanthes aftermath on cassava/stylo production and land productivity after 2 yr of intercropping was studied for 60 wk on a silt loam yellowish brown Latosol, pH 6.0­ 6.5, at Ptang Bali, 450 m elevation. Expt I studied the effect of cutting interval and height ofthe

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stylo aftermath on growth and yield of cassava/stylo aftermath; expt 2, N. P and NPKT fertilization; expt 3,th,: possible N contribution of stylo; expt 4and 5,pasture and elephant grass (Pennisetumpurpureum) production after 2yr of cassava/stylo association. It isconcluded that soil fertility is important in the root nodule N utilization by cassava; decreases in successive cassava/stylo cropping can be minimized by fertilization. The residual effect of fertilizers was still beneficial for the natural pasture after the companion cropping. The effect of Nderived from the stylo root nodule seemed to be greater than that from urea. The carry-over effect of the companion cropping increased the quality and quantity of livestock feed, gave better water and soil conservation and more efficient land utilization. (Author's summary) KOI D03 0563 11900 PA I ANOTHAI. A. and I.AOIIASIRIWONG.S. A comparisononsingle-row vs. double-row imercropping patterns of cassava-legume intcrcropping. /i Khon Kaen University. Annual Report 1976. Khon Kaen. Thailand. Faculty of Agriculture, 1977. pp.34-35. Engl Cassava. Inter-cropping. Productivity. Field experiments. Thailand. Patterns of cassava/ legume intercropping were compared using a randomized block design with 4 replications. The 7 treatments included solid planting of casava. single- and double-row patterns of cassava intercropped with peanuts. soybeans or mung beans. Yields were not significantly different: this may have been due in lack of soil heterogeneity, poor germination of legumes and drought stress. The expt is being repeated. (Suumar. hi LA.F.) KOI 0564 11899 PATANOTHA!, A. and LAOHASIRIWONG, S. A fertilizer trial for cassava­ legume intercroppings. In Khon Kaern University. Annual Re.port 1976. Khon Kaen, Thailand, Faculty of Agriculture, 1977. pp.31-33. Engl. Cassava. Fertilizers. Field experiments. Inter-cropping. Productivity. Cultivars. Thailand. An expt was conducted at Khon Kaen U. (Thailand) to study the effect of 3 levels of 17-17-17 fertilizer (0, 312.5, and 625 kg/ha) on yield of cassava intercropped with legumes (peanuts, soybeans, mung beans). A split-plot design with 4 replications was used. Cassava showed no response to fertilization, but yields in the 4 planting patterns were significantly different. Monoculture produced > yields than intercropping, but yields in the 3 intercropping combinations were about the same. The lower yields could be due to a > no. of small plants as a result of replanting rather than to the effect of intercropping legumes. Peanuts were the least affected by drought stress. Results suggest that on similar soils, fertilization in cassava/legume intercropping may not be profitable. (Summary by LM.F.) KOI DOI 0565 11898 PATANOTHAI, A. et al. Comparisons of cassava-fleld crop Intercropplng combinations. In Khon Kaen University. Annual Report 1976. Khon Kacn, Thailand, Faculty of Agriculture, 1977. pp.20-30. Engl. Cassava. Inter-cropping. Costs. Income. Field experiments. Thailand. This expt conducted at Khon Kaen Univ. (Thailand) and in farmers' fields, compared cassava in monoculture with different combinations of cassava +peanuts, soybeans, mung beans, cowpeas, maize, sorghum and upland rice in terms of production and income, as well as suitability of these species in intercropping with cassava. At the U. farm, arandomized complete block design with 4

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replications was used. Planting was done the same day for all crops, and fertilizers (312.5 kg/ ha of 3-12-12) were applied in all plots; prior to planting there was chemical control of pests in soybean, mung bean, cowpea and sorgham plots. There were no significant yield differences between cassava in monoculture and those obtained from intercropping except with cowpeas and sorghum, which reduced cassava yidlds substantialy. Of the field crops used, peanuts produced the best yields. Cash inputs and net incomes for the different planting patterns are presented; cassava in monoculttre produced the highest net income. In farmers' fields, 2 types oft rials were conducted: (I) the same field crops, except upland rice, were used with one replication, some insecticides and no fertilizers; and (2) intercrops included peatnuts, mung beans and cowpeas with only one combination in 0.16 ha; no fertilizer or insecticide was applied. lntercropping with cowpeas, sorghum and maize reduced cassava yield. Field crop yields were generally poor due to drought stress, soil variability, pests and diseases. In general mung beans and peanuts appear to be the most suitable crops to use in cassava intercropping. Insect control measures and planting time should be improved to assure sufficient rainfall during critical growth periods. The long­ term effect of legume crops in slowing down soil fertility depletion is sufficient to consider cassava/legume intercropping worthwhilc. (Summary by L.M.F.) K01 0566 12032 PEARCE, S.C. and GILLIVER, B. Graphical assessment of intercropping methods. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 93:51-58. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., 7 Refs., Illui Cassava. Inter-cropping. Statistical analysis. Experiment design. Productivity. When expt are conducted on 2 crops in association, significance tests are ava ilable for judging whether treatments arehaving different effects. If differences are established, it is necessary tu assess the treatments in agronomic, dietetic or economic terms. Graphical methods are preset ted to aid such assessment, special attention being given to(I) the stability of recommendations when the monetary or other values of the 2 crops change from season to season, (2)the measurement of yield advantage of mixtures over pure stands and (3) the maximization of yield when it is desired to produce the 2 crops in specified proportions. The relationship to cotnpetition expt is also discussed. Data from a cassava/maize intercropping expt are used to illutrte this approach. (Author's umimary) KOI

0567 12845 SINTUPRAMA, S., TIRAPORN, C. and TONGHAM, A. [lntercropping cassava]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report 1973. Bangkok, 1973. p. 2 6. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Inter-cropping. Income. Groundnut. Maize. Tuber productivity. Thailand. Expt were conducted at the field crop expt stations in Huai Pong, Khon Kaen and Maha­ sarakarm in 1973 to determine suitable field crops for intercropping with cassavR, which gives better income to farmers. Crops tested were maize, soybeans and peanuts. Cassava yield did not decrease when intercropped with soybeans and peanuts. At Mahasarakarm, intercropping gave better income than cassava monoculture except with maize. (Summary by Kasetsart University) K01

0568

12824 SITIBOOT, C. et al. [A study on cassava yields in crop rotation system (3rd year)]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Annual report for 1978. Bangkok, 1978. p.51. Thai., Sum. Engl.

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Cassava. Field experiments. Rotational crops. Beans. Groundnut. Growth. Tuber productivi­ ty. Thailand. To obtain more information on the effects of crop rotation on cassava growth and yield, mung beans, peanuts, a cover crop and cassava were arranged in different order at 3 sites, starting in 1975. Although the expt are still going on, results of the 3rd yr indicate that cassava yield on the plot planted previously to legumes was 7.8-12% higher than on those cropped continuously to cassava. (Summary by Kasetsart University) K01 0569 12835 SONLAKSUP, N. et al. [Farmers field trial on intercropping cassaval. i Thailand. Ministry3 of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. p. 7. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Inter-cropping. Beans. Groundnut. Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Income. Thailand. Results of intercropping cassava with peanuts and mung beans in 6 farmers' fields indicated that root yield of cass;1va was lower for cassava/peanuts than for cassava monoculture. Considering gross income, intercropping gave a higher income (33.77%) than monoculture. For mung beans 4.47% higher income was obtained from intercropping. (Summary by Kasetsart University) K01 0570 [Regional trials on intercropping cassaval. In N. et al. 12847 SORNLAKSUP, Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research summary. Bangkok, 1976. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Tuber productivity. Income. Inter-cropping. Beans. Groundnut. Thailand. Production and income of cassava monoculture and intercropping with peanuts and mung beans were evaluated in expt on 3 farmers' fields, using a randomized complete block design with 2 replications. Each treatment occupieu 1/2 rai (6.25 rai = 1 ha). Cassava was planted at 1 x I m, and the legumes were planted in 2 rows between the cassava rows 20 cm apart. Fertilizer was applied at a rate of 4-8-8 kg/rai of N-P 0,-K 2 0 at planting and 4-0-0 kg/rai at 1 mo. Mung beans, peanuts and cassava were harvested at 75 days, 120 days and 12 mo, resp. Yield of cassava in monoculture was slightly higlier than in intercropping, which may have been due to the high density of peanuts and mung beans. Cassava/mung beans gave a higher income than cassava monoculture but was inferior to cassava/peanuts. (Summary by Kasetsart University) KO0 0571 12843 TONGHAM, A. et al. Ilntereropping cassava. I. Methods of intercropping with mung beans]. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1978. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Inter-cropping. Beans. Planting. Tuber productivity. Income. Thailnd. An expt was conducted at Iluai Pong, U-Thong and Khon Khaen field crop expt stations to evaluate different planting patterns for intereropping cassava with mung beans, using a randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Planting patterns were as follows: cassava monoculture (T,), planting 1 row of mung beans in the cassava row (T 2 ), planting 1 row of mung beans between the cassava rows (T3 ), 2 rows of mung beans between the cassava rows (T4 ), and T2 + T4 , planting 3 rows of mung beans between the cassava rows (T,). All treatments except T were also evaluated at Mahasarakarm, but they were arranged in a Latin square design. Both cassava and mung beans were planted

