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AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES OF TRANSLATING COMPUTER TERM IN ANDREW S. TANENBAUM 3rd COMPUTER NETWORKS INTO BAHASA INDONESIA

A THESIS

BY:

FACHWINALIA KEUMALA SARI REG. STUDENT NO: 050705048

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2009

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, Alhamdulillah, Alhamdulillah,

First of all, I would like to give my biggest gratitude to Almighty Allah Subhanahu wa Ta’ala for blessings and endowments in my life so I can finish my study, especially in during the process of finishing this thesis. Nothing is possible to happen without his permission.

I address my gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, University of Sumatera Utara, Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A. Ph.D, for giving all students facilities to support their study. I am also grateful to the Head and the Secretary of Department of English for their advice and encouragement during my study at the faculty.

I would like to thank to all my lecturers in the English Department who have taught me lesson so long that I can get knowledge. My gratitude for my academic Supervisor, Dra, Roma Ayuni Loebis, M. A., who has supported me during my study in the English Department And also bang Samsul for his help in administration matters.

I also would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Roswita Silalahi, Dip. TESOL M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus Harefa, Med TESOL as my Supervisor and my CoSupervisor. I am grateful for their helps, guidance, understanding, and contributions to my thesis.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

My lovely thanks are due to my beloved parents, Fadly P.Amin and Rumiana Sukrie. I feel grateful for greatest supports and prayers from my lovely sisters and brothers, k’iin, k’titin, k’ririn, b’dam,b’isan, b’robby and also my lovely nieces anya, nayla and kheisa. Thanks for ‘caem bersodara’ Desi, Pipi, Ayu, Tia, Qiqi, Aik, you all the best. My gratitude is also addressed to my colleagues, emak, wawan, noni, ratih, novi, kajol, dodo, dini, reza, takem. And also k’eka n ayu, I do love you all thanks for support me in many things.

Medan, December 2009

FACHWINALIA KEUMALA SARI__ Reg. No. 050705048

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

ABSTRAK Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Translation Procedures of Translating Computer Term in Andrew S. Tanembaum 3rd Computer Networks into Bahasa Indonesia. Skripsi ini menganalisis terjemahan istilah-istilah computer yang terdapat pada buku Andrew S. Tanembaum, Edisi ke-3 Jaringan Komputer dan terjemahannya dalam bahasa Indonesia. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori penerjemahan Vinay dan Darbelnet. Teori ini membagi metode penerjemahan menjadi dua bagian: (1) terjemahan harfiah (literal translation) dan (2) wajib (oblique translation) yang kemudian di pecah lagi menjadi tujuh bagian yang dikenal dengan sebutan prosedur: (a) peminjaman (borrowing), (b) calque, (c) terjemahan harfiah, (d) transposisi, (e) modulasi, (f) kesepadanan dan (g) penyesuaian. Dari hasil analisis, dapat dilihat adanya kompleksitas pemahaman tentang prosedur penerjemahan. Hal ini harus lebih dipahami secara benar. Banyak hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam proses penerapan prosedur penerjemahan seperti hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan proses peminjaman, calque, terjemahan harfiah, modulasi, transposisi, kesepadanan dan penyesuaian. Hasil dari analisis yaitu tidak terdapatnya kesepadanan, modulasi dan penyesuaian. Kata Kunci: Peminjaman, Calque, Terjemahan Harfiah, Modulasi, Transposisi, Kesepadanan dan Penyesuaian.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................

i

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................

iv

LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................

vii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................

viii

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

I

II

INTRODUCTION .................................................................

1

1.1 Background of the Analysis .............................................

1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis...................................................

4

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis .................................................

4

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ........................................................

4

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ............................................

5

1.6 Literature Review .............................................................

5

AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES .....

9

2.1 What is Translation? .........................................................

9

2.1.1 Art, Craft, and Science ..........................................

10

2.1.2 Language and Culture............................................

11

2.2 Process, Product, and Theory ............................................

15

2.3 Translation Procedures ......................................................

18

2.3.1 Borrowing .............................................................

18

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

2.3.2 Calque ...................................................................

19

2.3.3 Literal Translation .................................................

20

2.3.4 Transposition.........................................................

21

2.3.5 Modulation ............................................................

21

2.3.6 Equivalence ...........................................................

22

2.3.7 Adaptation .............................................................

23

III METHODOLOGY ................................................................

25

3.1 Research Method ..............................................................

25

3.2 Data collecting Method .....................................................

25

IV AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES .......

28

4.1 Data

..............................................................................

28

4.2 Data Analysis ....................................................................

32

4.3 Discussions .......................................................................

36

4.3.1 Borrowing .............................................................

36

4.3.2 Calque ...................................................................

43

4.3.3 Literal Translation .................................................

51

4.3.4 Equivalence ...........................................................

53

4.3.5 Transposition.........................................................

53

4.3.6 Modulation ............................................................

54

4.3.7 Adaptation .............................................................

54

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

4.4 Data Findings ....................................................................

54

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ..............................

57

5.1 Conclusions ......................................................................

57

5.2 Suggestions .......................................................................

58

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................

59

CHAPTER

V

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1

: Percentages of each change rank occurred .........................................

7

Table 2

: Data ..................................................................................................

28

Table 3

: Table of Data Analysis ......................................................................

32

Table 4

: Pure Loanwords ................................................................................

37

Table 5

: Mix Loanwords .................................................................................

37

Table 6

: Loan Blends ......................................................................................

39

Table 7

: Calque...............................................................................................

43

Table 8

: Literal Translation .............................................................................

52

Table 9

: Transposition.....................................................................................

53

Table 10

: Table of findings ...............................................................................

55

Table 11

: The number of cases and the percentage of each procedure................

59

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

PL

: Pure loanwords

ML

: Mix Loanwords

LB

: loan Blends

TL

: Target Language

SL

: Source Language

ST

: Source Text

TT

: Target Text

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background

Nowadays, we cannot imagine our life without computers and the fact is that they have become so important that nothing can replace them. They seem to be everywhere today. Computers are evolving daily and it is already affecting our daily life and our society. Distance is no longer an obstacle with the use of computer. Crossing oceans takes only a mouse click and a second of waiting. This is what people say about how the computer affects our life.

Virtually, computer which affects most people’s lives are considered as the most important technological achievement of the days. Using computers, we can make or solve most of difficult things which are hardly completed without them. Because of these different varieties of abilities, computers have been creating many noticeable achievements in most of societies’ fields especially medicine, education, and usual life. Finally, having a computer is a very spectacular tool that has many functions and very interesting object to analyze related to translating.

Crystal (1997) begins ‘English as a Global Language’ by asking what it means for a language to be global, and what the advantages and disadvantages of having a global language are. A language is a system for encoding information (http://en. Wikipedia. Org/wiki/language/ July, 15th 2009; 08:00 PM). Moreover as quoted from Oxford Dictionary “language is a system of sounds, words, etc used by humans to communicate thoughts and feelings”.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

Some languages, most constructed, are meant specifically for communication between people of different nationalities or language groups as an easy-to-learn second language. There are about 5,000-6,000 different languages spoken in the world today. Several of these languages have been constructed by individuals or groups. Sapir (in Mandelboum, 1958) expressed this view as follows:

“Human beings do not live in the objective social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjust to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection.” As a means of communication, translation is known as a technique for learning foreign languages. According to Newmark (1988) “translation is a twoedged instrument: it has the special purpose of demonstrating the learner’s knowledge of foreign language….” Catford (1996) defined “a translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)”. Newmark (1988) he also defined “translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text”. Addition to Machali (2000) in her book defined “penerjemahan bukan hanya upaya menggantikan teks bahasa sumber dengan text yang sepadan atau makna yang dimaksud pengarang ke dalam bahasa sasaran melainkan juga memperhatikan aspek-aspek sosial ketika aspek tersebut dibaca atau dikomunikasikan”. It means that translation communicates the same message in another language.

