Idea Transcript
AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS IN THE GHOST, A NOVEL WRITTEN BY DANIELLE STEEL
A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Strata One
By SRI RAHAYU MUNTAHA 107026000437
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2014
ABSTRACT
Sri Rahayu Muntaha, An Analysis of the Translation of Metaphors in The Ghost Novel. A thesis: English Letters Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2014.
In this research, the writer aimes at finding out the types of metaphors found in The Ghost and the procedure used by the translator in translating them. Descriptive-qualitative method is applied in conducting the research. The metaphors are classified based on Larson’s, and then the translations are analyzed based on translation procedure proposed by Newmark. The writer employs herself to collect data; by reading the novel and its translation, marking the metaphor words, classifying, selecting and analyzing them based on the theories of translation procedure and translation strategy which are taken from some relevant references. According to this research, it can be concluded that dead metaphor and live metaphor are found in the novel. While of the translation procedure, reduction procedure is mostly used by the translator in translating these metaphors since the percentage is 20.29% Metaphors are important enough in the text and the translation which changes the meaning of the text reduction procedure can be applied.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.
Jakarta, October 2014
Sri Rahayu Muntaha
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, The most Gracious, The most Merciful
All praises be to Allah SWT, the lord of the Universe, Alhamdulillah, with His amazing guidance, the writer can accomplish the process of making this thesis. The blessing and salutation are delivered to the most honorable prophet and messenger Muhammad SAW, who has guided people to be a great follower in the way of Allah. The writer would like to say her gratitude to: 1. Prof.Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M. Hum, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty. 2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department. 3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of the English Letters Department. 4. Sholikatus Sa’diyah, M.Pd, the writer’s advisor, thank you very much for his advices, patience, kindness and suggestion in finishing this thesis. 5. The examiners of this thesis namely Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, and M. Agus Suriadi, M.Hum, thank you very much for their advise, kindness, suggestion, and motivation in finishing this thesis. 6. All lecturers of English Letters Department, who have taught and educated the writer during her studies at the campus. 7. The writer’s parents: H.Sukamto and Hj.Muayanah, who always give the writer unlimited love, support and pray to the writer in completing this
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paper. All her brothers and sisters that her love, thank you for give the writer a joyful life. 8. The writer’s best friends, Eva, Iis, Ines, Maya, Rimby, Feni, Sherlie, Zahra, Julia and Dita, Agita, Jampe, Danga, Gendon, Lugut, Kendor, Gapi, Oncom, Nyiur, Oma and Runer thank you so much for the time that have been spent together, in the sadness and happiness, the writer will always remember them. 9. The writer’s classmates and all of students of Translation 2007 the writer will miss them all. 10. And all people who helped the writer to finish this thesis that cannot be mentioned one by one, thank you for their kindness.
Jakarta, October 2014
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL SHEET ........................................................................................
ii
LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii DECLARATION ............................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................
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TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLE ..............................................................................................
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LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................ xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................
1
A. Background of the Study...................................................................
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B. Focus of the Study.............................................................................
2
C. Research Questions ...........................................................................
2
D. Significance of the Study ..................................................................
3
E. Research Methodology......................................................................
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1. The Objective of Research ..........................................................
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2. The Method of Research .............................................................
3
3. The Technique of Data Analysis .................................................
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4. The Instrument of Research ........................................................
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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION .........................................
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A. Definition of Translation ..................................................................
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B. Translation Process ...........................................................................
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C. Metaphor…………………………………………………………… . 10
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1. Definition of Metaphor………………………… ........................... 13 2. Types and Translation of Metaphor……………………................ 13 a. Dead Metaphor………………………… ................................... 14 b. Live Metaphor…………………………………………………. 14 3. Analyzing Metaphor……………………………………………... 15 D. Translation Procedure................................................................. ...... 15 a. Literal.......................................................................................... 16 b. Transference.......................................................................... ...... 16 c. Naturalization.............................................................................. 16 d. Cultural Equivalent...................................................................... 17 e. Functional Equivalent.................................................................. 17 f. Descriptive Equivalent................................................................ 17 g. Synonymy................................................................................... 18 h. Trough Translation...................................................................... 18 i. Modulation.................................................................................. 18 j. Shift or Transposition................................................................... 19 k. Recognized Translation................................................................ 19 l. Translation Label.......................................................................... 19 m. Compensation.............................................................................. 19 n. Componential Analysis................................................................ 20 o. Reduction..................................................................................... 20 p. Pharaphrase.................................................................................. 20 q. Couplets....................................................................................... 21 r. Notes, Addition, Glosses............................................................. 21
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E. Good Translation…………………………………………………… 22 CHAPTER III DATA FINDINGS ................................................................... 23 A. The Data Description ........................................................................ 23 1. Dead Metaphor ............................................................................ 23 2. Live Metaphor ............................................................................ 25 B.
The Data Analysis ....................................................................... 27
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................. 50 A. Conclusion ........................................................................................ 50 B. Suggestion ......................................................................................... 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 52 APPENDICES ................................................................................................... 55
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : The Data of Dead Metaphors...................................................... ..... 23 Table 2 : The Data of Live Metaphors ............................................................ 25 Table 3 : The Data of Translation Procedure……………………………… .. 27 Table 4 : Translation Procedure of Reduction……………………………….. 28 Table 5 : Translation Procedure of Paraphrase………………………………. 31 Table 6 : Translation Procedure of Couplet………………………………….. 34 Table 7 : Translation Procedure of Addition…………………………………. 36 Table 8 : Translation Procedure of Modulation……………………………… 39 Table 9 : Translation Procedure of Transposition………………………… ... 41 Table 10 : Translation Procedure of Transference…………………………… 42 Table 11 : Translation Procedure of Synonymy……………………………… 43 Table 12 : Translation Procedure of Literal…………………………………… 44 Table 13 : Translation Procedure of Triplet…………………………………… 46 Table 14 : Translation Procedure of Naturalization…………………………… 47 Table 15 : Translation Procedure of Compensation…………………………… 48 Table 16 : Translation Procedure of Cultural Equivalent……………………… 49
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1
: The Process Translation by Newmark…………………………….5
Figure 2
: The Process Translation by Nida and Taber……………………….9
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study Translation is an instrument of transfer the message or meaning of the
written text into another language. By translation, people around the world can share their feeling and thought. The diversity of language around countries will not be the problem anymore. Therefore, translation is an excellent device for accommodating communication among human being so that people can understand what they mean. In other words, translation is a bridge that connected people of the world. Translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”.1 One of them can translate articles, journals, textbooks and even literary works such as short story and novel. Nowadays, we can find many translation books especially novels. In Indonesia we can find many English novels that have been translated into Indonesian. It is “The Ghost”, a best seller novel written by Danielle Steel that published in 1997. The Ghost novel tells about a man named Charles Waterston that decided to drive through New England after his divorce with the woman he loves, Carol. And Sarah, the beautiful young woman who lived and died in his next exquisite lakeside château hidden deep in the woods two centuries ago.
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Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988),P.5
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In this novel the writer find a phenomenon of language such as figurative language, especially the figure of comparison such as metaphor. Metaphor is the most significant translation problem, may occur at all levels – from word to text – at which level it becomes an allegory or fantasy. In accordance with translation, these figurative of comparison must be translated carefully in order to avoid misunderstanding.2 If metaphors from source language are translated literally into the target language, they will often be completely misunderstood.3 Because the translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. For the reason above, the writer is interested in analyzing the translation of metaphors expressed in the novel entitled “The Ghost” written by Danielle Steel and find out the strategies used by the translator (Widya Kirana “Belenggu Masa Silam”) in translating that by conducting a research “An analysis of the translation of Metaphors in The Ghost, A novel Written by Danielle Steel.”
B.
Focus of the Study Based on the background of the study above, this research focuses on
analyzing the metaphors that is expressed in The Ghost novel written by Danielle Steel and finds the procedures that is used by translator in translating these metaphors.
C.
Research Question The problem will be discussed in this study as formulated through the
following questions: 2
Ibid, P.8 Larson M, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross Cultural Language Equivalent. (USA: University Press of America,1984), P. 250. 3
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a.
What types of metaphors that are expressed in novel The Ghost?
b.
How are the translation procedure of metaphor in the novel The Ghost?
D.
Significance of the Study The result of this research is expected to be used by students to increase
their knowledge about translation of figurative language, especially on metaphors and to provide input about the strategies applied in translating metaphors. This research also supposed to expand our horizon in translation field and open our mind to become alert of the importance of that translation theories and its practice.
E.
Research Methodology 1. The objectives of Research Based on the research questions formulated above, the aims of the research are: a. To find out the types of metaphors expressed in novel The Ghost. b. To know the translation procedure of metaphor in the novel The Ghost 2. The Method of Research In this research, the writer uses qualitative method and descriptive analysis technique. Here, the writer wills explore about metaphorical language and compare with the translations of metaphor procedure by close reading, check the translation in the Indonesian language novel, classify them into types of metaphor language. Then, when the data was
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completed, the writer wills analyze the procedure translation of those metaphors based on the theory from Peter Newmark Book of Translation. 3. The Technique of Data Analysis The writer uses descriptive analysis technique which is supported by the relevant theories. The writer uses the following steps, first reading The Ghost novel by Danielle Steel, published in London, United Kingdom in 1997 by Corgi Books publisher. Second is identifying and underlining each sentences or quotations that are related to the topic of the research. Then data that have been underlined are quoted. Then this research will be written descriptive –analytically. 4. The Instrument of Research The writer is the instrument of the research to get data in the research by reading, marking, classifying, and selecting the data and any other necessary thing for the research.