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at the same time and harvested at 12 mo and 75 days, resp. Results from Huai Pong and Khon Khaen showed that yield of cassava in monoculture was higher than for the other planting patterns, but grain yield of mung beans did not differ (83.6-97.6 kg/ral; 6.25 rai 1 ha). T2 gave higher income than the others. At Mahasarakarm, T4 and T did not reduce cassava or mung bean yields and gave higher income than T,. (Summary %y Kaset sart University) KO1 0572 12848 TONGItAM, A. et al. [Long-term study on intercropping cassava). In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research summary. Bangkak, 1979. Thai., Sum. Engi. Cassava. Field experiments. Inter-cropping. Maize. Groundnut. Beans. Tuber productivity. Income. Thailand. The long-term effect of intercropping cassava and field crops (sweet corn, soybean va. S.J. 2, peanut var. S.K. 38, mung bean var. M7A), as compared to monoculture, was studied beginning in 1975, using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Spacing for cassava, sweet corn and legumes was 100 x 100, 100 x 50 and 30 x 20 cm, resp. The corn and I,.-umes were planted in I and 2 rows, resp., between the cassava rows. Fertilizer was applied at the rate of 4-8-8 kglral (6.25 = I ha) at planting and 4-0-0 kg/rai of N-I' 2 05K 2O at ' mo after planting. All crops were planted at the same time and harvested at 65, 100, 120, 65 and 365 days for sweet corn, soybeans, peanuts, mung beans and cassava, resp. Results from the 1st yr at Iluai Pong Field Crop Expt Station showed that inter­ cropping cassava with all crops did not reduce cassava yield and gave higher income than cassava monoculture. Highest income was obtained with cassava/sweet corn. Intercropping cassava with sweet corn and mung beans at Khon Kaen did not reduce cassava yield and gave a higher income than cassava monoculture, cassava/soybeans and cassava/peanuts. (Summary by Kasetsart University) KO 0573 12838 TONGHAM, A. et a. [Methods of intercropping cassava with mung beansi. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research sum­ mary. Bangkok, 1976. Thai., Sum. Engl. Cassava. Field experiments. Inter-cropping. Beans. Tuber productivity. Income. Thailand. A Latin sil-are design with 4 treatments and 4 replications was used to evaluate methods of intercropping cassava with mung beans. Treatments were cassava monoculture (T), inter­ cropping in the cassava row (4 hills of mung beans between 2.hills of cassava, T1 ), inter­ cropping between the cassava rows (2 rows of mung beans, 30 x 20 cm, T 3 ), and T2 + T, (3 rows of mung beans, 2 plants/hill/row of cassava, T4 ). Results at the 3 expt stations showed that T4 gave the highest yield of mung beans and highest income. A slight decrease in cassava root yield was observed in the intercropping treatments. (Summary by Kasetsart University) KO 0574 12846 TONGHAM, A. et aL [Study on intercropping of casaval. In Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Field Crop Division. Cassava research report. Bangkok, 1975. Thai., Sum. Lngl. Cassava. Field experiments. Adaptation. Groundnut. Maize. Beans. Inter-cropping. Tuber productivity. Income. Thailand. An evaluation ,as made of the suitability, in terms of production and income, of soybean var. S.,. 2, peanrt var. S.K. 38 and mung bean var. M7A for intercropping with cassava and sweet corn. A randomized complete block design with 5 planting patterns and 4 replications

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was used. Cassava was p'lanted at 100 x 100 cm, sweet corn at 100 x 50 and legumes at 30 x 20 cm. Fertilizer was applied at a rate of 8-8-8 kg/ral (6.25 rai - 1 ha) of N-P2 0 -K2 0. Yield of cassava in monoculture was slightly higher than in the lntercropping treatments; but differences were not significant and may be attributed to differences in soil fertility. When the gross income from the different patterns was compared, ntercropping of cassava with sweet corn. soybeans and peanuts gave 14-41.7% more income than cassava mono­ culture. (Summary by Kasetsart University) K01 0575 12953 WILSON, G.F. and ADENIRAN, M.O. Some observations on land produc­ tivity under maize and cowpea in pure stands and in mixed cropping with cassava. Journal of the Association for the Advancement of Agricultural Sciences in Africa 3(2):44-47. 1976. Engl., Sum. Engl., 12 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Inter-cropping. Maize. Cowpeas. Field experiments. Productivity. Energy produc­ tivity. Nigeria. Mixed cropping of maize/cassava followed by cowpeas/cassava was found to be more productive in Nigeria than sequential pure stands of maize followed by cowpeas in terms of both crop yield and energy. By replacing mounds with ridges, mechanization of the mixed cropping system could be increased. (Author'ssummary) KO 0576 13289 MORENO, R.A. and MENESES, R. Rendimiento de aigunas leguminosas Intercultivadas al final del ciclo de vida de ia yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). (Yields of some legumes intercropped with cassava at the end of its growth cycle). Turrialba, Costa Rica, Centro Agron6mico Tropical de Investigaci6n y Ensefianza (CATIE), 1980. 5p. Span., Sum. Span., 1 Ref., Illus. Paper presented at XXVI Reuni6n Anual del PCCMCA, Guatemala, 1980. Cassava. Inter-cropping. Beans. Tuber productivity. Productivity. Costa Rica. In Turrialba, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculawa), lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus) and 2 var. of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), one climbing and the other, bush type, were planted among cassava var. Valenca, 240 days after cassava planting. Cowpea and lima bean yields decreased 33 and 35% in respect to monoculture. The bush var. of common beans, Turrial­ ba-4, reduced its yield 17% due to the competence with cassava while the climbing var. CATIE-1 increased its yield 14% as compared to its resp. monoculture. Cassava, both in monoculture and in association with beans, presented a similar yield (25.4 and 25.6 t/ha, resp.). (Extracted from author's summary. Trans. by L.M.F.) K01 D03

12890 CHEW, W.Y. Weber, E., Nestel, B. Cassava, Trivandrum, Development Research

0577 Cassava intercropping patterns and practices in Malaysia.Jn and Campbell, M., eds. Workshop on Intercropping with India, 1978. Proceedings. Ottawa, Canada, International Centre, 1979. pp.43-48. Engl., 9 Refs., Illus.

Cassava. Field experiments. Inter-cropping. Maturation. Spacing. Planting. Shoots. Propaga­ tion. Productivity. Malaysia. Cassava monoculture is the most widespread cropping system in Peninsular Malaysia, usually illegally planted by smallholders on state-owned land. Other cropping systems include: (1) cassava + rubber; (2) cassava + other perennials (oil palm and coconut) and (3) cassava +an­ nual crops: peanuts, sorghum, chili, tobacco and asparagus beans (Vigna sesquipedalis). These were relay cropped experimentally (10 treatments), including 15 crop combinations consisting uf relays uf the 5 annual crops in (a) mature, (b) immature and (c) both mature

207

and immature, cassava. All treatments which were replicated thrice in a randomized com­ plete block design in plots of 8 x 5 m, were relayed twice (May/June 1976, April/May 1977). It was concluded that relay cropping of cassava following peanuts, sorghum, chili, tobacco and asparagus beans is more likely to succeed than relaying these after cassava. lowever, this could be due to the use of long (60 cm) stem cuttings, which results in better development of cassava shoots. In maturing cassava, the competition for space and nutrients is usually too great for normal establishment and growth of annual relay crops grown from seeds (except asparagus beans, for which the relay period, nevertheless, has to be reduced to 10-15 days). With chili and tobacco, a longer relay period of about 30 days is possible.

(Summary b' L., . ) KO 1

0578 12950 DI-VOS, P.and WILSON, G.F. Intercropping of plantains with food crops: maize, cassava and cocoyams. Fruits 34(3):169-174. 1979. Engl., Sum. Fr., 14 Refs.. Illus. Cassava. Inter-cropping. Maize. Cocoyams. Banana-plantains. Field experiments. Produc­ tivity. Costs. Nigeria. Some of the most commc,, crop combinations involving plantain were compared with plan­ tain in sole cropping. Plantain bunch wt were not suppressed when the other crops were cocoyam, and combinations of maize and cassava. Reducing plantain population to accom­ modate other crops adversely affected economic returns. The plantain-cocoyam combina­ tion had a low labor input and the highest return. The poor performance of the cassava suggests that it is not suited to cropping combinations with plantain. (Summary by Ab. stracts on Trepical Agriculture) KO1 0579 13239 THUNG, M. and COCK, J.11. La yuca como cultivo principal de un sistema de cultivo m6ltiple. (Cassava as the main crop in a multiple cropping system). In Manual de producci6n de yuca. Cali, Cotombia, Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical. Programa de Yuca, 1979. pp.D-23 - I)-35. Span., 20 Refs., Illus. Cassav. Inter-cropping. Beans. Cultivation. Colombia.