Moreover translation is also a field of various procedures. In addition to wordfor-word and sense-for-sense procedures, the translator may use a variety of Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

procedures that differ in importance according to the contextual factors of both the ST and the TT. Accessed at: http://www.thelanguagetranslation.com/whattranslation.html August,

27th 2009; 11.05 PM. According to The Macquarie

Dictionary in Machali (2000: 62), “a procedure is the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process”. At first the different methods or procedures seem to be countless, generally speaking, translator can choose from two methods of translating. Newmark (1988) mentions the difference between translation methods and translation procedures. He writes that, “While translation methods relate to whole texts, translation procedures are used for sentences and the smaller units of language”. The translating procedures, as depicted by Nida (1964) are Technical procedures and Organizational procedures. Whereas Vinay and Darbelnet’s ( in Steiner and Yallop 2001) ‘translation procedures are the basic techniques of translation’. Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) was the first classification of translation technique that had a clear methodological purpose. According to them the procedures were classified as two methods covering seven procedures (in Hatim and Munday 2004:30), are “(i) direct translation, which covers borrowing, calque, and literal translation, and (ii) oblique translation, which is transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation”.

Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedures is so compact and relatively easy to understand, that there is no need to rephrase it. That’s why I choose to analyze computer terms “in Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks” to see whether of Vinay and Darbelnet’s theory of translation procedures above are exist or not. For example packet which is translated into paket is an example of borrowing procedure because the SL is transferred directly Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

to the TL. The next example is network which translated into jaringan as an example of Literal Translation procedure because the direct transfer of a source language text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target text.

1.2 Problems of the Analysis

Based on the background above there are some problems of the analysis which are discussed.

a. What kinds of translation procedures found in the target text? b.

What is the most dominant translation procedures found in the target text?

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis

The objectives of the analysis are to answer the problems above that can be described as follows:

a.

To find and to analyze the translation procedures found in the

target text.

b. To find out the dominant types of the translation procedures found in the

target text.

1.4 Scope of the Analysis

In this thesis, I focused on analyzing the data from Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks into Bahasa Indonesia to find out translation procedures by using Vinay and Dalbernet’s theory. The data are computer terms only which Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

collected from chapter one to chapter four. The analysis covers the seven procedures in other to get the results of the analysis related to the procedures.

1.5 Significances of the Analysis

There are theoretical and practical significances that can be taken from this thesis. Theoretically, this thesis can be used for the readers and especially for the students of English department to expand their knowledge about translation. Practically, this thesis can be used by translator in practicing the translation and also as the reference in Foreign Language Teaching.

1.6 Literature Review To support the ideas of this thesis, I have consulted some references concerned with the topic to support the ideas of analysis. Those references are:

Jakobson's (in Venuti 2000) study of equivalence gave new impetus to the theoretical analysis of translation since he introduced the notion of 'equivalence in difference'. He suggests three kinds of translation: •

Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrase)



Interlingual (between two languages)



Intersemiotic (between sign systems).

According to his theory, “translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes”. There seems to be some similarities between Vinay and Darbelnet's theory of translation procedures and Jakobson's theory of translation. Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

Both Vinay and Darbelnet as well as Jakobson conceive the translation task as something which can always be carried out from one language to another, regardless of the cultural or grammatical differences between ST and TT.

Benjamin (in Venuti 2000), in his ‘The task of the translator’, Benjamin based his theory’s of translation on the concept of a universal pure language which expressed universal thought; within this circumference, languages complemented and borrowed from each other when translating. Benjamin statement is closely to borrowing in Vinay and Darbelnet’s seven procedures.

Besides those experts and their theory on translation, I also read some thesis that also related to this topic. Roswani Siregar (2009) in her thesis ‘Analisis Penerjemahan Dan Pemaknaan Istilah Teknik: Studi Kasus Pada Terjemahan Dokumen Kontrak’ has given a lot of contribution to this thesis. Her thesis is very closely relevant to this thesis. She talks about methodology for translation which some theory that she uses is relevant to this thesis, such as Vinay and Dalbernet theory’s about translation procedures.

Dhany Novi Anesthasia (2009) in her thesis ‘Unit Shifts in the Interpreting of Reverend’s English Sermon into Bahasa Indonesia’ gives a contribution to this thesis. She uses the descriptive method in writing the thesis. She also uses a formula referring to Nawawi’s social analysis method to account the most dominant change of rank occurred in the interpreting. Then she draws the percentages of each change rank occurred on a table. The following table is the result of the thesis. Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

Table 1: Percentages of each change rank occurred

Kinds of No.

Unit

No. Data

Total

Percentage

5,8, 11, 12, 13, 23, 32, 49, 56,

23

14.56%

45

28.48%

75

47.47%

Shifts 1.

W-P

63, 69, 71, 85, 102, 114, 125, 126, 137, 139, 140, 144, 154, 157, 2.

W-C

1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 24, 26, 35, 36, 41, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 60, 65, 66, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 96, 99, 106, 108, 112, 118, 120, 121, 127, 128, 129, 148, 149, 153

3.

P-W

2, 4, 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 62, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 88, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110, 111, 113, 116, 119, 122, 123, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 141, 143, 145, 146, 147,

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

150, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158 4.

P-C

25, 48, 64, 89, 98, 115, 117, 142

8

5.06%

5.

P-S

20, 61, 138

3

1.9%

6.

C-S

124

1

0.63%

7.

S-P

93

1

0.63%

8.

S-C

29, 134

2

1.27%

158

100%

Total

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

CHAPTER II AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES

2.1 What is Translation?

To state a simplistic definition of translation we can say that it is re-telling, as exactly as possible, the meaning of the original message in a way that is natural in the language into which the translation is being made. The term ‘translation’ can be generally defined as the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in another

language.

Accessed

at:

http://www.wikianswers..com/what-

translation.html. October, 3rd 2009; 03:06 PM

Hatim and Munday (2004:6) prefer to talk of ‘the ambit of translation’ defined as:

1. The process of transferring a written text from SL to TL, conducted by a translator, or translators, in a specific socio-cultural context.

2. The written product, or TT, which results from that process and which functions in the socio-cultural context of the TL.

3. The cognitive, linguistic, visual, cultural and ideological phenomena which are an integral part of 1 and 2.

Brislin (1976: 1) defines translation as “The general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target), whether the languages are in written or oral form; whether the languages have

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

established orthographies or do not have such standardization or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with sign languages of the deaf.”

Nida (1984:83) points out: “translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”. Likewise, translation, as Bell (1991:8) asserts, “translation involves the transfer of meaning from a text in one language into a text in another language”.

Finally, Wills (1982:3) defines translation more or less similarly that “Translation is a transfer process which aims at the transformation of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical processing of the SL”.

