An Archaeological Survey of Goshen Valley, Utah County, Central Utah [PDF]

jay woodard residents of goshen who helped in the excavation of the woodard ...... tunnel entrances some roof entrances

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Brigham Young University

BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations

1968

An Archaeological Survey of Goshen Valley, Utah County, Central Utah Leland Gilsen Brigham Young University - Provo

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Mormon Studies Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Gilsen, Leland, "An Archaeological Survey of Goshen Valley, Utah County, Central Utah" (1968). All Theses and Dissertations. 4716. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4716

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected].

XN AN

archaeological

V SURVEY OF GOSHEN VALLEY valdey EY

UTAH COUNTY

A

CENTRAL UTAH

thesis

presented to the department of anthropology and archaeology brigham young

university

ent in partial fulci fulfillment fulfi of the requirements for the degree of master of arts

by

gil 611 sen lefand leiand gilsen leland august 1968

PREFACE

the objectives of this thesis are threefold

record

tine the archaeology

sites in

cii

c

goshen valleyg valleys valley vailey

materials found during the survey and dividing line 1966

ambler

1

evaluate the

2

to discover

3

to survey and

if

there is a

provo between the sevier serier fremont region as outlined by

little

aeolo archaeologically has been done arch eally eaily around utah lake aello gi cally

along ecological peoples wasatch the setting ancient bast tiie for vie front tle tie vile vlie

and several hypothesis concerning the breakdown of the fremont area

green 196480o 1964800 196480

subdivisions revolve around goshen valleyo vallebo

last half of the

the survey was conducted during the 1966 on a was

part time bariso basiso basis

operative

a co cooperative bas basiso bariso is basis

Ws

summer

arrangements were made with james mock

excavating spotten cave in genola

that the survey could

so

would excavate woald

into of who

be done on

in the cave for three days then

survey two wing week reverse so that three days were the ffollowing 1 wo days and trie 1

spew spen speh

two and excava excavatingo tingo excavating surveying

both cave excavation and surface

in this

way

we

gained experience in

survey ingo surveyingo surveying site

we

concentrated

cu and current rrent creek und cnd kimball creek drainageso and drainages draina geso

we

in the sand

eastern slope of the gintic tintic

duries dunes around the salz salt ponds and along the

ean rance ran ear

some work was done

on the

were never able to spend the time needed

dunes around the bouthern southern end of utah lake

our

for a survey of the

visit

to this area confined

to the area around 42utl03 42utlo3

appreciation is expressed to ross

T

christensen chairman of the

department of anthropology and archaeology for the use of equipment and 04 atory litjbrigham laboratory labon at labor e s fa facilities

young

universityo university

special thanks

go

to ray Tte matheny for his help and advice and also

his time spent in aerial photography in

this

method of

test the

an experiment to

an surveying in the utah desert site 4

special thanks

go

janes to james

also

wifeg mock and my wineg wife

pat for the pats

long hours spent in walking the many miles in the valleyo valley vailey vallebo

jay woodard residents of goshen woodard mount

value of

who

mr woodard spent amro mro

valley gleaning information and then spent many hours

also to earl and

helped in the excavation of the

many

hours

among

the residents of the

archaeological sites from the residents

on

in the field guiding our party to these

new

diteso siteso sltes sites

appreciation is also expressed to those students of the brigham young

university field class

6 67 who gave up 196667 1966 19666 of

boundo holidays to excavate at the woodard moundo mound

louthan judy conner beverly earl

and

at the

oney they are

thurberg bero thurbero elaine Thur thurber

to bryant and shurman jones of payson for hoe

bruce

thanks also goes

their volunteered time

is

given to dr

jesse

42u1104 look at 42 42ut23 for his advice ut1o4 and 42ut273

utah

bill

joness jones

and back

woodard mound excavation

Ac acknowledgement knowledgement

ing james

their thanksgiving

mock and

also

thanks

D do

and

jennings for coming out to

for his kindness for allow-

myself to study the collections of the university of go

to floyd

wo

sharrock

who

allowed us to work with the

were being processed nephi materials whi they while le

all

specimens recovered during the survey are now stored at the

of archaeology and ethnology

brigham young

university

provo

museum

utaho itaho utah

LG

august 1967

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE

LIST usn usi

9

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introduction

0

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9

OF FIGURES

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i 1

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ii

0

1

chapter 110 lo

ao A

B bo

11

1110 iilo illo

IV

V

VI vl

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

me ants Develop developments nts with regard to the developme

theoretical fremont culture

0

0

09

history

goshen Vvalley ey

physiography

0

e

09

0

0

0

9

0

0

V

ey location vailey valley

0

0

0

0

B

geology

9

9

9

0

C

hydrology

D do

climate

E

flora

6

fauna

procedures

e

9

9

0

0

9

e

e

method

0

A

field

B

laboratory method

descriptions

a

e

9

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e

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e

e

e

e

0

e

9

e

0

9

e

9

0

e

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e

0

e

types of sites

B bo

site descriptions

excavation CERAMICS

0

e

09

e

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0

42utlo4 42uu04 e

e

ling methods

e

&

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9

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u

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e

e

&

0

e

0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

0

0

co C

sherd analysis

0

0

0

D do

reworked shards sherds

e

9

e

E

pipes

9

0

0

9

a

9

0

11

12

a

17

0

17

0

0

18

0

0

20

0

0

0

0

0

WOODARD MOUNDS mounir

types and varieties

0

16

a0

0

11

9

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0

0

e

0

0

0

0

0

11

14

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09

e

9

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0

9

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e

a0

a0

0

e

0

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0

0

e

0

0

0

0

01 ol 8 08

14

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.99

0

0

e

9

0

0

0

B b0 ba

&

0

0

S Sany sanyling sandling

9

0

9

ao A

e

0

0

As A

SITE

0

a0

OF SITES

AT

0

0

0

A

0

0

9

21 0

21

0

57

0

76

0

0

76

0

0

76

0

87 9

91 93

VII

NON CERAMIC SPECIMENS SPECIMNS

chipped stone

A

0

0

0

0

knives

0

Q

0

0

0

1

10

0

0

9

0

1

19

Is

smoothed stone

0

awls awis kwi awls

0

0 0

0

.00

Is

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

6

a

0

0

Is

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

e

a0

0

0

0

0

117 119 120 122

0

0

0

125

16

0

0

a

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

1

a

0

9

0

0

1

0

may day objects unfired clay

E

miscellaneous specimens

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

9

a

0

0

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0

0

0

9

0

9

0

0

e

discussion

9

0

9

e

0

0

e

settlement pattern

B

ceramic indicators

relationships culture 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

w

9

e

a

131

0

0

a

9

9

0

0 0

1

0

0

0

0

0

136

a

1

140

0

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

140

0

0

142

goshen valley to the fremont of 1

0

0

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0

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0

a

0

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0

0

117

125 127 127 130

0

0

A

bibliography

1

0

1

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0

9

D

C

0

0

0

flaking tools beads of bone and shell G ng pieces e gaming e

40

0

1

1

94 104 107 112 115 115

1.1

0

grooved stone balls 0 shaft smoothers 1

94

0

0

0

0

0

0

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

manos

0

0

0

220 330

94

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

Is

0

0

0

metates metakes

6

IV

0

0

a0

1

worked bone

16

1

0

0

choppers 0 Hammer stones hammerstones

110 lo 2a 2aa 3

VIII vili

16

scrapers

drills

440 co C

0

projectile points

1 2 3 4e 4ae 550 60 6 B bo

.1 1

11

1

0

10

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

0

0

0

a

146

0

148

LIST

OF FIGURES

pege page pere

figure of the fremont area

1

map

2

42utl03 42utio3

3

woodard mound

feature

4

woodard mount

feature 17

5

cache

aa 6a

Campara comparative camparative tive

6b ab

same

data with ceramics

ac 6c

same

squares data with

7 70

profiles of trenches

6

23

pits

61

2 1

62

7

of the woodard mound

data

on

63

0

pottery types of the

woodard mound

clustered types

70

0

clustered types 0

0

71 0

0

0

0

0

profiles of square 111 III lii ged d pottery frequency and distribution gad

8 80

10

reworked sherds shards and pipe

11

projectile points

12

projectile points

130 13

projectile points

14

points projectile of distribution

15

scrapers

igo ige 160 16

scrapers of distribution

0

17

knives

0

18

knives and

19

distribution of knives

20

drills

21

distribution of drills

220 22

choppers

0

0

0

0

scrapers

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

73

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

97

0

0

0

0

100

0

103

0

0

106

0

0

0

0

0

0

11

0

108

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

95

105

1I

0

0

0

0

0

92

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

86 83 8386

0

0

72

0

0

0

0

0

69

110

ill lii lil ili

111 III

113 114

116

page

figure fi 6 manos of discoidal distribution

23

measurement and

24

sinkers and shaft smoothers

25

26

distribution of traits bone awls and flamers flakers

0

0

2

beads and gaming pieces

0

0

28

figurines

0

a

290 29

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

119

0

121

0

123

9

126

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

129

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

132

provo of fremont fremont figurines of the

trait distribution sevier area

0

0

0

0

a

a0

0

0

0

0

0

a

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

30

miscellaneous specimens

31

ceramic bearing

32

ceramic distribution within the valley by type

sites in the valley

0

0

a

0

a

0

0

134

e

a

e

0

137

0

0

e

9

8143 0143 143 .143 143

0

0

144

0

0

CHAPTER ONE

introduction

theoretical

OPMENTS developments

WITH REGARD TO THE FREMONT CULTURE

the theoretical concept of the fremont culture has been in a state

of modification since the earliest archaeological explorations indicated

that

a

fanning culture had existed in utaho prehistoric farming itaho utah

one of the 1926

first

and the

morss

wass

1931

to call the material remains excavated by judd 1919

survey a during rivers the discovered of sevier his river sites

the early

westo southwesto northern peripheral area to the South southwest

judd were misled into believing that the

pit

excavatorsq excavatory excava tors excavators

such as

houses found in utah were

kivas because the tunnel entrance to the structures looked like kiva judd and morss believed that the kiva and the associ-

ventilator shafts

westo South ated farming complex must have been a growth out of the southwesto southwest

the

overwhelm ingo evidence at that time did seem overwhelmingo Look sltes evidence turner at the Tumer cited site tumerlook sites ned examined areao area she ex for possible northeastern influences in the fremont arcao

wormington 1955

from work

the evidence that the earliest sites seem to be found in the northeastern

stateo section of the stareo state

this

was

of course inconsistent with the northern

out wormington pointed the plainsstyle peripheral theoryo theory Plains style pleto also theordo graphs present in the fremont area appeared to be inconsistent with the

northern peripheral theory As more

sites

the anomaly between southwest and

evidente evident the basic material cultures differed self seif evidento theory accounted for by the northern peripheral theoryo theordo the

fremont became more too widely to be

were excavated

2

glen canyon project interrupted work on the main body of fremont sites

until the late son

1956

gunnerson when and 1950 s 1950s

taylor did

some worko work

suggested a plains promontory relationshipo relationships relationship relationshipo

gunner-

enger and biair blair

seemed to have

this idea when they recognized that skeletal materials Armel ligos personal origino been basic basicallyy of plains brigino origin armelligos basle basie

communication

disagrees with the interpretation on the basis of the

1947

advanced

lack of a statistical framework in the small numbers of skeletons but

there does

seem

to be

some

evidence

that there is

a

difference between

types the southwestern and fremont physical typeso 1965

1960 aikens 1966 in the middle 1960s

and sharrock 1966 Shar roek rock ambler 19669

did more work in the fremont area

their

there were just too

for

it

many weaknesses

work

indicated that

in the northern peripheral theory

to be upheldc upheld

lloys mulloys mullous Mu

1958222 along with that suggested by burgh and

work

scoggin 194889 indicated an early date for an intrusion of plains

traits into utah nort heasto northeasto northeast

for

the many

earliest sites

years

it

was

seemed to be

caves of the in the eaves

believed that the promontory culture

a area at but indicated a strong plains influx into the fremont areav late aread

batee datee date

steward

listed

1937

northern in origin

many

of the

traits that

were strongly

enss mitt these included a distinctive moccasin mitteness mittenss mittens ensi

scraper end sinew backed bow diceq dice dlce of dicea

particular

form paddle and

shers anvil pottery serrated bison bone metapoidal freshers fleshers fle

gunnerson 1956

indicated an association between the promontory and dismal river cultures with promontory as a

parentage dismal plains river thrust late

emerging ging evidence bnerging energing Ener

promontory than the th4t indicates that earlier is tht

the dismal river culture aikens 1966a as a c14 cia date has been cla a fremont moccasin of

AD

yearse years 1100 75 110075

made

also there have been several

of

3

promontory and fremont materials have been found to be which in sites

contemporaneous 1966a

steward 1937

smith 1941

jameson 1958

aikens

1966c

indications are that the fremont is of northern plains origin

fact that both areas share the following traits northpictography recently discovered house forms prowestern plains style pictographs due to the

jectile point

forms

bone and

surface manipulated pottery turkeys

grooved axes

and

antler artifacts moccasins bison hunting the absence of kivas sandals cotton

peculiar pottery forms

west also tend to negate southern influences

alignments like 1966

tipi rings taylor

hide shields

1957

on ccommon

traits

aikens 1966a

in the south-

such as stone 1966b

sharrock

and a boundary between fremont and southwestern

area euler 1964 aikens 1965

are also plains like

1966c

recent evidence that the promontory culture

was contemporary

the fremont and is admittedly plains in origin and nature seems to

bstantiate the plains origin for the fremont shares with the fremont the following ceramics

stone pipes

traits

floor carved pot rests

with

su-

the promontory culture surface manipulated hidden ball game

cane

the latter have recently been found cave permock spotten pottery in with fremont in direct association

dice and inscribed stone slabs

communication uni sonal co unication ubication catlon cation

the proto fremont peoples aiken 1967204 were probably

a group

of bison hunters with most of the above named characteristics who moved 600 around area utah the into

from an

AD

they seemed to have adopted

traits

early anasazi culture probably along the virgin river drain-

age or from basket maker indigenes indi genes

aikens 1967204

these people

4

adapted quickly to a modified corn horticulture

traits

the combined

were synthesized

and ceroo cerooicso icso cerwaics

into a mixed hunting horti ulture horticulture alture

economy with a continued emphasis on some

architecture

life

the old nomadic

there are

way

indications that the tipi rings continued to tc be built in the extreme

north sharrock 196610911 and possibly remained as ceremonial structures

called stone allignmentso alligrments erso house clusterso clust clusters 1957

cisco

9

enn high localities near these are found ccn

they have been reported from the old

wonn Wona wormington ington

morss 1931 torrey morss 1931

195

gunnerson 19 579 sharro3k 529 1957 sharrock 1966a

plateau

river

gunnerson 1957t 1957

site taylor

uinta basin basir

garrison taylor 19549 29549

tavaputs Tavaputs

emont F bridger basin day and dibble 1963 fremont 19639 Y

personal communication

woodard

woman

and

in

goshen valley 42ut325e 42ut325

pro to fremont peoples adopted the concept of coil made and the proto

surface painting of ceramics from the Ana sazio anasazio anasario anasazi

ve the

people synthesized

the pottery complex into a tradition of painted andor surface manipulated typeso types

also they adopted the concept of making figurines from the

anasazi and elaborated them to the point where they became one of the more

spectacular many

traits

e maemae mae ture of the fremont ma maemal ulture alture ial lai ul lal

structural forms are found in the fremont area

or areal distributions of these forms sonal typess types

0 communi commini communications canions cations o

1

is still

gene raig storage ralg in general

and the time tima tinb tine

in doubt sharrock per-

fc1lowing bellowing fellowing structures are cof cff the fel feilowing

cadle cadie pits found in most open sites bell shaped unlined cache

capped with stone or clay

2

stone lined cadhe cache

pits

found usually

square or rectangular in rock shelters stone slab in single or lined stoneslab

mult multibin ibin units

clay

mud and

3

coursed adobe surface units

floors

ranc ss navers for ent entrances pole roofs stone roof covers entranc entrant

satoneg stoneg mot stone coursed motorless motarless arless units units9

built

stone side or roof entrance covers cover so

on rock

floors

and walls of 4

mud and

masonry

pole roofs roof 59

5

type

granaries are usually found in the southwestern and

4

sites

mid western midwestern

type

in sheltered areas

granaries are more cha-

3

provo open and and of the regions act sevier racteristic eristic

of granary was called the

by steward

kanosh house

this

sites

type

but is

1933

now

recognized as a granary

dwellings are also varied and are of the following general typess types

surface or shallow pit floors

coiled

coursed adobe walls

1

rectangular to circular average fifteen feet to

a

usually is floors central firepit that circular firelit

and

of

trance

respects to type pole and

built

adobe brick

2

1

roof

mud

clay lined

some

prepared

clay lined roof

enand roof four support posts around the firepit pit fire firelit

poles

mud and

side

12

surface similar in all other

on

pit foundations or stone side central firepit firelit

3

jacal surface

to

25

feet to

a

and shallow

surface earthlodge earth lodge oval average

4

13

feet in diameter

probably roof with roof truncated conical pit central clay lined firepit fire firelit

or high side entrance

5

structure

masonry surface

roof central stone lined firepit pit fire firelit

mud

and pole

earth lodge rectangular to pit earthlodge round up to 30 feet in diameter 6 to 12 inch pits central firepil firepi some tunnel usually clay lined four support posts around the firepit pit fire firelit entrances

some

6

roof entrances probably truncated pyramid in shapeo shadeo

type 1I structures are found at nephi

thoele tooele

old

canyouo canyon

old

type

woman

is found

river

woman

nile

canyono canyon mile cantono

type

2

type

4

nephia nephi willard is found at bephia

canyon

escalante sites ephraim tooele thoele

ephraim

is found in nine mile

Marys vale ephraim is found at nephi garrison marysvale

sites at nine mile

and

Marys marysvale nhrysvale vale vaie

3

and

beaver

maeys Marys marysvale mrysvale vaie vale

and

type

and beaver

5

poplar knob caldwell turner look fremont type old

6

is found

woman

and

at nephi

beaver

gonahhp paragonahp paragonah Paragona Para

canyon mile diteso siteso nine

fig

mop map

1I

some

of

showing the location of the

the more

important

areol orea the major oreol area areal subdivisions fremont oreo

fremont sites

7

personal ners onai communication onal sharrock ders

tion

materials

and method and

contracstated that selected contruc

seem to be a

function of available mate-

rials and olace of construction rather than locally

preferences nreferences references

culturally conditioned

disagree however as archaeological data almost invari-

1I

ably demonstrates that structural designs are as culturally determined as are ceramic types