Multiple cropping, ;equential cropping, intercropping, mixed intercropping, intercropping in rows, in strips, relayed intercropping, cropping patterns. monoculture, crop rotation and land equivalent ratio are defined. The characteristics of multiple cropping and intercropping with beans are discussed; for the latter, problems of competence are discussed (light. CO,. water and nutrients). Some cultural practice.; are recommended for cassava/bean intercrop­ ping:soil and fertilization type, water availability, propagation material, and weed, pest and disease control. (Suminarlt bn . G. Trans. b' L.M.I'.) KO1 D02 0580 Agroeconomic considerations in cassava intercropping re­ search. In Vebcr. -.. Nestel, It and Campbell. M.. eds. Workshop on Intercropping 12895

II.INN, J.C.

with Cassava. Tfrvandrutn. India, 1978. Proceedings. Ottawa, Canada. International I)evelopment ResearCh ('entre. 1979. pp.87-101, lingl., Sum. I'ngl., 40 Refls., Illus. Cassava. Research. Inter-cropping. Technology evaluation. Costs. Productivity. Income. Socio-economic aspects. Philippines. Research aimed at developing improved cassava-based cropping systems should be based on an understanding of why specific cassava-based cropping patterns prevail. This implies a

knowledge of the reasons why farmers manage their crops in the %%ay they do. and an appre­ ciation of' the agronomic, economic and social advantages and disadvantages of the cropping

208

systems it is hoped to change. Such information is best gained through the researcher having firsthand contact with the farmer and his environment. larm-focused studies should be collaborative between, for example, an agronomist, farm management economist and pest management scientist if they are to most effectively influence research requirements and design. The normal biocconomic relationship that prevails in cassava-based intercrops is one of competition; that is, after some point, the yield of one crop in the mixture can only be increased at the expense of the other. The combination ot inputs that will result in net benefits being maximized for the cropping pattern is when inputs are used to the point where the value of the increment in output of the intercrop is equated with the per unit value of the input. The most usual and practical way of evaluating the relevance of proposed cropping patterns and cultural techniques is through budget analysis focusing on the return to the farmer's most limiting resources, and the variability of these returns. Often the

market prices for some of the most important inputs for the low resource farmer - particu­

larly family labor, capital and land - poorly reflect their scarcity value to the farmer, which

implies that these inputs should be valued at their opportunity costs. When resources and

time permit, the alternatives may be evaluated within a whole-farm framework, which to some extent reduces thie researcher's need to estimate opportunity values as they are inter­ nally generated. The evaluation of new innovations should be derived from results that resemble farm conditions as closely as possible. Such conditions are best achieved by con­ ducting the cropping systems research on farmer's fields. This component of technology development and assessment will ideally involve a range of activities from research-mano.ged trials through to the joint.evaluation of proposed extension recommendations by farmers,

scientists and extension workers. Postadoption studies provide links to the research and planning process to enable their activities to be more efficiently directed to the real produc­ tion constraints faced by farmers. (Author's summary) KOI J00 0581 13244 PINTO, I. and CIAIIKDA. R. Fertilizaci6n y comportamiento de laasocia­

ci6n de maiz-yuca-fame en laEstaci6n El Carmen de Bolivar. (Evaluation ofcrop response to fertilization in the association Inwize/cassava/yans in northern Colom­ Nacional de Suelos. Infor­ bia). i Insituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Programa 4 86 mede progreso 1976-1977. Bogoti, 1978. pp.18 -1 . Span. Cassava. Field experiments. Inter.cropping. Fertilizers. Cultivars. N. P.Productivity. Colom­ bia. Aln expt %,asconducted on tertili7ation and behavior of maize/cassava/yan, in association at H Carmen Station. state of Bolivar (Colombia). Maize var. Cobita Amarillo and hybrids 210 and 154. yam var. Concha de Coco and cassava var. Mona Blanca were used in 27 treatments with a split plot design. Yams and cassava %%cre planted 30 and 60 days after maize. Ferti­ lizers used were urea t46% N)and triple %upcrphosphate(46% P00 ). Mona Blanca did not respond to fertilization. Nutritional requirements are different for each crop; this should be taken into account in fertilizer recommendations for associated crops. (Sumrnary bY .G. Trans. bs' I..M..') KOI 1)01

Seealso 0119

0155

0209

0513

0547

209

K02

Descriptive and Comparative Stdies

0582 12121 GYASI, E.A. A comparative geographical analysis of maizeproduction in Ghana. Ph.D. Thesis. Madison, University of Wisconsin, 1975. 237p. Engi., Sum. Engl.. 216 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Maize. Developmental research. Soclo-economic dspects. Cultivation. Cassava programs. Ghana. This thesis studies and evaluates the factors underlying spatial variations in 'ie production of maize per holder in Ghana. The proportion of fields devoted to cassava wai; lgher in SekesuaAgbletsom and Lome-Nduem than in Sekyeredumasi. This may be a functira ofdietary habits; it could also mean that a higher population density is inducing a shift towards the production of the less valued but higher yielding cassava in order to offset diminishing returns in maize production. Analysis of the pattern of crop combination revealed that subsistence crops, notably cassava, are cultivated on the cost-free family-communal holdings, while the market-oriented maize tends to be raised on leaseholds and share-crop plots. A continuation of this trend is apt to be detrimental to the future of maize production in Ghana. (Summary by tracts on TropicalAgriculture) K02 0583 11214 LAL, R., WILSON, G.F. and OKIGBO, B.N. No-tillfarmingafter various grasses and leguminous cover crops in tropical Alflsol. 1.Cropperformance. Field Crops Research l(l):71-84. 1978. Engl., Sum. Engl., 23 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Maize. Legume crops. Productivity. Field experiments. Cover crops. Nigeria. Maize, cowpeas, pigeon peas, soybeans and cassava were planted by zero-tillage method in a2-yr­ old chef ically eradicated sod of cover crops near Ibadan (Nigeria). The cover crops comprised the grasses Panicum maximum, Setaria sphacelata, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Melinis minutiflora, and the legumes Centrosema pubescens, Pueraria phaseoloides, G'cine wightiiand Stylosanthes guyanwnsis. Effects of cover crops on chemical and physical soil properties are discussed. Cr vyields differed with the cover crops, being significantly higher under Centrosema, Pueraria, Sty.osanthes and Brachiaria as compared with control and the other cover crops. Irachiariasod was difficult to eradicate and to plant with the zero-tillage method. Maize and cowpea grain yield and cassava root yield were positively related to infiltration rate and negatively to soil bulk density. (Summary by Abstracts on Tropical Agriculture) K02 D02 0584 9053 MORENO, R.A. Efecto de diferentes sistemas de cultivo sobre Is severidad de Is mancha angular del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), causada por IsariopsisgriseolaSacc. (Effect of different cropping systems on the severity of angular leaf spot of beans). Agronomia Costarricense l(l):39-42. 1977. Span., Sum. Span., EngI.. 17 Refs.

210

Cassava. Inter-cropping. Maize. Beans. Costa Rica. The severity of angular leaf spot (Isarinpsis griseola) of beans was examined in 6 different cropping systems. In these, beans were grown alone and in association with maize, sweet potato, cassava, maize +sweet potato and maize +cassava. Severity of the disease during the pollination and early fruiting stages was highest in those systems that included maize and lowest in those between systems of beans with sweet potato and beans with cassava. No differences were detected E03 K02 summary) (Author's pollination. treatments during the period up to