2.1.1 Art, Craft, and Science

There is a long-standing debate as to whether translation is an art, a craft or a science. Literary translators, such as Cary (in Nababan, 1999: 11), defines translation as an ‘art’. Newmark (1988: 7) defines that “Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”. Other translators and translation theorists, such as Jumpelt in Nababan (1999:11) defines that “penerjemahan adalah sebuah ilmu”, mostly those who work on technical, business or legal documents, regard their métier as a science and a craft, one that can not only be taught but that is subject to linguistic analysis and that benefits from academic study. Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

However, Gabr (2001:2) considers translation both a craft and a science when he writes that "translation being a craft on the one hand, requires training, i.e. practice under supervision, and being a science on the other hand, has to be based on language theories".

Most translators, however, will agree that the situation depends on the nature of the text being translated. A simple document, for example a product brochure, can in many cases be translated quickly, using simple techniques familiar to advanced language-students. By contrast, a newspaper editorial, political speech, or book on almost any subject will require not only the good language skills and research technique, but the art of good writing and cultural sensitivity. Culture is, in fact, a crucial element in translation, in particular, and language in general.

2.1.2 Language and Culture

According to Newmark “Culture can be defined as the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expressions”; however, Goodenough (1964: 36) puts:

“As I see it, a society's culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves. Culture, being what people have to learn as distinct from their biological heritage, must consist of the end product of learning: knowledge, in a most general, if relative, sense of the term. By definition, we should note that culture is not material phenomenon; it does not consist of things, people, behavior, or emotions. It is rather an organization of these things. It is the forms of things that people have in mind, their models of perceiving and dealing with their circumstances. To one who knows their culture, these things and events are also signs signifying the cultural forms or models of which they are material representation.”

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

It can be summarized that this definition suggests three things, the first culture seen as a totality of knowledge and model for perceiving things, the second immediate connection between culture and behavior and events, and the last culture depends on norms. While Kridalaksana in chaer (2007:32) explains that “bahasa adalah sistem lambang bunyi yang arbitrer yang digunakan oleh para anggota

kelompok

sosial

untuk

bekerja

sama,

berkomunikasi,

dan

mengindentifikasi diri”.

Many translation scholars distinguish ‘cultural’ language from ‘universal’ and ‘personal’ language. For them, words like ‘father’, ‘die’, ‘live’, ‘star’, ‘swim’ and almost virtually every artifact like ‘table’ are universals which generate no translation problem. But even with regard to such words there is a cultural aspect. Take, for instance, the example of ‘father’. The notion of fatherhood takes new characteristics in each different cultural community. A French ‘father’ is different from an English ‘father’ who is in turn different from Arabic ‘father’ a father normally called Si Sayyed. Another radical cultural difference can be further noticed. Some Amazonian tribes who lead animal-like lives have no ‘father’ notion in their culture and consequently in their language.

Language does contain all kinds of cultural deposits, in the grammar (genders of inanimate nouns, take the example of couleur which is a feminine noun in French but masculine in Arabic Lawn). Other examples see the following excerpts for illustration. The source language (SL) is Indonesian and the target language (TL) is English.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

(1.) SL: Sebuah lembaga penelitian mengadakan penelitian tentang jumlah tabungan perbulan dari para buruh sebuah perusahaan negara di ibukota. Penelitian tersebut menggunakan sampel yang terdiri dari 100 keluarga dan hasilnya dinyatakan sebagai persentasi dari jumlah pendapatan per bulan.

TL: A research institution conducted a research on the amount of saving deposited by workers of a company located in a capital city. The research took 100 families as a sample and the result was presented in percentage of their monthly wages.

(2) SL: Dalam masyarakat Jawa bila seseorang wanita atau istri sedang hamil, menurut tradisi perlu diadakan bermacam-macam selamatan dan upacara-upacara lainnya. Hal ini perlu dilaksanakan dengan maksud agar bayi yang dikandung akan lahir dengan mudah dan selamat sehingga si anak akan mendapat kebahagiaan hidup dikemudian hari.

TL: In a Javanese community, based on traditions, a pregnant woman or wife should be celebrated with various kinds of selamatan (traditional fiest) and rituals. These should be done so that she can give a birth to a child easily and safely and the newly-born will get happy life later.

(3) SL: Upacara siraman dilakukan pada pagi hari sekitar pukul 09.00. Upacara siraman dilakukan oleh ibu dari anak yang diruwat dengan air kembang setaman. Setelah dibersihkan anak itu mengenakan busana adat Jawa yang secara khusus dibuat. Anak yang diruwat diajak oleh Ki Dalang serta didampingi oleh para pisisepuh (neneknya, budenya, dan lain sebagainya) untuk bersujud di hadapan ayah dan ibunya Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

TL: Siraman (showering) ceremony is held in the morning around 09:00 o’clock. This ritual is led by the mother of the child being "ruwat" (cleansed) by showering him with "kembang setaman" (flower) water. After being cleansed, the child is dresed in Javanese traditional clothes specially designed for him. The ("ruwat") child is then guided by Ki Dalang (the puppeteer) and accompnied by the elders (the grandmother, aunts, etc.) to pay a homage to by bowing down to earth in front

of

the

father

and

mother.

http://www.wikianswers..com/example

of

(Each

example

translation

in

accessed

Indonesian

at into

English.html. October, 15th 2009; 8:50 PM)

Reading the texts, we can imagine that translating the first text is easier than the second one, and the second text is easier than the last one. The difficulty is caused by the culturally-bound words (concepts) found in each text.

Practically, however, the depth of embededness of a text into its culture is not the first consideration. The purpose of translating is the first determinant. If the purpose of translating text (2) and (3), for example, is to give general introduction of a certain type of text or culture, the TL should not carry all the meaning possessed by the SLT. The words underlined and put in the brackets will do. In this case there are a lot of possibilities for the TL.

However, if the purpose is to present the Javanese culture before the English readership, the italicized words should be used and accompanied with a lot of explanation. Supposed the two paragraphs are parts of a novel, and the translator wants to keep the local color, only the italicized words should be used. These different purposes govern the choice of translation procedures. Yet, if the Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

purpose of translating text (2) and (3) is to present all the meaning, beauty, and the style contained in it, then, translation is impossible.

2.2 Process, Product and Theory

Above we provided a definition of translation which left ambiguous the term ‘translation’. A second crucial point is needed to distinguish between the three meanings of the term ‘translation’. Translation can denote the meaning of translating, a translation or translation.

Translating is the process to translate the activity rather than the tangible object whereas a translation is the product of the process of translating for example the translated text. According to Hatim and Munday (2004:3) “the first of these two senses relates to translation as a process, the second to the product”. This immediately means that term translation encompasses very distinct perspectives. The first senses focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source text (ST) and turning it into a text in another language ( The Target Text, TT). The second sense centres on the concrete translation product produced by translator.