it

would appear

rich traditions there

that

traits

and southwestern

land

point types

and

other learned processes

by around AD

were

the mixture of plains

900

solidified into the fremont culture with

tenacious ability to hold onto the inhospitable

and a

an between the border abazi and the anasazi established asazi

was an

fremont peoples

euler 196480 aikens 19657 over which trade goods

were exchanged

it

would appear

that about this time regional differ-

ences also began to appear with plains

traits

being predominant in the

north and anasazi in the south

art indicates that there

fremont rock rfare

and the

wa-

was some emphasis on

it

sophisticated weaponry supports this viewpoint

has

been suggested that the fremont practiced oracticed head hunting and possibly

cannibalism

wormington 1955

the size of structures and their general clustering into small groups indicate that seemed

villages were rare

to have been in an extended family situation which exploited

the local area for

they would

visit

its

animal resources while practicing

1956

horticulture

the same bame areas around springs and rivers over and over

which had a tendency to build up meighan

in most cases the people

stratigraphic sequences in

some

areas

occupied be gonah appeared paragonah to continuousPara stated that

ly for about 200 years

by a group of around 150

are indications that nephi and

a few

to 200 people

there

other sites were of approximately

equal size and lasted a comparable time

8

small the sm snail size of structures indicates that they were not lived snall

in

so much as

they were the

home

base for the ffamily ly 0

there are use

areas associated with structures sharrock personal communication where most of the everyday

use areas are

firepits repits fi

pottery

seems

living went

and cache

also associated with the

on

pitso pits

to have been locally

made

are indications from the goshen survey that

painted varieties were

villages may

made

cases eases but there in most casesq casesi

some

of the more elaborate

V vo term see chapter at the long longterm sites

that traded with the more mobile groups so have been the stabilizing factor in fremont ceramicso ceramics ceramic ceranic may have developed

by around 1250

1966 to 1600 ambler 1960to

and

aikens 1967205 the

Shosho fremont began to move out of utahq shoshonian nian utah possibly because of shoshonean utahs movements become

into the basin

lamb 1958 1958e

the fremont peoples

may have

the stimulus to the dismal river culture of nebraska Nebraskaq kansas

colorado

and

19660 oming aikens 1966o 1966 voy voo Ity wyoming

GOSHEN VALLEY HISTORY

in

calantes

s 1775 Es escalantes escalante

party passed along utah valley and

ey and current creeke through goshen Vvailey valley creek

translated by bancroft

1964

some exerpts exempts from

down

hig his diary

are as followss ss follows follow

except for the marshes on the lake borders the land good which agriculturoo agricultureo agriculturer the four of rivers for is water the valley the southern mosts which they call southernmost aguas CCallien cap meadows passes through rich tess lentes ridi ridl rial callientess towns besides these able of supporting two large townso on good water are both plain and springs of rivers mountainside pasture lands are abundant and in parts the fertie soil yields such quantities quani quanities ties of flax and hemp that it seems they must have been planted mano man there by nano nan on the san buenaventura the spaniards had been troubled by the cold but here the climate a balmy bainy so so fulg y delightful the that air is is delight 9 it nighte pleasure to breathe it by day and by fighte night in the vicinity are other valleys equally delightful g

9

the products of the lake the utas hunt besides uhe hanat hanal make harel which from gather they seeds hare cind rd some might capture they 0 buffalo in stole stoie the nort northh north west but for the troublesome norl T C a conan es Coman anch comancheso they cheso hey dwell in huts of osiero osler of osier which whi&j likewise many of their utensils are made some of them wear clothes cloth esq the best of antelo antelopeo which are of the skins of rabbits and anteio antelopes pG antelope antel antei opeo 1I

0

uh and they enever whenever voaid sindians would available eal steal cattle eai

ahe ihe wz az would woula ula uld

scara scare tzhe ers into giving them food thee se settlers

when

they caught them

wes west side of the lake to chey used the was they

move

in a north south

aloneo a1one abone

direction as

it

everso verso across the e riverso thle 0on1 thig the

faster than

was much

the

last

going around west mountain and

engagement of the walker war was fought

southern shore of utah lake and 60 eo L 19 19600 st steele6 1960o

battle

is

ey valley the goshen Vvailey

known as

in 1856 a group of utes under

ey and stele valley of cedar vailey V

some

gintic tintic

moved

out

were and people cattleg killed in six cattle cattie cattler

the resulting skirmishes steele 1960 19600 1960o group to phineas a 184 and cook decided 1847 small in

area the settle

brigh south 04 of utah lake and obtained permission from president brigham &

ecung youngo ycungo ycung

they found large natural meadows of bunch grass bluestem

grass narrow grassy grass and curley grass on the higher areas and broad broadleaf leaf 1I

so grass grass and the wire lovlandso lowlands in leaf lear lovland leaf

nent and

dammed up

current creek then

town

fort

sodom

steele

irrigatlono creek for irrigate irrigat lon ion

little salt

ey was then very careo sagebrush in the Vvailey rareo valley rare was

they established a settle the original settlement

two about 1960 miles north 1960s

creeko of goshen on the east side of the creedo creek

with double wmails malis wallss of juniper posts

filled

it

of the present

was two

acres square

with sodo sod

me the lowland meadows were so rich for cattle that until the

winter of

1879 189 187

80

the

win during the winterson terso terse winterso winters and now the

residents

stogle 19600 1960o steele 1960 I1

on grazed bottoms the lake their attie attle A

own

1879 189 187 during clied over head the 3000 winter died but bat

mow

emergency grasses situations the natural for

10

some

people say the valley gets

its

name from

its

resemblance

46

goshen given to jacob by pharaoh in genesis 476 11 to the land of goshen11 47611 4611 11

ronan romantic tieg declare that but others less roman

cooks

home town

in

massachusetts

John stonOs army camped 18589 johnstons

low range of

ulated alated

goshen of

hills

it

was named

phineas after

1960o 19600 steele 1960

in cedar valley just over a

goshen and traded with the people of gosheno

settlement and

in

trade stim

1859 the people moved to a new town

called

swamp so Sand town one mile to the southwest of goshen to get out of the swamps sandtown

but the drifting

sand drove them then to the townsite hem hen

gosh goshen en of lower

es northwests mechanicsville several miles ville established only northweste and Mechanics southwest of the old forto fort

the

meadows

in

1860 l860y a

near lower goshen which

is

the people slowly moved to the present

ditch now

site

was dug from

the

300

yards

dam

to

creedo called job creeko creek finally goshen of

steele

1960

11

CHAPTER TWO

physiography

is located in central utah at the south end of utah jakeo lakeo lake the valley is surrounded by mountains and drains directly on utah the east is west mountain and long ridge with into lake goshen valley

a pass between them located

is

mount nebo

andd 29550 79550 2550 7550

a snow covered peak over 129000 12000

s

feet

above the

mount nebo where

goshen valley

untie

taquino santaquino at San santaquin taquin to the east of long ridge

is

valley floor

feet

leveigh above sea levei leveig level

current carrent creek originates on

the snows provide perennial watero water batero

on the south

narrowed by the junction of long ridge with the east

west mountains border the the gintic side of the also tintic

range 0

vvalley ey and along the northwest borders vailey border 9 the lake mountains complete

all tyo varietyo variety varie verie verle

the chain

ranges are of the typical northsouth north south tending basin and

range

highway 6 passes through the valley

in

an

east west

santaquin taquin to the pass through the gintic direction from the pass at San tintic 68 down mounta goes highway mountainso mountainsh the west side of utah lake and joins inso mountains highway 6

at

El elbertao elberta bertao GEOLOGY

most of the

valley consists of broad alluvial fans and gravel

beds deposited by lake bonnevilleo bonneville

the surrounding ranges have a

short history compared to the wasatch front immediately to the easto east gray an over and oquirrah upthrust formation basically is along l&l kal kai age the to displacement lal red shales of jurrasic vertical Jur rasic ageo total

mount nebo

the wasatch front amounts to

many thousands

of feato feeto feet

long ridge

12

seems

to be a late thrust of cretaceous and tertiary formations covered

tertiary

with a cap of volcanic rocks of ageo a comparable age of is

the

tintle

range gintic east the tintic

ageo age

mountains were a major source of

minerals used by the indians in the manufacture of stone toolson toolso tools HTCROLOGY HYMOLOGY

the

is

do ant dominant

feature

gosh goshen en valley of

is

utah jakeo lakeo lake

the lake

it is

a fresh water body which freezes over almost ost every winter freshwater

about 22 miles es wide and covers about 959000 acreso es long and 10 miles acress acres aeres deptho the lake averages only about eight feet in depths depth

due to

its

large

surface area the level fluctuates during long dry or wet spells wakefield 1933 193300 1933o seepages seepages springs the water sources for the lake are streams 9 seepagesq

in or near the lake

and

preeipitationo precipitation

most of the water comes from

provo adver fdver streamss but there are huge springs feeding the rlver and other streams

the lake along the shore linero lineso lines iines miles

the lake drains about 3600 square

pronto att all atl of the active sources from the wasatch fronto

seventy east mountains miles the of five uinta in is

river source

utah lake and drains an area of about 600 square mileno mileso miles niles

river is

provo the

spanish fork

drainages drainage the next largest water source with almost as great a drainageo drain ageo

there are ten streams feeding the lake and only one the jordan flowing from

it

wakefield 1933

canyons goshen canyon

one and one

half

0

southeast easts cuts through long ridge for in the south

mileno mileso miles niles

it

has a general northwest southeast trendo trend

more no canyon 200 high and steep current than walls has the feet de

creek flows through

it

peterson V juab mount ey nebo and from valley vailey 1953

0

13

goshen the main northeastnorthest trending northeast northwest valley ends in northest canyore cenyon yone yoro yore Can bouth kimball creek canyon the th south calyore

is dry in the valley but at higher elevations there is

kimball creek

except during heavy melt or rainsq rains9 rainsb

it

a4 constant flow about one foot wide and several inches ceepo deepo deep would appear

that this is sufficient for horticultural or

camping

as needs deeds there are aboriginal house clusters and campsites along the nteds9

reke rsek

asek

ridge 0

the tle

warm warn wam

two

miles east of the

springs are located on the west escarpment of long town

gosheno of goshen

the springs are thermal

fo keeping a constant year round temperature of 710 71 F

located along a mile long fault and average heado beado head

1 6 62

second

the springs are

feet with

a low

two centq output a per cent only dropped springs the 25 centa of the after

year drought in 1935 andd have never been

known

to dry up peterson

1953 19530 1953o

ey are a group of salt ponds which vailey in the center of the vvalley

they are fed from an unknown source and

over aver in the wintero freeze ever kintero winter

are

on d-ifferent terent ferent

If

producedd es proda est pondse ponds fondse

a

ase elevatiarxs eleatioi

ditches dug from the highest to the low-

rapid flow but in

they average arage about

30

no way

altered the level of the

feet in diameter

and about 30

nge nga woodardq meary wbodard personal communication able abie depth woodardd avable arable arabie

sligbtly saline but of very low slightly riigmly lw concentration difeo variety of simple forms of ilfe lifeo life

feet in

the water

is

amassing and supports an amazing

ed throughout the valley in the theris there are a few springs scattered seatter most mnexpen ted places but these mos unexpected

flats

generally dry up in the

covered with growths of reed and bullrusho bull buil buli rusho bullrush

are

mud mad

two

of cf these vegetation colonies near the salt ponds

summer

these

there are

14

CLIMATE

the overall

goshen valley climate of

is

akridg sent semi aridg seni arld the annual arid semiarid

west inches precipitation being only 130 side of utah lake has the 13.0 130 a little higher precipitation in summer as storms tend to form over

untie march aprilp aprile april

mountains and move across the valley

the

and september

july august

and may while the dry months are june

the valley averages four stormy days a month in

ten stormy days a month in spring

summer and

che the wet months are

there

is

a

yearly

average of sixty two stormy days wakefield 1933 1933o 19330

the mean annual

ey temperature of the vvalley veiley

frost free days in the valley

and 150 on the

is

47.50 4750 4 5 F with 125 4750

higher benches wak-

efield leid 1933 19330 1933o

ji

the summer months are characterized by high temperatures low

rainfall

because of these conditions the soil

and high evaporation

moisture used by most plants comes from precipitation occurring during

the

first

year five months of the yearo bearo FLORA

plants observed in the valley during the survey varied with

altitude

and

soil conditions

around the extensive swamps and bogs

of utah lake were abundant reeds vahl vahi valibus validus yahl sahl is the most

common

bullrushesq esq and cat rushes bullrushes bull buil bullrush

tails

scripps scripus scrildus

vailey bullrush in the valley

goshen bay are about 10000 acres of alkali area around the in

land which supports only extreme

artemisia tridentata tridentate tri dentata the main vegetation greasewood

is

Saco sacolatus latus

wakefield 1933 1933e

on

sage h&lophytes grasses and halophzies salt

the dune areas

sages sage

farther out in the valley

chrysothamnus nauseosus brush rabbitbrush rabbit

juniperus vermiculatusq and utahensis juniper vermiculatust

15

site

42uu049 the cave the flora recovered from 42u1104

james mock was

by glenn moore of the

identified

BYU

excavated by

botany depart

ment and are as follows 111 this level lii is III lil

level

a temporary

from the surface and

prunus prunus

label as this is the third

consists of fremont materi materialso also

persica arment aca armeni armeniaca anneni anneniaca

umm urm urn arc sp arctium krc ti kre pinus pinns adulis finns edulis

peach seed intrusive apricot seed intrusive plum seed intrusive

prunus melanoma a carpa melanocarpa noca meia mela melanoca melano

cocklebur pinon pine choke cherry hackberry sage brush

Saco sarcobatus sacobatus batus vermiculatus

greasewood

juniperus utahensis populus angustephoria

juniper poplar

phragmites spo

rush tumbling mustard sunflower

reticulata celtis reticulate reti culata dentata artemesia tridentata tridentate tri

spo brassica sp helianthus Heli athus annus heliathus A sambucus San bucus glanous sanbucus alanous alandus phi phisoca so carpus spo stansburyia ylaa yia stansbur cowenia stansbu codenia stansby

salix

spo

quercus gam gambolei bolei 1hus ahus rhus ibus trilobata ihus trilobita tri lobata spo cirsium sp zea mays Phap phaseolus sp eolus spo

sp cucurbita spo

elderberry nine bark rose cliff diff alff willow oak skunk brush

thistle corn bean squash

16

fauna

no

animal bones have been

material from the cave is

so

identified

great that

numerous animals were observed

it

gosh en from goshen

valley as the

zoologists has swamped the zoologistso zoologistso

in the area during the survey

and a

partial list follows spo odocoileus odocileus sp L lepus

doer deer black

jackrabbit tailed Jack rabbit cottontail rabbit

californious califor nious

spo sylilagus Sylila gus sp diosa tum erethizon diosatum D

porcupine rock squirrel common raven rock wren

tellus

spo sp Si vitellus sitellus

corvus obsoletus obsoletes salpintus pintus obsoletus Sal obsoletes macro macrours urs zenaidura macrourus gamb gambelii lophortyx gambelli elii anas sp spo spe spo aythya vthya athya sp fulica americana cana canadensis densi s canadensi branta eana

mourning mounting dove

beis bels

gambers Gam cambers

teal duek duck dack

american coot goose canadian

sm many more were er forms of animal smaller snailer there

sm and small smail fishy miscellaneous birds snakes birds9 lizards birdsa fish 9 fishl

the animals mentioned

seem

quail

the

likeliest

life

such as

mammals

but

food animals and the animal

spec specioso specieso bones recovered appear to have been of these spee species leso ieso

bison was

night be mountain sheep from the fremont recovered along with what might

level levei of the lavel CAVO reporto cave report

cavoo cave eave cadoo

A

complete

list

will

be published in the spotten

2.7 27 17

27

CHAPTER THREE

procedures FIELD

the

carl

first

hugh jones

area to be explored contained those sites found by 1961

and

communicatione jay woodard personal communications communication

the

ageg drainage explorations were confined to the sides of the current creek drain so

it

line

county juab survey utah should the at the start that

was decided

and work down streamo stream

the explorations of dunes on both sides of

the creek creck were done at intervals of 25 to 50 men aen &en hen

feet

between each person

any stone flakes were discovered a cry would be given

indicating

quene frequene y frequent the nature of the material and through the numbers of calls the frocp bency fre froce iency

surveyors yers usually determined the areal distribution of the of calls the surve iyo at times lyo quicklyo quickly site fairly quick

a single

find would keep the group in the

area of a drainage for several hours before someone would discover where

it

came from and

piteo the siteo locate site

special attention

was

paid to

flat

areas between the dunes and creek and the top of dunes which seemed to have been a

favorite

groundy ccamping ground ing groundo

in the dunes around the salt ponds and lake the ridge and slope w were ed walked dunes of the

once a

area

down

ulation

at

to

site

11

was made

was

site

located

we

iono sectiono of a sect sections section

placed

all

it

on the map by narrowing the

through the survey a careful tab-

group so the surface of features that

any moment of dimce timce time

given a

siteso in search of diteso sltes sites

number

the

and a

site

was

knew where

it

was

neasure measureddv usu usuallyy by pacing then measure

description

made

of the site features as well

18

as a sketch mapo map nap thenio number on chenio them

were placed in paper bags with the site materials all

where

by going to various

there

was too much

parts of the site

alg material ais als materi

a sample was obtained

all cultural

and picking up

mat

eerialo drialo ri al

six sites

were already known and numbered

more were added to

that

number by the survey

in

for

a

gosh en valley and 68 goshen 4 74 of sites total

42jb73 the numbers used were 42ut272 42ut22 through 42u1338 4zut338 and 42jb3o

laboratory

artifacts

once the and

in from the field they were washed

were brought

they were then numbered with the site number and placed in

dried

nadeo divided storage drawers until an analysis could be madeo made nade was

all

tage debatage deba

away edg and thrown avayo placed in general categories count counted

classified

material

was

group of

artifacts

all

and a museum catalogue card made out

such as knives or

worked

for each

piteo from each points siteo projectile site

classes of artifacts were devised

on

the basis of the artifact

configurations and not on any preconceived system

an attempt was made

to keep the system as simple as possible so that each class would not seemed to also this

appear too ambiguous or too complex

statistical

sense as the numbers involved in each class were increased

to the point where they approximated a

that berge used

systems

make more

on

statistical

1I

sample 0

his projectile points just too

found the

cumbersome

to

handle berge 1964

pottery

in

a new way which

will

be discussed under

the old pottery classifications were so confused that the

ceramics

material

was handled

no

fit

longer seemed to cito fito

fremont culture

the amount of information about the

has more than doubled

in the

last

two

years

19

all sites forms and are on

were recorded on

file

university of utah standard site survey

with the department of anthropology there and at

brigham young university

p

20

POUR CHAPTER FOUR

description A

areg arec

goshen main valley are located in three mall epical mail r1ae 1ofical sites in raae

crek drd

nage ard drcdlnag

ta ina

of the erek ci eko crek

jle tle

ane tne r bends lends othr 1I

is

As

around dune areas

3

1 cocat octad ocat octcd

prcticket

por prapor in the valley pr prjpor

sites are usually located in the high dune

eek esk orr even on the slope away from the water creek

leek lesk I

ule on uie jie the

steno stens stero are along the edge of the creek but high clu house ciu clusters

tc a large

i

along the upper

on are dunes the located either side in sites

out of the reach of floods roach oat

enough

2

z dunes

A thec camp

tle tie

n cIri oveil oveilciri clde cled

7

and 2nd and

rp cu nt creek current currert

lne lna

0mothr the

ule current creek drainage the uie

aion alor

1

3

kimtal2

OF SITES

flat

area where

42u1273 largest sites site sltes 42ut27 sub surface irrigation is subsurface ohe nie the ole oie