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CHAPTER II THEORITICAL DESCRIPTION
A.
Definition of Translation Translation is a transfer of the meaning of the source language into the
target language through the procedures set out systematically. The process can be described as follows: Source language
Target Language
Translated Text translatio n
re-measuring the meaning
Meaning Figure 1: Translation Process by Mooryati Sudibyo
In the diagram above shows that meaning is paramount in translating activities. Translation is the meaning of re-disclosure by the translator according to the language of the intended target. Understanding translation according to Newmark cited in Mooryati Sudibyo: Analisis Kontrastif: Kajian Penerjemahan Frasa Nomina, suggests that translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and or statement in one language by the same message and / or statement in another language. Each exercise involves some kind of loss of meaning, due to a number of factors. It provokes a continuous tension,
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dialectic, an argument based on the claims of each language. The basic loss is on a continuum between over translation (increase of detail) and under translation (Increased generalization)4. Regarding the definition set forth Newmark above there some understanding that the writer can learn that, first; the translation is an activity requiring skill or skills. This shows that the translation can be done by anyone who has the ability or skills, and activities will translate into better if the ability or skill a translator is better anyway, second, translation is revealing the meaning or message packed in a source language into the target language. Third, because the shape of the source language is different from the language of the target, meaning try again disclosed by an experienced translator deviation from original meaning. It can be seen from the addition and subtraction of information on language translation. In this concept shows that the interpreter will not reach perfection in translating something, so it can be said that the activities of translating not only the translation of the source language into the target language, but an attempt delivery of messages to the reader in accordance with the language that can be understood by the reader. As Frans Sayogie‟s book entitled Teori Dan Praktek Penerjemahan (Bahasa Inggris Kedalam Bahasa Indonesia), the notion of translation he quotes from Nida and Taber in The Theory and Practice of Translation Helps for Translators, argued that the translation is "consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent message of the source language, first in 4
Mooryati Soedibyo, Analisis Kontrastif Kajian Penerjemahan Frasa Nomina. (Surakarta: Pustaka Cakra Surakarta, 2004) p. 18
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terms of meaning and Secondly in terms of style ". Thus, translation is essentially an effort to reveal the return message from one language into another language. Frans Sayogie adding that the translation is right or wrong depends also on the "for what purpose" translation is done.5 Basically in expressing the definition of translation is not too different experts provide concept, extending just over what the meaning of the translation itself is based on the theories that they see themselves possess. The substance is the same, meaning that transfer messages or information found in the source language into the target language in order to more easily understand the reader in accordance with the language they use. In addition, Hatim and Mason the writer also quoted in the book of Frans Sayogie, defines translation as "an act of communication roomates Attempts to relay, across cultural and linguistic boundaries, another act of communication, (which may have been intended for different readers and different pruposes / hearers).6 Frans Sayogie an opinion about this translation by stating that the translation in this case is the receiver (message) in the original language (called the source language) and then, when translating it to act as the writer as the sender (messages) in English translation (called the target language). In this case means the translator has two functions namely receiver and transmitter of the message, making it perfect or whether the message was the author or the author of a text translation is highly dependent on the quality of the
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Frans Sayogie, Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan: Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negri, 2009), p. 7 6 Ibid, p.8
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translator to understand the message the author to the reader that there is no error messages received by readers. B.
Translation Process In translating, the reader cannot simply transfer the message from the
source language into target language. Of course there is a process that the reader should do to translate a message or a text. Before do the translation process, it is better to know the nature of the translation process it self. While the reader dealing here is not with an isolable process but rather with a set of processes, a complex series of problem-solving and decision-making processes performed by translator will attempt a different process. There are three basic translation processes: a. The interpretation and analysis of the source language text. b. The translation procedures, which may be direct or based on source language and target language corresponding syntactic structures. c. The reformulation of the text in relation to the writer‟s attention, the reader‟s expectation and the appropriate norms of target language.7 Translation process consist of three steps. First, analyze the text. Second, determine its meaning. Third, reconstruct the meaning in receptor language.
There are three stages of translation process. The process can be described as follows:
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Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation, (London: Prentice Hall, 1988),P 144
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SOURCE LANGUAGE
TARGET LANGUAGE
Analysis
Reconstruct
Transfer Figure 2: The Process of Translation by Nida & Taber
The stages of the translation proposed by Nida are:8 a. Analyzing the message in the source language text b. Transferring the messages c. Restructuring of the transferred message in the target language.9 The translation process or the result of converting information from one language into another is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the source language by finding its equivalent in the target language and at the same time, all the information in the source language text must be retained. 10 The process of transformation itself takes place within memory: a. The analysis of the source language text into a universal semantic representation,
8 9
E.A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (Leiden: E.J. Brill,1982), p12.
Munday J. Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Application (London : Routledge, 2001) P.40 10 Bell T. Translation and Translating : Theory and Practice. (London : Longman, 1991)
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b. The synthesis of that semantic representation into the target language text.
C.
Metaphor 1. Definitions of Metaphor The word „metaphor‟ comes from Greek metapherein, meaning „to
transfer‟ or „to carry over‟. The word metaphor as a novel or poetic linguistic expression where one or more words for a concept are used outside of its normal conventional meaning to express a similar concept. Metaphor is a kind of analogy which compares two things directly, but in simple form.11 The purpose of metaphor itself is to describe entity and in a more complex way than possible by using literal language. Usually the comparison is made without using word such as „like‟ or „as‟. It is also to appeal to the senses, to interest, to please and to delight.12 Metaphor is the use of a certain term, phrase or word in a sentence where the term, phrase or word do not convey their literal meaning. Keraf says metaphor is a kind of analogy that compares two things directly, metaphor as a direct compression which does not use the word: like, as, if so that the first thing is directly to relieve to the second.13 Example:
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Mike Tyson is a lion in the ring.
Ibid, . P.139 Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation (Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1982) p. 84 13 Keraf, Gorys, Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa.(Jakarta: Nusa Indah, 1989), p: 139 12
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The metaphor of this word is “ lion“ . Mike Tyson is directly compared with a lion in the boxing ring that defeat his enemy by knocking out quickly. Therefore, Tyson is considered as a lion. The reader must remember that the words being replaced must have the same characters, for example time is money in this case „time‟ is metaphorical used. The word „time‟ is described in the term of money. The reader have to understand that is characterizes of the money has high value, it happens to time as the writer. Time is important, it is supposed to be the same as money. The sentence can be interpreted time is valuable. Metaphor is pervasive in language, and there are two principal ways in which it is important. First, in relation to individual word: metaphor is a basic process in the formation of word and word meaning. Second, in relation to discourse: metaphor is important because of its function – explaining, clarifying, describing, expressing, evaluating, entertaining. According to Newmark, metaphor is one of figurative language, which is applied in the text aims to compare two different unrelated object, it is also reflected in our daily language and liven up some text of language to make them more colorful and dramatic. Peter Newmark stated that metaphor is expression, the transferred sense physical word, the personification of an abstraction, the application of a word or collocation to what it does not literally donate to describe one thing in term of another. 14 Metaphor is different with another figurative language, that statement was said by John R. Searle in Teori Semantik by Jos
14
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: The Prentice Hall, 1988), p.104
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Daniel Parera, Which questioning about metaphorical term. He said that: 15 In additional, Victoria Fromkin and her friend state that metaphor is an expression that ordinarily designates another concept, thus creating an implicit comparison.16 Beside it, the dictionary defined the meaning of metaphor is a word or phrase used to describe somebody or something else, in a way that is different from its normal use, in order to show them to things pot he writer full.17 Metaphor does not only appear as nouns, but also as verbs and adjectives. In the expression „The police dug up enough evidence to send him to prison‟, the metaphorical phrase is a verb, dug up. The verb phrase dig up literally means „to take something out of ground‟ but metaphorically means „to investigate and collect the evidence carefully‟. The original sense of the adjective sour is „having the acid taste; however the writer in the following expression, „My relationship between me and her has turned sour‟, the metaphorical sense is „unfriendly, not harmonious any more‟. Metaphor is the cornerstone of meaning and thought, not merely a stylistic device. A remarkable appeal of metaphor is that it makes an idea vivid. It is slightly difficult to grasp the thread of an abstract thought; nevertheless when the idea is described in a concrete way, it comes to life. Besides, metaphor can also put on more the write right of meaning in a literary work. Through metaphor, a writer can convey extensive ideas by using a small number of words. For example, in the expression „Life is a journey'; the writer uses the word journey as 15
Jos Daniel, Teori Semantik (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004) p. 132 Victoria Fromkin, et al, An Introducing to Language. (United State: Michael Rosernberg, 2003), p. 204 17 A.S. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 7th Edition, (oxford: Oxford University press, 2005), p. 936 16
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an analogy to life. A human sets out at birth, travels through various regions (passes through many phases in life, from baby to adult) and arrives at the destination of death. The example proves the writer of metaphor of how to convey an extensive idea by using only a few words. 2. Types and Translating of Metaphor As what the writer said before that the writer just concern about the theory of Metaphor Translation from Peter Newmark. As Newmark said, the main and one serious purpose of metaphor is to describe an entity, event or quality more comprehensively and concisely and in a more complex way then is possible by using a literal language. One appears to be telling a lie; original metaphors are often dramatic and shocking in effect, and, since they establish points of similarity between one object and another without explicitly stating what these resemblances are. Good writers use metaphors to help the readers to gain a more accurate insight, both physical and emotional, into, say, a character or a situation.18 In Approaches to Translation book, Newmark divided metaphor into five types: dead, cliché, stock, recent and original. But, in his other book A Text Book of Translation he distinguished six types of metaphor. He adds adapted metaphor and deletion for his one last strategy which include in standard metaphor. He says that deletion can be justified only on the ground that the metaphor‟s function is being fulfilled elsewhere in the text. So, here the writer will combine from both of Peter Newmark book and discuss their relation to their contextual factors and translation process.