Shuttleworth and Cowle in Hatim and Munday (2004:3) defined “translation an incredibly notion which can be understood in many different ways. For example one may talk of translation as a process or a product…” In addition Machali (2000:9) expressed this view as follows:

“Perbedaan antara produk dan proses ini penting sekali dalam kegiatan penerjemahan. Apabila kita melihat penerjemahan sebagai proses berarti kita meneliti jalan yang dilalui penerjemah untuk sampai pada hasil akhir. Kita Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

melihat tahap-tahap apa saja yang dilalui seoarng penerjemah, prosedur apa yang di dilewatinya,metode apa yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan dan mengapa dia memilih metode itu, mengapa ia memilih suatu istilah tertentu untuk menerjemahkan suatu konsep dan bukannya memilih istilah lain yang sama maknanya, dan sebagainya”. Nababan states (1999:24), “proses penerjemahan dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seorang penerjemah pada saat dia mengalihkan amanat dari bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa sasaran”.

Next, Nida and Taber (1969) explain the process of translating as follows ’Translating consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style’.

In this chapter, however, I shall focus on the third meaning of translation that is translation theory. In a narrow sense, translation theory is concerned with the translation method appropriately used for a certain type of text. However, in a wider sense, translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints.

Newmark (1988:9) defines, “what translation theory does is, first, to identify a translation problem (no problem – no translation theory!); second to indicate all the factors that have to be taken into account in solving the problem; third, to list all the possible translation procedures (or methods); finally, to recommend the most suitable translation procedures, plus the appropriate translation”. Translation theory is pointless and sterile if it does not arise from the problems of translation practice, from the need to stand back and reflect, to consider all the factors, within the text and outside it, before coming into a Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

decision in fact translating (or translation process) is a matter of taking decisions. Because translation has to do with selecting one option among many, many scholars take it as an artistic activity; others, however, argue that because it arise thinking and discussions and has to do with grammatical rules, it is a science.

The linguistic approach to translation theory focusing on the key issues of meaning, equivalence and shift began to emerge around 50 years ago. This branch of linguistics, known as structural linguistics, features the work of Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Newmark, Koller, Vinay, Darbelnet, Catford and van Leuven-Zwart.

The emphasis of the structural approach to translation changes towards the end of the 1950s with the work of Vinay and Darbelnet. Vinay and Darbelnet in venuti (2000:84) identify two methods of translating, the first of three procedures are direct, or literal translation and the other procedures are called oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, and even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to Vinay and darbelnet, this is only possible when the two languages are very close two each other. The literal translation (direct) procedures are borrowing, calque and literal translation. While oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is possible. The oblique procedures are transposition, modulation, equivalence and adaptation.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

2.3 Translation Procedures

2.3.1 Borrowing Borrowing is the simplest of all translation method. We can say that this task refers to a case where a word or an expression is taken from the SL and used in the TL, but in a ‘naturalized’ form, that is, it is made to conform to the rules of grammar or pronunciation of the TL.

Borrowing in translation is not always justified by lexical gap in the TL, but it can mainly be used as a way to preserve the local color of the word, or be used out of fear from losing some of the semiotic aspects and cultural aspects of the word if it is translated.

According to Haugen in Siregar (2009:37) there are some possibilities that may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends)

Examples:

a.

Borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords):

email



email

dollar



dollar

internet



internet

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

b.

Borrowing with change in form but without change the meaning (mix

loanwords):

computer



komputer

packet



paket

negotiation



negosiasi

c.

Loan blend

computer network



jaringan komputer

broadcast network



jaringan broadcast

internet provider



penyedia layanan internet

2.3.2 Calque

A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an expression from another, but then translates literally each of its elements. Calque, where the SL expression is literally transferred to the TL, such as the English character ‘Snow White’ in French becomes ‘Blanche Neige’, because the normal word configuration in English of ‘white snow’ would be transferred as ‘neige blanche’.

Vinay and Darbelnet note that both borrowing and calque often become fully integrated into the TL, although sometimes with semantic change, which can turn them into false friends. Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

Examples:

broadcasting



broadcasting

service user



service user

transceiver cable



kabel transceiver

2.3.3 Literal Translation

Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In principle, a literal translation is unique solution in which is reversible and complete in itself. The translation has not needed to make any changes other than the obvious one, like those concerning grammatical concord or inflectional endings, for example English ‘where are you?’ translated into French ‘Ou etes vous?’. This procedure is most commonly found in translations between closely related language, for example French-Italian, and especially those having a similar culture. There are other examples of literal translation.

Examples:

network layer



lapisan jaringan

flow control



pengendalian aliran

high reliability



keandalan tinggi

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

2.3.4 Transposition

The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message. It can also be used within a language, as when rewarding the phrase, for example ‘He announced that he would return’ to ‘He announced his return’ (the subordinate verb becomes a noun). In translation, there are two types of transposition: obligatory and optimal.

It is also a change in the grammar from source language to target language (singular to plural; position of the adjective, changing the word class or part of speech). There are other examples of transposition. Examples: speed of light



kecepatan cahaya

performance



unjuk kerja

suppressor



anti gema

2.3.5 Modulation

Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

As with transposition, there are two types of modulation, namely free or optional modulation and fixed or obligatory modulation. For instance, ‘what time Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

is it?’ which must be translated into Arabic as “kam essa3a?” is an example of obligatory modulation. Also, the type of modulation which turns a negative SL expression into a positive TL expression is a fixed modulation, other example of fixed modulation is: →

‘it isn’t expensive

it’s cheap

The difference between fixed and free modulation is one of degree. In the case of fixed modulation, translators with a good knowledge of both languages and freely used this method, as they will be aware of the frequency of use, the overall acceptable, and the confirmation provided by a dictionary or grammar of the preferred expression.

2.3.6 Equivalence

Vinay and Darbelnet use this term to refer to cases where languages described the same situation by different stylistic or structural means. The classical example of equivalence is given by reaction of an amateur who accidentally hits his finger with hammer: if he were French his cry of pain would be transcribed as, “aie!”, but he were English this would be interpreted as, “ouch!.” Another striking case of equivalences are the many onomatopoeia of animal sounds, for example:

cocorico



cock-a-doodle-do

miaou



miaow

hi-han



heehaw

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

2.3.7 Adaptation

With this seventh method we reach the extreme limit of translation: it is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the SL message is unknown in the TL culture. Adaptation can, therefore, be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence. For example, English father who would think nothing of kissing his daughter on the mouth, something which is normal in that culture but which would not be acceptable in a literal rendering into Arabic or even French. Translating, “He kissed his daughter on the mouth” by “qabbala ibnatahu min famiha” or “Il embrassa sa fille sur la bouche,” would introduce into the TL an element which is not present in the SL, where the situation may be that of a loving father returning home and greeting his daughter after a long journey. While the French rendering would be a special kind of overtranslation, the Arabic rendering would simply be a ‘catastrophe’. A more appropriate translation in French would be “Il serra tendrement sa fille dans ses bras” and in Arabic “Laqad 3anaqa ibnatahu bi hararatin”.

This involves changing the culture reference when a situation in source culture does not exist in target culture. For example, Vinay and Darbelnet in Munday (2001:58) suggest that the culture connotation of a reference in English text to the game of cricket might be best translated into French by reference to the tour de France. They claim that they refusal to use such adaptation in an otherwise “perfectly correct’ TT, may still noticeable by an undefinable tone, something may work for some restricted metaphorical uses, it would make little sense to

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

change cricket to cycling in phrases such as “that isn’t cricket” or “a sleepy Wednesday morning country match at lord”.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Research Method

In analyzing the data in this study, I use the descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method is applied by giving a description of the result of analysis of Computer Terms in Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks into Bahasa Indonesia. As quoted from Bodgan and Bliken in Samosir (2007:4): “Qualitative research is descriptive. The data is collected in the form of word or picture rather than number”, I also use library research in analysis as I read some relevant books in analyzing the data.