9

on where end the lower creek the the the sites of ites

coday ayo tod loday 070

s

c ger s a rc produce sand dun valley ajner 13r valleylike ijner like duns dens loner lorer

effect are scattered over

higher the hift rred fred ier brud ler ud fr frud

te c qi fo&d foad fe th

kribill kribtlll

creek year sear fear

A

flt

ture techniques

bhe the ar5q arjo arj9 t n humie hunie hunte hmiters hunten heiters hunter 1

natnatljcal

rf

tr

e

i

1

rreas eas

or next to alt oui well weil OLI olt

sites are found in these areas where springs und rrundo the larger sites are located next to springs rando

creek

kliirib

rj

dhere oher sub liere

surface waters could have aided horticul-

on high are the side of the creek the of sites all f

pegel peael reareadih off floodse floods

in

unio aniu ar uniu the aruna

thee dunr duness the duar

are scattered throughout the valley

wintering birds probably attracted

in

salt a a ground and water dunes feeding the offer natural the ater aler is nne warm ine 3 springs by aind area lind spring are the fed dunes llinj rhe the also in this llina iind ponds

many

c

1

age drainagpe drainage drain

D

wann phe n darjes along daries dimes the wab the earies

pne

springs area probably were a rich

21

source of wild

life

during the winters but no trace of sites can be

the whole area has been leveled graded and rebuilto rebuilt

found today

also has been used as a cattle grazing area and

it

by hooves torn their is

68 highway appear to have been natural camping along the dunes

for indian groups moving along the west side of the lake the west report accounts utes used pioneer ao the side of the lake as the that counts grounds

their

main north south route northsouth

ey was surveyed to a vailey the southern part of the vvalley ex tent than tl extent

a3

potentialso also aiso north because of the drainage potenti potentials

much

greater

current and

kimball creek offered the best circumstances for settlement so the main

phasis

en emphasis

in the area of dunes around

of the survey was in this area

arid arld a the lakes lake sites have been reported in mass by the local residents and yte agte G gte quick ride by tote indicated the correctness of these observations

just

there

was

snows

altered our plans

no time

the following

is

to investigate this area in any detail as winter

a

brief listing

and

description of the sites in

gosh en vailey goshen valley i VILLAGE SITES

lower current creek

upper current creek

42u1102 42utlo2

42ut273 42ut23

42u1338 42ut338 HOUSE CLUSTERS

lower current creek

upper current creek

42ut293

42ut275 42ut25

4 ut297 42u1297

42ut279 42ut29

42u1299 42ut299

42ut282

42u1300 42ut3oo

42u1286 42ut286

42ut301

kimball creek

22

42u1307 42ut3o7

42u1325 42ut325

42ut309 42ut3o9

42ut327 42ut32

u 6 ae y2ut3j6

tjj

42ut328

genota ceno genola eno a

42ut333

geno C

reservoir

42ut1o4 42utl04

elberta project

42ut306 42ut3o6

42ut103a 42utl03a

CAMPSITES CAMPSITE St

creek current lower lover

upper current cheek creek

42u1292 42ut292

42ut274 42ut24

42u1294 42ut294

42ut276 42ut26

42u1295 42ut295

42ut277 42ut27

42ut296

42u1280 42ut280

42ut298

42ut281 42ut28l

42u1308 42ut308

42ut283

salt

42ut284

ponds

42ut302

42ut285

42ut303 42ut3o3

42ut288

42ut304 42ut3o4

42u1289 42ut289

42ut334

42ut290

42ut335

42ut291

kimball creek

42ut313 42ut3l3

42u1320 42ut320

42ut314 42ut3l4

42ut321

42ut315

42ut322

42ut316 42ut3l6

42u1323 42ut323

42ut337

4201324

elberta project

42ut326

d c 42ut1o 3b ab 9 9 42utl03bcd

42ut329

42u1310 42ut31o

2

sm

sen SEC 3

10

1500 isoo

FENCE fende fehde

x AREA

AR E

asoo 4soo

SEC

408 w03

anro rom m BERGE ahro row ron FIGURS figure

1

Z 2

24

conto cont

CAMPSITES

42ut330

42ut311 42ut3ll

42ut331

42ut312 42ct312

42ut332

42ut3l7 42ut31

dune

distance between

4

2

4281319

goshen and warm springs

42ut3o5 42ut305 swe SW seca rw 42utl02 42utlo2 rwf elw house cluster secof of seco2 sec2 t10s rlw raf of

ohis this site road the bend roade

is

about one mile northwest of the town of goshen on

it is

the east side of the road and in the field

on

across from the white mite wite farm

it

was excavated

to an extent and

is reported

fiveo in chapter yive fileo five 42u 42utl03 Ssiw

of

SW S

seca of seco2 sec2 t4s ts

RLW

campsite and house cluster auster duster

half is occupations it is on a low bench mile long and consists of multiple oceupationso along an old shore line near the sourhwestern southwestern end is a spring which bench covered with shifting oie ole the levelso sie fluctuates with the lake leverso is levels leveis end duneso has sands due to the nature of the local doneso northeastern dunes the de

this site is

on

the elberta project farm and

about one

been leveled and placed under cultivations cultivationo cultivation 1I

have divided the

site

up

into four areas see figure

what equivalent to those assigned by jones 19610 1961o 1961

cluster next to the spring area been

B

is

area

A

a group of campsites

partially destroyed by the road area

C

is

is

that

D

is

these sites have been lumped together because they overlap

D

campfires fremont pottery in association with camp fires

b predominantly non fremont does seem to be

have

perhaps

twenty duneso twentyfive dunes five small campsites that are scattered in the doneso

some

a house

another group of

possible houses but in a very eroded condition area

areas have

some-

2

all of also all ail ali area rea

25

CULTURAL MATERIAL

area

A

provo gray 29

tage Deba debatage 65 agate

gray salt lake 14 sevier gray 1 scraper fragment 4 hammer stones hammerstones 2 mano fragments 4

CULTURAL

affiliation

CULTURAL MATERIAL

2

1 2

34 81 69 3

bt

area

B

gray sevier scraper fragments

Deba tage debatage

57 agate 5 quartzite e 38 ch chert ehert

34 1

affiliation

CULTURAL MATERIAL

flat

affiliations affiliation

1 3

type

drills 1

2 CULTURAL

chert jasper obsidian

tage Deba debatage 79 agate 34 quartzite 54 45

chert jasper obsidian

6 scraper fragments 2 hammer stones hammerstones

knife

type type

21 1

2

N

fragments B

16

area DDs

1 Sho shoshone shoni sherd shoshoni 10 projectile points 1I type H 1 type L 7

tage dabatage debatage Daba Deba 36 agate 8 quartzite

fremont

provo gray 4 prove

1 type

jasper andesite

area CCs

8 salt lake gray 2 sevier gray 1 hammerstone mono discoidal 1 1 tubular shell bead

CULTURAL MATERIAL

rt

fremont

provo gray 15

CULTURAL

obsidian

fremont

provo prove prow gray

AL CULTURAL CUL

quartzite chert jasper

A

B

affiliation

unknown Unknowng

possibly late ute

26 SE of 42utl04 sek 42utio4

ridge from San santaquin taquin

it

deep

is

almost as wide as deep

in the rear

feet

it

to 1967

level

IV and V

rest

fill

feet

deep

as

twenty one

there were five main stratigraphic

level

temporary labels

desert culture

this material

is

in the front and five

thirty six feet long

was

it

the period of

1

level

the strata

white contact fremont

111

1 bottom of level I was sealed off the

of the cave by a layer of sheep dung ranging from

inches in depth

like cement

it

a cave

was excavated over

gatherers and hunters late

11

and in a

vas wad the largest of which the fremont was

were from top to bottom

level

it

passes over long

shelter than

contained seven feet of

sequences in the cave

from the

more of a rock

after excavation

period

where

the cave opens to the southwest and is

the cave

and seventeen

wide

6

the site is southwest of the reservoir

rocky outcrop of the ridge

1964

ts

elw cave site t9s rlw

4

is just south of highway

this site

thirty feet

of sec

NW nwk awk

was so

to

4

consolidated as to be very

12

much

rodent action in the cave after this time seems to have

been confined to the sides of che the cave where the dung did not extend

each level had many living floors as evidenced by compacted an abundance of

were taken from

artifacts almost all

at the present time

it

all levels

and an

angostura point that

level

C

the fremont level contained corn beans

14

samples

was

and squash

wall across the entrance of

mud

promontory inscribed slabs were found in from the fremont

and

and

of them but are not available for evaluation

also contained a sleeping platform

the cave

fire lenses

had

soils

obviously out of context were obviously but levels all

they were not in association with the typical

ge and this seems to bear out the hypothesis that promontory assemblege assemblage assemble

promontory were contemporaneous and fremont

27

great salt lake gray snake valley gray gray knolls gray sevier

60.07 6007 21.61 2161 12.82 1282 5.49 549 99.99 9999

178 64

38 16

296

42ut

it

36 TIOS RIW

qo u ao rou rau uk r4u A rod

pictograph

jaw daw jam

k

canyon upper near the old current creek is located in

this site flume

153 sec

is done in red paint

CULTURAL

affiliation kle lle

N

42utl54

SW awk swk

fremont 5wyq 5

i

of

SW awk swk

of sec

pictograph

36 TIOS RIW

SATJ TJ SA

canyon about 100 yards is located in current creek

this site

north of the bridge and

dam

it

across the creek

of the road and high up under an overhang

is

on

there is

the east side

line beneath

a

the main spiral which has been repainted with red spray paint CULTURAL

affiliation

fremont

42utl55 sec 1I

26 TIOS RIW

pictograph

it

able to find this pictograph either

was not

canyon about k mile northwest of the flume creek

it

also reported

reagan

CULTURAL

affiliation

sits

the creek up

of sea se6

SE

26

t10s bios tios

canyon current creek

and to the south of the wolf farm

in an overhang and are hard to see

zag lines and a triangular zig zigzag done in red

man

affiliation

RIW

pictograph

cliff the hill is on

fremont

the

hill

which

to the west of

pictography are high the pictographs

they are of an animal

with upraised arms

paint

CULTURAL

was

fremont

group is located in the limestone

in the mouth of

two men

1935

NE of 42ut272 neb nek

this

is of

this site

both in ceremonial costume and is done in red paint by

is in current

several

these are also

0

28

444 NE neb NE 42ut273 nek of sec of neb nek

this site is located their

it

house

is

swings around the

hill

west of

side of current creek where the creek

the site is located

hill and decaying clay walls artifacts top of the hill to the cultivated thirteen structures

of the

rlw village t10s elw

the wolf farm on the sand

on

on the west

hill

26

on the

visible

were

hillside

and the top

from concentrations of

the site covers the area from the ground to the west and south and

extended to an old abandoned shack about 600 feet to the west CULTURAL MATERIAL

provo gray 556 15 provo black on gray 1 provo black on gray provo 44provo

14 provo

Deba tage debatage 34 agate

corru-

gated exterior applique fingernail impressed gray on red

3

16 100

obsidian 1I andesite

2

2 provo 2provo 1 provo incised 1provo 109 salt lake gray 44salt impressed fingernail lake salc saic salt isalt 285 sevier gray 1 1sevier sevier applique gray 2 2sevier on sevier black gray 6 6sevier on sevier red

1

3

5 5unknown unknown

10

projectile points

type A 1I type E 1I type G 1I type 1 I 5 fragments 1 shaft smoother 1I hammerstone hammers cone tone done 1I pecked stone ball 2

CULTURAL

affiliation

this site is current creek dunes and is 75

5

scrapers

2 2

type E 4 fragments mano fragments metate fragments deep trough type A pottery

3

gaming

pieces

fremont 24

alos flos fios tlos elw rlw campsite

and wolf farm of immediately the north dunes the

the crossing and a fence road farm of south is just

it on a

type B drill knives 1I type B 1 type E 1 fragment 1

NW SW swk nwk of sec of awk 42ut274 awk

on

quartzite chert jasper

spur of the sand ridge

feet in diameter

the area of occupation is about

29

CULTURAL MATERIALS

1 type

drill

A

tage Deba debatage 14 agate

scrapers

2

type B fragment

1 1I CULTURAL

5

1

affiliation

42u1275 42ut2d

net nei of

NE

unknown

aq sq SE

see of sec

jasper

flint

xs as siw 23 house t10s 23nos

auster cluster duster

down on west a 42ut274 spur and projecting 42ut24 just of this site is is came across the farm road and fenced part major fenceo the the of materials fence no rom ron from boado roado the ffron north of structural materials were recovered but three road depressions indicate the possibility of structures of some kindo the area be

is

about 150 baet 4aet et square and overlooks the same and which has

does

flat irrigations ationo surface irrigationo irrigation irrig natural sub subsurface

area that 42u1273 42ut273

CULTURAL MATERIAL

provo prove gray 31

tage Deba debatage 766 agate

gray salt lake 4 sevier gray 2

2

1

projectile point fragments type

B

drill

1 scraper fragment 1 chopper 2 hammer stones hammerstones hammerstcnes CULTURAL

affiliation

this site is

it is it is

75

feet

on

the

3

1 mano fragment

SE

from the fence dune and among

elw campsite sec 23 t10s rlw of seco

line

which cuts the two wolf farms

greeso the juniper treeso trees

in halfo half hair

to th the west the sand

hill

this site is only teepee as an irregular single steepee

valley of current creeke creek

about 20 feet in diameter and may have been a

ring of stores stokes outlines the site stohes stoneso ring of stoness stones stohes

obsidian

the north side of current creek and west of 42ut25o 42ut275

swings north to widen the

tle the tie

quartzite chert jasper

fremont

42ut26 IMJ net imi of nei on

63 23 9

gre were wre found within the materials of all

30 CULTURAL MATERIAL

Deba tage debatage 16 agate

quartzite chert jasper

7

8 1I

obsidian

1I

CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

NE NE 42ut277 nek of neb nek neb of sec

this site is

it

of 42ut273

is

highest point of the sand hill about

on the

hill

the

most of the

hills

was

h

mile

as well as the surrounding

materials were found

material

of the summit

just west

overlooks the exit to current creek

the valley between the sand

terrane

lookout and campsite

the south side of upper current creek

on

west of the wolf farm canyon

26 TIOS RIW

on

the north and west sides

200 800 by an over area of about scattered

dery feet but dery thinly and with the main concentration around the summit CULTURAL MATERIAL

Deba tage debatage 258 agate

provo gray

10

gray salt lake 4 sevier gray 1I type A projectile point

11

2

24 15 4

scrapers

2

type C 1I fragment 1I

CULTURAL

SW awk swk

this site is located on the top of a

to a sand and

feet with a

pit

of sec on

23 TIOS RIW

kill site

the south side of upper current creek

pit

in firepit firelit

bones and stone chips

it

killed

the firepit firelit

three feet in

and

it

much

of the

windblown is site

and

25 an area of about to confined is

the center

the sand is covered with split

appears that about seven animals the size of

large deer were was

discoidal

fremont

on the farm

sloughing into the gravel by 10

mano

the site is above the western wolf farm and next

spur

gravel

4obsidian obsidian

flat fiat 1flat aflat 1

affiliation

42ut278 sek of

quartzite chert jasper

eaten

on the spot

diameter and about

possible horse bones deep four inches deepe

31 CULTURAL MATERIAL

1 1 25

projectile point fragment

flat

metate fragment

representative large bones unidentified

CULTURAL

quartzite chert jasper

54 2

mammal

48

obsidian

3

affiliation

42u1279 42ut279

unknown

sve of seco sec 23 t10s elw see of swe rlw house muster auster cluster

NW N

goshen the finch farm west of the main road to gosheno

this site is on a large flat area is on

it

tage Deba debatage 7 agate

on top

pit

of the sand

this site is well

commercial sand gravel pito

hills

and west of a

above the creek and

very dry but

some

farming dry dryfarmingo

re ains but in there are no visible house remains

areas have recently been plowed for what looks like two

places

stone alignments appear to have been destroyed by plowing and a road

the cultural material was spread out over an area of

but most

was

300 by 100

feet

concentrated in the center of the site

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

provo gray 5

gray salt lake 8 sevier gray

12

9

72 40 9

projectile points 1 type A 1 type E 1 type F 1 type G

agate

quartzite jasper

obsidian 150 chert anda 3 andesite andasite site 6

1

4 fragments

calcite

manoag 3 manosg manos 2 1 loaf

flat discoidal

CULTURAL

affiliation

42ut280 nee net nef nei of

thiss bend west

site is

fremont NE

elw sec 22 t10s r1w rlw campsite of seco

on the north side

of the finch farm house

damse dams old pond and cement adamse

shaped

it

of upper current creek on the

the

west slightly of the site is

with sand the at of the foot hill is

32

awayo away the creek less than 100 feet agwayo

the material was thinly scattered

over an area of about 100 by 100 feato feeto feet CULTURAL MATERIAL

1 provo 2 knife CULTURAL

tage Deba debatage 26 agate

gray fragments

10

affiliation

42ut281 42ut28l

sa s4 SW

of

chert

fremont NB NE

see 22 t10s sec of seco

this site is south of upper current creek

HLW

on a

campsite

spur projecting spuro

is monfet onfet field onlet inlet

the site overlooks the farm road along the edge of the dune and west of a row of trees planted by the early settlerso so settlers settler

is just below the site to the dortho northo north the material

road

A

and an old road used to cross the creek was found on

the tip of the spur and was

spread out by the erosion to a circle of about

ffeet

50

CULTURAL MATERIAL

itebatage nbatage 6 agate

1 provo black on gray 2 loaf shaped manos CULTURAL

affiliation

42ut282 2ut282 NE

of

NE

chert 1 obsidian 2

fremont seco sec of see

22 TIOS

rlwhouse cluster luster iuster

on upper current the creek side of north located this site is tils on the east end of a flat area where the creek swings a little south pond the site is at the foot of the sand before turning towards the pondo

hill

and overlooks a

grown with reeds and

marshlike area of the creek bottoms which is overcat coattails tails cattails

of materials of at least three the structures

is

abundanto abundanto

there is evidence from concentrations and

so possibly five structureso structures structure

the whole area

is

aay clay day

overgrown with sagco sage sacco

from

33

CULTURAL MATERIAL

provo gray 71 provo ingray 5 black ongray 7 50 1

tage Deba debatage 20 agate

gray salt lake gray sevier

25

quartzite

14 chert 1 andesite anda andasite site

gray sevier redon 1 sevier black on gray 1 temperless sherd sheid 1 B type 1 cyp e 1 11 typ dr drill