18
Peter Newmark. Approaches to Translation. (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982), p.84
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a. Dead Metaphor Dead metaphor is a simple metaphor, this type is easy to understand when it common to apply in daily language. In translating dead metaphor, the translator may translate directly without any affliction to keep the metaphorical image distinctive interpretation based on the context and it message. Example: leg of table kaki meja
foot of mountain kaki gunung
It is easy to compare between the leg of human and the leg of something (table and mountain). Although the word “leg” and “foot” of “table” and “mountain” has same meaning with “leg” and “foot” of human but the message of that word is different. Dead metaphor is one hardly conscious of the image, frequently relate to universal terms of space and time, the main part of the body, general ecological features and the main human activities: for English, word such as: „space‟, „fields‟, „line‟, „top‟, „bottom‟, „foot‟, „mouth‟, „arm‟, „circle‟, „drop‟, „fall‟, „rise‟, etc., they are particularly used graphically for concepts and for the language of science to clarify or define. Normally dead metaphors are not difficult to translate, but they often defy literal translation, and therefore offer choice.19 b. Live Metaphor It is belongs to those which are constructed on the spot by the author or speaker to teach or illustrated. Since the reader still catches and determines the lexical meaning from its used connotation the metaphor still live.20 I.e. they were planets in separate orbits. (The Ghost, p.9) Metaphor shown above is based on two propositions. 19
Peter Newmark, A Textbook of Translation (London: The Prentice Hall, 1988), p. 106 Mildred LLarson. Meaning Based Translation: a Guide to Cross Language Equivalence. (New York: University Press of America, 1984). p.246 20
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1. They were (….) 2. Planets were (….) From the figure of speech above, the topic of the metaphor they, in this case Charlie and Carole, is being compared with planets as the image. But there is no point of similarity expressed that shows the comparison between them. The writer is expected to guess what is the similarity between them. 3. Analyzing Metaphor Even though metaphor is figures of comparison, it does not mean that metaphor is the same things. In English metaphor does not have „like‟ or „as‟. In other word, metaphor states that A is B or substituted B for A. In order to analyze the metaphor, we can state the sentence into two prepositions which are basic to the comparison explicitly, then analyze it by deciding the part of metaphor in semantic structure. Only then we can translate the metaphor. the most important thing is not all sentence marked with „like‟, „as‟, or „to be‟ is a figurative language.21 Metaphor consist of some parts in semantic structure. They are as follow: a. Topic
: the thing really being talked about.
b. Image
: what it is being compared with.
c. Point of similarity
: it is found in the comment of the
propositions involved of the comment of the event propositional which has the image has topic. d. Nonfigurative equivalent: when the proposition containing the top
21
Ibid, P.247
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D.
Translation Procedure Translation Procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of
language. The translation procedures into: a. Literal When source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context, the procedure is called literal. It ranges from one word to one word, group to group, clause to clause or sentence to sentence, 22 i.e. a place of furniture is translated into sepotong perabot. b. Transference Transference (loan word or transcription) is the process of transferring the source language word to target language text. It includes transliteration, which relates to the conversion of different alphabets. Names of living, geographical and topographical name, names of periodical and newspaper, titles, name of private company, and addresses are normally transferred.23 One example of this procedure can be seen in he felt like some kind of hooligan barging in on her without warning or invitation. (The Ghost, p.75).The underlined word hooligan is translated just into hooligan, without any change whether the change in morphological or phonological. c. Naturalization
22 23
Peter Newmark. A Text of Translation (Newmark : Prentice Hall, 1988) p.81 Ibid, . P.81
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This procedure succeeds transference and adapts source language words first to the normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology of target language.24 Here is the example of naturalization. SL: and nothing short of dynamite would have opened it before the appointed hour. (The Ghost, p.150) TL: dan hanya bisa dibuka dengan ledakan dinamit pada saat yang tepat.(Belenggu Masa Silam, p.150) From the example above, we can see that dynamite is translated through the normal pronunciation and to the normal morphology of the target language into dinamit. d. Cultural equivalent Cultural equivalent is approximate translation. Usually a source cultural word is translated by target language cultural word.
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For example,
prince of Unknown is translated into pangeran dari negeri Antah Berantah. e. Functional equivalent It is applied to cultural words, requires the use of culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term. It is the most accurate way of translating i.e. deculturalising word.26 The example of functional equivalent is samurai. Through this procedure samurai is translated into a Japanese traditional weapon to fight.
24
Ibiid, P.82 Ibid., 26 Ibid P.83 25
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f. Descriptive equivalent In translation, description sometimes has to be weighed against function. The writer translated the word by giving its description. 27The example is the word samurai. In functional equivalent, it is translated by its function into Japanese traditional weapon to fight, while through descriptive equivalent, the word is translated by its description into the Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to nineteenth century g. Synonymy This procedure is used for a source language word where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent; and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjective or adverb of
quality. 28 It is only appropriate where the literal
translation is not possible and because the word is important enough for componential analysis, i.e. Saturday night. The nearest target language of Saturday night is Sabtu malam but the translator prefers to translate it into another target language equivalent, malam Minggu. h. Through translation It is the literal translation of common collocation, names of organizations, component of compound phrases. Normally, through translation should be used only when they are already recognized the terms.29 i.e. UN-PBB i. Modulation It is the variation through a change of view point, of perspective and very often of category of thought. Besides, it can also change in abstract for 27
Ibid., Ibid, P.84 29 Ibid., 28
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concrete, active for passive or vice versa, or even change of symbols. It is used when the target language reject literal translation which means virtually always. 30 In Danielle Steel‟s novel, this procedure can be found in the translation it was like torturing a life you had been unable to save (The Ghost, p.70). Here, a life is translated into perkawinan. j. Shift or transposition A shift or transposition is translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from source language to target language. It illustrates a frequent tension between grammars and stress and most translators make transposition intuitively. It can be changing from singular to plural, in the position of the adjective, neutral adjective as subject, or complex sentence to simple sentence.31 For example, the plural rocks is translated into singular form batu. k. Recognized translation In recognized translation normally used the official or general accepted translation of any institutional terms.32 i.e. wait a minute – tunggu sebentar l. Translation label This is provisional translation, usually a new institutional term, which should be made in inverted commas, which can later be discreetly withdrawn. It could be done through literal translation.33 i.e. language heritage is translated into „bahasa adat‟
30
Ibid, P.85 Ibid., 32 Ibid, P.86 33 Ibid, P.87 31
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m. Compensation
This is said to occur when loss of meaning, sound effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of sentence is compensated in another part, or in contiguous sentence.34 For example, I do is translated into saya bersedia. n. Componential analysis This is splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense component, often one-to-two, or –three, -four translation. Usually, the translation is present as
Name
Time
Class
Area
Content
Dinner 1-2 p.m Working class UK Hot meal Supper 8-11 p.m UK Light meal Dinner 8-9 p.m Upper-middle class UK Main meal diagrams which are useful in showing up the lexical gap, for example, dinner. Dinner is translated based on meals diagram.35
o. Reduction It is rather imprecise translation procedure, practiced intuitively in some cases, ad hoc in anothers ; there is at least one shift to be born in mind.36 In other words, this procedure is an elimination some parts of the source language sentence or phrase to be translated, i.e. she looked at him like a schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he smiled is translated into dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab
34
Ibid, P.88 Ibid, P.122 36 Ibid, P.89 35
21
p. Pharaphrase It is the amplification or explanation meaning of a segment of the text. It is used in „anonymous‟ text when it is poorly written, or has important implication and omission,37 i.e She was like a wounded animal deep in a cave is translated into Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang bersembunyi didalam gua dan orang-orang hanya bisa melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam gelap. q. Couplets It is combined two, three, or four translation procedures mentioned before respectively for dealing with single problem. 38 They are particularly common for cultural words. You can see the example below. SL :“I feel like Hansel and Gretelin the forest, “he said, and they both laughed. (p.95) TL : “Kita ini seperti Hansel dan Gretel dihutan, “kata Charlie. Mereka tertawa. (p.94) r. Notes, Addition and Glosses Notes- supplying additional information in translation. It is normally cultural, technical or linguistic and is dependent on the requirement of them, as opposed to the original, readership. It can be applied within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter, or at the end of book.39 When the additional information is applied within the text, the procedure is called notes. And when it is put at the end of chapter or at the end of book, the procedure is called glosses. You can take a look on the example below. 37
Ibid, P.90 Ibid, P.91 39 Ibid, P.92 38
22
SL :It’s a rotten deal. (p.28) TL :Ini penyelesaian yang menyakitkan bagi kita berdua. (p.30)
E.