3. 2 Data Collecting Method

Purposive sampling is used to collect the required data. Sutopo (2002:36) says that “teknik cuplikan penelitian kualitatif cenderung bersifat “purposive” karena dipandang lebih mampu menangkap kelengkapan dan kedalaman data”, besides; Bailey (1987:94) also cites:

“In purposive sampling the investigator does not necessarily have a quota to fill from within various strata, as in quota sampling, but neither does he or she just pick the nearest warm bodies, as in convenience sampling. Rather, the researcher uses his or her own judgment about which respondents to choose and picks only those who best meet the purposes of the study.” In addition Arikunto (2006: 139) says that: “Sampel bertujuan atau purposive sample dilakukan dengan cara mengambil subjek bukan didasarkan atas strata, random atau daerah tetapi didasarkan atas adanya tujuan tertentu. Teknik ini biasanya dilakukan karena beberapa pertimbangan, misalnya alasan keterbatasan waktu, Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

tenaga, dan dana sehingga tidak dapat mengambil sample yang besar dan jauh”. The data are collected from Andrew S. Tanenbaum 3rd Computer Networks into Bahasa Indonesia to find out translation procedures by using Vinay and Dalbernet’s theory. The original book consists of 8 Chapters containing 813 pages. The translation of the book is made into 2 books which first book consists of 1-4 Chapters containing 344 pages and of 5-8 chapters containing 331 pages respectively. The data are computer terms which are collected only from chapter one to chapter four. The analysis covers the seven procedures in order to get the results of the analysis related to the procedures. So, the following procedures were executed to carry out this analysis:

a.

Collecting the data from the original book and its translation into Indonesian.

b.

Listing translation procedures as the data findings.

c.

Analyzing the seven procedures from the data.

d.

Finding out the most dominant type of the translation procedures found in target text.

To find out the most dominant type of the translation procedures this thesis is going to apply a formula referring to Nawawi’s social analysis method. The following is the formula of calculating the percentage of the data.

X Y

x 100% = N

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

X: Number of types of procedure Y: Number of all data N: The percentage of types of procedure e.

Finally, I make some conclusions of the result of the analysis, and

suggestions for the reader.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

CHAPTER IV AN ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION PROCEDURES 4. 1 Data

Table 2: Data

No. Data

SOURCE TEXT

TARGET TEXT

1.

computer network

jaringan computer

2.

interconnected

interkoneksi

3.

computer center

pusat computer

4.

autonomous computers

computer autonomous

5.

distributed system

sistem terdistribusi

6.

software

perangkat lunak

7.

resource sharing

resource sharing

8.

high reliability

keandalan tinggi

9.

file server

file server

10.

client-server model

model client-server

11.

scalability

skalabilitas

12.

communication medium

medium komunikasi

13.

email

email

14.

videoconference

videoconference

15.

broadcast network

jaringan broadcast

16.

packet

paket

17.

broadcasting

broadcasting

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

18.

multicasting

multicasting

19.

communication subnet

subnet komunikasi

20.

subnet

subnet

21.

internet

internet

22.

layer

lapisan

23.

interface

antar muka

24.

network architecture

arsitektur jaringan

25.

header

header

26.

service provider

service provider

27.

peer entity

peer entity

28.

service user

service user

29.

quality of service

kualitas layanan

30.

datagram service

layanan datagram

the acknowledged

layanan acknowledged

datagram service

datagram

32.

request- reply service

layanan Request- reply

33.

negotiation

negosiasi

34.

connect

connect

35.

data link layer

lapisan jalur data

36.

network layer

lapisan jaringan

37.

hardware

perangkat keras

38.

flow control

pengendalian aliran

40.

frame relay

frame relay

31.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

41.

news

news

42.

public network

jaringan public

43.

promiscuous mode

mode tidak membedabedakan 44.

dispersion

dispersi

45.

speed of light

kecepatan cahaya

46.

wireless transmission

transmisi tanpa kabel

47.

attenuation

atenuasi

48.

delay distortion

distorsi delay

49.

modem

modem

50.

sine wave carrier

carrier gelombang sinus

51.

amplitude modulation

modulasi amplitude

52.

frequency modulation

modulasi frekuensi

53.

suppressor

anti gema

54.

delta modulation

modulasi delta

55.

path

jalur

56.

tributary

tributer

57.

direct trunks

trunk langsung

58.

crosspoints

titik potong

59.

channel

kanal

60.

bit stuffing

penyisipan bit

61.

sliding window

jendela geser

62.

finite state

keadaan terbatas

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

63.

initial state

keadaan awal

64.

fire

menembak

65.

output arms

lengan output

66.

internet provider

penyedia layanan internet

67.

station model

model station

68.

collision assumption

asumsi tabrakan

69.

continues time

waktu kontinu

70.

slotted time

waktu slot

71.

carrier sense

carrier sense

72.

contention

persaingan

73.

wireless

tanpa kabel

74.

chip sequence

rangkaian chip

75.

orthogonal

orthogonal

76.

ethernet

ethernet

77.

thick ethernet

ethernet tipis

78.

transceiver cable

kabel transceiver

79.

performance

unjuk kerja

80.

response window

jendela response

81.

wire center

pusat kabel

82.

backward learning

backward learning

83.

satellite networks

jaringan satelit

84.

fibre channel

kanal fibre

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

4.2

Data Analysis Table 3: Table of Data Analysis

No.

Translation SOURCE TEXT

TARGET TEXT

Data

Procedures

1.

computer network

jaringan komputer

borrowing (LB)

2.

interconnected

interkoneksi

calque

3.

computer center

pusat computer

borrowing (LB)

computer autonomous

calque

autonomous 4. computers 5.

distributed system

sistem terdistribusi

calque

6.

software

perangkat lunak

transposition

7.

resource sharing

resource sharing

calque

8.

high reliability

keandalan tinggi

literal translation

9.

file server

file server

calque

model client-server

calque

skalabilitas

borrowing (LB)

medium komunikasi

calque

Client-server 10. model 11.

scalability communication

12. medium 13.

email

email

borrowing (PL)

14.

videoconference

videoconference

calque

15.

broadcast network

jaringan broadcast

borrowing (LB)

16.

packet

paket

borrowing (ML)

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

17.

broadcasting

broadcasting

calque

18.

multicasting

multicasting

calque

subnet komunikasi

calque

communication 19. subnet 20.

subnet

subnet

borrowing (PL)

21.

internet

internet

borrowing (PL)

22.

layer

lapisan

literal translation

23.

interface

antar muka

transposition

arsitektur jaringan

borrowing (LB)

network 24. architecture borrowing 25.

header

header (PL)

26.

service provider

service provider

calque

27.

peer entity

peer entity

calque

28.

service user

service user

calque

29.

quality of service

kualitas layanan

borrowing (LB)

30.

datagram service

layanan datagram

borrowing (LB)

the acknowledged

layanan acknowledged

31.

borrowing (LB) datagram service

datagram

request- reply 32.

layanan request- reply

borrowing (LB)

service borrowing 33.

negotiation

negosiasi (ML)

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

34.