5

projectile points 1 1 3

vertical

11vertical mano CULTURAL

affiliation

42ut283

aq sq SB

of

1 nie

type A type C fragments

fremont

of sec

22

lios llos

r1w elw rlw campsite

this site is east of the power lines it is on the end of the spur among sand blowouts and juniper trees blowouts the area is a circle about 50 feet in

south of upper current creek on the second spur

diameter

an abandoned house of which only the overlooks this site

foundations remaine remain CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 52 agate

quartzite 14 chert

13 CULTURAL

affiliation

NB 42ut284 nef nei of

this site is

on

na n4 4

unknown

seco sec 22 t10s elw rlw campsite of see

the north side of upper current creek where

go to to the pond northward bends the creek

spur around which the creek swings

population and this spur being seeno seen

feet

this site is

and ands probably andi

shing fishing fi

is

the only

larges large

it

is

on

westermost the wette ost

the pond supports a large duck way

to approach the pond without

covering an area of about 500 by 200

represents a seasonal

camp

used for hunting and

34

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Daba Deba dabatage debatage

provo gray 7 6

1 2

123 agate

gray sevier

20 66 40

projectile point fragment knives 1 type B 1 fragment

quartzite chert jasper

1pecked specked 1 peeked pecked 1 metate 1metatel

stone ball trough type

open end

CULTURAL

affiliation

42ut 42ut285

this site is

SW

of

seco sec 22 t10s see elw rlw campsite alos tlos r1w

on the south side

dune overlooking 42ut286o 42ut286

in the creek where

sa s4

of

na N n1

fremont

it

nils site is almost bils blis this

swings toward the pondo pond

the dunes just northeast of the piteo siteo site

of about

200 square

of upper current creek

it is

on

the

due south of the bend

the power lines across spread out over an area

feeto feato

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

provo gray 1

84 agate 4 quartzite 12 3

1

jasper chert

obsidian

affiliation fremont NW NW sec see TIOS 42ut286 na elw house SeCoT rlw of nta of cluster lOS nt4 secotlos n4 ios small snall dunes and flat area south of snail this site is located in the sm CULTURAL

creeko the bend leading to the pond on upper current creedo creek

recently leveled

and

structural clay

located next to another

flat

and could be subsurface

irrigated

was

this site is

ceo evidenceo evidences in eviden evidence

area similar to the one next to 42u1273 42ut273 the creek bottom in this area

covered with lush growths of reed and cat catta ilso liso lise cattailso tails talis

cross the creek on foot as the quick sando sand

the area was

mud

is

it

is

is

very hard to

several feet deep and

much

like

35

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

provo 1 17 I

gray gray salt lake gray sevier

16 agate

6 7 1 hammerstone

1

25 9 64

metate fragment

CULTURAL

affiliation

42ut287

this site is

of

N

6

quarte quartz te quartzite chert jasper obsidian

fremont

0

seco sec of see

NW N

on the sand

hill

22 TLOS elw rlw campsite

south west of the pond

there

and dune next to the creedo the creeko east of field creek the is buneo dune the site is at the midpoint of the field in relation to the duneo power lines across cross the northeast corner of the site it covers an eross area about 200 feet in diam etero most of the materials was found in diametero diameters diameter

a small cleared

so blow outs blowoutso surface biow blowouts blowout CULTURAL MATERIAL

1 3

projectile point fragment scraper fragments

tage Dega degavage degatage 50 agate 10 quartzite 41 chert 17 2

CULTURAL

affiliation

jasper obsidian

unknown

SW seco 42u1288 sSW of swe 42ut288 see 15 cios rlw campsite swi of sec clos elw

this site is in the small dune northwest of the junction of current and kimb kimball creeks this site overlooks the junction and were blow a large pond just to the easto found the materials in east outs around the sagebrush buneo the ridge of the duneo dune

the area involved

is

100 by 50

feet along

36

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

8 provo gray 1 type A knife 1 chopper

19 agate

quartzite chert jasper

3

20 9

obsidian

2 CULTURAL

1I

affiliation

NW nan 42u1289 nun 42ut289

this site is

on the

fremont

of

camp see 21 r1w of rlw campsite t10s elw site

NVA NW

highest part of the sand

nimb kimball creekso the junction of current and kimb creeks

hill

northwest of

site is

the

on

the ridge

the most southern point which a fence line passes to divide the finch

property from that of an

unknown

the dune just north of the site

party

an old farm road passes over

the site

is

approximately 100 feet

diam etere etero in diameter CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage dsbatage 3

106 agate 18 quartzite

knife fragments

1 hammerstone hammer stone

chert

700 CULTURAL

affiliation

SWJ 42u1290 swe 42ut290 ste sie of

this site is

unknown SW S

of sec

15

rlw campsite t10s elw

on the southwest extremity

north of the pond and on the

of the sand ridge

east side of upper current creeke creek

an

old meander passes along the south edge of the dune and swings east

it

shows up

oversite this

in the aerial photographs quite well

looks the pond and

site is about

200

is

greeso agrout agroup of juniper treeso 4group under trees situated

diam etero diametero diameters dian diameter feet in dlan

CULTURAL MATERIAL

1

flat

tage Deba debatage

160 agate 29 quartzite

metate

37 5 CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

chert obsidian

the

37

420t291 na 42ut291 w4 n4 of

this site is

of NE

seco 16 cios of clos rlwcampsite

next to highway

6 and

west of goshen Reser voiro reservoiro reservoirs reservoir

duneo there is an abandoned house just east and over the edge of the buneo dune A

on

road to the pond area

is east of the site

three spurs of the sand dune and

mento ment

each area

is

this site is

and houseo housdo house

seems to have been a

single

encamp

about 50 feet in diameifcero diameter

CULTURAL MATERIAL

flat

1

tage Deba debatage 33 agate 24 quatt quaM quamzite quartzite quah quattzite eite zite elte

metate

chert jasper obsidian

9 11 1

CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

it 1

NW NWJ sec SE 42ut292 nwe 17 of of SEJ I t10s rlwcampsite sei

that circles this site is in the town torrio the site is west north past the cattle association pens north of towrio e grea sagebrush od and and a little south of the pens in the greas extends greasyood yood that vood ageo the site is drainages across the road to lower current creek the old drainageo drainage drain town

goshen on the central road of

SAWO

only 100 by

50

feeto feato reet feet

cbl

AT MATERIALS CULTURAL CUL MATERIAL

1

projectile point fragment

tage Deba debatage 28 1 3 3 1

CULTURAL

affiliation

42u1293 siw of 42ut292

N

4

agate

quartzite chert jasper

sandstone

unknown

of

seco sec 12 t10s rlw see elw house

cluster

current lower north of creek east of side site this is gosheuo goshen it is next to the first wooden gate on the west side of the on the

main

38

road

one passes over the denver and

after

trackso tracks

there is

plou piou a pi vou piau

grande western railroad rio

hoost most through throughmost of the hmost through throug7 7

site

used to resurface roads at the turn of the centuryo century

dirt site is

as the

was

the

seen

as a luxuriant growth of sagebrush and extends on both sides of the boado roado road read

it is

square about 200 by 200 feet squareo squardo

ille

CULTURAL MATER MATERIAL IALo

tage Deba debatage 35 agate 9 quartzite 12 chert

provo prove gray 12 3 7

gray salt lake gray sevier

1 projectile 1 bone knife

point fragment

1

affiliation

CULTURAL

42ut294 tb

this site is

on

3

obsidian

jasper

fremont

of

SE abt sbt

sec see of seco

3

elw rlw campsite t10s r1w

the white farm on the bendo bend

the area involved

is

west approach white east south fence eastwest the of line first west appears main boado to have 300 roado about the of there feet is

located along the boado roado road

it

been a very old drainage north of the

site but the evidence

is

sparmeo sparseo

the number of sites in this area might not mean that there was a drainage as the pioneers record

that current creek used to flood plain irrigate

the entire areco are&o area brea CMTURAL MATERIAL CUUTBUL

tage Deba debatage 1 agate

provo parvo prove 7 plavo gray

gray salt lake 18 sevier gray 2 hammer stones hammerstones 4 mano 1I loe shaped loaf loa

1 quartzite 3 chert 5 jasper 1 pumice

3

47

CULTURAL

affiliation

42u1295 42ut295

site this tte ite is

j4 ja on

of

fremont SE

of seco

3

rlw campsite t10s elw

and and farm house the mite barnso surrounds baraso the wite hite bite eite

the whole group of structures

is

on a low group

doneso of duneso dunes

the white

so family remember plowing up concentrations of stone mixed with artifactso artifacts artifact

j9 w ja

they think they

structures but there are

may have been

this site is very large extending

left

tocayo todayo today

or more feet in every direction

not one shadd shedd of pottery has been found by the owners shard

from the housego houseso houses who

300

none

have potted the

mrso mrs white garden the of arso hhite

years for site

is lined

meta metateso teso with manos and me metates tates metakes CULT AL CULTURAL MATERIAL

5 2

tage Deba debatage 89 agate

knives 1 type D 4 fragments

20

14 chert

scrapers

scicli an 3 sicli obsidian 3ob bob

1 type A 1 type E 10 manos 5 fiats discoidal 1 loaf shaped

9hammerstones 9 hammer hamner stones hammerstones

tates 2 shallow trough

4 me metates 4metates metakes

fiat flat

fragments 2 fragments fiat flat 2flat aflat

4 fragments

affiliation 42ut296 SB asl ssl of ATION atlon

CULTURAL AFF

this site is

on

quartzite

4 sinkers 4sinkers unknown NE nee NEJ

see of sec

2

t10s elw rlw campsite

dune the east side of lower current creek on the dime

between the main north road and the creedo creeko creek

it is

next to the

roado north of the junction of the north road with the bend boado road

about 50

first

turn

the site

is

etero diametero diameters dian dlan diameter feet in diam

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 9 agate

provo 7 PTOVO gray 1

gray sevier

CULTURAL

12 8 10

affiliation

42ut 297

NW n144

of

NE

fremont seco sec of see

ZLOS 2 TLOS

quartzite chert jasper

elw rlw house cluster

current lower between 42ut296 creek the north just of this site is storage and a hay area drainage and the north boado roado south of just road it is a group

is

citee of trees is across the creek from the sitee site

etero about 75 feet in diam diametero diameters diameter

the area involved

43 40

CULTURAL MATERIALS MATERIAL

tages Deba debatages tage debatage

provo gray 3 provo grey gray 1 on black elack

42 agate 20 8 8 5

gray salt lake gray sevier

2 5 2

projectile point fragments fremont affiliations affiliation NW NW seco sec see 42ut298 na of of 114 n4

quartzite chert jasper obsidian

CULTURAL

this size site is roade road

it is

is

between the lower current creek drainage and north

42ut29flo north of sate site 42ut296

there

is

and another hay storage area

east of the site

rlwcampsite

2 TLOS

a small jog

roado there east of the boado

a ditch through the western side of the sidoo sitoo site

in that material

was found over an

terl

prove grays 6 provo gray pplain aln ain

this site is diffuse

area of about 100 by

CULTURES MATERIAL CULTURE TERI

in the road

50

feato feeto feet

tages Deba debatages tage debatage 30 agate

var

gray plain varo 1 sevier grays var 1 type 1I pro prooctile octile 1 hammerstone hamerstone

prpctile

fremont affiliations affiliation nes NW N NE seco 42u1299 42ut299 of 4 of sec 2 t10s

11 10

quartzite

house

cluster

chert

CULTU CULTURAL AL

and

this site is roado north boado road the

on

the dune between the lower current creek drainage

dune gives out

makes a jog to the weste west

of the site where

a

KLW

just north of the site

and the road

ditchh cut through the western side there is a dit

piece of charred corn pie

was recovered two

feet

the surf acee aoe ace CULTURAL MATERIAL MATERIALS

provo gray 14 2 3

gray sevier

broje proje pointis projectile points tile tlle pointss

type F type H fragment 1 flat metate fragment 1 1 1

CULTURAL

fremont affiliations affiliation

tages Deba debatages tage debatage

83 agate 26 quartzite

14 chert 1

obsidian

1 hammerstone 1 stone

disk

below

41

42ut 42ut300

site is

s this roade road

of

NE

sa s4 SW

ts

see 35 t9s of sec

house cluster

KLW

between the lower current creek drainage and north

to the east across the road

is

trees

a grove of

and north

is

an old

there is a ditch through the western side of the site covers an area of about 100 by 100 feeto feato across the road is 42ut338o 42ut338

abandoned house

it

CULTURAL MATERIAL HATERIALs

tages Deba debatages tage debatage

provo gray 53

12 agate 11 quartzite

gray salt lake gray sevier 1 temperless 1 knife fragment 1 type A drill 9 7

affiliation

CULTURAL

42ut 42ut301

1 SE sek sei

this site is

2

chert 16 jasper 6

2

fremont

seco of of 114 irw NW

about 500

flat

mano

fragments

qs

HOS elw rlw house 35 nos

cluster

and abandoned house south old the of feet

between the lower current creek drainage and the north roade road

just north of in a line

cattle

a

peno pen

the material

it

is also

three concentrations

came from

westo from the southeast comer corner of the pen towards the northweste northwesto north northwest

they are in

30

foot diameter clusters

CULTURAL MATERIALS MATERIAL

meba Deba debatage tebatage neba teba tage

provo gray 50 3 7 2

18 agate 13 quartzite 26 chert

gray salt lake gray sevier

scrapers

5 1

1 type C 1 fragment 1 hammerstone

SW of SWJ 42u1302 swe 42ut

this site is

sa s4 SE

on and around

ts

see 26 19s of sec rlw campsite t9s elw

the hay storage area and corral of the

property west of the salt ponds

just northeast of the citee sitee site afford a lookout ing the wintero kintero winter

jasper

fremont affiliations affiliation

CULTURAL

woodard

obsidian

for

the site

campe camp a hunting campo

is

the north road more or less ends on a low mound of sand and could

migrating birds use these ponds dur-

42

CULTURAL MATERIALS MATERIAL

3

1

projectile points loaf

14 145 110

shaped mano fragment

affiliation 42u 42ut303

SW S

this site is half in

122 agate

1 type C 1 type L 1 type 1I

CULTURAL

42ut302

tage Deba debatage

8

quartzite jasper chert obsidian

unknown

of

aq sq SE

ts

26 see rlw campsite of t9s elw

way between

and the northernmost

salt

the site on the woodard corral the

pond

site is

on a

slight rise

two one days or ground and was of very short dura only tiong perhaps duration

he material was found on the

groundy groundo ground of rise

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 23 agate 2

quartzite

chert 14 jasper 48

10

affiliation

CULTURAL

42utg04 42ut3o4

this site is pond

is

the dune

N

4

of

unknown N NW

sec see of seco

x

TP

ts

rlw campsite t9s elw

4

temporary and ponds east the the of of southeast salt low and surrounded by

salt

pans and more dunes dulee dules duies

A

high

vieco view this site is perfect salt ponds from viewo 100 about diameter fowl hunting as it is hidden kemeter ameter in waterfowl lameter for water feet aneter is i it dune to the west hides the

lal

CULTURAL MA MATERIAL IAL

3

1

tage Deba dgbatage debatage

122 agate

projectile point fragments loaf

shaped mano fragment

71

140 50

10

atlon affiliation iffill

CULTURAL AFFILI ATION

SB 42u 42ut305 SE

is

warm

obsidian

unknown

of

aq sq SE

elw campsite sec 12 t10s rlw of seco

goshen gosh en east of this site is

fed by the

quartzite chert jasper

springs overflow

and the

large intermittent pond which

warm springs ditch swings around warn tlle tile wann the

43

the area around the pond is one of

the west side of the pond dunes

the site is about

low sand

feet in diameter

50

CULTURAL MATERIAL

type

1I

C

Deba tage debatage

knife

5 1I

CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

nNFA ea of sek SE of sec seb 42ut306 W 42ut3o6

this site

is in genola

42utlo4 northeast of 42utl04

drainage which the 200

33

ts t9s

house

RIW

cluster

northwest of the genola reservoir and

this site is located

dump and

quartzite jasper

reservoir

now

canyon on an old San santiquin tiquin

fill

the site is about

feet in diameter CULTURAL MATERIAL

Deba tage debatage

34 provo gray 33 salt lake gray 15 sevier gray 2

2

23 1I

projectile point fragments

67

type B drill 1I stone square

1I

CULTURAL

affiliation

the material

chopper

fremont

rin house cluster and just north of 42ut292

11 TIOS RIW

goshen town of the is in

came from an

quartzite chert jasper

1I

SE of NF nfik efik of sec 42ut307 selu 42ut3o7

this site

agate

area of about

50

feet in diameter

and to a

depth of one foot below surface CULTURAL MATERIAL

gray provo 3 3provo black on gray 15 salt lake gray 16 sevier gray 5 ivie creek black on white 2 2projectile projectile points 1I type E 1I type 1 I CULTURAL affiliation fremont 74 provo