Good Translation The reader cannot simply reproduce the message and be the original. The
result of translation can be good or bad it depends on how the translator works out the message. “ A good translation is one which the merit of the original work is completely transfuse into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by native of then country which that language belongs as it is who speaks the language of the original work”.40 Nevertheless, a good translation must possess the potential of being evaluated and translation must “consciously attempt the spirit of the original at the expense of the letter”.41 Meanwhile, translation is ideally should give the sense of the original, omitting nothing and adding nothing so the readers is unaware that he or she is reading a translation.42 In order suggests that a translator should “avoid the tendency to translate word for word”. Since word for word translation can misinterpret the meaning of the original text.43 Moreover, in other journal, claimed there is no such a thing as perfect translation-and even if there were, could not be sure it would satisfy the average client or critic.44
40
Peter Newmark . Approaches to Translation (Oxford : Pergamon Press, 1982) p.4 Ordudari M, Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.net 42 Simatupang M, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. (Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Dinas Pendidikan Nasional:2000)p.3 43 Ordudari M, Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.net 44 Noguira and Semolini, Twelve ways to Enhance Translation Quality. (2008) from http;//www.translationjournal.com 41
23
CHAPTER III DATA FINDINGS
A.
Data Description In the data description, the writer tabulates the selected data of metaphors
which are taken from The Ghost novel. In this research, the writer will try to find out the types of metaphors expressed in the novel The Ghost and the strategy of translation that are used by the translator. 1. Dead Metaphor A figurative of comparison is called a dead metaphor if the reader did not think primary sense of the word but thought directly about the idiomatic expression of the words. In “The Ghost”, there are some figurative of comparisons that belong to dead metaphors. The data can be analyzed as follows: Table 1: Dead Metaphors
NO. 1.
DATA And
it
was
finished,
TYPE it
was Dead Metaphor
PAGE 12
spectacular, it was labor of love for both of them, and they filled it with beautiful things, and all the treasures they called. 2.
The “climate” you keep talking about Dead Metaphor
49
is beginning to make me hot under the collar. 3.
He wondered if maybe she’d a rotten Dead Metaphor Christmas, or a rotten life, but actually, he decided as he looked at her, maybe she just a rotten person.
129
24
Data 1 of Dead Metaphor It was a labor of love for both of them.(p.12) A labor of love in the sentence above is an example of a dead metaphor. Since the writer reads, it is not think the primary sense of the words but directly thinks about the meaning of the idiom. It is easy to see that a labor of love is compared with a labor of company or else. However, one no longer thinks about a company when talking about a labor of love. And what it is mean by the idiom a labor of love is a hard task that you do because you want to, not because it is necessary. Data 2 of Dead Metaphor The “climate” you keep talking about is beginning to make me hot under the collar. (p.49) A metaphor in the sentence above compares the “climate” with heater, a tool to raise temperature. The word climate here is not actually the general weather conditions that are typical in one place. It actually refers to the general atmosphere or situation somewhere. Data 3 of dead Metaphor He wondered if maybe she’d a rotten Christmas, or a rotten life, but actually, he decided as he looked at her, maybe she just a rotten person.(p.129)
In the data speech above, dead metaphors are a rotten Christmas, a rotten life, and a rotten person. Here, Christmas, life, and person are compared with food or wood. But the readers no longer notice that a metaphor is being used since the word rotten is used in their daily life. So, the word lost its metaphorical image.
25
And the writer knows rotten itself means decayed and cannot be eaten. In other words, something rotten is not in good condition. So, it can be concluded that the author describes the Christmas, life and the person are bed term. 2. Live Metaphor Other kind of metaphor is live metaphor. Life metaphor is a figurative of comparison that said that one thing is other thing. Here the writer still catches and determines the lexical meaning from its used connotation. And there are many figures of speech found in “The Ghost” belong to live metaphor. The examples of live metaphor are described in this table: Table 2 : Live Metaphor
NO. 1.
DATA
TYPE
They had lives of their own. They were Live Metaphor
PAGE 9
planets in separate orbits. 2.
I was just a robot, a machine, a Live Metaphor
313
lawyer…
Data 4 of Live Metaphor They were planets in separate orbits. (p.9) Metaphor shown in figure of speech 4 above is based on two propositions. 4.
They were (….)
5.
Planets were (….)
From the data 4 speech above, the topic of the metaphor they, in this case Charlie and Carole, is being compared with planets as the image. But there is no point of similarity expressed that shows the comparison between them. The writer
26
is expected to guess what is the similarity between them. Another live metaphor is analyzed below. Data 5 of Live Metaphor I was just a robot, a machine…(p.313) In data 5 above, the metaphor I was just a robot, a machine is based on two comparisons. First, I was just a robot and second, I was just a machine. And each comparison is based on two propositions without any point of similarity expressed. The propositions of I was just a robot: 1) I was (…) 2) A robot was (…) The propositions of I was just a machine: 1) I was (…) 2) A machine was (…) From the propositions above, there is one topic, two images and no point of similarity. I, in this case Carole, as the topic, is being compared point of similarity expressed that shows the comparison between them. The writer is expected to guess what is the similarity between them. Another live metaphor is analyzed below. Data 5 of Live Metaphor I was just a robot, a machine… (p.313) In data 5 above, the metaphor I was just a robot, a machine is based on two comparisons. First, I was just a robot and second, I was just a machine. And
27
each comparison is based on two propositions without any point of similarity expressed. The propositions of I was just a robot: 1) I was (…) 2) A robot (…) The propositions of I was just a machine: 1) I was (…) 2) A machine was (…) From the propositions above, there is one topic, two images and no point of similarity. I, in this Carole, as the topic, is being compared with a robot and a machine as the image of metaphor. However, the readers do not know how come they are being compared with no point of similarity expressed in a metaphor. But, if the writer looked up into dictionary there is a similarity between a robot and a machine, that they are works automatically. So, the words works automatically may be the point of similarity between I, a robot, and a machine. Since, the point of similarity is left implicit the metaphor is classified as live one.
B.
The Data Analysis From the tabulated data above, the writer has differentiated the translation
procedures used by the translator into the translation procedure used for open live metaphors and dead metaphors. However, in this sub-chapter the writer simply sum up the overall translation procedures used as can be seen in table 3 below.
28
Table 3 : Translation Procedure
No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Total
Translation Procedure Reduction Paraphrase Couplet Addition Modulation Transposition Transference Synonymy Literal Triplet Naturalization Compensation Cultural equivalent
Frequency 28 23 22 21 12 9 5 5 4 4 2 2 1 138
Percentage (%) 20.29 16.67 15.94 15.22 8.70 6.52 3.62 3.62 2.90 2.90 1.45 1.45 0.72 100%
The translation procedures above, reduction procedures mostly used in translating metaphors are found in Steel‟s novel since the percentage is 20.29%. While the least common one is cultural equivalent. It is just 0.72%. Then, below are the explanations of translation procedures used by the translator as the strategies in translating the metaphors found in “The Ghost” Reduction This procedure eliminates some parts of the source language sentence or phrase to be translated. It could be the subject, the object, adjective or adverbial, clause or even a sentence. In Steel‟s novel, it is said as the most frequent translation procedure used. Actually, there are 28 (20.29%) figures of speech are translated used in this procedure.
29
Table 4: Translation Procedure of Reduction
No. 1.
Source Language And when it was finished, it was spectacular, it was a labor of love for both of them, and they filled it with beautiful things, and all the treasures they collected. (p.12)
2.
It‟s like if someone dies. You can‟t argue with it. You can‟t change it. (p.26)
3.
The place looked like a cheap hotel room, and all he could think of was impossible to remember anything positive that had come from the upheaval he‟d been through. (p.43) She looked at him like a schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he smiled. (p.77) “You look like the cat that swallowed the canary.” (p.93) He wasn‟t the son she‟d lost, but he was a special gift. (p.101) And he knew that if told anyone, they would be absolutely certain he had lost his marbles. (p.113) Unless she‟d flown in by helicopter, and come down through the chimney like Santa Clause, he had had no visitor the night before. (p.115) She was all air and light and springtime. (p.118) She was an irresistible little pixie. (p.141) She wore her hair down her back in a long ponytail. (p.155) And as he approached, he couldn‟t help noticing the enormous almond-shape eyes and the deep red color of her hair in the firelight.(p.155) She had lived in hell with him for the past eight years, but she would be soon free. (p.195) It was as though he was lured her from her hiding place in the forest, and she was a lovely young doe, standing very still, listening to each sound with caution. (p.227)
4.
5. 6. 7.
8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13.
14.
Target Language Hasilnya sungguh menakjubkan, rumah itu adalah bukti cinta mereka berdua. Mereka mengisinya dengan benda-benda indah penuh kenangan yang mereka koleksi. (p.12) Seperti menghadapi kematian. Kamu tida bisa melawan atau mengubahnya. (p.27) Lebih mirip kamar hotel murahan. Pikirannya melayang membayangkan apa saja yang pernah menjadi miliknya. (p.43) Dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab. (p.77) Kalau dia menceritakan pengalamannya itu, orang pasti menganggapnya sudah gila. (p.109) -
-
-
Wanita ini seperti seekor kijang yang berhasil dipancingnya keluar dari tempat persembunyiannya dan kini memandanginya dengan sikap waspada.(p.214)
30
15. 16. 17.
18.
19.
20.
21. 22. 23.
24. 25. 26. 27. 28.