connect

connect

borrowing (PL)

35.

data link layer

lapisan jalur data

borrowing (LB)

36.

network layer

lapisan jaringan

literal translation

37.

hardware

perangkat keras

transposition

38.

flow control

pengendalian aliran

literal translation

39.

channel paging

channel paging

calque

40.

frame relay

frame relay

calque

41.

news

news

borrowing (PL)

42.

public network

jaringan public

borrowing (LB)

43.

promiscuous mode

mode tidak membedatransposition bedakan 44.

dispersion

dispersi

borrowing (ML)

45.

speed of light

kecepatan cahaya

transposition

transmisi tanpa kabel

borrowing (LB)

wireless 46. transmission 47.

attenuation

atenuasi

borrowing (ML)

48.

delay distortion

distorsi delay

calque

49.

modem

modem

borrowing (PL)

50.

sine wave carrier

carrier gelombang sinus

borrowing (LB)

modulasi amplitude

calque

modulasi frekuensi

calque

amplitude 51. modulation frequency 52. modulation

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

53.

suppressor

anti gema

transposition

54.

delta modulation

modulasi delta

calque

55.

path

jalur

literal translation

56.

tributary

tributer

borrowing (ML)

57.

direct trunks

trunk langsung

borrowing (LB)

58.

crosspoints

titik potong

transposition

59.

channel

kanal

literal translation

60.

bit stuffing

penyisipan bit

borrowing (LB)

61.

sliding window

jendela geser

literal translation

62.

finite state

keadaan terbatas

literal translation

63.

initial state

keadaan awal

literal translation

64.

fire

menembak

literal translation

65.

output arms

lengan output

borrowing (LB)

66.

internet provider

penyedia layanan internet

borrowing (LB)

67.

station model

model station

calque

asumsi tabrakan

borrowing (LB)

collision 68. assumption 69.

continues time

waktu kontinu

borrowing (LB)

70.

slotted time

waktu slot

borrowing (LB)

71.

carrier sense

carrier sense

calque

72.

contention

persaingan

literal translation

73.

wireless

tanpa kabel

transposition

74.

chip sequence

rangkaian chip

borrowing (LB)

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

75.

orthogonal

ortogonal

borrowing (ML)

76.

ethernet

ethernet

borrowing (PL)

77.

thick Ethernet

ethernet tipis

borrowing (LB)

78.

transceiver cable

kabel transceiver

calque

79.

performance

unjuk kerja

transposition

80.

response window

jendela response

borrowing (LB)

81.

wire center

pusat kabel

literal translation

82.

backward learning

backward learning

calque

83.

satellite networks

jaringan satelit

borrowing (LB)

84.

fibre channel

kanal fibre

borrowing (LB)

4.3 DISCUSSIONS

4.3.1 Borrowing

Borrowing is the procedure which carryover source language lexeme or lexemes combinations into target language in order to fill the gaps between the languages. According to Haugen in Siregar (2009:37) there are three possibilities that may occur in this procedure; first, borrowing with no change in form and meaning (pure loanwords), the second, borrowing with changes in form but without changes the meaning (mix loanwords) and the third, borrowing when part of the term is native and other part is borrowed, but the meaning is fully borrowed (loan blends).

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

The following table is borrowing which is found from the data and followed by the analysis.

Table 4: Pure loanwords

No. No. SOURCE TEXT

data

TARGET TEXT

1.

13.

email

email

2.

20.

subnet

subnet

3.

21.

internet

internet

4.

25.

header

header

5.

34.

connect

connect

6.

41.

news

news

7.

49.

modem

modem

8.

76.

ethernet

ethernet

1.) “email”, “subnet”, “internet”, “header”, “connect”, “news”, “modem”, and “ethernet” are purely borrowed from source language without any change in target language writing system.

Table 5: Mix Loanwords.

No.

No. Data

1.

11.

scalability

skalabilitas

2.

16.

packet

paket

3.

33.

negotiation

negosiasi

SOURCE TEXT

TARGET TEXT

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

4.

44.

dispersion

dispersi

5.

47.

attenuation

atenuasi

6.

56.

tributary

tributer

7.

75.

orthogonal

ortogonal

1). scalability



skalabilitas

‘skalabilitas’ is borrowed from source language ‘scalability’ with some changes in writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language changes to letter ‘k’ in target language and suffix ‘-ity’ in source language changes to ‘tas’ in target language. 2) packet



paket

‘paket’ is borrowed from source language ‘packet’ with some changes in writing system. The letter ‘c’ in source language is lost. 3) negotiation



negosiasi

‘negosiasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘negotiation’. The word ‘negosiasi’ with some change writing system (form). The letter ‘t’ in source language changes to letter ‘s’ in target language and suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language.

4) dispersion



dispersi

‘dispersi’ is borrowed from source language ‘dispersion’. The word ‘dispersi’ with some change writing system (form). The suffix ‘-ion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

5) attenuation



atenuasi

‘atenuasi’ is borrowed from source language ‘attenuation’. The word ‘atenuasi’ with some change writing system (form). The letter t in target language is lost one letter. The suffix ‘-ion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language. →

6). tributary

tributer

‘tributer’ is borrowed from source language ‘tributary’. The word ‘tributer’ with some change writing system (form). The suffix ‘-ry’ in source language changes to ‘er’ in target language.

7). orthogonal



ortogonal

‘ortogonal’ is borrowed from source language ‘orthogonal’. The word ‘ortogonal’ with some change writing system (form). The letter ‘h’ in source language is lost in target language.

Loan blends: One of the two or more morphemes making up the compound form is replaced by native morpheme.

Table 6: Loan blends.

No.

No. Data

SOURCE TEXT

TARGET TEXT

1.

1.

computer network

jaringan computer

2.

3.

computer center

pusat computer

3.

15.

broadcast network

jaringan broadcast

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

4.

24.

network architecture

arsitektur jaringan

5.

29.

quality of service

kualitas layanan

6.

30.

datagram service

layanan datagram

the acknowledged datagram

layanan acknowledged

service

datagram

7. 31.

8.

32.

request- reply service

layanan Request- reply

9.

35.

data link layer

lapisan jalur data

10.

42.

public network

jaringan public

11.

46.

wireless transmission

transmisi tanpa kabel

12.

50.

sine wave carrier

carrier gelombang sinus

13.

57.

direct trunks

trunk langsung

14.

60.

bit stuffing

penyisipan bit

15.

65.

output arms

lengan output

16.

66.

internet provider

penyedia layanan internet

17.

68.

collision assumption

asumsi tabrakan

18.

69.

continues time

waktu kontinu

19.

70.

slotted time

waktu slot

20.

74.

chip sequence

rangkaian chip

21.

77.

thick Ethernet

ethernet tipis

22.

80.

response window

jendela response

23.

83.

satellite networks

jaringan satelit

24.