Deba tage debatage 48 agate

quartzite chert jasper 8jasper ijasper

51 36 8 1I

1

scraper ffragment

ihammers hammers tone

44 NW SE of sec awk 42ut308 nwk 42ut3o8 of sek

10 TIOS RIW

campsite

goshen the of is northeast oshen reservoir in the dunes on this site

the north side of highway

it

creek drainage where

and on the

6

east side of the old current the site is

turned east through the dunes

about 100 feet in diameter and is on the top of a sand dune CULTURAL MATERIAL

type

1I

B

Deba tage debatage 365 agate

drill

scraper fragments

2

72

58 10 1

2 CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

SW NW 42ut309 NA 42ut3o9 of SA of sec

11 TIOS RIW

quartzite chert obsidian ijasper jasper anda 2andasite andesite andasite sice site

house

cluster

a in is field next to an old abandoned house near this site

the junction of the

the lane is the

first

road from highway

6

bend

road with a lane which extends to the west

road west when one is going north on the

the site is about

100 by 50

feet

bend

and has been

plowed and leveled CULTURAL MATERIAL 5

provo gray

2

gray sevier

Deba tage debatage 9 1I

3 CULTURAL

affiliation

fremont

NW NE nwk 42u1310 of neb of sec nek 42ut3lo awk

this site is

1 31 32

agate

quartzite chert

ts

rlw campsite t9s elw

on an a group of dunes west of highway 68 and approx-

imately lk miles north of the elberta project offices to an old gravel and sand

gravel

pit

pit in

the dunes

ible but with

no

50 by 50

associated charcoal

feet

road extends

the site is north of the

on the second eastward spur of the dune

the area involved is about

A

north of the road

three rock clusters are vis-

45

CULTURAL MATERIAL

type

1

A

meba Deba debatage neba tebatage teba tage

projectile point

scrapers

2

quartzite 10 chert 134 jasper 12

type E fragment hammer stones haimnerstones hammerstones 1 1

3

unknown

42ut311 42ut3ll cwi of NW nwi

SE set sei

seco see of sec

this site is north of 42ut310s 42ut3lo the sand hillo hill

the site

is

on

ts

rik

29 t19s t9s

third

campsif6 campsite campsitt

final spur of spur there the northeastern tip of the spuro on the

and

within a cluster of rocks and waste materials iso0 maleria materia

was a campfire

of occupation

obsidian

1

affiliation

CULTURAL

agate

98

etero diametero diameters feet in diam diameter

was about 50

the depth of

fill

the area was

six

inches in the area of the fire CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 58 agate

projectile point fragment

1

2 mano

loaf shaped

CULTURAL

affiliation 42ut312

unknown

na n4 NW

seco of nv4 of 4

this site is just northeast of the material

12

flat discoidal

1 1

1I

chert 1 obsidian

fragments

32

ts

elw rlw campsite t9s r1w

42u1310 and southeast of 42ut311o 42ut310 42ut3ll

group a around clustered of rocks is

the same spur that 42u1310 42ut310

is

ono

it is

on

the north side of

etero diametero diameters diameter feet in diam

about 20

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 2 agate 4 5 32

quartzite chert jasper

affiliation NW seco NWJ sve sec 15 t10s elw 42ut 313 rlw campsite of sie of see 42u goshen upper and east of southeast of reservoir this site is unknown

CULTURAL

current creek and the farm road which swings around the lower edge of buneo the duneo dune

the

site is

on

the dune and

is

about 50

etero diametero diameters diameter feet in diam

46 CULTURAL MATERIAL 1I

type

D

Deba tage debatage

scraper

agate

12 11

quartzite chert jasper

22 78

anda andasite andesite site

5

CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

NW SW awk 42ut314 nwk swk of sec of awk

42ut3l3 this site is south of 42ut313

is

on the edge of

it

and

10

campsite

northeast of 42ut290

dhe rhe the

site

sloped towards the road and creek

part of the site has fallen onto the road

below

about

the dune where

15 TIOS RIW

the site is only

feet in diameter and has a fire lens about

6

inches thick

CULTURAL MATERIALS

Deba tage debatage 12 agate 5

4

affiliation SE of qu015 sev 42u1315 sek

unknown

CULTURAL

is

NW nwk awk

of sec

tlos

RIW 15 TIOS alos

campsite

goshen end of the of the southern reservoir is just east

this site and

quartzite chert

cattle

on the same dune with a

pen

is northwest of the the site io

pen and is about 100 feet in diameter CULTURAL MATERIAL

Deba tage debatage 1I

hammers cone tone hammerstone done

2

manos 1I flat discoidal 1I loaf shaped

2

affiliation

unknown

42u1315 of 42ut3l5 north is this site

the site is

100

feet in diameter

15 TIOS

elw rlw campsite

on the dune on

rock clusters are present but there is

site is about

obsidian

3

NW nev NE nwk awk 42u1316 of sec i42ut3l6 nek of

part of the reservoir

quartzite chert jasper

46

metate fragments

CULTURAL

agate

73 17 79

east of the central

the southwest slope and several no evidence of

charcoal

the

47

CULTURAL MATERIAL

Deba tage debatage 38 agate

hammers cone hammerstone tone done 1I loaf shaped mano

1I

1

23 44 24 10

metate fragment

affiliation

CULTURAL

first

ts

elw campsite t9s rlw

32

is in the sand dunes west of highway

42ut310 312 group of the qu010 and on the

obsidian

unknown

NE 42ut317 swe of neb of sec nek

this site

quartzite chert jasper

this site is south

68 and

of the gravel

is part

pit

road

rock clusters are present in

western extending spur

the 100 by 200 foot area where the material was found but no charcoal

the

was found

wind could

easily

blow most of the charcoal away

CULTURAL MATERIAL 1I

Deba tage debatage 59 agate

scraper fragment

5 7

CULTURAL

affiliation

quartzite chert

unknown

SW NE awk of sec neb 4211318 swk of nek

32

ts

t9s RN campsite

spur on west and second 42ut317 of east the 42ut3l7 south is

this site of the dune system

it

is in the saddle of the dune

clusters present but

no

charcoal

the site

there are rock

100 about is feet in dia-

meter CULTURAL MATERIAL 1I

Deba tage debatage

projectile point fragment

2

scraper fragments

1I

shallow trough metate fragment

CULTURAL

affiliation

71 6 13 71

agate

quartzite chert jasper

unknown

42ut319 nwk awk of sek of sec 42ut3l9 nwt

32

ts t9s

RIW

campsite

and spur on west 42ut318 the east third south of is

this site almost centrally located two camp campfires fires

the site

and 200 diameter about in feet is

in rock clusters are present

inches in diameter and four inches deep

the fires are about 20

48

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 42 agate

2 type A scrapers 2 mano fragments fragmentst

flat discoidal

1 1

1

quartzite 14 chert 44 jasper 3

loaf shaped

shallow trough metate fragment

affiliation

CULTURAL

this site is in systemo system dry ridge systems

35

raw r2w campsite HIS tils nis

canyon above kimball creek

site is

the

obsidian

unknown

NE nea of ne4 of sec

NW NA 42u1320 42ut320 4

3

on the west side

its

junction with the

of kimball creek just

south of where the road dips down off of the side of the canyon and

crosses the streamo stream

is

cabin

A

is

the northeast across the creek anceo ance

site is

the

feet

100

above the

by 20

a sm small smail

feet

and to to southwest the site

cliff

with a karst like appear

and follows the creek

it is

very

pers and boulders eroded and overgrown with juniperus juni junipers CULTURAL MATERIAL

2

tage Deba debatage 12 agate

projectile points 1 1

type G fragment

5

18 4

quartzite chert jasper

3 CULTURAL

affiliation

sa

42 42ut321 siw sie s4

ohls ohis this site

is

is

on the

soy sog so the road drops or feet

site is

on botki botel both

26 sec of

k SE sb4

on the road

the road in this area 50

of

unknown

side of the canyon

down

it is

r1w elw rlw campsite

creek just north of 42ut320 in kimball creeks

just

south of the

its

main area

road east the of in is

about 100 by 50 feet in size

CULTURAL MATERIAL

1I

1I

2

projectile point fragment knife fragment scrapers 1 1I

CULTURAL

tage Deba Daba debatage dabatage 20 agate 1 quartzite 17 chert 12 andesite anda andasite site

type B fragment

affiliation

site

into the canyon to cross the creek the

sides of the road but

and juniper the bol boulders alders

tils TLLS

anda andesite andasite site

unknown

49

42ut222 SE 42dt322 abt of sbt

thiss

site is

sec 26 of see

NE

tils

canyon mouth the about of kimball creek in

the site

south of the hancock rancho ranch

is

in

which extends

in diameter

a

is

east west direction

is in juniper

and

miles

two

west of kimball creek but east

of the canyon roade road just south of the site

trail

raw r2w campsite

line

a new fence

and

this site is about

50

fire feet

and boulders

CULTURAL MATERIAL

affiliation

CULTURAL

42ut 42u1323

this site is eineo lineo line

site is

nie dle the die

tage Deba debatage dsbatage 90 agate 7 chert 5 jasper

SB SE

of

unknown

see 26 t11s r2wcampsite of sec

NB NE

south of 42ut322 and on the other side of the fence about 900 feet south of the fence

it is

on the west

side of the creek and a ditch runs through the west side of the site which feeds a water tank at the hancock ranch

the area involved

is

about 100

by 50 feeto feato feet CULTURAL MATERIAL

1 type 3

knife scrapers A

1 type 2

CULTURAL

B

4

affiliation

this site is the

3 5

fragments

42ut324

the road

tage Deba debatage 2 agate

hills

SE abt sbt

of

6 andesite anda andasite site

unknown NB NF

on the west

26 sec see of

quartzite chert jasper

tils

raw r2w campsite

side of the creek and ditch but east of

close in just north of the site to form the steep

kimball creek sided canyon more characteristic of the upper sections of kimb

the site

is

about 100 by 50

feet in area

50

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba Daba debatage dabatage 52 agate

scraper fragment

1

5 9 7

quartzite chert jasper

anda 15 andesite andasite site 1 copalite opalite

affiliation

CULTURAL

42ut 42ut325

SE

this site is

of

crest of

a

26

HIS nis

hill

RZW

house

site

west of kimball creek and

canyonso canyons so b and ridge dry Canyon kimball

spring at the junction which yonso yons bonso

seco see of sec

SB SE

on the

north of the junctions of

unknown

is

there

is

a

aided by spring runoff from both can

the site consists of a single round stone structure 36 feet in the visible

diameter

w sq wails walis wallsaq

consisting of rounded basaltic boulders

averages six feet in widths width most of which

the area

collapse

is

is

probably due to the walos walls valis vails

overgrown with gunipero pero junipero juni juniper

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 90 agate

provo gray 59

gray sevier gray on sevier red

159 7 9

12 quartzite 142 chert 48 jasper 788 andesite anda andasite site 15 basalt

projectile points 1 type D 1 type G 1 type 1I 6

fragments

scrapers

3

1 2 CULTURAL

this site is the site only

trl tri

affiliation

nq aq NB

of

obsidian

stones hammerstones 3 hammer 1 triangular angular mano

type A fragments

26 42ut326 42ut

canyonse ceny canyons Canyonse

2

fremont SE

nis tii

camp raw S seco 21 campsite r2w sec of see HIS site

and ton angle dry ridge junction junet kimball ion lon the of the of in

the road goes up to the side of the canyon at this point and

is

pr

west of the road in the boulders and junip0r junt juni junipr junior

50 by 20

area in feet

and very eroded

the site

is

51

CULTURAL MATERIAL

Deba tage debatage 26 agate

thin discoidal shell bead

1I

7

2 9

affiliation

CULTURAL

unknown

NW NE awk 42ut327 nwk of nev of sec nek

this site is

on the west

35

raw t11s r2w house

cluster

side of kimball creek and about half

the junctions of dry ridge with kimball creek and the

way between

junction of garbett gulch with kimball creek ditcho the detcho ditch

chert jasper anda andesite andasite site

A

the site is east of

gully separates the site from the rest of the mountain

the area involved is

100

feet in diameter in

a

clearing

CULTURAL MATERIAL

11 II

19 4

Deba tage debatage 72 agate

provo gray

gray sevier

projectile points type G 2 type 1 I 1I fragment knives 1I type A 1I type B 1I fragment

CULTURAL

garbett gulch canyons

canyono trudes out into the canyon cantono

35

raw t11s r2w house

cluster

and overlooks the

junction of

kim-

the site is on the west side of the

it

the site is

slopes both into

on a

ridge which pro-

garand kimball creek

junipers juni pers the site is in the heavy sage but is clear of juniperus

gulch bett two

and about 14

diameter

deep trough metate

affiliations affiliation fremont

creek and north side of the junction

there are

1I

fragment

this site is north of 42ut327 ball

scraper fragments

17

SW NE swk 42ut328 awk of sec nek of nev

and

4

31 4

1I

3

1I

quartzite chert jasper anda andasite andesite site copalite opalite

15

stone foundation to structures

feet to a side

there

was one

both of which are square

the whole complex is about

large metate left at the site

75

feet in

52

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

provo gray 72 104 sevier gray 1 sevier surf aee ace manipulated surface 1

6

83 agate 7 20

chert 4 jasper 4 obsidian anda 15 andesite andasite site

kbite kaite ivie creek black on white projectile points type C type E 1 type G 1 type 1I knives 1 type B 1 fragment 2 2

2

CULTURAL

affiliation

SW 42u1329 42ut329 swi

of

quartzite

3

copalite opalite

1

type

A

drill

fremont raw seco TUS sec see 35 HIS r2w campsite of

els eis

NE

garbett and nimb kimb junction kimball creek of the of northeast this site is gulch and on the opposite side of the creek from 42ut328o 42ut328

area of about clown down doun

50 by 50

it

covers an

the road crosses the site before dropping

feato feeto

to cross the creek for the second timeo tineo time CULTURAL MATERIAL

3 3 3

provo gray

1

long

gray sevier

flat affiliation

42ut220 nie

this site is involved

the materials

chert jasper

mano

NW

and

5 8

projectile point fragments

CULTURAL

aurea area

tage Deba debatage 10 agate

rfoj 0

fremont

0

raw seco r2w campsite TUS sec of of net nei NE

on the opposite

42u1327 side of the creek from 42ut327

great and washed a through cuts as has gully the site is down

in the upper

to the creedo creeko creek

one

he zhe the

original site probably

gullyo gully fourth of the gullye

CULTURAL MATERIAL

2

the

tage Deba debatage

10 agate 27 quartzite 12 andesite anda andasite site 10 chert

projectile points 1 type 1I 1 fragment

CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

was small

53

2ut3j3l 2ut331 sote sobe te obe j tohe

V T

fhe

1I

sit

campsite

W

kimball creek and

sido of the creek cabiri cabin on the west side beet eet

out 100

a

tilg tils tii acrsc

road swings

3

jards a huntt hunt bards

en we weh

t

35

S

agie agle iglp between the jtirztions igla of kimball jctions actions

iiss iinn tl

gulch arbett rbett

creek an

sec

SW sw14 0

TJRAL MATERI MATER irm Ai ta t1 bizal 1izal nural tudal vital material

i

age ge &ge

debu deb 1

type

dr

C

1

agate

3

I

quartzite chert anda andasite andesite site

i

11 5

jlitl

affy AFFI

util uili nown uni

i

42ut332

his hs site slo sio slo

t

lay laj la

ft

tth

N

11

e

hill

vest side

oog1I

0

feet

li1.1 11 71

1

kn knife if

ge

J

or

cal cai

and

u

J

Car

r

c

rv

on the

a

00 b 200

01

1ht

yon

aht T IIII 11

12

svj1

3

3

a

unk

an n 7n

0

cc ec

SA SW

E

ftf

went vent sest

i

che the

tils

555 TIIS

L jurn jury dhe tile j n tiie tlle the

of the

E

R

hill

clee cler cier

alj clj CL house hou n

of

feet pa

n

the

si2 sia bev ber

1

A

e

fill

is at least

cs as sif sll sil sic ir k

er

lit

cc i

tqe sgcthwest the southwest of tae socthwest

in cut on the west the site its wet side

lat yec 100 00 tec

quartzite chert jasper

J

ilixljn

42jj 42u s

uge ige

ad7 da

Ui TURAL CULTURAL

1I

feet

by 50

1j aj 1

1I

ate

ooi ool oveci overlooks the overl overcool overlool

of southwest the slue is lue site ite

an araraa of about 100

and cover in

ern

ek on the so

tn til tii

bated laced lated abed ated aced

nyons junccire dyons junc bunc lre ire

JC

campsite

t11s

kimball

cabin is

c

w- c

where tl thb-

cnxuilal

5

wesc west west

i

h

of sec

SW awk swk

aings jings

by tie tle

ditch

on one boot foot 1

thick

attie attle ittle

dog

54

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 79 agate 29 quartzite 26 chert

16 provo gray 13 sevier gray

1 unknown sherd 5 projectile points

4 type

jasper anda andesite andasite site

2

25

A

fragment 4 scraper fragments 1

CULTURAL

affiliation

42u1334

sei of SE SEJ

fremont 1 swa swib swi1 sw4

ts

seco elw campsite see 25 t9s rlw of sec

this site is east of the northernmost salt doneso duneso

is

there

is

a

large salt pan between the site

two dunes and the junction of in

is

on the

but well into the

ponds pond

pondso and the pondzo ponds

slopoo southeastern slopok slope siope

the site

it

is

also on the eastern tip of the dune which flanks the southern side of the

salt

pano pan CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage aie 8 ag agate 1I 17