She was a constant challenge to them. (p.238) Marriage is such a blessing, it makes mere courtship seem like crumbs at a feast. (p.240) She curled up in the carriage under the trapper‟s heavy furs and slept like a baby. (p.249) He was like a painting she wanted to observed, an exquisite unknown part of some kind, just watching him move and speak and turn was like listening to music. (p.260) But looking at her in the moonlight with her pale face and dark hair beneath the hood of her cloak, she looked almost like a spirit. (p.260) She looked like a ghost to him, a rare vision of beauty, and she had startled him, as he had been walking, thinking about his meeting with the colonel in the morning. (p.269) It had stooped her tracks like a bolt of lightning. (p.273) And they had been as good as their word. (p.292) Her creamy skin was warmed to a rosy color, and her eyes looked brilliant. (p.336)
Perkawinan adalah anugerah. (p.225) Sarah tidur didalam kereta, dibalik selimut bulu tebal yang disiapkan George Handerson. (p.232) -
-
-
Sesuai janji mereka. (p.267)
Kulitnya yang halus bercahaya, merah muda lembut seperti warna mawar. (p.308) He sounded like a naughty child, and she Suara Charlie seperti anak nakal. couldn‟t stop laughing as she listened. (p.343) (p.315) It was a nice fairy tale, but he didn‟t really believe it. (p.418) He felt like a kid being abandoned. (p.427) He was, above all, a man of honor. (p.433) And seeing her again was like the final gift Melihat hantu sosok Sarah baginya from her, as he stood feeling bereft in the seperti mendapat hadiah terakhir silence. (p.439) darinya. (p.408) From the sentences in the table above, she looked at him like a
schoolteacher expecting an answer, and this time he smiled (p.77) is translated into dia memandang Charlie seperti guru yang menunggu muridnya menjawab. The clause and this time he smiled is left untranslated. Such translation is called reduction procedure.
31
While the sentence above is translated through omitting a clause, in translating the sentence “you look like the cat that swallowed the canary.” The translator simply translates it through deleting all parts of the sentence. Besides deleting a clause and all part of the sentence, the translator also uses this procedure by omitting the subject of the sentence as you can see in the translation of it’s like if someone dies which is translated into seperti menghadapi kematian. Paraphrase It is said that paraphrase procedure is an amplification or explanation the meaning of a segment of the text. There are 23 figures of speech found in Steel‟s novel use this procedure. Table 5: Translation Procedure of Paraphrase
No. Source Language 1 It was heaven. (p.11)
Target Language Kebahagiaan mereka sangat sempurna. (p.12) Dia terus berharap bahwa perselingkuhan Carole dengan Simon akan segera berakhir, bahwa Carole akan bosan dengan pria itu, bahwa Carole akan menyadari bahwa pria itu terlalu tua untuknya, bahwa Simon hanya pria gaek sombong yang berkantung tebal. (p.23) Sepanjang jalan dengan hati pedih dia memandangi orang-orang yang lalulalang di jalan atau sedang melakukan pekerjaan mereka seharihari. Hujan semakin lebat. (p.38) Udara dingin membekukan tulang. (p.38) Dia sudah cukup lama bekerja keras, bukan hanya sekedar menyetujui desaindesain tak bermutu. (p.48)
2
He kept hoping that the affair with Simon would end, that she would tire of him, that she would decide he was too old for her, too smooth, or maybe even that he was a pompous windbag. (p.21)
3
He had a heavy heart as they drove through town, watching people come and go, to perform their daily tasks or do errands, and as they drove, it poured. (p.37)
4
It was a freezing November rain. (p.37)
5
He hadn‟t come this far, and worked this long and hard, in order to start making cookie-cutter buildings or endorse them. (p.48) “We need you here, Charles,” they “Kami membutuhkan kamu disini, explained, looking more than ever like Charles,” ulang mereka. Ekspresinya Siamese twin to him. (p.56) persis sama. (p.57)
6
32
7
8 9
10
11
12
13
14 15
16
17
18
19
20
I don‟t think they were together for many years, but it was clearly a deep love they shared. (p.99) They both looked like happy children when they went back to her house. (p.103) He sounded like a boy to her, and she laughed as he rattled on, and she listened. (p.105)
Cinta mereka sangat dalam, meskipun tidak lama hidup bersama. (p.57)
Mereka sama-sama senang karena kessepakatan ini. (p.101) Dengan sabar Mrs. Palmer mendengarkan Charlie yang bercerita dengan menggebu-gebu, seperti anak kecil mendapatkan mainan baru. (p.103) He was exhausted after chasing his own tail, Dia kehabisan kata-kata. (p.135) but this time looked serious as she nodded. (p.141) She had to be, everything about the child Kalau anaknya begitu manis dan lincah, was sunny and warm. (p.144) ibunya pasti periang dan penuh kehangatan. (p.138) He was a little hot dogger on the slopes, Anak itu cukup jago, meskipun Monique Charlie observed, but Monique whispered bilang Tommy payah. (p.147) to him with serious look that Tommy was a rotten skier. (p.154) She was like a wounded animal deep in a Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang cave. (p.156) bersembunyi didalam gua dan orangorang hanya bias melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam gelap. (p.149) She wasn‟t a slave he had bought and Dia bukan budaknya, dia cuma istri owned, although he thought so. (p.199) lelaki itu. (p.189) He was twenty-five years old, had come to Pendek kata dia tergila-gila kepada Boston from Virginia the year before, and Sarah. Umurnya dua puluh lima. Dia he was head-over-heels in love with Sarah. berasal dari Virginia dan baru setahundi (p.239) Boston. (p.224) I don‟t think Sarah Ferguson is the little Dia bukan wanita lemah seperti yang drawing-room flower you think she is, my kau kira. (p.228) dear. (p.243) It was almost as lively as a good swell on Kereta terguncang-guncang seperti the Concord at times, but she would never kapal kecil dipermainkan gelombang, have complained. (p.252) tetapi Sarah tidak mengeluh. (p.238) She had slept like the dead until the sound Tadi tidurnya pulas sekali, sampai tak of horses and carts outside finally woke her. terdengar derap kuda meninggalkan (p.257) garrnisun. (p.238) He seemed almost like a prince of some Lelaki berusia akhir tiga puluhan itu kind in his warlike dignity, and it was easy mungkin anak seorang ketua suku. to believe that he was the sachmen, the (p.241) chief, or perhaps the son of a chief. He looked to Sarah as though he were in his late thirties. (p.260) He was White Bear of the Iroquois. (p.303) Di kalangan orang Iroquois, dia dijuluki
33
21
22 23
It was entirely a gesture from another life, ad something he would have done had they met in France in their other lifetimes. (p.352) It was obvious that her husband was extremely odd, as well as a brute. (p.357) Wearing scars around like jewelry gets a little boring. (p.424)
White Bear, si Beruang Putih. (p.277) Ungkapan itu wajar dilakukan di Prancis, dikalangan pergaulan mereka. (p.324) Edward pasti makhluk yang aneh dan kejam. (p.329) Tidak enak membawa luka hati kemanamana. (p.392)
From the sentences in the table above, some of the sentences are translated used amplifying the sentence and the others are translated through explaining the sentence. The example of amplification is used in translating the tenth and nineteenth sentences while the explanation is used in translating the sixth and thirteenth sentences. In the sixth sentence, the translator translated looking more than ever like Siamese twin to him by explaining that the expression of Siamese twin seems resemble, then she translated it into ekpresinya persis sama. this way also occurs in translating the thirteenth sentence. In the thirteenth sentence, the translator translated She was like a wounded animal deep in a cave by explaining that what can be seen from an animal lives deep in a cave is just its shiny eyes. After that she translated it into Fransesca seperti binatang terluka yang bersembunyi didalam gua dan orang-orang hanya bisa melihat sepasang matanya berkilat-kilat didalam gelap. Unlike the two sentences above, in translating the tenth and nineteenth sentence, the translator changed the meaning into target language by amplifying the sentence meaning. He seemed almost like a prince of some kind in is warlike dignity, and it was easy to believe that he was the sachmen, the chief, or perhaps
34
the son of a chief. He looked to Sarah as though he were in his late thirties in third sentence is translated just into Lelaki berusia tiga puluhan itu mungkin anak seorang ketua suku. And He was exhausted after chasing his own tail, but this time she looked serious as she nodded in the fourth sentence is translated into Dia kehabisan kata-kata. Couplet Couplet procedure is the translation procedure which uses two procedures in translating a single problem. Below are the examples of couplet procedure used by the translator. Table 6: Translation Procedure of Couplet
No 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Source Language It was so dark it looked like late afternoon, and Charlie Waterson could barely see out the windows as the familiar landmarks slid past him. (p.7) She was long, and long, and blond, with perfect limbs, and a body that looked like as though it had been sculpted from white marbles. (p.12) She had a laugh that sounded like bells, a voice that still made him tingle whenever he heard it. (p.12) It was a nightmare for both of them, and Carole hated hearing it as much as Charlie hated himself for what he was saying. (p.27) The real-game of „Chutes and Ladders.‟ He had climbed the ladder nearly to the top, and with one false step he had all the way to the bottom. (p.35) The “climate” you keep talking about is beginning to make me hot under the collar. (49) He felt like a kid running away from home as he sat on his couch, thinking
Target Language Cuaca sangat gelap, seperti sudah senja. Charlie Waterson nyaris tak bisa melihat apaapa diluar jendela saat bangunan-bangunan yang sangat dikenalnya berkelabatan ketika taksi melintas. (p.7) Gadis itu langsing, tinggi, dan berambut pirang. Lekuk tubuhnya sempurna, seakan dipahat dari pualam putih. (p.13) Tawanya merdu seperti denting loncenglonceng mungil, mebuat Charlie terkesima setiap kali mendengarnnya. (p.13) Bagi mereka berdua sama-sama menyakitkan. Carole benci mendengar Charlie memohonmohon, Charlie membenci dirinya sendiri karena sikapnya yang tidak jantan. (p.29) Seperti bermain ular-tangga, dia berhasil mendaki tangga nyaris sampai ke puncak, tetapi dengan sekali lempar dadu, jatuhlah ia ke dasar jurang. (p.36) „selera‟ yang kau sebut-sebut itu membuatku gerah. (p.49) Aneh, dia merasa seperti remaja yang akan kabur dari rumah. (p.63)
35
8
9 10
11
of what he‟d done. (p.62) It madehim feel like a kid again, and he was stell smiling when he went upstairsto his bedroom. (p.70) The china was Wedgwood, and as delicate as she was.(p.79) It was a sweet minute between them, and a view minute later, she took him upstairs and showed him around. (p.81) “I feel like Hansel and Gretel in the forest.”
