Air Pollution Sampling and Analysis (Laboratory Manual)
Dr. Sharad Gokhale
[email protected]
Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati – 781039, Assam, India Date: May 2009
This laboratory manual is useful to environmental engineers, scientists, undergraduate and graduate students, chemists and environmental field engineers. The manual has been prepared as per the US EPA and IS standards.
%
& %
Sponsored by: Curriculum Development Cell, 2008-09 IIT Guwahati
! "#$
! #
" $ $
! % , . # /
0
& '( )* '(
'( )+
$ $$
& 0 1+
2 3
*2
, ) ! .
$
*
*
3
4
,! . !)
5
&
6+
Survey for preliminary information: During ambient air pollutants sampling, it is also necessary to collect information on qualitative and quantitative
#$
%
6
>
?
&
" ! 2!
2! 8!
@ )! "1
' "
/-/A
#
>1"2 )
>1"2 ' ;
,
6
1
? -
'
+ ( ",(
# !!" !!! '
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
5 > -
& !!, ; !!1(
> -
",
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E
7|Page
# #
!
8|Page
#
&
% &
&
'
&
( )
&
"!
&
&
* + # "!,
&
& &
-
' ,
( &
&
,
& &
"
" -
' (
-
& &
&
/
9|Page
0 ,
'
1! * &
&"1 (
,
2
& & %
!
9
, # *
& &
/
& #456
&
#
1,!
C& #$'> $#
&($
&
5$ & & # # '1"2
'
>1"2 ' ;
+ 8( ",(
# !!8
5 > -
& !!, ;
8
!!! '
!!1(
> -
",
6 ? -
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
?@5 # # 6 5 "E2E
5 *
!!2 ;
$C
11 | P a g e
; -;
(
12 | P a g e
$
C
-;
C '2G "!G B(
% &
&
'
&
( )
&
"!
&
&
* + -; &
& &
"!,
/ * -
&
,
& & '
(
' &
%
( &
9
, #
13 | P a g e
*
& &
/
&
* '
6
'
< '>
( H
(9
*
'* 6(
< 6 ' ( =8! '
' (
/
-;
1"2 ' ;
,(
>1"2 ' ;
",(
# !!, '
5
& !!, !!1(
> -
!!! '
!!1(
, > -
",
14 | P a g e
,
6
1
? -
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E
15 | P a g e
?
;
? -; '-;"! -;
1
-;" !(
16 | P a g e
B
"
/&
$
E! D
"
0
' -; 1(
-;"! 5
*
'
(
-;"! -;
-;" ! '
1
(
5
* 7
-;"! -;
-;" !
1
B
-;, .
% &
&
'
&
( )
&
"!
&
&
* + -; & "!,
/ 6 /
& &
,
5 & &
&
* +
B
B & "!
+
17 | P a g e
>
& > 9
&
)
C / *
&
) !!! &
>
+
&
* '
6
'
< '>
( H
*
'* 6(
< 6 ' ( =8! '
' (
/
-;
1"2 ' ;
+ 5 )( > '-;"!( & ",( !!! '
& !!,
# !!8
; )
?
!!1(
+ > -
",
6 ? 5
B &4 ; # ? C / D # * 21 !
?@5 # # 6 5 "E2E
5 *
!!2 ;
$C
19 | P a g e
B )
20 | P a g e
B
'
(
&
& * & &
&
/
+
D+
&
,
& &
B
' (
6 &
&
&
$
% &
&
' (
)
& &
"!
&
&
* + )
"!,
&
& &
&
,
!" 5& *
& B B B *
&
21 | P a g e
& B 6
& B
* *
& '! " #( &
$ ;
B
* B 6 &
& & B
&
& B & & I> &
; % &
&
B
/ &
-
&
9
# 6
B
+ B ,
/ 6 %
, 9 % C
9
& &
/
6
' "
>1"2 ' ; /
2( "E., '
!!)(
> -
2
&
22 | P a g e
>1"2 ' ; )
6
,
? -
",(
!!! '
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
!!1(
> -
",
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E
23 | P a g e
/
; /
24 | P a g e
#
$
'#5> ?( & !1
6
""1
9
)
$
& B
&
7*
>
& B
&
;
% &
&
' (
)
& &
"!
&
&
* + / "!,
&
& &
&
,
#
& B &
&
0
& B & B %
? & B & B
25 | P a g e
6 6 & * & $ / "!!
& "!!!
9
9
' (
5
& & B
>
+
% /
& B
+
& & !
"
$
%
6
>
? @
) *
"! 1
6
, "
' "
)
/-/A
#
>1"2 ' ; ; >1"2 ' ;
,
6
1
? -
+ # "!( "EEE'
",(
!!! '
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
5
& !!, !!)(
!!1(
> "!
/
> -
",
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E
26 | P a g e
#
$
C& #;C/
27 | P a g e
#
$
&
&
& &
'#;C/(
& & %
*
%
"
+
"
& *
9
/
&
*
' ( 0> 5' / '2!$"!!
$
& $ (
1!
)!1!
!) ( "
C
% &
&
' (
)
& &
"!
&
&
* + #;C/ & & "!, &
,
+ #
8
, & &
&
&
#
E 28 | P a g e
*
2!