5 50

quartzite chert jasper

CULTURAL

42ut

affiliation

sa s4 SE

this site is pan this the salt pano merango boomerango boomerangs boomerang boo

of

500

SW S

feet

4 obsidian unknown

ts

elw campsite sec 25 t9s rlw see of seco

west of 42ut335 on the same dune which borders

dune curves back around to the south and

the area involved

is

about 75 by 50 feato feeto

the site would

camp a good hunting campo

igl lal

CULTURAL MA MATERIAL IAL

tage Deba debatage nbatage 722 agate 16 30 1

CULTURAL

affiliation

unknown

east like a

quartzite chert jasper

make

55

42ut 42ut336 NW nv4 of

sec see of seco

SW S

elw rlw house

2 TIOS

cluster

42utlo2 near the bend in the roaul this site is just north of 42u1102 roacl road the site is in the field south of the road and was discovered when an irriga-

tion trench

was cuto cut

is north of

house

the area involved

is

100 by 100 feeto feato feet

an abandoned

the site and across the road

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

provo gray gray 1 provo elack on black 13 sevier gray 8

3

quartzite

gray on red sevier redon 3 salt lake gray 1 type A pottery gaming piece 1

CULTURAL

fremont affiliations affiliation

sq

sq

aq aq sbj seco saj SB r1w 42u133 campsite elw of rlw of 15 t10s alos tlos 42ut23z this site is feet to the southeast

on the north

is

500

creeko side of upper current creedo creek

42u1282 and 42ut282

west

the site

is first

marker

G U

11 gullo lio llo

the area involved

is

about 1000 feet to the south-

under the crest of the dune and next to

is

42ut280

USBR

about 50 by 75 feeto feato feet

CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 25 agate 2 quartzite 27

4 provo gray

1 salt lake gray 1 corn cob fragment 1 type B knife 1I mano fragment CULTURAL

affiliation NW 42u1338 naa 42ut na4 of

this site is

on

14 chert

frema Frera frena ont fremont

aq sq SB

seco see of sec

ts

5 79s elw rlw t9s r1w

village

the east side of lower current creek and northeast

the east side of the north road where a irrisite is struc gation ditth ditch has just been euto cut the trench cut through several strue

42uooe of 42u4300

the

on

tures and there were materials recovered from

ais als lais iiss about 1

were

in evidence as 450 long and

much

at least

as two 50

feet

150

yards of trench

eo below surfaceo surfaced surface surfac

dideo wide feet wideo

mater

the area involved

56 CULTURAL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage

8 provo gray 87 6

10 3

11

provo surf aee manipulated ace surface

8 9

gray sevier ivie creek black on white mite wite

agate

quartzite chert

3 unknown

1 1 1

type projectile point type D chafted hafted knife

shaft smoother

CULTURAL

affiliation

fremont

nwe of sec seco 42jb73 source area 42jb3 nell of wf see 1 HIS elw rlw nis

this clis site is located juab county

it is

road goes around the

east side of upper current creek in

dam and

irrigation

dirt past the edge of the site the site is on top the road cutso of the knoll is the the cuts citso

south of the bridge and

the third spur through which

site

on the

danso dams dans

and on both sides of the canyons are agate nodules

range up to several pounds in weighto leighto weight

A

large yellow

A

some

brown

jasper

roado boulder was also found on the west side of the boado road CULTURAL MAT AL MATERIAL

tage Deba debatage 58 agate 0

3

projectile points 1 type C 1 type E 1 fragment

CULTURAL

affiliation

19

jasper chert

9 paw too p&w wy mool look MV FP M foo

unknown

of which

57

CHAPTER FIVE

excavation ohis ohls this site

protected the

for

many pearso yearso years

and

after their property

WOODARD MOUNDS mounir

from pot hunters and

it

but otherwise

mound

collected

is in and

and west

jay woodard

good shape 0

tested the

cultivation

tip

farm fann fant roads were cut through the northern

hugh jones surface

carl

42utl02 42utlo2

goshen who have woodard family the of

was named

mound on

ern side of the

OF SITE

mound

iggi 1961 in 19610

gray they reported a large number of kno2lsgray knolls sherdso shards sherds

the 1

is

mound

I

the bend road bendroado

it

1 1 2

goshen town out on northwest of the of miles

is located in the

SW S

of

SW swe

sec 2 see of seco

TLOS t1os9

raw r1w rlw9

quadrangleo quadrangle santaquin taquin 15 minute quadrangles of the San

prior to excavation the

mound was

covered with a high growth of

ragweed which hid

all

of the surface features and

most impossibleo impossibles impossible

the

mound

is

made

exploration al-

about 100 feet long and 50

feet

wideg hideg wide 9

the

about five feet is it to exca ecca the desire surface at its highest pointo point cointo

lono iono south direct axis being oriented in a north directiono directioho directions northsouth above the surrounding

vate this site grew out of

its

ono preservations preservation excellent state of preservationo preservati

stratigraphic section of the site first revealed a layer a and to depth depths depth below thisq of of late trash and dung of variable deptho this thise normal nomal

about

1 1 2

feet is

a sandy

artifacts this soil A

second

soil with

showed

little

a comparatively high percentage of

laiq nater charcoal or decayed organic mater materialo materiale laio ialo material

layer averaging 14 inches in depth

mehroo ochre achre charcoals and red oehroo

was

filled

the line between these layers

with refuse was somewhat somevhat hazy

58

in most areas

that

at

0

there

to

2

reet feet

3

was no

indication of cultural remains below the sando sand

laid out with a control site was later decided that measurements

before excavation was begun the

grid of

two meter squar squareso squares eso squarest

were to be made

it

since

in inches the squares

was

were converted to

with six inch balks for stratigraphic con controlo controls trolo troio control by placing a large spike in a log once age arcao areao area

layer of sterile sand

was a

to a depth of five feet in one place in the back hoe

was probed

trenche trench

a depth of

1 2

part of

A

six foot size

datum was

established

an old barn and hay

all

the spike was six inches above surface and

stor-

measurements

of vertical displacement were measured from this point with the use of leveis line levels level so levei

the

initial test pit fl

L

autum dutum as surface

ure are of feature feat

some

was

placed eighteen inches east of the

collections indicated a concentration and associated charcoal was encountered at

kind

to be part of a very thin roof of cantered ed cunter sand was enc encountered cuntered

some kindo kind

was ex excavated avated and abated

revealed

umes donly fonly tonly toniy six ann lnn kles inches cles deep but

irregularo irregulars irregular

a ud

20 see figure 2ao 2o

some

two cache cachepits pits

pa southwestern peddled nilled the se billed uthwestern side of the were biso foond also boond aiso

at three feet sterile

A

an area of

soil

nature in the southern endo end

in

ow a sh shallow

pit like pitlike

area

six inches wide

shallow trench

post areao arcao holes three area pit like pitlike

the excavated area had the appearance of

reo arr Arc krc another ther

test the A le sie 1

test pit to the south 2 was sunk to the same depth to was area use area encountered in the the off the pit like pitlike

and confirmed form and highly irregular th east in nrth arth

neif heii neii

was a use simeao sireao alrea

goldso moldso molds

inches that seemed

square squardo in the northern part of the squareo

color indicated an ancient disturbance of

this

22

another cache

pit

my

was encountered and

opinion that

three

more

post

two two square 3 with irregular ended use area the the into feet atea rea tea

southo protrusions to the east and boutho south

it

59

arrangements were made to have the byul boyouo byu9

to the site during thanksgiving vacationse se vacations vacation

the south

3

and eleven

1I

field class

1966

third test pit

was dug to

post holes were encountered that indicated a

structure very possibly a surface earthlodge earthlodge of deviant type edo uncover uncoveredo uncovered

another

out

go

test pit

was

being

4 was expanded to the westq west and six more westa

post holes were found which tended to support the original hypothesiso hypothesist hypothesis totaig eight feet of a north wall and six feet of a west wall of a in fcotaly

structure were uneoveredo uncovered

pit

was

in the west side of square four a large cache during the excavation of squares three and four

uncove huncove redo also uncovered

bryant and shurman shuman jones stopped by to test soil dampness for excavating

local resident backhon offered the use of their bac backhoe khoe for the afternoon a

ch dill ditch

just

for

so residentso residents

one of the

to the south for 32 feato feeto reet feet

a

pit

they dug

one extended to the west 2712

west of square four

cache

damps damp was too ground the

feet

two

so

they

trenches

and the

other

a was western large encountered the trench in

this cache pit

couro square west fouro four feet of four

was covered with

crib of logs placed six inches below the lip of the pito all of the

logs were ch charredo charred arredo

ection

and above

the bottom three were aligned in a north south dir-

two were aligned with a these

this effectively sealed the pit whim contained recognizableo recognizable recagnizable zable zabie but nothing recagni the southern trench contained

degree angico angle angie dizeo sizeo size

A

sixteen feet south

feature

it

dideo trench trenah trenel 111 feet deep and 1i feet wideo was a

much decayed

so featureso features

two

L 11

east west orientations eastwest orientationo orient ationo

the

materials

first

ow a sh shallow

cut across the trench at a

30

large pit structure of undetermined

at structure placed the the the trench within lip of test ppit it

earthed a large

post pot poit hole one

foot in

21 22 and diameter

feet

ceepo deepo deep

it

un

looked

very similar to the king posts found in middle missouri earth lodges of

11

60 do

thomas riggs

derivation this does not preclude any relationshipo relationships hipo the relationship relations

trenches were cleaned up and profiled while the features were being excava cavated ted THE STRUCTURE

only the northwestern corner of one structure was excavated at the piteo siteo site

this

FEATURE

rectangular without clearcut walls

one was

figure

11

3

shipe appears to SHAPEs SHAPE

be rectangular

excavated portion of north wall

dimensions

west wall

feato feeto feet

6

surface sand

foundation

feet

8

lly liy ily leveled artificially veledo le artificia

packed and leveled sando sand

FLOOR

appears to be a line of posts

ROOF SUPPORTS

down

the

center line of the structuroo structure ENTRANCE

unknown

tren trenchh FIREPIT FLOOR

but possibly the shallow trench in

is

B

none found

a tunnel entrance to the

tono lono iono xoavated sect sectiono sections in excavated seation

none found

PITS

associations

two

structure

iono sectiono sections in excavated sect

large cache pits to the west and one

shallow trench that might be part of a

COMMENTS

it

tonnelo ventilator shaft or entrance tunnelo appears that this structure was collapsing

and the walls reinforced

torn

down due

sando of the sande sand

in

and out and

finally

probably to the unstable nature

61

A

or lxcavalion limie

POST HOLES CACHE

PITS

figure 3 feature 11 woodard mound appears type be lodge earthlodge of to the surface earth structure this found

at nephi willard

in that

it

and beaver

this structure differs

is rectangular rather than oval

and

as

however

incorporates what appears

to be features of jacal structures in that the side walls are set into

the ground instead of just leaner posts USE AREA

there fined

by a

this area

was only one use

area excavated at the site

highly irregular shallow was only

pit

and

it

is

de-

associated cache pits

eight feet from the house but not next to any vis-

ible entrance FEATURE 3 SHAPE

figure

4

irregular shallow pit

dimensions

5 by 5

deep

feet in the excavated area six inches

62

PIT

aeed aced native sando unf unfaced sand inf

WALLS

irregular

FLOOR ROOF

possible r vftinada mada arrangement evidence of burringo ingo burningo burning burn none found

FIREPIT FLOOR

compacted sand

in excavated area

pits in the northeast

pits just outside the southwest side trench just

two cache

PITS

two cache

outside the northwest side

associations COMMENTS

none

none

POST HOLES

CACHE

v

PITS

SHALLOW PITS OF TTSR ARRA AREA TTSRARRA USE USEAREA

A

0

figure 4

feature

1177

6

woodard mound

2

fet

63

feature feature

8

s

ye 4 ure at feature

feature

feature

1

figure

5

cache

pits of the

woodard mound

2

j9 ja

64

CACHE CACHEPITS PITS A

total of

5

pits

which presumably had been used

poses were excavated at the woodard mount figure 5ao 50 5o

but next or part of the use area

away from houses

gli to appear these of features all

to the house

for storage purthree of them were

two

of them were next

have been contemporaneous

on appeared the edge of the sterile sando lips all sand same the of the pits into class straight sided cache all ali ail fail fall ffali pits with rounded bottoms they all had either a very short neck or else no neck at all and a diminishing body which reached its smallest diameter

as

0

at the bottomo bottom bottolo depths ranged

from

six inches to three feet

the pits ranged from

diameters from two and one half feet to six inches

circular through oval to irregular in outline

est pit is

sm smallest

a post hole of

irregular

shape

has already been described which had a covering

maximum

possible the that is it one unusual cache pit logs of logso locso

CULTURAL MATERIAL

SURFACE

provo gray 19 gray 2 provo blaek on black

tage Deba debatage nbatage

81 agate

gray sevier gray uinta 4 salt lake gray 1 type 1I projectile point

10 1

1 1

20 29 1 1

glass bead

loaf shaped

SQUARE 19 1 LEVEL

1

mano

1

provo gray 49 provo 1 surface manipulated

gray sevier M pulated palated sevier surface manipulated gray on sevier red 11 salt lake gray 6 uinta gray 30 ivie creek black on white waite wiite 3 temperless

drill

obsidian

shaft smoother

tage Deba debatage 111 agate

21 2 1

7 misc disc nails nalis nalls 1 type B

quartzite chert jasper

cartridges cartridgesv leather

28 28 8 8 5

quartzite chert jasper obsidian

projectile point

fragments 1 knife fragment 1

tubular bone bead

65

SQUARE 19 1 LEVEL 2

89 provo gray 2 provo provo 3 2 provo

surface manipulated

gray on red redon black on gray 35 sevier gray 3 sevier gray surface manipulated 3 sevier red on gray 30 salt lake gray 3 knolls gray 6 uinta gray 5 ivie creek blackbon black blaek on white blackon 4 temperless 1 unknown sherd 1 type A drill scrappers 3 sc rappers 1 type A 2 fragments

tage Deba debatage 228 agate 39 65 9

quartzite

45

projectile points 10 type

bone awls round 4 bone flamers flakers 1 1 1

type type

pottery pipe fragment figurine ffragment

type

1

type type A

ggaming ng

A B

pottery piece

AREA USE USEAREA

gray sevier gray on sevier red gray salt lake 1 knife fragment 1 figurine fragment 2 1 3

SQUARE 29 2 LEVEL

tage Deba debatage 1I agate 17 1 9

quartzite chert

1

44 provo gray

provo black gray on blaek elack provo surface manipulated

gray sevier gray on sevier red gray salt lake 1 salt lake surface manipulated 4 knolls gray 3 knives 2 type B 1 fragment 1 type C bone gaming piece 1 type A pottery gaming piece ragment 1 figurine f fragment

18 1 10

bone gaming piecesj pieces 2 1

washer11 washer bone bead

provo gray 12

2 2

3

A B

11

SQUARE as 1 1s

A B

type type C 1 type D 2 type E 1 type K 4 knives 2 type A 2 fragments 2 shaft smoothers 1 flat metate fragment frament 2 2

2

2 2

chert obsidian

tage Deba debatage

15 agate 5 9

quartzite

6

projectile points

chert

type A 1 type C 1 type 1I 2 fragments 1 type A flaker 2

1 1

shell bead slate figurine washer

66

SQUARE 29 2 LEVEL 2

48 provo gray

gray sevier gray 17 salt lake 1 knolls gray 1 uinta gray 2 ivie creek black on white 3 temperless 1 type E scraper 2 hammerstones hammer hanmer stones 9

1 sh shaft aft smoother 1 bone punch 1 figurine head 1 type B pottery gaming gaining

tage Deba debatage 23 agate

quartzite chert

10 12

projectile points

5

type A 2 type C 3 fragments knives 1 type A 2 type B 1

3

piece

black on white SQUARE 2 AREA USEAREA 299 USE-

provo prove gray 13 1

4 4 1 1 2

gray sevier gray salt lake white on white black creek ivie stone percussion flaker head bone harpoon heads ragments figurine ffragments

SQUARE 3 9 LEVEL

2 27 2 6

1

provo gray provo black on gray

gray sevier 14 salt lake gray 1 uinta gray 3 temperless 1 type A drill

tage Deba debatage none

type type type

1 1 1

1 provo surface manipulated 10 sevier gray 1 sevier surface manipulated 5 salt lake gray 4 knife fragments

drills

type B type C 1 rocker type mano 1 1

drill

pottery

gaming

tage Daba Deba debatage dabatage

12 agate 13 quartzite 1

chert

3

projectile points type G 1 fragment 2

LEVEL 2

46 provo gray

2

A A

projectile point

piece y black on wite mite

1 hammerstone 1I round awl

SQUARE as 3 3s

G

tage Deba Daba debatage dabatage

agate

3 1

quartzite

6

projectile points 2

1 1 1 1

type A type B type C type E fragment

6 67

SQUARE 49 4 LEVEL

1

69 provo gray 28 sevier gray 5 sevier surface manipulated 1 sevier red on gray 5 salt lake gray 1 ivie creek brack erack on white black elack 1 knife fragment 1 washer bone bead