Dia merasa seperti anak-anak yamg asyik bermain. Dia tersenyum sambil naik ke kamar tidurnya.(p.68) Porselen Wedgwood yang halus, sehalus pemiliknya.(p.78) Di antara mereka tumbuh saling pengertian yang manis. (p.80) “Kita ini seperti Hansel dan Gretel di dalam hutan.”
From the sentences in the table above, there are (15,94%) figures of speech which are translated through this procedure. The writer just put five examples of couplet procedures to be discussed. First, in translating the sentence he felt like a kid running away from home as he sat on his couch, thinking of what he’d done the translator applied modulation and reduction procedures in dealing with a single problem. First, through a change of viewpoint, she translated a kid, which is literally mean anak, into remaja or English is teenager. And then continued it by omitting the clause as he sat on couch, thinking of what he’d done. The use of two procedures like that is called couplet. Likewise the sentence above, in translating it made him feel like a kid again, and he was still smiling when he went upstairs to his bedroom, the translator also applied this procedure. First, she translated a singular a kid in it made him feel like a kid again into a plural anak-anak. Then, she added it by the information about a kid, and translated it into anak-anak yang asyik bermain. A change of grammatical aspect such as a change from singular to plural is belong to
36
transposition procedure while an addition to a part of the sentence is belong to addition. Another example of couplet procedure is shown in the translation of I feel like Hansel and Gretel in the forest. In translating this sentence the translator used modulation and transference. First, she translated the subject I through a change of viewpoint into kita, while in English kita is we, and not into aku or saya. Then she just transferred Hansel and Gretel into the translation. A translation through a change of viewpoint is called modulation while through the transference word from the source language is called transference procedure. Additions Note is supplying additional information in translation. It can be applied within the text, at the bottom of page, at the end of chapter, or at the end of book. And, when the addition information is put within the text the addition information in the translation is called addition. There are 21 metaphors found are translated by this procedure. Table 7: Translation Procedure of Addition
No 1
2
3
4
Source Language Target Language And as he leaned his had back against the Dia menyandarkan kepalanya disandaran seat and closed his eyes, he felt as bleak jok dan memejamkan matanya. as the weather all round him. (p.7) Perasaannya murung dan suram seperti cuaca disekelilingnya. (p.7) He had begun the long, slow trip down Sekarang dia harus memulai perjalanan the other side of the mountain. (p.7) panjang dan lambat menuruni sisi gunung yang lain. (p.7) It was Carole who made a clean breast of Akhirnya, Carole menceritakan semuanya. it, and told him everything eventually. Dia tahu dibawah sadarnya Charlie telah (p.17) merasakan ada sesuatu yang tidak beres. (p.19) It‟s a rotten deal. (p.28) Ini penyelesaian yang menyakitkan untuk kita berdua. (p.30)
37
5
6
7
8
9
10 11
12
13
14 15
16
17
18
He was far too advanced, and too creative to waste his time recycling the garbage. (p.53) You‟ll need time, I‟m sure but eventually you‟ll have to come out of your shell.(p.86) And for the first time in months, he slept like baby. (p.90)
Dia terlalu canggih, terlalu maju, terlalu kreatif untuk menghabiskan waktunya dengan mendaur ulang sampah. (p.53) Memang anda butuh waktu untuk itu, mengembalikan harga diri dan keluar dari jurang kepedihan. (p.85) Untuk pertama kali setelah berbulanbulan, dia bisa tidur nyenyak seperti bayi. (p.89) I‟ve just kept it like a jewel I keep hidden Aku merawatnya seperti sebutir permata away, with no chance to wear it. ( p.93) indah yang tak pernah sempat dikenakan (p.92) She said that Roland had bought a pair Katanya, Roland pernah membelikannya for her much like them long since, and anting-anting seperti itu. Sayangnya, she had been heartbroken five years hadiah Roland itu hilang 5 tahun yang before when she lost them. (p.116) lalu. Sekarang dia mendapat gantinya, hampir sama indahnya, tetapi lebih mungil dan manis.(p.112) The door was not only closed. But locked Pintu yng tadi terbuka sesaat, kini tertutup and bolted very firmly. (p.133) rapat. Bahkan di gembok. (p.128) Then again there was the possibility that Mungkinkah wanita itu memang ketus dan she was a shrew, and he‟d been thrilled pemurung hingga suaminya ingin to get rid of her. (p.152) meninggalkannya. (p.145) He felt like a fool, standing there with Dia merasa konyol berdiri canggung di Francesca glaring at him. (p.155) depan Fransesca yang memandangnya dengan galak. (p. 148) They were like two wounded animals, Mereka seperti dua binatang terluka drinking at the same brook. (p.157) menengguk air dari batang air yang sama. (p.150) You‟re far too young to close a door on Kamu masih muda, tak pantas menutup life. (p.265) diri seperti itu. (p.245) She seemed like a spirit from another Tetapi bagi Francois dia adalah sosok dari world, the kind of woman he had never dunia lain, wanita yang selalu met but only dreamed of. (p.296) diimpikannya tapi tak pernah ditemukannya di alam nyata. (p.271) He was as good as dead to her, and she Baginya, Edward sudah tidak ada. Kini dia was falling in love with this wild and jatuh cinta kepada pria tampan yang liar beauty man, who looked like an Indian. ini, yang lebih mirip orang Indian, dan (p.362) yang sekarang akan pergi berperang di pihak tentara. (p.333) It was like a mystery in his life unfurling Kisah hidup mereka bagaikan misteri yang daily. (p.383) terkuak sedikit demi sedikit…dari hari kehari. (p.354) „I hate Blue Jacket,‟ She said to Francois, “Aku benci Blue Jacket,” katanya seperti like a pouting child. (p.404) anak kecil yang sedang ngambek. (p.373)
38
19 20 21
But to Sarah it sounded like a death Menurut Sarah, terpilih ikut ekspedisi itu sentence. (p.405) seperti mendapat hukuman mati.(p.374) He‟s over the moon. (p.419) Katanya dia senang sekali. (p.388) He was a proud eagle high in the skies, Francois bagaikan elang yang terbang and even she knew she could not force melayang-layang di angkasa luas, dengan him to earth quite so swiftly. (p.434) bebas dan penuh martabat. (p.403) From the table above, each sentence is translated by adding some
information toward one aspect or a whole part. In the first sentence, the addition information is given to translate the word „bleak‟. Bleak which means suram is translated into murung an suram, while if you looked into dictionary, murung means melancholy. So, it can be concluded that the translator used addition procedure in translating the word bleak by adding the word melancholy to be translated into target language. The addition information also is given in order to translate standing there in He felt like a fool, standing there with Francesca glaring at him into berdiri canggung. As can be seen in the table, there is no word that corresponds to canggung. It means the word canggung in the sentence is the addition information that completed the meaning of the sentence. Unlike the first and second sentence above, in translating the sentence it’s a rotten deal, the translator simply gives the addition information to the whole sentence. It’s a rotten deal which means ini penyelesaian yang menyakitkan is translated by adding bagi kita berdua in the target language. While in the first and second sentence the addition information is given to strengthen the meaning of a word, in this sentence the addition information is given as the adverbial of the sentence.