84.

fibre channel

kanal fibre

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

1) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘komputer’ is borrowed from source language ‘computer’. 2) ‘pusat’ is native while ‘komputer’ is borrowed from source language ‘computer’. 3) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘broadcast’ is borrowed from source language ‘broadcast’. 4) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘arsitektur’ is borrowed from source language ‘architecture’. 5) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘kualitas’ is borrowed from source language ‘quality’. 6) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘datagram’ is borrowed from source language ‘datagram’. 7) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘acknowledged’ is borrowed from source language ‘acknowledged’ and ‘datagram’ also borrowed from source language ‘datagram’. 8) ‘layanan’ is native while ‘request’ is borrowed from source language ‘request’ and ‘reply’ also borrowed is from source language ‘reply’. 9) ‘lapisan’ and ‘jalur’ are native while ‘data’ is borrowed from source language ‘data’. 10) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘public’ is borrowed from source language ‘public’. 11) ‘transmisi’ is borrowed from source language ‘transmission’ while ‘tanpa’ and ‘kabel’ are native.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

12) ‘carrier’ is borrowed from source language ‘carrier’ and ‘sinus’ also borrowed from source language “sine’ while gelombang is native. 13) ‘trunk’ is borrowed from source language ‘trunk’ while ‘langsung’ is native. 14) ‘penyisipan’ is native while ‘bit’ is borrowed from source language ‘bit’. 15) ‘lengan’ is native while ‘output’ is borrowed from source language ‘output’. 16) ‘penyedia’ and ‘layanan’ are native while ‘internet’ is borrowed from source language ‘internet’. 17) ‘asumsi’ is borrowed from source language ‘assumption’ while ‘tabrakan’ is native. 18) ‘waktu’ is native while ‘kontinu’ is borrowed from source language ‘continues’. 19) ‘waktu’ is native while ‘slot’ is borrowed from source language ‘slot’. 20) ‘rangkaian’ is native while ‘chip’ is borrowed from source language ‘chip’. 21) ‘ethernet’ is borrowed from source language ‘ethernet’ while ‘tipis’ is native. 22) ‘jendela’ is native while ‘response’ is borrowed from source language ‘response’. 23) ‘jaringan’ is native while ‘satelit’ is borrowed source language ‘satellite’. 24) ‘kanal’ is native while ‘fibre’ is borrowed from surce language ‘fibre’.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

4.3.2 Calque

Table 7: Calque

No.

No. Data

1.

2.

interconnected

interkoneksi

2.

4.

autonomous computers

computer autonomous

3.

5.

distributed system

sistem terdistribusi

4.

7.

resource sharing

resource sharing

5.

9.

file server

file server

6.

10.

client-server model

model Client-server

7.

12.

communication medium

medium komunikasi

8.

14.

videoconference

videoconference

9.

17.

broadcasting

broadcasting

10.

18.

multicasting

multicasting

11.

19.

communication subnet

subnet komunikasi

12.

26.

service provider

service provider

13.

27.

peer entity

peer entity

14.

28.

service user

service user

15.

39.

channel paging

channel paging

16.

40.

frame relay

frame relay

17.

48.

delay distortion

distorsi delay

18.

51.

amplitude modulation

modulasi amplitude

19.

52.

frequency modulation

modulasi frekuensi

SOURCE TEXT

TARGET TEXT

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

20.

54.

delta modulation

modulasi delta

21.

67.

station model

model station

22.

71.

carrier sense

carrier sense

23.

78.

transceiver cable

kabel transceiver

24.

82.

backward learning

backward learning

1). interconnected



interkoneksi

The phrase ‘interconnected’ is translated as interkoneksi where the letter c in source language is replaced by target language ‘k’.

2). autonomous computers



komputer autonomous

The phrase ‘autonomous computers’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. ‘autonomous’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language and vice versa. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

The word ‘autonomous’ is purely imported from source language ‘autonomous’ but the word komputer’ is imported from source language ‘computer’ with some writing system changes in target language. The first letter ‘c’ in source language is replaced by target language ‘k’.

3). distributed system



sistem terdistribusi

The phrase ‘distributed system’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. ‘distributed’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

second word in target language and vice versa. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

The word ‘distributed’ is loan word used with affix ‘ter-‘. And the word ‘sistem’ is imported from source language ‘system’ with some writing system changes in target language. The first letter ‘y’ in source language is replaced by target language ‘i’

4). resource sharing



resource sharing

The phrase ‘resource sharing’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

5). file server



file server

The phrase ‘file server’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

6). client-server model



model client-server

The phrase ‘client-server model’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. ‘client-server’ which comes as a first phrase in source language goes to second phrase in target language and vice versa. ‘model’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language and vice versa. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

7). communication medium



medium komunikasi

The phrase ‘communication medium’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. ‘communication’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second phrase in target language and vice versa. The word ‘komunikasi’ is imported from source language ‘communication’ with some writing system changes in target language. The letter ‘c’ in source language is replaced by target language respelling ‘k’. The letter ‘m’ which double in source language loss one letter in target language and suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language.

‘medium’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language and vice versa. The word ‘medium’ is purely imported from source language ‘medium’. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

8). videoconference



videoconference

The phrase ‘videoconference’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

9). broadcasting



broadcasting

The phrase ‘broadcasting’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

10). multicasting



multicasting

The phrase ‘multicasting’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

11). communication subnet



subnet komunikasi

The phrase ‘communication subnet’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. ‘Communication’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second phrase in target language and vice versa. The word ‘komunikasi’ is imported from source language ‘communication’ with some writing system changes in target language. The letter ‘c’ in source language is replaced by target language respelling ‘k’. The letter ‘m’ which double in source language is lost one letter in target language and suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language.

‘subnet’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language and vice versa. The word ‘subnet’ is purely imported from source language ‘subnet’. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

12). service provider



service provider

The phrase ‘service provider’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

13). peer entity



peer entity

The phrase ‘peer entity’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language. 14). service user →

service user

The phrase ‘service user’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

15). channel paging



channel paging

The phrase ‘channel paging’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

16). frame relay



frame relay

The phrase ‘frame relay’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

17). delay distortion



distorsi delay

The phrase ‘delay distortion’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. ‘delay’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language and vice versa. The word ‘delay’ is purely imported from source language ‘delay’.

The word ‘distortion’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language. The word ‘distorsi’ is imported from source Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

language ‘distortion’ with some writing system changes in target language. The suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

18). amplitude modulation



modulasi amplitude

The phrase ‘amplitude modulation’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. The word ‘amplitude’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language and vice versa. The word ‘amplitude’ is purely imported from source language ‘amplitude’.

The word ‘modulation’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language. The word ‘modulasi’ is imported from source language ‘modulation’ with some writing system changes in target language. The suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

19). frequency modulation



modulasi frekuensi

The phrase ‘frequency modulation’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. The word ‘frequency’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language and vice versa. The word ‘frekuensi’ is imported from source language ‘frequency’ with some writing system changes in target language. The letter ‘q’ in source language changes to ‘k’ in target language and the suffix ‘cy’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

The word ‘modulation’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language. The word ‘modulasi’ is imported from source language ‘modulation’ with some writing system changes in target language. The suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

20). delta modulation



modulasi delta

The phrase ‘delta modulation’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. The word ‘delta’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language. The word ‘delta’ is purely imported from source language ‘delta’.

The word ‘modulation’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language. The word ‘modulasi’ is imported from source language ‘modulation’ with some writing system changes in target language. The suffix ‘-tion’ in source language changes to ‘si’ in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

21). station model



model station

The phrase ‘station model’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. The word ‘station’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language. The word ‘model’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

22). carrier sense



carrier sense

The phrase ‘carrier sense’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

23). transceiver cable



kabel transceiver

The phrase ‘Transceiver cable’ is translated with linear substitution into target language. The word ‘transceiver’ which comes as a first word in source language goes to second word in target language. The word ‘cable’ which comes as last word in source language goes to first word in target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

24). backward learning



backward learning

The phrase ‘backward learning’ is translated with structural substitution into target language. Each item in source language is borrowed by target language.