211

ZOO

GENERAL

0585 12113 COURSEY, D.G. and BOOTH. R.H. Root and tuber crops. In Leakey, C.L.A, and Wills, J.B., eds. Food crops of the lowland tropics. Oxford University, 1977. pp.75-83. Engl., 26 Refs. Cassava. Alanihot. Taonomy. Plant physiology. Plant geography. Selection. Genetics. Propagation. Harvesting. Weeding. Cassava African mosaic virus. Xanthomonas manihotis. Mononychellus tanajoa.Storage. Gari. Foofoo. Animal nutrition. Human nutrition. Research on tropical food crops, especially root crops, has been neglected due to the importance given to grain crops within the cultural framework of W. Europe, which has influenced the development of agricultural science. Root crops present a high biological efficiency: strength in other parts of the plant is not needed to support thickened roots or tubers: increased size of the edible part isnot necessarily associated with increase of nonedible tissue (ratio of edible tissue to total biomass may be over 0.7: 1). A detailed description is given of cassava, considered the most important root crop: botany and classification, origin and distribution, efficiency of food production from solar energy, crop physiology, propagation, response to fertilizers, weed control, harvesting, pests and diseases, storage of roots, and uses in homan and animal nutrition. A short review is also included on genetic selection in cassava. (Surnmary by L.M.F) ZOO 0586 12922 FLEURANTIN, G. Dc Ia culture du manioc, memoire de sortie. (Cassava cultivation). Port-au-Prince, Universit6 d'Etat d'Haiti. Facult6 d'Agronomie et Mddecine Vtrinaire, 1979. 41p. Fr. Cassava. History. Cultivars. Ecology. Water requirements (plant). Soil requirements. Propa­ gation. Planting. Inter-cropping. Timing. Fertilizers. Harvesting. Diseases and pathogens. Uses. Nutritive value. Composition. Haiti. An inventory is presented of cassava cultivation and its applications in different sections of small Haitian industries, as well as abroad, included are the history, synonymy, zones, vol and var. cultivated in Haiti (44,800 ha planted; total production of 112,000 t; 4.5 t/ha); description, ecology and propagation of the plant; land preparation, planting of cuttings (planting distance and angle); associated crops, planting time and treatment of stem cut­ tings; fertilization, harvest; yields; diseases (Cercospora caribaca present mostly in humid zones), parasites and pests; nutritive value, chemical composition of roots; toxicity; uses (food, industrial and forage). It is recommended to increase production in Hlaiti, partially substitute the wheat imports, improve and intensify crops (healthy seed, var. with a short vegetative cycle, improve the local genetic potential, conservation methods, market studies, the establishment of processing industries, subsidies and extension services). Some economic data arc included on cassava cultivation in Haiti. (Summary by LB. Trans. by L.M.F.) ZOO

212

0587 12107 GODFREY-SAM-AGGREY, W. and BUNDU, H.S. Cassava production in Sierra Leone. World Crops 31(5):188-192. 1979. Engl., Sum. Engl., Fr., Span., 5 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Production. Spacing. Weeding. Zonocerus variegatu Cassava mosaic virus. Maps. Rotational crops. Fertilizers. FooFoo. Cassava bread. Cassava flour. Sierra Leone. The importance of cassava in the economy of Sierra Leone is brought into focus by the use of population, area planted to cassava, production, av production per capita and consump­ tion figures. The distribution of sweet and bitter cv. in the country and the common local cv. are cited. Recently collected cv., coded and planted in a museum at Njala, are being characterized for synonymy and identification. Practices used by peasants in cassava production are recorded. Agronomic practices certainly afford wide scope for improvement. Previous research work is reviewed and new exptl evidence produced recently to increase cassava production was highlighted. The transfer of new practices and techniques to peas­ ants for increased cassava production will involve farmer education and participation through the use of result and method demonstrations. (Authork summary) ZOO 0588 12972 HARRIS, R.M. and MONGE, F. Information retrieval in agronomy by the association of ideas through citation indexing. In Velisquez, P. and Nadurille, R., eds. Congreso Mundial de la Asociaci6n Internacional de Bibliotecarios y Docu­ Mkxico, Instituto Nacional de In­ mentalistas Agricolas, M6xico, 1975. Memoria. 23 vestigaciones Agricolas, 1978. pp.107-1 . Engl., Surn. Engl., 5 Refs., Illus. Cassava. Research. Information retrieval. Information retrieval from agricultural journal literature is increasingly more difficult as the journal literature increases in size and because of the highly interdisciplinary nature of the agricultural sciences. Citation indexing is rapidly being adopted at institutions engaged in agricultural research because of the multidisciplinary indexing and interdisciplinary retrieval enabled by this indexing method. Moreover, effective retrieval by the association of ideas is achieved through citation indexing and its underlying principle that an author's references to previously recorded information identify much of the earlier significant work related to his present research report or publication. This is illustrated by a search on cassava, using the Science Citation Index. (Extracted from author's summary) ZOO

0589 11761 MANDIOCA-Manihot utilissima. (Cassava). Dirigente Rural 6(4):33-34. 1967. Port., Illus. Cassava. Climatic requirements. Soil requirements. Land preparation. Cultivars. Fertilizers. Agricultural lime. Propagation materials. Planting. Spacing. Timing. Weeding. Erinnyisello. Silba pendula. Xanthomonas manihotis. Mycoplasmoses. Cercospora caribaea. Brazil.

Recommendations are given on some aspects of cassava cultivation: climate, soil and its preparation, var., fertilization, liming, characteristics of propagating material, arrangement of cuttings in the row, planting density and time, weed control, control of the principal pests (the hornworm - Erinnyis clio, shoot flies - Silba pendula, and stemborers - Coeloster­ nus spp.) and diseases (CBB, witches'-broom and white leaf spot)$ harvest and crop rotation. (Summary by F.G. Trans. by L.M.I.) ZOO

0590 11300 TOLEDO, A.P. DE A cultura da mandioca. (Cassavacultivation). Boletim de Agricultura 39:415-428. 1938. Port., Illus.

213

Cassava. Climatic requirements. Soil requirements. Fertilizers. Planting. Timing. Spacing. Propagation. Cultivars. Weeding. Pruning. Harvesting. Costs. Tuber productivity. Disease control. Xanthomonas manihotis. Erinnyis ello. Insect control. Brazil. Aspects related to cassava cultivation are discussed in detail: climate, soil (land shold receive good direct sunlight and be sheltered to avoid strong S. winds), fertilization, planting time, propagation, planting density, var. (Vassourinha), weed control, pruning, harvesting, production, costs, yields, adequate control of CBB and the cassava hornworm (Erinnyis ello) and the utilization of branches in animal feeding. (Summary by F. G. Trans. by L.M.F.) ZOO

214

.. AUTHOR INDEX,

Abbes, D. 0361 Abe, M.O. 0484 Abrahao, 1.0. 0005 Acosta, C. 0128 Adenkule, A.A. 0255 Adeyanju, S.A. 0375 Adour Entreprise 0488 Adrian, J. 0362 Ahonkhai, S.I. 0363 Ajmad, D. 0233 Albuquerque, M.de 0114 Alcintara, E.N. de 0131 All, Bin Syed Abu Bakar, S. 0377 Allem, A.C. 0001 Allen,G.H. 0427 Alvim, P.de T. 0428 Alvim, R. 0217 Amaral, R. 0376 Amarasiri, S.L. 0053 Amila, B.L. 0469 Andrault, J.P. 0495 Angulo T., M.N. 0402 Angulo, M. 0410 Arbeliez de Morales, G. 0496 Aro, N.d' 0429 Asari, P.A.R. 0273 Aschengreen, N.H. 0426 Asokan, P.K. 0054 Azoulay, E. 04P9 Babasanta, E.A. 0364 Bajaj, Y.P.S. 0012 Banco do Brasil 0431 Banthukul, R. 0132 0308 0311 Barreira, M.A. 0133 Barrett, M.D.P. 0417 0418

0309 0310

Barrios, G., E.A. 0035 BarriosR.,J.R. 0134 Bastos, J.A.M. 0293 Bellotti, A.C. 0290 0292 0295 0299 0312 Bennett, M.C. 0479 Bernuy B., J.C. 0116 Biradar, R.S. 0313 Bondar, G. 0274 Booth, R.H. 0432 Borbbreve, G.J. 0407 Botelho, P.S.M. 0275 Bouriquet, NI. 0239 Brasil. Ministerio de Agricultura 0497 0533 Brekelbaum, T. 0206 Broertjes, C. 0306 Buddenhagen, I.W. 0314 Buitrago A.,J. 0378 Burger, J. 0433 Butare, 1. 0240 Cabral, O.M. 0297 Calle C., F. 0272 Camargo Filho, V.P. de 0499 Campus. O.F. de 0379 Cirdenas R., E. 0276 0291 Cardoso, E.M.R. 0405 Cardoso, R.M. 0380 CarmonaB.,C. 0135 Carvalho Junior, A.V. de 0470 Castro de R., G. 0500 Castro, M. 0210 0434 Castro M., A. 0205 0215 Cavina, R. 0136 Cenpukdee,U. 0219 0220 Central Tuber Crops Research Institute 0137

215

Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical 0055 .0138 0435 Chamat, J.J. 0546 Chandra, S. 0223 0501 Chandrasekharan Nair, M. 0256 Chandrasrikul, A. 0234 Chantarapanik,S. 0056 0057 Chapman, R.F. 0277 Chataigner, J. 0139 Chen.C.T. 0257 Chew, W.Y. 0577 Chewsamut, S. 0058 Chuluch, P. 0059 Ciociola, A.I. 0278GeotiB.M.15 Cock, J. 0208 0225 0502 Coelho, J.P. 0140