4

pottery

gaming

3 type 1 type

4 type

B

1

C

mano shaped loaf 2 round awls 1 figurine fragment LEVEL 1

26 provo gray

13

4

provo black ongray ingray

gray sevier gray on sevier black gray salt lake gray uinta temperless

projectile points

nat flat fiat hat

type type type

A C G

tage Deba debatage 16 agate 1

quartzite chert

3

projectile points

4

type C type 1I fragment 1 washee washed bone bead 1 1 1

on white black creek mite ivie wite awl

intrusive buttons

8 FEATURE 85 3

chert 1 1 1

1 1 1 unknown 3 1 2

C

tage Deba debatage 28 agate 10 quartzite

clay object

SQUARE as 5 5s

A

type D 1 type 1I 2 type J 4 fragments misco nisco mise metal and leather

3

1

4

1 type 1 type

pieces

gray salt lake 1 knolls gray 1 type B drill

2

projectile points

11

C

4

17

1

2

provo gray 40 prove 7 sevier gray

2

quartzite chert jasper

pieces

SQUARE 49 4 LEVEL 2

1

agate

7 2 2

A

5 bone gaming

type

tage Deba debatage

pitt PIT

CACHE CACHEPITS PITS CACHEPIT

projectile points 1 type 2

C

fragments

tage Deba debatage none 1

tubular bone bead

68

BACK HOE TRENCH BACKHOE

3

projectile points 1 1 1

type A type C fragment

1 shaft smoother 4 manos 2

faceted flat discoidal tubular bone bead figurine fragments 1 1

1 2

1 1I

loaf shaped

flat type

awl B

bone gaming piece

tage Deba debatage none 3

2

knives 1 type C 1 fragment

scrapers 1 type

E

fragment 1 deep trough metate fragment 1

0

1I

0 Z

c

E

0

j

6 va v1

0

square 1I

s

s

1

x

x

a

j 0

s

t s

c

i

T

L

g

t& D

S

c

c

cc

P

t

tf 07

S

9

w69 69

S

S

j

x

x

x

i

a

j

8

1

x

x

level 1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

1

square 1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 11 II

square 11 II

1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 1I

1I

square 11 II

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 11 II

x

1I

square 111 III lii lil

x

square 111 III ill

x

square IV

x

x

x

x

x

level 1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 11 II

x

x

x

level 1I square IV

x

x

x

level 11 II square

V

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 1I x

present

sk absent

comparative

DATA ON POTTERY TYPES TIPES OF THE WOODARD MOUND

aa figure 6a

x

x

70 V

c LV

0 2

s z t

t S

0

ft

S

S10

0

L

v

Q

t

a

5

Z

uj

a

5

i

square 1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

square 1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

0

2

t

s

S

t1I

1

x

x

x

x

x

x

0

Q

s

1

z

level 1I

level 11 II i

square 11 II

x

U1

x

x

x

level 1I

x

1I

square 11 II

x

x

x

x

x

square 111 III lii lil

x

x

x

x

x

square 111 III lii

x

x

x

square IV

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 11 II level 1I

x

x

level 11 II

x

x

x

level 1I square IV

x

level 11 II square

level 1I

V

x

x

x

x

I1

ceramicsclustered ceramicclustered

CERAMICS CLUSTERED SAME DATA WITH CERAMIC

6b figure ab

x

x

71

tt 3

5

s 9

1

1I 2

.6 6

S

J

T CL

i

i

square 1I

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

square 11 II

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

a

00

tf

0

sf

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

f 0

v

JG

5

J

S

x x

1I

x

x

x

x

x

square 11 II

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

square

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

level 1I

x

x

x

r square 111 III lii lil

x

x

x

x

x

x

1I

1

N

square 1I

2

0 9 1

S 0

level 11 II level 1I

s C

6 u

V

i

b

x

x

x

x

level 1I

1

level 11 II

level

V

c

x

x

1I

square lii 111 III lil

c level

x

1I

square IV x

x

x

0

T

1Isquare

x

x

level 11 II

S L

level

IV 11 II

x

SQUARED CLUSTERED SAME DATA WITH SQUARES

indicates there is only one major group of pottery present with four major groups of traipse also traitse traits it indicates a difference between the groups of pottery used at the use area versus that used at the house appear would use the the concentration in that it area indicates that most of the living did go on in

this area

figure

ac 6c

INTRUSIVE

13

SANDY

FIL L FILL

NORTH WALL SQUARE SOIJARE

i

as 2s 1

FI L L

el r

100 too loo

centimeters

fr

x

D

0

i

0 ROOF

r

ts

2&w ZW

FILL WITH FIRED CLAY

t feet fee

a

r

WHITE CLAY

FILL

3 FILL WITH 1 I0

MUCH

CHARCOAL

I 0

0 1

JSAND SAND sano isano

ot EAST hast WALL TRENCH 0

aroARC

AL

IILL

IA

OIL oll

D D

a E

TE

olay CLAY

SA

J

7 7h ah

an

analysis of the

by lumping the top

two

42utlo2 arbitrary levels of 42u1102

level of square 1I through

was accomplished

with irith nith rith the surface collection

V i

this with the lower levels of squares 1I through IV along were with shards from squares 1I and 11 original the vith the use area sherds levels II arbitrary but did divide the normal stratigraphic section in half and comparing

UPPER COMPONENT

provo gray 245

gray sevier gray salt lake gray uinta ivie creek black blaek on white 8 temperless TL gray 4 kno s knolls lls lis

112 49 11 34

LOWER COMPONENT

provo gray 256

52.5751 525751 24.0343 240343 6150 10.6150 106150 lo 2.36051 236051 2.3605 23605 20605 7.29611 729611 7.2961 72961 22961

gray sevier gray salt lake 7 uinta gray 11 ivie creek labite hiack on white alack 7 temperless gray s 5 knojis kno31 knoris 1 Unk unknown unknoni noni 722 63

1171674 71674 1.7167 17167 .8584 8584 117 40 6.6437 4 6437

3 unknown

72 2

99 999 999998 99999

T46

60.6635 606635 gig 0 17 616 14.9289 149289 1.6588 16588

logic l06lc 26588

1.6588 16588 18481 111848 1.1848

237k .2370 2370 2070

99 9999871 99871 99.9987 999987

type type to equivabout proportion the of variations is ath alent and both groups follow the same frequency pattern to such an extent fath aith

that

it

minor ninor i

could be safely said that both layers should be considered a

and the unity tical

mound a

single occupation site of either static material

eth with ith culture or short duration vd

equality in

number

further analysis aagainst adnst adest

statis-

a

rapid accumulation of material

shards tends to support the of sherds

showed up something

curious

A

a up quite or structure house turned the

latter

the

thesis

po prothesis pothesis hhypothesis

but

treatment of the use area

different result

the

1 squares zith the associated features was as rith area use defined I and 11 II tith ube

as determined brith with irith the

ith

cluster diagram

to as associated with squares 111 III lii lil

V

figure ac 5c

3

the house feature 11

75 N COMPON AREA componlir did USE USEAREA COMPONE lid LIr

provo gray 267 97 76 15 41 11 8 3

HOUSE COMPONENT

provo gray 213

51.5444 515444 18.7259 187259 14.6718 146718 2.8957 28957 7.9151 79151

gray sevier gray salt lake gray uinta ivie creek black on white temperless gray knolls

vc

41 4 1.5441 15441 15 J .57921 57921 .5792 5792

99.999 99999

518

950 5 .5

V7 1107y 1

1.1976 1.1076 11976 11076 299470 .29947 29947 .2994 2994

unknown

9 99 996 99.9996 999996

334 184

sherds shards

more

pottery associated wlch wit

cype range type much a and had of frequency house than the broader

ciated with

it

be seemed ile lle house to fie fle rie tie

strictly utilitarian

areu contained only 87.8378 878378 while the use area

96.9939 969939

an

1

1

2159 the use area had 21.59

it

gray sevier gray salt lake 2 uinta gray 4 ivie creek blace blacl on white blaci 4 temperless 1I knolls gray

77 32

2.1235 21235 2.123 2123

unknown

637720 63772. 63772 63772o 23051 2300 23.051 23051 9580m 950 9.50

types

rprrn term

lie lle vie the

utilitay util itai utilitai

painted varieties

provo of

ivie creek black

n

storage marke marks

z

la ii

sevier evier salt lake evler

ilitar

ul utilitarialitar 1

surface manipulated and and

grays uinta

the

any or cocking show of never evidence white bcils bails bos

te

toe temperless

and

decoration

it

known use beyond

inere here means the

ceramic amic cr cramic

in

of the

asso-

cor gray are too fragile for any knolls

is for this reason that

knoils knolls knoll

gray is

te

tle salt laf- e type for this analysis separated from r m tie

the

two

indicjits ind components icAt that the together ses taken naly of analyses indican nalyses indicat

through by use but vertically stable laterally differentiated site is surveys and on a of surface had bearing the interpretation time this parnsons appear only would diat sons between comparisons chronological cc lat pari parl riat sites it parisons complete excavation can yield sufficient data for inter site comparibayon beyop sons beyon 1966

ned as eo such outlined outlE areas geographical outie the widest of graphical

by ambler

7

CHAPTER

SIX

CERAMICS

goshen seventy the four of valley thirty sites in

sampling sandling methods method sandli methode

three fielded ielded pottery during the course of the survey campsites camo cano camnsites canosites sltes sites

an

attempt was

made

to collect

all

at all th thee

at but artifacts

of the larger sites such as the village sites only a

some

statistical

sample could be taken

types and parities Vari varl varitiese tiese varities ties goshen valley was

the

criteria for the analysis of pottery

like in

most utah ceramics

from

by temper and surface

on was mainly rudy based 1953 identification initial and DeH 196 debLoois 1967 but their criteria later had to be abandoned in debloois young brigham pottery process from the the university of analysis of the

finish

aq 06 1q 67 1966 196667 0667

the

were samples farm hinckley at sherd the submitted class field

myron to dre wron dr hyron

ment

ce C

yound brigham university geology depart best of the

for petrographic analysis

sample of the then

shards were the sherds

tentative

identified

shards were a representative the sherds

system as outlined by debloois

19645

51 196745 19674551 1964551

as sevier gray snake valley gray great

gray gray and turner cisco variety lake

before and during the pro-

cess of identification the writer discussed with dr best the agents tempering the of the for identification on the

he

mposition to

freshly broken

indicate that they

may

criteria

temper the identified

residual properties of the clay nonresidual basis of non

temper was found to be

salt

each fragment 0of

and angular with no

have been residual

trace of deco-

particles of the

77

clay

none of the

feldspar identified

was

of a

nature transitional I transition

j1h jah thee

grain size and relative abundance between

9 and 16

occur ance of particles not occurance ents and occupance

to clay were also used in the

criteria for

the

common lon coim ion eola

tjie temper the of identification

of total constitu-

best

dr

was as

surprised

as myself to find not one tempering agent in many of the sherds shards many nany as

three types

come from a

althoughh single source althouc althous C

tempering agent in provo gray

he expressed the opinion

dr

salt

bests

gray lake

but as

that the particles did not

a crushed mica

granite could

ca c3

be the

granite also could have been used in

tc percento percent as percen are highest follows in order of results

biotite occurs in the paste it is uded eded in the percentage relationship included inc this is relative as heavily age temper to the lowest

mi caseous micaceous micaseous

where

paste might not be included

pon pondingly dingly high percentage 0

from

in bias this built builtin

was working with beyond

some

dr

if

the temper

is

of a corres-

of the results appear to be weighted D

best did not

know

the type of sherds shards he

the fact that they were fremont

this

sherd 126a d

criteria calcite feldspar biotite welded tuff feldspar biotite feldspar biotite quartz obsidian ma m9 basaltic glass

sshend he rd 118 a- a sherd

quartz biotite feldspar

sherd 118a ll8a b llda

obsidian quartz feldspar

was done

to insure against bias in looking for established 126aaaaa sherd 12 sherd herd 126a b

sherd 126a

c

1

eherd sherd

sherd

ll8ac 18ac d ilsa lisa lita

pany quartz biotite pang parg feldspar obsidian felds

welded

quartzy quartz feldspar tuff

sherd 121a

obsidian feldspar biotite

sherd 122a a

obsidian feldspar biotite

sherd 122a b

quartz biotite feldspar

7

lla lia

sherd herd

S

quartz biotite feldspar 1elds felds leids r U

D

feldspar biotite basaltic dags daos

sherd lierd ilerd 112a

S

n

1

ds according to the original sherd sherri analysis sherrl shards sherds 3orllig sho

ade ide

to

ciashuig clushil

p

t

uncer abi lbi i a cach each sherd under sherl ocular micro3co binocular ach microscope

cvcaivc

C each

.11

L

vlin vi 10110 following lollo in

a altion the differentiation between crushed information incon allion infon

foldsp&i ifeldspa

an

0

1I

hy Y

hc0

sid sidian lan

oc quartz is irmpo microscope impossible the andar taicrosco binocular isible undar undr

gray teitro tempered rod former vesicular basalt or basaltic lass neitro sevier c

A

gray represented in sevier 126a d

118 liba

and 112a

d

with these sherds shards v

rth ith

soar feldspar feld reid feid

is

by shouls sherls

12a

b

zile ilie tlle tempering agent associated itie

tuff

as jlass often basaltic altic class ilass oflen asaltic blass

and

c and quar sone 0 ac mi quarlz7 and ssome quarle niar nicr

mae c 12sa by shards 12 la Inae lac 1

lllja illja d 11ca llda ilca lica ll8ad ll3a

uel lel che rho leiipcring agent the bei

nno nho

rr spar 5spry

lie lle

gray tempered ad ropresent represent represented obsidian former seen seer sevier

provo gray

and

r

welded

i

sample sai this sal sauble ile

121a 121

1I

b LD

b

122

a and 117c 117

1 7ith aith s I hese shards sherds luh ich associated ilh associate sharl is cid shcrl ci i

U

c presen quartz id nd resent rith often oflen obsidian resent rese biotic eth ith L

pastue paste pastic in the pastie

co lon ion bozion cozion

grca grc gray c and ded ald ten ipcred yartz te aid red arca Fornier obsidian fornier lake forrler fortier wartz rier

sait salt it gray tino tinc the represented in lake salt

5

G

amp le by sherd 11 ssample sampie lioa

C

provo CTQ agencs agenas tangents are angents re as tempering the perin the te ate sac td saic salc I

1223 b0 and 3223

1

CD

gra but with rnaca suur surrace surr raca tine i paste to aste or added aca mica the surface surf ance to create nica a

act ect decorative eff effect

xt

e to are be considered these sher Is lr 1

I

t Gh ais ghought be ay as lhoughl thought ils lis sherds shards invl inal ic lay invalid lype but tino ought invrlid tins iis solc soic

i at

tt

to be

arlt srlt s3t

gray ere discoverer to lake

provo prove gray

fit

onto a jJ

i

126a 120 a

i

of

this happens often

r gray gray tempered turner cal cite calcite unita ra former cai

ohls onis chis this type

a0

cisco variety

one by sample only sherd the represented in is 1

rd th irith calcibo calcino cai cal illth ilith ilie tile lile tempering agent in this sherd was the cit eit tas calcat calcit ras

79

spar residues are

acid tests revealed that feld-

feldspar

an equal amount of

sherds classified as in the other shards

common

gray uinta

the

new taxonomic

tempered with

3

I

basalt lava mica

1

sidian idian

and

basalt taylor

and

variety sharrock

emery

has been described as

the mancos

siltstones silt stones

gunnerson

feldspar

1956

and

and

rock

lister

emery

variety

and

rudy

2

1953

the same as turner

5

debloois

emery

1967

variety

angular fragments of light gray rock possibly

wormington

1955

2

crushed igneous rock

light gray rock ultimately of igneous origin with

3

quartz in the matrix taylor 1960

is the

1

and mica

1940

vesicular basaltic glass

4

1957

1965

obsidian malouf

feldspar

1954

quartz with mica present taylor gray

potter typeo typed type

gray has been defined as being sevier

obsidian with small amounts of quartz 1

same

evidence for sub divisions within the fremont have created subdivisions

new

tool for this classification

a

to be necessary as the

different descriptions of the

old names have so many

also the

felt

designations were

taylor

1957

1957

differentiates

and

4

between

gray on the basis of temper sevier

porphyritic gray turner

basaltic glass

gray while crushed igneous porphories are criterion for sevier

type the turner for left

however

shards difference between the sherds and he showed me one pot where

debloois could find no significant

he examined

all

at the university of utah

shards of the inner surfaces of the sherds

were labeled sevier gray by one person and the outer surfaces labeled

gray by another turner 1I

was

shards as having identical tempers able to identify a few sherds

as ivie creek black

on

white which were

different

shards with basaltic glass or welded tuff sherds

from the

gray sevier

80

provo gray term the is an outgrowth of amblers

distinctive

its

name and

salt

the term

name

for

gray has been adopted because the old great lake

gray has been defined as lake

1940 3

leaves the sevier area with a parallel

pottery type

main

salt

divi

provo area gives the pottery the

sion of the fremont into five areas a

sub

1966

2

quartz and mica tempered enger

1

obsidian and quartz with mica added to the paste rudy

obsidian

caseous paste taylor quartz in mi micaceous micaseous

and

possibly sand tempered ambler being superfluous and to

1954

the term great

1966

differentiate

between

my

1954

4

and

was dropped as

criteria

and the

older ones gray has been kept but as an extreme variant of the knolls

it

lake variety

salt

appears to be a non as variety decorative nonfunctional functional

the mica is present in such quantities that the walls of the sherd can be crumbled in the hands and

will fall apart

when wet

snake valley gray was not submitted in the sample because no sherds shards were found in the survey and excavations which

being sand tempered name a few

provo and as temper in

sharp edged

no wearing

tion of sand by kuenen

1960

an accumulation of sedimentary

millimeters

and

2

are

silts

or clay

fact quartz is so usually means

a

rudy

1956

1953

and

taylor

1954

gray snake valley is sand tempered that

all state

icles identified broken

meighan

fit

the definition of

salt

fragments

gray were lake

they do not

fit

the part-

all freshly the defini-

the term sand as geologists use

particles

having a

to

it

diameter between

means .05 05 05

large grains are called gravel while smaller ones sands come from limestone much more abundant

quartz sand

sand

feldspar or quartz

a

in

re refering that in redfering fering to sand the term

particles

always have some edge

rounding cound ing from wind movement or show water polish round

31

eno enn re ei ern require her factors which dequ enohasis blich requ bilch kiich ined by other in hasis were out enohalis outlined

11 011 0ola

nnisS

810015 e91ooi bloois aloois

yis lysis

c na nai from manipulated nalysis the of wasatch sherds shards surface nalyis fron nal nallis

196745 19674552 1975520 1975

he pointed out

that

many forms

of surface manipulation

on ah occur orn oin although sherds althou oil the same shards althouah these are used as autery utery such as those from pargonah pottery 004 ool of 001 Par gonah

up var vari varl vail val ties vailties

arga avea area arell

C

52 520

in

criteria for setting meighan 1956o 19560 1956

ulysis clysis cnly valid method of decorative an llysis would appear to be through analysis the anly whole vessel

tie in

ouid ould

analysis

the suggested

with debloois

if

provo and snake the difference between

valley gray could be reconciled much

gray valley snake the of

chan rhall tharl than

quartz sand and

taxonomic system presented here axonomic

there are hints in the literature that tempered with crushed quartz rather

is 3 true this is if

as debloois indicates

then the

conger and provo areas may be brought into a much closer relationship 1I

have

system as

listed

the pottery types according to a rather inclusive

shards are all plain undecorated sherds

variety all coffee bean applique incision

ecco etco etc

moo 1967 b1 qebloois mlo 100 ba 196 1 oo s than debloois

a

plain

sherds are all painted shards

and by color

the result of this taxonomic system T

together under

incised applique noded

punched

are surface manipulated vari vanities ties

classified by slip

51 50 5051

and

SEVIER GRAY

is

somewhat simpler to handle

below outlined is

FREMONT TYPES AND

TYPEs TYPE

lumped

VARITIES VERITIES

tempered with welded tuff and basaltic glass glass with varying amounts of feldspar quartz and mccae micae mica the mica is usually sparse includes pottery formerly classified as sevier gray and turner gray emery variety

van parities Vari varl vah ties varities gray sevier

surface manipulated variety

gray sevier

gray oray on grak orar red arak

gray sevier

gray on black

variety variety

82

TYPE

PROVO GRAY

tempered with feldspar quart and mica possibly crushed mica granite with some sherds obsidian added to a majority of the shards includes pottery formerly classified as

gray sevier

varieties

TYPE

provo gray

plain variety

provo gray

red on gray variety

provo gray

gray on black

provo gray

gray on black

SALT LAKE GRAY

variety exterior corrugated variety

tempered with feldspar quartz and obsidian mica added to the paste and surface for

decorative effect

gray

formerly great salt lake

varieties gray lake

salt gray lake salt gray salt lake TYPE

TURNER GRAY

plain variety surface manipulated variety

knolls variety

tempered with crushed porphy porphyretic porphyritic retic rock 1 I udes ultimately of igneous origin inc includes pottery formerly classified as sevier

gray and turner gray

emery

variety

varieties gray plain variety turner

turner gray surface manipulated variety gray gray on black variety turner turner gray ivie creek black on white variety TYPE