39
Modulation When the translation happened through the variation of viewpoint or perspective and very often the category of thought, the procedure is called modulation. It can be a change in abstract for concrete, active for passive or vice versa or even positive for double negative. In “The Ghost”, the writer finds there are about 8.70% of metaphors are translated through this procedure. Table 8: Translation Procedure of Modulation
No Source Language 1 It was impossible not to think of what had happened, impossible not to run his mind over it again and again, as though looking for the seam from where the leak began. (p.9) 2 It was the golden life of two careers, two powerful, intelligent, interesting, successful people. (p.12) 3 He always wound up as the supplicant, the poor slob begging the beautiful princess to come back to him, and he loathed himself for it. (p.25) 4 It was like living in the shoe box. (p.44) 5
6 7 8
9
The big guys are here, and they are breathing down our necks all the time.(p.47) But, the battle about Phoenix had been ragging since early morning. (p.54) It was a long story, but the office was a nightmare. (p.122) He wondered if maybe she‟d a rotten Christmas, or a rotten life, but actually, he decided as he looked at her, maybe she just a rotten person. (p.129) It was a sweet story, but she never paid much attention to it. (p.133)
Target Language Tidak mungkin memikirkan yang telah terjadi, tidak mungkin mencegah pikirannya mengulang-ulang kejadian itu. Ini seperti mencari-cari titik-titik kebocoran. (p.9) Masa-masa itu adalah puncak kehidupan dan karir sepasang anak manusia yang cerdas, menawan, dan penuh kuasa. (p.13) Dia merasa hina, memohon-mohon agar Carole kembali kepadanya. Dia mengutuk dirinya sendiri. (p.27) Charlie merasa seperti tinggal didalam kotak sepatu. (p.44) Para bos berkantor disini. Mereka mengawasi kami dengan ketat. (p.47) Perdebatan tentang proyek Phoenix sudah memanas sejak pagi. (p.55) Ceritanya panjang. Suasana kantor New York payah. (p.117) Charlie menebak-nebak: mungkin wanita itu mendapat pengalaman buruk di Hari Natal, mungkin hidupnya penuh penderitaan, mungkin sifatnya memang kasar. (p.124) Kisah cinta mereka memang mengharukan, tetapi Fransesca tak pernah peduli. (p.128)
40
10
He was a hard man to read. (p.285)
11
They‟re giving our people a devil of a time at the momen. (p.241) Pierre wasn‟t exactly interested in me when his little cupcake was having twin babies. (p.384) In figure of speech above, It was impossible not to think of what had
12
Francois bukan pria yang mudah di tebak. (p.262) Orang-orang Indian itu membuat orang kulit putih kehabisan akal. (p.226) Pierre tidak tertarik lagi kepadaku setelah pacarnya melahirkan anak kembar. (p.355)
happened is the example of a change in double negative for positive. The sentence is first changed into it was impossible to think of what had happened then translated into tidak mungkin memikirkan yang telah terjadi. Another example of modulation through a change in positive for double negative is shown in He was a hard man to read. A positive sentence is translated into a negative one Francois bukan pria yang mudah ditebak. Beside a change in positive for double negative or vice versa, a modulation also occurs when there is a change in viewpoint or perspective. The translation of the beautiful princess in the poor slob begging the beautiful princess to come back to him is the example. It is translated into Carole, in which Carole refers to the beautiful princess. The change in viewpoint like this also occurs in translating in translating the battle and his little cupcake. The battle, it is mean peperangan or pertempuran in target language, is translated into perdebatan. While perdebatan itself, in source language is debate or discussion. Then, cupcake in his little cupcake it is mean kue mangkuk is translated into pacarnya. Transposition Translation procedure which is dealing with a change in the grammar from source language to target language is called transposition. It involves a
41
grammatical change whether in grammatical class, rank, or posses system which approximately corresponds as to their constitution. It also involves the change from complex sentence to simple one. And writer found as many 9 items of figurative languages in “The Ghost” are translated through this procedure. Table 9: Translation Procedure of Transposition
No. Source Language 1 They had lives of their own. They were planets in separate orbits. (p.9) 2
3 4 5 6
7
8
9
Target Language Mereka hidup dalam kesibukan masing-masing, seperti dua planet dengan dua orbit yang berbeda. (p.10) The fights they‟d never had before Pertengkaran yang sebelumnya tak blossomed like trees in spring, and they pernah terjadi kini seperti tak pernah fought every time they were together. (p.19) berhenti. Setiap kali berduaan, mereka selalu bertengkar. (p.21) Maybe that was the cement between us we Mungkin anak akan mempererat were lacking. (p.25) hubungan kita. (p.21) She had snow-white hair pulled back into a Rambut putihnya ditata menjaadi bun. (p.75) sanggul mungil. (p.74) She looked at him with eyes like green ice. Sorot mtanya sedingin es. Mata itu (p.130) indh seperti warna zamrud. (p.125) It was as through a door somewhat had Dia seperti melihat pintu yang dibuka opened just a fraction of a crack, but just as sekilas, hanya sesaat, tapi langsung quickly she had slammed it. (p.133) dibanting menutup lagi. (p.128) What surprised Charlie was that the woman Charlie heran, wanita sekeras dan was as cold as ice with her and the child sedingin itu bisa punya anak yang yang was so warm. (p.146) ramah dan periang. (p.140) It was like a letter from her to all of them. Dia seperti membaca surat dari wanita (p.162) itu yang bercerita tentang pengalamannya. (p.155) It was like a secret club they shared, and she Mereka seperti sedang berbagi rahasia. grateful to him for letting her read them. Fransesca mengungkapkan terima (p.421) kasih karena Charlie memberinya kesempatan membaca buku itu. (p.390) From the table above, the writer see the figures of speech above are
translated through transposition procedure. First, the change from plural into singular, such as a plural word the fights in the fights they’d never had before in the first sentence is translated into singular word pertengkaran, in which if it
42
literally translated the fights will become pertengkaran-pertengkaran. Second, from the second source language clause she had snow-white hair is translated into target language noun group rambut putihnya, in which if we looked up into dictionary it would be translated into dia mempunyai rambut seputih salju. Then, from a source language noun letter in third sentence is translated into a target language verb membaca surat or from noun the cement, in fourth sentence, into a target language verb mempererat. Transference From 138 figures of speech, five of them apply transference procedures. It is the procedure of translation which is aimed to provide authenticity. This procedure is used when the term of the source language is unknown in the target language or target language users reject the words. So, the words from the source language will remain in the target language permanently. Names of living, geographical and topographical name, names of periodical and newspaper, titles, name of private company, and addresses are normally transferred. Now, take a look at the figures of speech below. Table 10: Translation Procedure of Transference
No Source Language 1 She seemed so ladylike and so polite that he felt like some kind of hooligan barging in on her without warning or invitation. (p.75) 2 It was like a fairyland, and she felt euphoric as they rode ever farther from Deerfield. (p.271) 3 He didn‟t want her to think he was a pervert, some crazy pedophile chasing her little girl. (p.148)
Target Language Wanita itu sangat anggun dan sopan hingga Charlie merasa dirinya seperti hooligan yang tiba-tiba datang tanpa diundang. (p.74) Kebahagiaan luar biasayang memenuhi hatinya. Tanpa sadar mereka berkuda semakin jauh dari Deerfield. (p.250) Dia tidak ingin dikira pedophile yang mengejar-ngejar anak kecil. (p.142)
4
Cahaya matahari masuk dengan leluasa. Jendelanya membuka kearah Scollay
It was a sunny room with a view of Scollay Square, and in the distance she
43
could see the harbor. (p.232) 5
The only name he could think of for this woman was White Dove. (p.269)
Square dan pelabuhan dikejauhan. (p.218) Wanita ini pantas dijuluki White Dove, katanya dalam hati. (p.249)
From the table above, the underlined words in the source language are remain the same in the target language, there are no change at all, even just one alphabet. The word hooligan is translated into hooligan, Deerfield into Deerfield, pedophile remain Pedophile, Scollay Square is translated into Scollay Square and last, White Dove into White Dove. The writer believes that by using these procedures, the translator aims to maintain the authenticity of the novel, so she did not change the author‟s messages. Synonymy When there is no clear one-to-one equivalent; and when literal translation is not possible, the appropriate translation procedure is synonymy. It is the use of another equivalent beside the exact one. In translating the metaphors found in “The Ghost”, the translator used this procedure for as many five figures of speech such as shown below. Table 11: Translation Procedure of Synonymy
No. 1
2
3
Source Language She was like a glimpse into the past, and at the same time she seemed to have a firm grip on the present. (p.80) As he carefully took of the velvet gown, and placed her like a newborn child beneath the covers. (p.366) He was paraded around everywhere, to all their most
Target Language Dia bagaikan kilasan masa lalu, sekaligus memberi pegangan kuat ke masa kini.(p.79) Dengan hati-hati Francois melepas gaun birunya lalu menyelimutinya seperti bayi. (p.338) Memang, didepan klien-klien terpenting dia diperkenalkan
44
important clients, but he was only a front man. (p.48) 4 5
And their office is a snake pit. (p.122) I was just a robot, a machine, a lawyer…(p.313)
dengan penuh pujian tetapi peranannya tak lebih dari pegawai humas. (p.49) Masuk kesana seperti masuk ke sarang ular. (p.117) Aku merasa seperti robot, sepotong mesin, praktisi hokum…(p.287)
From the table above, the words that used synonymy procedure is underlined. There is at the same time, a newborn child, a front man, snake pit and a lawyer. First, at the same time is translated into sekaligus in which if we look up at dictionary it can be translated into pada waktu yang sama. And pada waktu yang sama itself means sekaligus. Here the translator used another equivalent that she thinks is the more precise one. Another example is a newborn child. It can be translated into anak yang baru lahir. But the translator prefers to use bayi which is the synonym of anak yang baru lahir. This procedure also applied in translating a lawyer. Lawyer in the target language can be replaced with pengacara. While in the target language, pengacara also known as praktisi hukum. The use of synonym like that is called synonymy procedure. Literal As many figure of speech found in the novel use literal procedure. This procedure
converts source language grammatical construction to the nearest
target language equivalent. It ranges from one word to one word, group to group, clause to clause and sentence to sentence, but the lexical word is translated out of the context.