Fades, A.R.N. 0301 Fernandes,C.S. 0117 Ferreira, J.C. 0438 Ferrero, D.M. 0289 Fleurantin, G. 0586 Flinn, J.C. 0580 Forno, D.A. 0065 Fukuda, C. 0252 Fundaqlo Centro Regional de Produtividade do Piaui 0439 Fundaq o Getulio Vargas 0154 Gatel, P. 0511 0512 GerodettiB.,M. 0155 Gerpacio, A.L. 0382 Godfrey-Sam-Aggrey, W. 0036 0587

Colmenares, J. 0481 Colombia. Ministerlo de Agricultura 0547 Conceiqgo,AJ.d 141 0142 04920 0503

Gomes, J.P. 0365 0383 G6mezG.,G. 0414 Gramacho, 1. da C.P. 0541 Greata, A.G. 0440 Green, M. 02800122 GrisalesG.,A. Guritno, B. 0156 0157 0158 Gutheil, N.C. 0420 Guti6rrez P.,D. 0129 Guti~rrez, N. 0384 Gyasi, E.A. 0582

Connor, D. 0062 Rica. Ministerio de Agricultura y GaCosta naderia 0538 0548 Costa,A.S. 0143 0264 Coulson, A.C. 0504 Coursoy, D.G. 0505 0585 Cresta, M. 0506

Deeratikasikorn, P. 0554 Delgado, A. 0144 Dennett, K. 0424 Devos, P. 0578 Diaz D.,R.O. 0536 0545 Diaz, R.O. 0145 Divinagracia, G.G. 0258 Dixon, J.A. 0507 Dole, G.E. 0482 DominguezO.,C.E. 0002 0021 Doorman, F. 0508 Dorestes S., E. 0300 Duangpatra, P. 0063 Dye, D.W. 024'1

Hahn, S.K. 0317 Harper, R.S. 0159 Harris, R.M. 0588 Hart, R.D. 0555 Hemerly, FX. 0160 Herath, H.M.P. 0441 Hershey, C. 0355 0356 Holmes, E.B. 0216 Hostalacio, S. 0022 Howeler, R.H. 0061 0127

Igbeka, J.C. 0442 lgwebuike, R.U. 0513 Indira, P. 0006 0023 Indonesia. Central Bureau of Statistics 0514 Edmunson, W.C. 0509 Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Efferson, J.N. 0436 Tropicales et des Cultures Vivriires Elango, F. 0242 0243 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecudria 0319 0148 0149 0150 0151 0152 0259 Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agd" Empresa Brasileira de Assist~ncia Tecnica e colas 0556 Extens-oRural 0146 0147 frikura, Y. 0066 Ene, L.S.O. 0360 Enriquez V., F. 0381 Javier, R.R. 0024 Escoto, R. 0476 Joepfert, C. 0161 Estaci6n Experimental Agraria El Porvenir Johnston, T.D. 0472 0316 Joia, J. 0037 Evangelio, F.A. 0374 0553 Juri, P. 0025 Evenson, J.P. 0510 Ezeilo, W.N.O. 0064 Kaiser, W.J. 0013

216

Kanapathy, K. 0067 Kanchanahut, C. 0557 0558 0559 Kang,B.T. 0126 Karindah. 0302 Kayisu, K. 0421 Keating, B.A. 0068 Khajarern,J.M. 0051 0385 0409 0411 0412 Khajarern, S. 0386 0387 0416 Kimati, H. 0235 Kitajima, E.W. 0265 Kok, E.A. 0388 Kubota, T. 0069 Kuramarohit, K. 0070 Lacharme, F.J. 0119 Lai, R. 0583

Lal, S.S. 0303 Le Dividich, J. 0366 Leihner, D.E. 0162 0209 0212 0214 0560

Lian, T.S. 0221 Lii, C-Y. 0038 Lima, D.C. de 0486 Lima, T.B. de S. 0444 Lizarraga H., N.A. 0561 Longe, O.G. 0389 Lopes, E.B. 0260 L6pez F.,Y. 0120 Ldpez, R.H. 0011 Lozada, Hl. 0413 Lozano, J.C. 0115 0163 0211 0296 0357 Lynam,J.K. 0164 0537 0544 0549 Macedo, M.C.M. 0029 Magalhaes, P.C. 0118 Maini, S.B. 0226 Mnickam, R. 9391 Marcano A., JJ. 0354 Marchant, J.L. 0423 Marriott, J. 0227 Marzola, D.L. 0072 Mattos, P.L.P. de 0320 Mendes, M.A. 0392 Mendes, R.A. 0026 Meriezes, D.M. de 0367 0368 Mrnezcs, TJ.B. de 0473 0480 Meuser, F. 0422 0474 Meyer, OJ. 0485 Miche, J.C. 0369 Minnikin, D.E. 0493 Missiaen, F. 0446 Moh, C.H. 0321

Molina M.,C. 0534

Montilla S., J. de J. 0393

Montilla, J.J. 0394

Moraes, J.R. de 0468

Moraes, O.de 0010

Moralm C., G. 0048 Morei,., C. 0231 Moreno,R.A. 0222 0576 0584 Morgan-Rees, A.M. 0516 Mostade, J.M. 0237 Mueller, K.E.K. 0447 Mufioz, R.I. 0322 Nagy, S. 0049 Naigeon, C. 0517 Nair, P.G. 0448 Nakviroj, P. 0073 Nandakumarmn, M. 0040 Narintaraporn, K. 0007 0165 0166 0228

Nassar, N.M.A. 0003 0004 0307 0323 0324 0325 0326 0351

Navarrete, L. 0449 Navarro S., A. 0478 Navas, G. 0450 Nayar,G.G. 0014 Ngaba, P.R. 0451 NietoM.,J. 0452 Nigeria. Ministry of Economic Development 0453 0477 Ninmanee, S. 0244 Nitis, I.M. 0562 Nobre, A. 0041 0042 0518 Nop-Amornbordee, V. 0074 0075 0076 Normanha, E.S. 0077 Normanha, E.S.A. 0043 0078 0202 Nugroho, J1. 0079 Nwanze, K.F. 0282 Ocampo J., NI.A. 0232 Ofori, C.S. 0124 Ogunsua, A.O. 0370 Oke, O.L. 0045 0396 Oliveira, D. de 0167 Oliveira, L.E.M. de 0080 Olusi, S.O. 0419 Organizaci6n de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentaci6n 0539 Orraca.Tetteh, R. 0229 Otim.Nape, A.W. 0245 0246 Ozuna, D.T. 0327 Page, W.W. 0283 Parker, B.L. 0454 Passam, lf.C. 0230 Patanothai, A. 0563 0564 0565 Pateha, L.F. 0168 Pearce, S.C. 0566 Peixoto, R.R. 0403 PeLxoto, S.M. 0455 Peila, C.E. 0294 0304 Pefla, J.E. 0284 Pereira,J.F. 0015 Pereira, S.C. 0008

217

Perim, S. 0254 Pershy, G.J. 0247 0253

Phillip:,T.P. 0519 0520 0521

Piedrahi~a C.,W. 0169

Pillai, K.G. 0081 Pimenta, A. 0170

Pinho,J.L.N.de 0171

Pinto, J. 0581

Pinto, R. 0009

PoloO., A. 0353

Pratt, N. 0371 Quintero V., F.M. 0350 Rademacher,W. 0263

Raja, K.C.M. 0456 Ramirez S., E.A. 0113 Ramirez,A. 0130 Ramos, J.G.A. 0248 Ravelo, G. 0397 0457 Razak, A.R. 0269 Reddy, D.B. 0249 Reddy, T.K. 0398 Reis.P.R. 0305 Repiblica Dominicana. Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura 0524 0552 Rey, It.Y. 0016

Richards, D. 0525

Rickard, J.E. 0231

Robinson, R.K. 0458 Roca,W.M. 0017 0018 0358 0359 Rodrigues, R.A. 0172 Rodriguez M.,S. 0173 Rodriguez N., A. 0329 Rojanaridpiched, C. 0027 Rolando R.,J.L. 0030 Rosenthal, F.R.T. 0526 Rubio C., E. 0408 Rubio, P.1'. 0352 Ruiz B.,P. 0250 Saint, W.S. 0527 Saldias, M.O. 0174 Sampaio, A.S. 0459 Samways, M. 0460 Samways, M.J. 0285 Sanarrusia V., E. 055 1 Sandoval C., L.F. 0175 0176 Santana, A.C. 0083 Santana, J.C.R. 0406 Santos N., J. 0490 Santos, E.de 0. dos 0349 Sar,T.vander 0177 Saradamma, K. 0399 Sastrahidayat, I.R. 0261 Saunders, J.L. 0271 Schneider,Von W. 0415 Seidemann, J. 0425 0461 Senez, J.C. 0491