4.3.3 Literal translation

Literal translation is defined by vinay and darbelnet (1995:215) as “the direct transfer of a source language into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target text..” that means Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a source language text into a grammatically and idiomatically appropriate target language text in which the translators’ task is limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the target language.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

These following table shows the data which concluded into literal translation where the text in source language is translated word for word into target language by adopting target language structure.

Table 8: Literal translation

No. No. SOURCE TEXT

Data

TARGET TEXT

1.

6.

software

perangkat lunak

2.

8.

high reliability

keandalan tinggi

3.

22.

layer

lapisan

4.

23.

interface

antar muka

5.

36.

network layer

lapisan jaringan

6.

37.

hardware

perangkat keras

7.

38.

flow control

pengendalian aliran

8.

55.

path

jalur

9.

58.

crosspoints

titik potong

10.

59.

channel

kanal

11.

61.

Sliding window

jendela geser

12.

62.

Finite state

keadaan terbatas

13.

63.

Initial state

keadaan awal

14.

64.

fire

menembak

15.

72.

contention

persaingan

16.

81.

wire center

pusat kabel

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

4.3.4 Equivalence

There is no equivalence fo8und in the data.

4.3.5 Transposition

According to Vinay and Darbelnet (1995:36) “transposition involves 8replacing one word class with another without changing the meaning of the message”.

Table 9: Transposition.

No.

No. Data

1.

43.

promiscuous mode

2.

45.

speed of light

kecepatan cahaya

3

53.

suppressor

anti gema

4.

73.

wireless

tanpa kabel

5.

79.

performance

unjuk kerja

SOURCE TEXT

1). promiscuous mode



(a phrase)

TARGET TEXT mode tidak membedabedakan

mode tidak membeda-bedakan

(a clause)

‘promiscuous mode’ that is phrase in source language turning into a clause in target language.

2). of



is omitted, but does not change the meaning

of the message.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

3). suppressor



(a word)

anti gema

(a phrase)

‘suppressor’ which is a word level in source language turning into a phrase level in target language.

4). wireless



(a word)

tanpa kabel

(a phrase)

‘wireless’ which is a word level in source language turning into a phrase level in target language.

5). performance

(a word)



unjuk kerja

(a phrase)

‘performance’ which is a word level in source language turning into a phrase level in target language.

4.3.6 Modulation

There is no modulation found in the data.

4.3.7 Adaptation

There is no adaptation found in the data.

4.4 Data Findings

After analysis, it is found 84 computer terms; there are 39 cases of “borrowing” (8 cases of “pure loanwords”, 7 cases of “mix loanwords”, and 24 Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

cases of “loan blend”), 24 cases of “calque”, 16 cases of literal translation, and 5 cases of “transposition”. There are no cases of modulation, equivalence and adaptation found from the data which are analyzed.

Table 10: Table of findings

Translation No.

No. Data

Total

Percentage

PL (13, 20, 21, 25, 34, 41,

39

46 %

24

29%

16

19%

5

6%

84

100%

Procedures

49, 76) ML ( 11, 16, 33, 44, 47, 56, 75) 1.

borrowing LB (1,3,15, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 42, 46, 50, 57, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 77, 80, 83, 84 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 39, 40,

2.

calque 48, 51, 52, 54, 67, 71, 78, 82

3.

literal

6, 8, 22, 23, 36, 37, 38, 55,

translation

58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 72, 81

4.

transposition

43, 45, 53, 73, 79 Total

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

It is translation procedures from the data analysis that there 84 cases containing 4 procedures, there are 39 cases of borrowing or 46%, 24 cases of calque or 29%, 16 cases of literal translation or 19%, and 5 cases of transposition or 6%.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions

Having analyzed the data of this analysis, it is concluded that the most dominant procedure that is found from the data is borrowing with 39 cases (46 %) so computer terms which used in computer’s book is borrowed from source language. Besides Vinay and Darbelnet theory of translation procedure that used to analysis data are easy to apply because each procedure is easy to understand. Based on table concludes that not all procedures exist in this data analysis. Equivalence, modulation and adaptation do not exist in this analysis. The results of data analysis will be presented by following table which conclude the number of cases and the percentage of each procedure.

Table 11: The number of cases and the percentage of each procedure

No.

Type of procedures

Number of cases

Percentages

1.

Borrowing

39 cases

46.%

2.

Calque

24 cases

29%

3.

Literal translation

15 cases

19%

4

Equivalence

0 case

0%

5.

Transposition

5 cases

6%

6.

Modulation

0 case

0%

7.

Adaptation

0 case

0%

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

5.2 Suggestions

Translation is an interesting subject to study. There are other parts of translation that can be observed from the data in this thesis. Therefore, it is suggested to those who are interested in studying translation to make other translation from this thesis such as the translation shifts, translation equivalence, and others. It is also suggested for those who are interested to observe seven procedures of translation to explore more about each process in translation such as the elaboration of borrowing, calque, and so on.

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

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Brislin, R. W. (1976). Translation: application and research. New York: Gardner Press Inc. Butler, Cristopher. (1985). Statistika dalam Linguistik. Bandung: ITB

Catford, J.C. (1996). ‘A Linguistic Theory of Translation’. London: Oxford University press. Chaer, Abdul (2007). ‘linguistik Umum’.Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta

Crystal, David (1997) ‘English as a Global Language’, London: Cambridge University Press. Gabr, M. (2001). Program evaluation: a missing critical link in translator training. Retrieved October 3, 2009 from http://accurapid.com/journal/15training.htm

Hatim, Basil and Jeremy Munday. (2004). Translation: An advanced resource book. London and New York: Routledge. Machali, Rochayah (2000). Pedoman Bagi Penerjemah. Jakarta: PT Grasindo

Munday, Jeremy (2001). Introducing Translation Studies : Theories and Applications. Canada:routledge

Nababan, Rudolf (1999). Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris.Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar

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Newmark, Peter (1988). A Textbook of Translation. London and New York: Prentice Hall International (UK) Nida, E. (1984). On translation. Beijing: Translation Publishing Corp

Prasasty, Tatari (2002). An Analysis of English Lexical Borrowing Found in PT. Nestle Indonesia’s Catalogue. Medan: Faculty of Letter USU Samosir, Jefferson M. (2007). Pip’s Internal Conflict in Charles Dicken’s Great Expectations. Medan: Faculty of Letter USU. Siregar, Roswani (2009). Analisis Penerjemahan Dan Pemakaian Istilah Teknis: Studi kasus Pada Terjemahan Dukumen Kontrak. Medan : Faculty of Letter USU Sutopo, H.B.(2002). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif; Penerapannya dalam penelitian. Surakarta: UNS press

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dan

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27th

2009; 11.05 PM.

http://www.wikianswers..com/example

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in

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English.html. October, 15th 2009; 8:50 PM)

Fachwinalia Keumala Sari : An Analysis Of Translation Procedures Of Translating Computer Term In Andrew S. rd Tanenbaum 3 Computer Networks Into Bahasa Indonesia, 2009.

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