45
The following are figures of speech which use it. Table 12: Translation Procedure of Literal
No. Source Language 1 Edward kept her locked up and treated her like a piece of furniture. (p.170) 2
3 4
Five minutes later, the two women who had just met lay side by side like sisters. (p.255) You‟re an old fool. (p.243) There are too many white men here. (p.268)
Target Language Edwar mengurungnya dan memperlakukannya seperti sepotong perabot. (p.162) Lima menit kemudian kedua wanita yang baru berkenalan itu tidur berdampingan seperti kakak –adik. (p.237) Dasar lelaki tua tolol. (p.228) Terlalu banyak orang kulit putih disini. (p.247)
In order to analyze the translation of figures of speech above, the writer simply the translation below the source language text or separate the sentence into its parts, whether one word to one word, group to group, or clause to clause. The examples of the analyses are shown as follow: Edward kept her locked up and treated her like a piece of furniture. Edward mengurungnya dan memperlakukannya seperti sepotong perabot. Or, Five minutes later, the two women who had just met lay side by side like sisters. The translation are : Five minutes later
: Lima menit kemudian
The two women
: kedua wanita
Who had just met
: yang baru berkenalan itu
Lay side by side
: tidur berdampingan
Like sisters
: seperti kakak-adik
46
Triplet While couplet procedure uses two translation procedures dealing with a single problem, triplet procedure is simply translation procedure which uses three translation procedures continuously. As many 2.90% figures of speech are translated through this procedure. The following table is the example of figurative of comparisons which are translated through triplet procedure.
Table 13: Translation Procedure of Triplet
No Source Language 1 He felt like monitor on a playground, and all the employees did was fight because they were so bored and frustrated with their projects. (p.50) 2
3 4
Target Language Dia merasa dirinya diperalat untuk memata-matai para pegawai – demi perusahaan. Dilain pihak, para pegawai yang bosan dan frustrasi kerjanya hanya bertengkar atau sikut-sikutan. (p.50) Dia merasa bebas sebebas-bebasnya, seperti melayang diudara, tak terikat apapun. (p.58) Charlie mencoba mengangkatnya. Berat sekali, seperti berisi batu. (p.154) Sepanjang pesta pria itu menempelnya terus, walaupun Sarah selalu menghindarinya. (p.226)
It was like skydiving, like floating free in the air, completely unfettered and unchained. (p.57) And when Charlie tried to lift it, it felt like it was filled with rocks. (p.161) He hung around her like a puppy much of the time, and Sarah did everything she possibly could to avoid him. (p.242) From the table above, the writer see that the entire sentence is translated
by using triplet procedure. In dealing with the translation of the first sentence, the translator applied transposition, paraphrase and addition. First, through transposition procedure she translated a noun monitor into a verb, in this case, passive, diperalat. Second, through paraphrase, she continued the translation of a monitor into its meaning that a monitoris a tool or a machine that is used to check or record things into
47
diperalat untuk memata-matai pegawai. Third, she added it by information that says it s done for company then translated it into demi perusahaan. This procedure also used in translating the third sentence. First, in order to translate the sentence, the translator used transposition procedure. She translated it through the grammatical change from source language to target language. In this case she translated an adverbial clause and when Charlie tried to lift it into a simple sentence Charlie mencoba mengangkatnya. After that she used reduction procedure by deleting the subject in the main clause it felt like it was filled with rocks. Then the next is paraphrase. Here, she added the translation with the explanation on how heavy the rocks are. Naturalization Naturalization is the next procedure used after the transference. Transference procedure is based on the rejection of the target language users, so the words remain the same as the source language words, while naturalization is based on the acceptance. The words from source language are adjusted to the normal pronunciation then to the normal morphology of the target language. In “The Ghost”, this procedure succeeds in translating 1.45% metaphor found. Table 14: Translation Procedure of Naturalization
No. 1 2
Source Language Her life in England seemed like a dream now. (p.294) She had a large, handsome suite of rooms, with a drawing room done in heavy red brocades, and a bedroom adjacent to it done in pale grey satin. (p.232)
Target Language Kehidupannya di Inggris kini hanya seperti mimpi. (p.269) Kamarnya luas, didominasi kain satin abu-abu pucat dan dihubungkan dengan kamar duduk bertirai brokat merah. (p.218)
48
From the sentences in the table above, from two sentences, there are actually three words which are translated by using this procedure. They are England, brocades, and satin. The word England is translated into Inggris in which the target language users adjusted England to their normal pronunciation and their normal morphology, and then brocade is translated into the normal target language pronunciation brokat. It also applied in the translation of satin. Satin, here, is translated into kain satin. Compensation As many two figures of speech (1.45%) used compensation procedure. This procedure is applied when a sentence loss its meaning, sound effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect, it means the sentence is compensated in another part. Usually, an incomplete sentence is translated by adding a complement word. The following figures of speech are translated through compensation procedure. Table 15: Translation Procedure of Compensation
No. Source Language 1 She didn‟t want to look like a total dowdy, so she indulged herself with the blue velvet gown. (p.233) 2
Target Language Sarah tidak ingin tampil kumal dipesta, karena itu dimanjakannya dirinya dengan memesan sehelai gaun beludru biru. (p.219) She was pretty girl, but was Dia cantik, tetapi hatinya terbuat made of ice. (p.134) dari es. (p.129)
From the table above, she didn’t want to look like a total dowdy in the first sentence is translated into Sarah tidak ingin tampil kumal dipesta. It is unclear when or in what situation she did not want to look like that. So that, since the sentence loss its meaning, the translator adds dipesta in the translation as the complement. In other words, the sentence is completed into she didn’t want to look like a total dowdy at the party. The same procedure also used to translate the second sentence. Here, but was made of ice is lost its meaning. It is unclear what was made of ice, is it the girl or another part. So, the translator makes it clear by adding her heart into the
49
sentence. The sentence becomes but her heart was made of ice, then it is translated into tetapi hatinya terbuat dari es. Cultural Equivalent There is only one figure of speech that is translated through cultural equivalent or just 0.72% of all. It is rendering meaning of the source language cultural word into a target language cultural word. But, of course, the translation has to convey the same meaning. Table 16: Translation Procedure of Cultural Equivalent
No. Source Language 1 He was like the prince of Unknown, he represented a world she could only dream of. (p.260)
Target Language Dia bagaikan seorang pangeran dari negeri Antah Berantah, dari dunia yang tidak dikenalnya dan hanya dapat diimpikannya. (p.241)
From the table, source language cultural words prince of Unknown is translated into target language cultural words pangeran dari negeri Antah Berantah.
50
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions Translation is a tool that connects people to the world. It also can be said
as an activity of transferring the meaning by way of semantic structure and stylistic equivalent from the source language into another language (target language) as closely as possible without distorting the structures. And one that can be translated is language phenomenon like figurative language, especially the figurative of comparison such as metaphors, figures of speech that compare two things essentially different but thought to be like. Just like what can be found in Steel‟s novel entitled “The Ghost”. In this unit analysis, the writer has tried to reach some conclusions point per point as the issue of translating the metaphorical language in the novel. 1. The types of metaphor such as dead metaphor and live metaphor are becoming the focus on analyzing this novel. From the data analysis shows, that the majorities number of analyzed metaphor in this novel is live metaphor. 2. Almost Indonesian metaphors do not have the equal metaphorical meaning in English. To get the message from source language to target language, the writer used meaning equivalence. The various translation procedures have been used by the translator, such as literal 4 data (2,90%), transference 5 data (3,62%), naturalization 2 data (1,45%), cultural equivalent 1 data (0,72%), transposition 9 data (6,52%),
51
modulation data 12 (8,70%), synonymy 5 data (3.62%), paraphrase 23 data (16,67%), reduction 28 data (20,29%), addition 21 data (15,22%), couplet 22 data (15,94%), and even triplet 4 data (2,90%). Reduction procedure is the most frequent translation used by the translator since there are many 28 data (20,29%).
B.
Suggestions After conducting the research in the translation of metaphors of Steel‟s
novel “The Ghost”, the writer would like to give some suggestion that might be useful especially for student at English Letters Department and reader. For the translator, who wants to translate the information text, should give more intention in the meaning and pay attention to the strategy of the translation that compatible to the information of the text. It is aimed at getting the readable and understandable text that content some information and get the meaning equivalent that can be understood by the reader. For other researchers, the writer suggested to have more knowledge about the translation strategy and using a deeper analysis of text to find out the equivalence of meaning.
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bell, T. (1991). Translation and Translating :Theory and Practice. London: Longman.
Fromkin, Victoria. (2003). An Introduction to Language. Los Angles: University of California Press. Hornby, A.S. (2000). Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary.United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Keraf, G. (2005). Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Larson, M. (1984).Meaning-Based Translation:A Guide to Cross Cultural Language Equivalent.USA: University Press of America. Munday, J. (2001). Introducing Translation Studies – Theories and Application. London: Routledge. Newmark, P. (1982). Approaches to Translation.Oxford: Pergamon Press. (1988) AText Book of Translation.Newmark: Prentice Hall.
Nida and Taber. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Den Haag: Brill
Nida, Eugene. (1975). Language Structure and Translation. Stanford: Stanford UniversityPress Nida,
Eugene. (2001). Introducing Translation Applications. London: Routledge.
Studies:
Theories
Noguira and Semolini.(2008). Twelve ways to Enhance Translation Quality. Retrieve on September 7, 2009 from Translationjournal.com
and
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Ordudari, M. (2008).Translation Procedures, Strategies and Methods.Retrieve on September 7, 2009 from http;//www.translationjournal.net Ordudari, M. (2008b). Good Translation: Art, Craft, or Science?. Retrieve on September 4, 2009 from http;//www.translationjounal.net Simatupang, M. (2000).Pengantar Teori Terjemahan. Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi Dinas Pendidikan Nasional. Stee, D. (1997). The Ghost. London: Corgi Books.
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