218

Serafino, A. 0270 Sereeponk, S. 0084

Shahln, E.A. 0034

Sharma, A.P. 0178 0179

Silva, A. de B. 0286 Silva, A.A. da 0180

Silva, J.R. da 0181 0330 0528

Silveira, A.H. da 0462 Silvestre, R. 0400 Sinthuprama, S, 0182 0183 0331 0332 0529 Sintuprama, S. 0333 0567 Sithibut, C. 0085 0086 0087 Sitiboot, C. 0088 0089 0090 0091 0092 0093 0094 0095 0096 0184 0568

Sivan, P. 0334

Sol6rzanolH.,A. 0186

Sombatnun, P. 0187

Sonlaksup, N. 0569

Sornlaksup, N. 0570

Souza, T.S. 0097

Spear,S.N. 0019 0031

Str-rey, 1l.H. 0266

Strobosch, P. 0535

Subramaniam, T.R. 0287

Suthipradit, S, 0098 Tan, S.L. 0032

Tanaka, M.A. de S. 0238

Teles,F.F.F. 0046 0047

Temalilwa, C.R. 0373

Termes, M. 0262

Terry, E.R. 0267

Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemistry Section 0100 0101 0102 0103 0104 0105 Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Division of Research and Experiment 0044 0106 0188 Thailand. Department of Agriculture. Research and Experiment Division 0189 Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Chemistry Section 0099 Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture & Coop­ eratives Division of Agricultural Economics 0542 Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Division 0107 Thailand. Ministry of Agriculture. Research and Experiment Division 0335 0336 Thanh,N.C. 0463 0464 Thompson, G.D. 0465 Thung, M. 0579 Tillon, J.P. 0401 Tilquin, J.P. 0020 Tiraporn, C. 0190 Toledo, A.P. de 0590

Tongham,A. 0191 0192 0193 0194 0571 0572 0573 0574 Tongsri,S. 0028 0337 0338 0339 0340 ToroM.,J.C. 0121 0195 0196 Trejo, J.A. 0288 Tres, F. 0207 U.S. Department of Ihealth, Education, and Welfare 0372 Uttayopas, P. 0108 0197 Velizquez, E. 0251 Velly, J. 0123 Vermaat, P. 0198 Vicira, G. 0530 Vitti, P. 0471 Vlitos, AJ. 0224 Vries, C.A. de 0109

Walder, V.M. 0531 Wannapooti, V. 0199 Wargiono,J. 0125 Watananon,W. 0218 0341 0342 0343 0344 0345 0346 0347 0348 Whitney, W.K. 0298 Wijewardene, R. 0200 Wijoyo, P. 0532 Williams, C.E. 0467 Williams, II.J. 0050 Wilson, G.F. 0575 Yingchol, Y. 0110 0111 Young, D.L. 0201 Zaag, P. Vander 0112 Zem, A.C. 0268 Zwankliuizen, M.T. 0466

219

SUBJECT INDEX

ABSORPTION 0353 0351 0380 0112 3119 0125 ACARICIDES 0296 0333 3332 33J4 ADAPTATION 03O1 0333 0106 0248 3318 3322 0324 0326 0328 0334 3335 3336 0352 0574

APICAL MERISTENS

0312 3313 0017 0019 0023 3358 0359

AGRICJLTJ1AL EtJIPMENr 0177 U179 019a 0200

PLANTIN U214 ALCO-'JL 0224 3545 FE14ENT4TI3N 0172 0458 0473 PR3CESSI G 0172 1444 345d 0488

PRDOJCTI 0'4 321? 342? 342d 0465 0523 0522 USES 013 0112 321? 0436 3443 3444 0465 3453 34?' 0483 J523 3522

AONID3OYTILLUS ALBUS

0290

INSECT CONTROL

0287

INSECTICIDES

0287

RESISTANCE

0115 3295 0312

ASC03IC ACID

0039 0370 3371 0471

ASH CJNTENT

0335 0338 0039 0345 0051 03 66 0373

3377 3387 0388 0416 0440

0480 0488

3470 3479 0483

0481

ASPERSILLUS

U255

ATAXIC

3434

NEUR3PArHY

3444 355 0460

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS'

0015

J364 0427 3428 0434

345 3455 3458 0460 0473 3478 0431 0483 3553

ALEYRJD0AE 3133 J163 323? 3272 1275 0287 0290

0295 3312 3317 4LUMINIJ4 SULP1Ar: 008J A4INO ACIDS 0377 3416 ANALYSIS 0352 0365 3332 04ir DIETAAY VALJE 365 0382 J387 0362 I)IIJSTRIAL M.I13313L),Y 049J LEAVES 0040 3352 0394 TJ3 1S 0366 0312 3367 3394 AMMUNIJ'i SJLPIArE 063 3077 3124

ATIEiE

3474

AUSTIALIA

0019 0331

0065 0068 0247 3427

3ACILLJS THU.INIENSIS

0121 jSSIN5 C< 0322 3ACTEIISTS J132 3173 3204 0242 3243 3245 3jS .05d9 344 JIS=ASE C3'4T13L 311 353 0246 OL 1 T 44: 3ill 324J 3250

ANASTIEP4A PI.(cLI 0275 3290 3295 3463

jF'4ISIA 3412 346) CASSAVA AFICAN 01b3 239 INSECT C3NTROL 3272 32$7 3317

220

3317

TAIAS

A NA'iA4L1-PLA

3175

3AIA4OS

3365

T]XI:ITY 3412

3249 0?72 0317

JA(lfY ?,VIJ:TS J414 )71

ANASTiEHA 4ANI-UTI 0290 3295 3312

ANIMAL P-fSIOL)ZY 0391 3417 318 3419 HCN 0412

3234 3237 0239 0241 0247 3251 0252 0254

aEVEAAES

3447 3461

'43SAIC VI

0032 0335 3044 0345 0046 0047 0052

0113 0156 3226 0228 0366 0407 0422

3433 0467 0562

310L3ICAL C34TRJL

0121 0259 0277 0202 0285 0289 0290

0292 3294 32?5 3296 3298 3461

BITIE1 CASSAVA

0005 0043 3133 3372 3482 3509 0524

0552

TUBER PA0DU:TIVITY

0174 0322

3ORtPJ

0063 0365 0070 0127

3RANC4IS

o02 0037 BRAZIL

031 3334 0342 0343 0078 aOd3 Olld 3133 0146 3147 0153 J154 2151 3135 0235 3241 0254 J265 3235 J215 032J 3323 0347 0351 3371 3313 0405 3435 0434 J3435 3446 J44 0471 J473 0498 34?9 0522 3523 3533 3543

0335 3313 3329

346 3347 3360 332 3383 0097 3135 3143 3141 0148 0149 0150 3163 J161 3170 3231 322 324

2152 J254 3259

3253 J274 3275 323 J?97 )331 1324 3325 3325 )352 3365 3367 2jbd 37) 1392 3 2 3429'433 3440 238 043 3455 3J4t )462 314 342? 2485 03J 3515 3i16 J526 3527 252

3541 3553 3559

0337 '0341

0071 0077

3114 0117

3142 3143

3151 0152

3171 0140

3237 0217

0267 0262

2279 0281

2337 0315

3329 2332

0375

J35 J395 0433

2431 0433

2443 0'44

)454 007

)q92 0497

3519 0523

35jJ 0531

0593

3REA03

ANALYSIS

0424

CASSAVA STkl1

042,t

'ALCIJ i

0253 2080 0118 0119

0009 0335 2339 3371 J377 3317 3392

DEFICICJ:IkS

0U67 J127

TJ3EI PI]JJ.TiIf

U319 3331 21L2

003

0333 3341 0139 3154 J314 0333 0331 3343 94b4 0477 LLA9WS

U332 O021 STFIS

3156

TUtsLS

335

CASSAIEEP

USES

D443

CASSAVA AFII:A4 43SAI: VI

0013 0137 3163 3237 3239 0266 0267

0585

I'4:2JLkTI3

3252

CASSAVA BACTERIAL 3LISHT

J237 3585

DISEASE C34TR3L

j163

CASSAVA 61EAJ

0322 3449 3461 2471 0482 0587

CASSAVA

8RJN 5TJEA< VIIU

:23T1ML

OIS kS 0213 1249 0317

DISEASE TIANS4ISS104

0313

RESISTA4CE

U23P 3317

:ASSAVI :lips

031 2191 3337 2372 3379 0395 0431

3436 3443 147

C 4SJ4TIS

3457 07t

Z2STS

3472 3459 3454 3472 0475 3499 0543

J541

MI1

3437 3453 3453 0464

iCN :31TEIIT

IN1JSTMAILIZATI34

I '): 3475

43457 A I(;T0472

:JNTE,.r

3J51 3253 3191 J192 32)30 3341 33b3 3436 3516

CHALYBEA

:ARP3L2N:HAEA

0251 3312

3I]L3GICAL C23T12L

0293 0294 0295

INSEFT C34TR3L

0234 3294

CASAVE

0322

0J21 0332 3381 3221

3.51

:ARB31f] AAf

-

1370 3Id3 0093

3174 215 021(

)t5 32333 331

3397 2426 9431

3113 3156 3J43 0562

457 5

0W99 0534 1521 3528 3540 0541

13

31 )