9
" !2 *
+
$ !"
&
- $ *
#;C/ $
& /&
%
! !" '0> 5(
B +
"E8 / * 0
+
/ $/1 J 2!$"!! "2)! ) )! 9
C& #$'> $#
&($
&
& & 1! /
5$ & & # # '1"2
'
"(
!!" $ > -
)
& >1"2 ' ;
,
6
1
? -
",(
& !!! '
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
" & !!1( >
; #
-
",
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E
31 | P a g e
/ 'A
B
* L&
(
A*L
32 | P a g e
A
B
*
L&
'A*L(
6
& $ A*L 5 B & B &
&0> 5
'/ ( * &
&
0> 5
/
' B
&
(
'
(
% &
&
' (
)
& &
"!
&
&
* + A*L & "!,
& &
&
,
-
*
33 | P a g e
*
& &
*
!$"!! 9
'H$ 3(
5
"!
*
$ &
& &
5
&
/
B
1! : 9: /
&
"! " !
! " : 9:
/ "
>
&" : %
/
&
-
'
&
( " & "1
"$1
/
*
& 5
& B &
%
0> 5 "
9
. ( &
)! )! %
9 9
%
'
"
)!! 9 1! / 0> 5)!! / 1:
"E1 • •
A *
B
?* $ 8 2! ?* E"2 34 | P a g e
•
L&
?*
"" ).
*
'* 6(
< = 9 "!8 M < ' (
'
)
9
/ '/ = " ="!!!(9'
(
<
': 9
)(
= )(
/<
% ': 9 : (7
"< < )<
'
(7
% '
-
/ ': (7 )(
A
/
*-
': 9
)(
'/ ="!" ) ' .) H*(( 9 ' .) =-( M <
/<
': 9
)(
*
' /( - < ' - (
' "
>1"2
'
""(
L& 'A*L( >1"2 ' ",( ; )
6
,
? -
!!8
!!! '
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
> -
""
A !!1(
B
; *
> -
",
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E
35 | P a g e
36 | P a g e
M
M ? &
*
37 | P a g e
;
5 &
&
"!
;
&
M
% &
&
'
B
&
( &
"!
; * &
&
&
&
&
&
& > & 6 6
&
&
&
/ $ & 38 | P a g e
>
M; 1" $
$ -/
B ' "
- 8" "EE, 6
)
? -
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
?@5 # # 6 5 "E2E
5 *
!!2 ;
$C
39 | P a g e
M
?
-
NORTH
15% 12% 9% 6% 3% WEST
EAST
WIND SPEED (m/s) >= 11.1 8.8 - 11.1
SOUTH
5.7 - 8.8 3.6 - 5.7 2.1 - 3.6 0.5 - 2.1 Calms: 1.24%
40 | P a g e
/
M
&
5 + 1 & )$1 B
/
/ *
)8
' "!
, ,
1$.
( 1 F.
2
E! ' (
,1
"8
'N"
( "$)
+ +
'
(
' *
/
'
(
0
;
& $
' "
- 8" "EE, 6
)
? -
B &4 ; # ? C / D #
?@5 # 5 !!2 # 6 * ; $C 5 "E2E 41 | P a g e
!
" 1
Pollutants
+ ,
0
(
Time-weighted
Concentration in ambient air
average
Industrial
Residential,
Areas
Rural & other
Sensitive Areas
Areas Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2)
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM) (size less than 10 microns) Lead (Pb)
Ammonia1
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
*
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
15 µg/m3
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3
30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
360 µg/m3
140 µg/m3
70 µg/m3
24 hours**
500 µg/m3
200 µg/m3
100 µg/m3
Annual Average*
120 µg/m3
60 µg/m3
50 µg/m3
24 hours**
150 µg/m3
100 µg/m3
75 µg/m3
Annual Average*
1.0 µg/m3
0.75 µg/m3
0.50 µg/m3
24 hours**
1.5 µg/m3
1.00 µg/m3
0.75 µg/m3
Annual Average*
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/m3
24 hours**
0.4 mg/ m3
0.4 mg/m3
0.4 mg/m3
8 hours**
5.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3
1.0 mg/ m3
1 hour
10.0 mg/m3
4.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3
Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it
**
may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
NOTE: National Ambient Air Quality Standard: The levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property. Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations. The standards for H2S and CS2 have been notified separately vide GSR No. 7, dated December 22, 1998 under Rayon Industry - for details please see Sl. No. 65 of this document. [S.O. 384(E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, dated April 11, 1994 ] [EPA Notification: GSR 176 (E), April 02, 1996] 1. Included vide Notification SO. 955 (E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 dated October 14, 1998)
42 | P a g e
! "
!
2 /
! / "!" ) -
(
(
/
/
3 ""1! "E8! 8 ! "22! "2!! " )! 811 8E8 ",!!
B
)
# / # /C, #C) C
# / # ; 6 C&
: : : : : : : : :
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
/ ;
& C
"
< " "1
"
9
"
9
9 < ! 282
<
9
< ! ,,. 9
).
# "
< ! 1"1
9
< 1 2!
< " E,
< " 8!E
/
9
*
)
& !
1
/
( 6
'
&
"
+