5

PsI 472 0449 0504 3521 0540

345 PI]:ESSIN3

3422 2433 3432 0450 0455 0459 0463

04D4 3543 3541

S]Lkl 2IYING

3432 3464

221

sMR4E

0283 0432 3448 1454 3458 0459 0469

14JJU13US INSE:IS

32930454

SW0 0i5

T3AE

0454 0479 OjZ 3543 3541

:ASSAV4 C314N 3S%1: 0152

012

VIR

0317 3249 0264

DISEASE TRA4SMISSION

0264

0252

I' 3ZJLATIOI

C:J~SJ~proNST34G 3459 0477 3537

COSTS

0435 J45i 3455 3472 3477 J499 0543 0541 INDJSTRIAL 3

ICI3BIOL3GY

91

3471

Il4JSTIALIZAT13jI

043d 3459 045b 3472 3477 3483 MHiAc(Er4G 0453 04b7 3493 3499 3505 J515 0537

NJ1IrI¢ 0540 0541 3542 CAJ

0J14TIV VAJ0317

PRIZES

J451 3412 3477 3q97 3515 3537 0543

0542 3553

PR3XESSM ;

3424 0433 347 34)4 3462 0474 3477 J432 334 3491 3465 0467

35U5 0543

0541 P.A13)j: r I J.4 3436 345? 045b J499 3515 3522 0537

0542 3550 3587

036L

J542

J33 3394 J414 3433

CASSAVA LEAVE;

IVt3ErA3.E

LJMP~iI TIU4dj

0371 J372

IN CONTENT

0371 J5

HJ'J 'dJTF(Irr1 0371

222

C3NTEJT

CASSAVA 4EAL

0255 3393 3433 3408 0413 0461 0587

C34PJSITION

0345 3377 3382 0397 0443

C3VSJ4PT134

0513

DJG STIOILITY

3NL3753382 3339

OYI 0433

FEE) MIXTJJES

0391 0382

NUTRITIVE 0345 0381 VALUE

3411 3443

,ASSAVA FL)A

0322 3354 3367 3436 0449 04651 0487

C34P3SITI3J

0372 0313 3431 '5'.3 3407 3471 0477

C44Pr5o,4

MI11 :LjNr:r 0373 J443 357 STJ4AGE

345i 0477 TRA3E

045) 0499 0537 J543 3541 WAT0 3J4335

0373 04.,3 )457

ZASSAVA Lt4F A_.

PR3TEI1 0371

037

PELLETS

3332 3487 054?

PRI:FS

J384 3497 3542

P43:Ess1v3

0345 3403 3474 0505

35315 SW E

0334 3414

3415

0497

TA)52542

4SSAV4

'tOSAIC VIRUS

iIIS1

3317

DIESE3JT 3L

5s7

AESI TAV:E

3317

31

:ASSAVA DASTES

J345 1461 34b7 0474 0505 1513 0585 355 7 :ASSAiA "J3 )CTS 3335 33'1 3135 3369 0385 )396 0394 3494 141!. 3533

'j23CS P;Jl

S3457 :5SSAVA rj ' IV3LA "457

P4J:LSSE) )'')JCTS

3333 3J45 301 1143 J371

255 38

5322 2337 j357 3371 3376

377 U370

0333 331 j332 33 4 335" 1339 3395

C3)7 lil. 43j3 2401 3433 J411 341 3439

3413 3414 )#15 1'0,

3?) 0421

3422 )4?3 )4?4 4,.5 J415 ';?7 J4Z7 433 2431 J34.2 243$ ,Js '431 3443

J 4,t3 )447 .J4 ' 1I4/

31451 1454, J4513 33't5 04 45? )4'1,41411) :467

346 1471 347? )4S3 T#37 J,7 2477 )3 24,34 J4,5 3437 .4)1 ?499 1482 05J4 '5 3533D) J91 351' 51l 1522 l;2)

3529 1537 .31)241 354t? 1551 0585s 537

CASAVE

0322

CASSAREEP

3443

CASSAVA 8REA3

3322 0449 34651 CASSAVA CliPS

0051 0191 3283 0395 0465 3412 3432 J436 343 3459 U459 3463 3476 O487 3494 3540 3541

CISSAVA FL3U1

3322 3357 3373 3435 3433 3443 3451 4562 3456 3474 047 3492 3491 J399 3535 3543 3541 3542 CASSAVA 4EAL

3345 J255 )376 3382 0334 3339 0403 3411 3413 3461 J474 3437 35d5 U587

CASSAVA StAg-l

3J3j J143 3339 3422 3423 3424 343L 3435 3443 3451 3451 3459 3491 0522 3526 FjJ-FjJ

3)45 J451 3457 3537

OLE

3539

3f4I

334 3255 3456 3474 3434 3535 PELLETS

3331 3332 3 31 J431 3521 3541 PJLP

3434

TA41)AS

3431 3443 3451 J417

3471 3482 0587

0337 0422 3449 34564 0534

3379 0430 3453 3469 3521

0388 3431 3454 0472 3528







3429 3447 3467 3433 3515 3553

043J 3449 0471 3494 3522 3587

J431 3459 3472 3487 3537









J377 0397 J14 3535

3390 340J If15 3513

3381 3403 3440 3542





0393 325 344? 3477 3943

3423 3426 045 3492 3541

J421 3427 3459 3406 3550







3535 3513 35U5

J461 3466 3467

J513 3585

3422 3453 34654

3542

04b

3466

348?

CASSAVA PR33A44S 3114 J131 3152 3195 311! J292 034; 344b 3452 3459 UW75 302 3519 0524 0533 3544 3549 0552 OEVELJP4:NTAL IES4:30494 J56? G AMPL A 6 '312 33Z4 PLA1T :i1EE3IJ. 0312 :351

ASSAVA Sr!4.

0431 044

ALC3JL

3172 3427 315'5 348d 3522

ANALYSIS

423 3424 3425 0461

0038 3421 3422 C3NSJ,4PrIO

0459 0477 0526

COSTS

0423 3459 0477 0M88 0499.0540 DI$ESTIBILITY

3389 0398

DRY14G

3421

E4ZY'1ES

0421 3486

FACTJRIES

0435 3459 0477

FEAENTATIDN

3172 3458 0488

FIIE :ONTENT

3038 3469

GELATIMIIATI31

0039 3424

GLJ:3SE

3422 3477 a466

4Y313LYSIS

0421 345d

I43JSTAIAL MIC133IL35Y

J483

14DJSTIIAL STAICIES

0143

L3JSTAIALIZATIO0

D143 3172 3421 0435 3459 0477 9AErI%!

0143 3423 3435 0459 04657 0F499 3543 3541

AEFET33LIS4

0369

PAC(AGINS

0M5

PRI:ES

3423 3459 0477 0488 0494 0543 PA3:2SSI3

0333 0172 3421 3422 3424 3426 3453 3459 0467 3477 3482 0488 054) )j41

STJ3AS

3421 1456 0459 0469 0477

T3ME

3172 3459 3419 0526 0541 3541

is's

0143 3172 J393 0424 3426 0427 34t1 3467 3477 0496 3498 0522 3541

VIS: JSITY

3j33

AT=A A2JI3E' 7TS (PI3:E

3457

CASSAVA TU3ES 0459

CASSAVA VE1I 02!6

0541'

0526

0526

0553

0443

0526

3458

0526

IVESETABLE

M3SAIZ VIU3S

CATTLE

3141 337b 3387 0390 0394 0400 3403

0434 3405 D438 0413

CECID03YII3AE

0185

.Er(:3SP3RA

:ARIBAEA

223

0115 J152 3237 0251 DISEASE C3JTIJ. 0186 0272 3317 ET13L33Y O25t) INKUJLA4I0'

0252

3589

CERC9SPJRA iE i,41'4SI I3545 9152 J23. J237 j2s1

DISEk.?E :Jr3J. 0212 0317 ETIJLJ;f

0253 J2tL

IN)CJLA[f1'4 3252 :ER:3SPJRA WI:3SAZ

0115 035 3234 374 :CAEALS 0114 3157 3222 3223 3511 3555 055b 3567 3574 3575 J578 3553 J55'

CASSAVA 4EL 33? DIETS 0385 33d9 ZHLOJSI S 3111 SHRDJS 39S

0093 J213 3351

:LIMATIL 4EQJIlElcNTS 0329 J)53 0J71 J109 1115 3121 3122 3254 J255 0235 03l1 3326 302 0455 U451 J51 3546 J509 G44T1.1 0J55 )324 PR3JUZTIVIT OJbf J3:S 312 0113 3L33 3174 055b

0593

L ONE S 011 3312 3J4# 3J45 3]47 3114 3173 021 J333 3337 0313 3319 U327 0332 033) 0343 3342 3343 3349 J374

HY511 IIN3 0322 3218 3311

oCO YAIS

035.1 515 CJEL3STE.1JS IAAI:JLLIS 1281 3243 3312

1'SL:r Z3NTA3L

0234

CJLC4I :1 t

0014 3213 3335

OJ32

3317 3318 3321 3352 3355.0061

224

33l2 J123 3134 )233 J221 02?5 j353 J.1I

3355 112) 1151 3?37 3225 l39b '3) 4:0 354t,

3115 0131 j115 0211 J24? 1247 .33s4 J4:95 3547

1121 1135 117u 3?11 3?43 131Z 3.1q

3121 313R 3 115 .212 )?72 J35' 3435 '0 3 3'iJR li79 OJl1

1122 1145

1Qo 3ZI; 3d; 1 135 3441 15 19

J127

J152

J205 315 329 ? 0357

J475 0535

3J51 J31 313 1J37 1 J1, 33 l 33JI 133,) J331 1351 33o3 3491 j07 35?5 1556

1152 I17 12 15 9331J 3331 '371 141.

.)1b i6 3214 3315 J337

)372

457

3'PjSIT- FLJ14%

J45

1 liPJSI T11i u l.j 1J41 J093 J3173 3J)3 J33 3171 l-l 19 7 )?L7 141:; J217 L315 3323 J324 334) 1341 ")351 J3j )i94 j13 042 1473 J516 CASSAvA FL1lii

J312 3r13 34jI .3145 1377 )3j2 CAS,,%4 sT4u:4 J3J Y*?2 1431 LEe, .' S 130 3J 0315 333 'J4) 314? J13 3156 32?5 3431l ')*j TP1I3S:s

J31 1431

J33? 332 3345 3J4 J1D5 1225 J313 3372 )47 1515 ST. S

)33 313

.

1443 :J'.)71471 J477

337 3W4 140 7 J451 14 77

)43I

1J19 ,331 3J32 3135 3348 31't 9 '3 3 0102

3321 J3b2 3356 03'4

1035 3337 0339 '3)42 3147 0117 17 '13e J223 323i J321 135 3383 SR17 J394 3422 J552

J044 JlI' 0351

0433

U031 1336 3132 1155 0369

CNCEM TkTtS

3535

C31FE:TI)4iRIES

J425 345u 1477 1M33 P,&"

C3135 J4L

0353 2335 21j2 JIZ?

02J5

U252

4

J7 37 OJq7 'IO 313't

:j373 I27,1 In4

0091? OIC 3101 :11)IIv 3123 JlI5 3117 J377

33J7 124 J%2 05I

A3S]RPFI 3

3)53 3J!L 2031 3112Ml112b

JLIGJNIC-JS PzRJI&. JS

3291 J295 3291 U312

J3GA43LPFIC EX'1 0314

3353 367 133 30OQ 2J 33)1)5 312--J133

JATISi

PH]TJSf4TH5I1S

J31i J325 J-972

3(ALI: A:Ia

3371

P.YLL2jTITA

3237 12S2 3251

PAC4A 14

0459

P.yrJ34r-mA 015? 0233

PALATA3ILIry

3141 33z5 3387 D399

PIAJif RJ11F4

J515

D:AE:ltL.EI

P

'A JA VEi ;2UI4EA

321!

PLA.1T ASSI4ILMTI3

3319 3J65

PATcNIS

0435

PLANT WI'4V.E 0323 '185 3239 0259 U259 1271 3273 3774 2275 '22 32A5 0?26 02Q0 0294 33 9 2294 j333 3335

PELLI.

0431 3j4S

0051 33d2 JJl 3431 37 0542

P -( .EsSl'

042e J453 3464 J54I

. :L

0521 052i

PLRJ 0233 115 213b j275 )291,J315 1353 0401 0412

PETIOLES

O0lb 3331 3153

2118 34)5

PH

07 7 i119 0127 J44J

CASSAV4 cLIJI

0431

CASSAVA STA4Cd

031

PHlENAC3CCJS

023? 32d90tVJ J295 1217

PHLNA'.ZCJS GJSSfII

02?1

PHEA43:CCJS 0239

4ANI1TI

PHILIPP14ES

0142 0163 0258 3352 33642374 0382

0553 05d3

P804A

0115 0272

PHOSP-4 JU

0009 0035 0036 0039.0356 3058 0059

230

PL41,4 TRJTA SJ9STA4CrS

J212 331i 3214 3315 2321 1324 325

u333 2153 3253

PLANT IFI.ir

354 356! 3079 038l 3113 3123 1153

3322 )353

PLANr P-ifS13L3II:AL P; :E

3313 3313 3025 !365 327?

PLAAT mPl33JCTIMN

I3ea 3)34 3312 3333

PLANT TISSUES

312 0213 0017 2318 012, 1034 3116

PLAN VASCJLAR SYSTEM

2127 1231

PLA4TI 'q J395 3133 3143 1149 3151 1152 313'. 2131 3191 327 3211 1213 )255 1317 3559 0559 0586

A414:ULTJI L ;'JPIT4T

j2l4

,3srs

3145 )147 15,2 l;90

LAi .14

J552

'47:

444JIZATIO

)214

SPA:INS

33?2 3121 j137 215 3152 3165 3173 3194 )I5 3195 015 1195 0235 321 3216 2555 0577 05119 TJ 3:l PR)2JCTIvzrY

3132 3134 )1,5 2155 3L52 1165 3173 )174 )154 0lI9 3191 9199

3153 3229

2177

122u4

U59n

0171

0?05

021J 3215 3216 3315 3557 3571 0590

POLLEN

OJ22 3)23 333b 3337 332 POLL144TIN

33L3 3333 OJ2Z J32

3453

POLYPL]I3Y 0351 PaSTHAI VST L3SSrS

j22i 3221 3231 022

PRJT I S

3311 343 0512 0556

AVI1'J AC!i) JA:j? 3143

456

POTASSIJ4 CtLJII)-c444y 0363 J311 PRICES U394 0491 05H1 3541J

397 72 377 34 J43 145) 0534 J531 J513 3511 J512 051t

3,21 3531 J536 3537 0533

J,2 553 3551

j54?

PKOLESSIJ

1.,2 al7 OJ5 03*)4 J422 3426 U441 34>3 359 3414 J41 3.:,4 0526 35J5 334) CE4JTUFJG1';J

3432

A4113 AC13

043

E'JJ5I S

0453 .JCOb

FE44NMTILN

j34t 3')? 3491

J344 31'.? a3? MOETAY VAL')' 33i? 3.37 I3STI',.ITY 3331 IAJJ.TiL l:o3133;Y

J)3

J155 J3429 04!,2 J:,%4 J54L

3352 04IJ J465 3415

J354 3373

3443 01#44 34a7,.0477

JqJ3 3505

PId'11-

J133 3141 J155 3157 0170 0149,0194,

5I

PJLP

34~

U4 .31 0403 J411 J432 3442 34q5 0453 10453 04!)4

UAlAirt jF 4iAS5kES

3247

FtliENT4TIJ 4

tSP[

0112 3315 3451 j57 3',58 3'73 0)474 )4!: Th~uj 34 )i X1491

3413

PEEL '1 04d.J RASPI jqpl3 I;

0311i 3115 3227 1233 3249 32S6 0299

d33) 1313 J314 0325 3347 1352 9354

1357

DISEAS S 440 DAT-OG 4S

SCIEE' 41

0493

WAS14N;

0480

Oil; 3153 3314 3317 1JJtI3JS 3115 32135 3317

PA3PA;rI34

0013 0316 3317 0318 3320 3121 0132

013? J153 3131 0235 3238 3325 0333 3343 0357 3577 3585 3586 3593

3

:34TENT

2RUTEI 3Z3 0014 038 3041 3371 3313 1371 )32 0415 3440 3457 045* LEAVES

0339 0343 3J4 330 0394 04U3 3 ,52

STE45

035

TU3i -S

0034 0342 3345 3232 039?4 322 3i33 34bl PkOTE1'

3232 353 359 0263 0296

3333 3333 J331 3342

INSE:TS

0290 0,q5 3299 0312 0314

RI53F.AVIN

0339

032t

3324 J3l 0341

33d J3392 0395 3472 3525

JJ4

3352

336d

3366 3369 3387

3552

:Jrs

0357

031 3;34TH

33!,5 3390

ICN :43NTENIT

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