UINTA GRAY

tempered with crushed calcite and feldamoun tso tsu amounts spar with some mica in varying amountso gray cisco variety and former turner promontory ware

varieties gray uinta gray uinta

gray uinta

plain variety surface manipulated variety coarse variety

vyp vye

QTS

prv orv arv

tpln C ab sbnaai f infit nfit O eco aeo oga N

1

qn an3

50 C

9

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sa s6

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SSG

6

c

7

434 134 3 1.34

134

3 10 to

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31

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gfl gal gil

70

0

sur srrpt

70 to 7.00 cl

7

fo

222. 3

7

tsz 7l

sl

7&06 7206

7so

aso

4.5 45

S

45

91

ils

aal all MA aai 066

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yr

ig

PL

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af 41fieviij orv arv 4rv

ifc

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ky

tuc lc toc k i

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1

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tetc tc tecc TE

aj

1

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sr aj 7j

30

s

c

r

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r

y

y

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fix ira caka

0

lec le

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zeo leo 6C

awa 1wa lma 1

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as 5s

ove ded der 1

rde lee rc

7 y

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wigr

LU

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lf

rrRWD rr 474 414

110

iya

IV

V

10

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yo

1

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irig inf ini tria tri tri6

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cr 4cr

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72

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9fo afo

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ra r3 av

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d5 fa- e da

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0 660

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fim haq nac pim elm N

too koo

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ft1 16 nti ftc

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falt meg mee kfr ftlt kar N P

7

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1

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1

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S SSS

ca c7

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446 6 SS

17

1

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ave tve lve

1

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1 1

rtjvrj

t 1

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1

fa j mowe iro ito howf cowf azra k PC tarm smos ttrm rxos lzra sros ixos

1

t

15

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07

tork

6

606

aa a0 01

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yi

6 el

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7

2

cv

ucyc ucac

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0

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oddo 0000

a

c acco &oco boco

C

cf

7 17 1

rf

1I L

1

tuc tac fuc twc

iryw

qirow 1 .1

pwo omo awo hwo pw

air7b

L

OOQ icc ifc

S

su

e3 ea

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ry

irztoi

yw

x

mvft

4

ooo oro 6066 0ri ari

zot ut

wnm avei 3&

73 33

z 7 s7 77isz c F 7

sa

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1l S

ail

1c4t 6fl 6 aib e two

V

SO

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11

1

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17 17 .17 217

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ncc fcc

3477

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500

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511

11 3 ai 3i

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Ks

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193 107 103

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feeal eDl edi feedl

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87

sherd analysis

the most numerous type of sherd collected in the

provo gray process of survey and excavation was

this

56091670 5609167o 56.0916 560916

type is represented at most of the pottery bearing

sites

as defined

this pottery is

as a feldspar quartz obsidian tempered type

common

provo throughout the area and is also found to be present in the

sevier area provo gray is generally medium gray in color

very light gray to black

often smoothed is visable disable

on the

predominantly fine textured

exterior

on the

exterior

and

show

interior

it

where

it

this pottery is often the temper

appears micaceous as

the interiors of the

striations

several varieties the most

polished

and sometimes

the sharp edges catch the light and reflect

jars

but ranges from

common

provo gray are represented as outlined above of

being the plain variety

the sample of pottery from the

survey indicates a low number of surface manipulated types but a sur-

prising

number of

painted varieties

provo gray made

medium gray

plain variety 538931 53.8931 538931

pottery found in the shapes of large wide

ular jars

and a few bowls

polished

and

better

provo gray common

is an undecorated well

made

in general

this variety is harder better

than the closely related

surface manipulated variety

decorated variety

seem to have come from

all

mouch mouth glob-

salt

lake type

is the most

.9466 9466 9466

of the sherds shards collected by the author

so globular jars and all were exterior decorationso decorations decoration

the decorative techniques ran from fingernail incision

on

the body

t

coffee bean applique in single rows applique nodes applique bands

that are punched or incised

and

punctate sherds shards

incision is limited

to parallel bands around the neck of the jars or else angular lines

across bands of app appliqued liqued clay appliques

88

provo gray

sites

red on gray variety

all cases

and in

was found

.1527 1527

seems to have come from

at several

large globular jars

all

of the painting is done in crude brushed strokes with considerable edge

decorative elements appear to

smudging

triangles or diagonal lines provo gray

from the

gray on black

be

very wide lines in hollow

lip to the

body of the pot

most 1068170 the variety 106817o is 1.0681 10681

common

painted variety and all the sherds shards appear to have

come from

painted bowls

the interior and occa-

these are always well smoothed

nally well polished sionally sio

on the

exterior

on

interior

the designs tend to be linear

with many solid triangles which are hooked to lines to produce a sawtooth

effect

lines range

from

of patterns and panels

spiral with

a

and

different kinds

bowl

will

03057o 030570 black on gray corrugated variety 0305 .0305 0305

is represented

by a

finely corrugated

have a

step design elements are also important

it

single sherd from goshen

cal single line beneath the lip was

and occur in

occasionally the base of the

central design

provo gray

rare

116 to 14 inch

and

linear decorations

is very

had the

typi-

the exterior

and very well made

gray was the second most numerous type of sherd collected sevier

during the survey and welded

50167970 5016797o 50.1679 501679

this

tuff is easily recognized

type by

tempered with

the darkness of the particles

the basaltic glass is vesicular and quite distinctive are very large and

show

through on the surface

rally gray to buff with many that are

fire

also

row mouth

firing clouds

often particles

shards are genethe sherds

blackened

were quite orange with the appearance of having been show

basaltic glass

some of

the sherds shards

retired but they

the forms seem to be wide mouth jars and nar-

jars with lip to body handles

there are

some bowls known

89

most of the a

gray pottery is undecorated and classified as sevier

plain variety 28.9466 289466

the surfaces are smoothed and sometimes pol-

the interiors remaining striated

ished

interiors

and

the bowls have well smoothed

polished exteriors which sometimes have a coating of red

ochre achre

gray sevier

surface manipulated variety

to four different kinds of treatment in goshen valley

treatment is the most

common

A

noded applique

ono with an equal amount of fingernail incisiono incisions incisi incision

shards is the number of surface manipulated sherds found

is restricted

.3969 3969 3969

much

less than the

number

1967o 19670 farther south debloois 1967 gray sevier

ous than the provo

red on gray variety

variety

.6717 6717

shards are the typical unslipped type these sherds

with a much wider range of painted designs with exterior painting and open

they

all

appear to be jars

the most popular design element is

triangle but examples of squared double lines

angles are

a

and

thin line solid

tri-

often the lines have faded or have turned very dark

common

and are much ed from

is

much more numer-

cruder than any of the black on grays

this type is report-

green by debloois nephi gooseberry creek and fountain gray sevier

black

on

1967

goshen gray variety 1527 15277o rare in .1527 152770 1527 is

valley in comparison to sites farther south

the only design elements

represented in the valley are single lines beneath the lip of the sherd and

lines across

ing scrolls

dots

body sherds shards

angleso anglelo angles debloois mentions interlockat all angies

fine line sawtooth line barbed line circle nega-

tive circles square triangle stepped line

and

parallel lines

de-

57 bloois 19675657 196756

gray shards represented lake is the next largest group of sherds

salt 16595470 1659547o 165954 16.5954 165954 this

type is rather hard to judge as only the percentage of

90

provo paste separate them from the type

mica and darkness of the

there

appear to be a valid regional differentiation of these sherds shards so the

jars

type remains in the system minant forms

with

some bowls and

and

globular pots seem to be the

water bottles

this type is

do-

tempered

spar quartz and obsidian with feld feldspar

again the most

common

101679 variety is the plain variety 10.1679

which is very dark with conspicuous surface mica

pitted

well smoothed and usually

anvil appearance with

some of

shards are not the sherds

the sherds shards have a paddle and

sign of interior striation but rather undulat-

no

ing surface

salt

ed

gray lake

surface manipulated variety

to fingernail incision and then only rarely

just north at the hinckley site

salt

a

is restrict-

.1527 1527

this

seems odd because

are sherds arc majority of the decorated shards

gray lake only eight

salt

lake gray knolls variety

hound and these only from the woodard mound mund wund

very delicate

.2748 2748 2748

they were almost

were recovered 30

micat mica and

as they would shards were destroyed in screening ae several sherds

crumble when pressed against the screen

gray by one porphyritic represented variety which is porphyratic turner porphyra tic is rock tempered 1648970 l64897o 1.6489 16489

there are

a few of the

on shards white sherds black creek ivie

were them most of surveyed throughout but the scattered sites

found in the woodard mount

this variety is white slipped

surfaces with the outer lip often slipped also

is rare farther northward

variety is very western

traits

ccommon on

and

is

known from

it

lister

the interior

would appear

nephi and hinckley

in the san rafael area where

and design elements

on

1960

that

it

this

southreflects it

the design elements

an even on but with painted sherds shards found ace the other are similar to those arc

91

greater variety

goshen the sherds shards included open

solid black triangles squares sawtooth lines barbed lines

with dots

fine linesq lines iines multiple lines linesa

and stepped

and designs are also pre presento sento present cresento

lines on the

exterior

and

rare sherds shards have

ral cite calcite

and

lines

all

various kinds of circular

shards are highly polished the sherds

achre applied to the exterior all ail ali have red ochre

A

few

fine line around the outer lip of the bowl

a

gray .5491 0591 5491 uinta cai rai

triangles usually filled

by shards only represented plain sherds is

feldspar tempered and light gray in color

they are

this type is rare

une the valley but the shards sherds are well made and smoothed in

no

polished

the forms seem to be restricted to wide mouth

foundo shards were boundo sherds found

globular jars A

few sherds shards of what has been

shoshone shoni shoshoni identified as Sho

ware

030550 0305

were foundo boundo found

and and cru they are s sand eru shed- ro ck tempered and very crude in crushedrock

appearance

shards are reddish brown with large fragments of temper the sherds the surfaces are poorly smoothed and very

protruding from the surface

pittedo pitted

one sherd had crude

fingernail incision

shards several temperless sherds from miniature vessels

that these

been suggested

common

this

varieties

be

it

has

childrens playthings or practice vessels common

objects in the fremont area

provog provoy and frovog the northern sevier in uinta central

figure 10 lo

group

were

that appear to

these artifacts are represented by three main groups

san rafael areas GROUP A

were found

provo imitation of tempered

these are somewhat

reworked sherds shards

but are most

in

5994 594

5945.594

is

drilled in identified as

6

specimens

shards with represented by worked circular sherds

themo theno them then

two specimens

holes

are striped with black and one

gray on a provo elack sherd blaek black hlackon

blackon white ivie creek blackbon

no

and the

other one an

912 512 92

W p M

x

k

w

NI

Lv

f

ilv n alv liv

MV

mf

v

AV v

NS

A

i

n

vj Mf

Yy

ww

W f

ww f

i

D

c

B

ell

V

E

i

a

J

r

G

F

af t V

ry

r v

v

i

1

1

vr

lw

1

l

1

H

REWORKED SHERDS

TYPE TIPE

A

G

TYPE

B

H

TYPE C

F

A

PIPE 1I

prolan pjpft prolcn single brokeiolpipe

REVTORKED RLVORKED SHERDS AND

PIPE FfrafimentT

figure

10

1I

93

diameter

range inches 1332

mean 1

GROUP B

figure fiore flore

this is

a worked aircu a with sherd circular lar

is

sherd

1

figure

this his is

78

inch

men specimen 1 apeci nen

10

central drilled hole

12

inches 1 specimen

10

what appears to be a speel speciallyy made sherd of

that the edges are pointed triangular the center is drilledo lledo dri drilled

and the cross

shape so

diameter

1

14

discoidal

section is

inches

ng pieces in this paper the above are considered to be ggaming

holes are to hold a thong or cord of complete the set often are

stringing

part of

some

the

bone gaming pieces which

kind

on one end for center or the drilled either in

these pieces are described by culin 19074449 as being

a dice game and

for turning the dice while in a basket or

which they are being mixed game and

the

on white creek blaek black ivie

diameter GROUP C

to

2

bowl

in

often these turners also act as dice in the

shards in making these therefore the use of painted sherds

gaming

pieces pipe

level

one fragment of a two

at the

bowl broken

off

straight pipe

woodard mount

was recovered from square one

the fragment

the remaining section

inch in diameter where broken and

pierced with a hole

down

14

is

1

is

14

the narrow end with the inches long and gig 916 9l6

inch at the narrow end

the long axis 116 inch in diameter

it is

CHAPTER SEVEN NON

aifipped oilppedstone stone

A

fairly large

CERAMIC SPECIMENS SPECMENS

samp sample sampie le

hipped stone specimens of complete cchipped

were recovered during the course of the survey

A

variety of different

kinds of stone was used as the raw material for the manufacture of the

all of the varieties of

worked stone thie thle tiye

lite tite

vicinity of

goshen valley

lithic materials are

common

to

except for the obsidian which must be

gintic imported from southwest the mountains of ported tintic ii

projectile erojectile points projectile points

small light pressure flaked smail the snails

189 specimens

from the survey were definably definatly defi natly designed

for arrows

majority of the specimens are from the excavation of the woodard there

was no

bloois aloois

taylor

wormington

1957

uhe

perate

categories which

berge 1964

1955

the because the requirements change with the needs of tine

1967 196

an attempt was made to se separate the seperate

survey

mound

attempt to place the projectile points into typologies as

envoived envolved by rudy 1953 involved and 1Idebloois

A

still

studies could be made

differentiated

berges

enough

points into large

attributes

so

11 co coraprehens aprehens vf 1

comparative that eooarati F

1964 modification of a point clazssifie tion classification

system as advanced by haury 1950

is

jnls too cumbersome to use as the po points jils

are atre alre separated by nonsignificant attributes A

drawing of each point was

on a out table laid

clustered as to fundamental blade shape notching recording system

is

somewhat

survey papers river basin

drawings were

and base curvature

195 in the close to that used by lehmer 1954

the

95

W v L lv

i

k

i

J

A

r

B

c

B

A

fe V

F

G

H

f

L

mw

L

K

N

01 ol

R

projectile

POINTS

A

P

TYPE A

Q

s

E B TYPE

figure

11

GROUP A

ll

figure

31 specimens

11

triangular with slightly convex bases stemless

maximum

width

at base edges straight or slightly convex length

mean 1

width

mean

GROUP B

figure

range inch ilg 116 ll6 lla

34

1 3

to t

78 75

inch

16 range 1 to inch la l6 inch 716 216 1932

11

4 specimens

triangular writh with slightly concave bases stemless width at base

length

mean

slightly

edges

convex to

these points

straight

1 range 16 inch la l6 to 1116 inch 716 3132

16 can loan ioan la l6 inch range ican 716

width

maximum

group

A

and

58

are

B

common

more charach characheristic characteristic eristic

and kanosh

of the uinta

where they are very abundant

in

provo and sevier the

at hinckley nephi spotten

sub divisions and have been found subdivisions cave grantsvilleg meadows grantsville caves Grants villeg ville meadow

to 516 inch

and san

but these points are

divisions subdivisions rafael sub

basiij especially in the uinta basl basi

boundry village and marigold caldwell village big rock boondry cave areas

dirty devil areas

emery poplar knob

old

etc

woman GROUP C

and

figure

12

specimens camens 15 sae clmens s2e

triangular with straight to slightly convex edge straight base

side notched on lower one third of blade

maximum

at base

gig 916 9l6

length

mean

d th wi width

16 mean 716 la l6

inch range 1516 to 1932 inch inch range

12

to 1332 inch

width

97

A

c

B

E

D

H

K

k

M

N

P

Q

R

T

S

U

aalf ralf alif flif

v

PROJECT projectile A K

J 0

TYPE TIPE C TYPE D

y

x

w

P

U

V & W

POINTS TYPE E TYPE F

figure

12

X & Y

TYPE

J

98

GROUP D

figure

6 sspecimens p ec amens imens

12

triangular with straight to slightly

convex edge

side notched on lower one third of blade

maximum

length

mean

716 inch range 78 to 2132 inch

width

mean

1532 inch range 58 to 716 inch

GROUP E

figure

triangular with straight to slightly convex on lower one

third of blade

edge

maximum

length

mean

34

width

mean

1532 inch range 12 to 516 inch

GROUP F

figure

baseo width at babeo base

10 sspecimens ec amens imens

12

side notched

convex base

12

inch range

1

concave base

width at blade

316 to 916 inch

sp specimens caimens cimens

3

triangular with straight to

convex edges

notched base

side

notched on lower one third of blade maximum width at base

18 to 1116 inch

length

mean

2932 inch range

width

mean

2532 inch range 12 to 1932 inch

these groups common and

uinta

C

provo

and

never in any number

and

border between being

caldwell village

and southwestern san

they

it

they are present in

rafael region but

has been suggested by mock

personal

monc mont was oont the frem type reemphasized with re fremont Frer emphasized that this

was but utah into intrusion

culture sites

on the

canyon grantsville west hinckley Grants ville spotten at

conger

communication

are

san divisionso subdivisions northeastern rafael sub divisions

turner look

the sevier

and F

they are found commonly in sites in the

abundant

have been found

cave

E

D

1

fairly

common

in the center desert

rp

GROUP G

figure 13 14 specimens

triangular with straight to convex edges corner notched ep anded expanded base much smaller than blade

maximum

14

width at notch

ilig illg

length

mean

range 1 inch 2132

width

mean

16 range to inch la l6 inch 716 1316 1732

GROUP H

figure

specimens

2

13

to 1116 inch

triangular with straight to convex edges corner notched ex-

just smaller than blade

panding base

length

no complete specimens

va v1 d th width

no complete specimens

group

these groups

and

G

H

are

maximum

common

width at notch

along the wasatch front

provo fremont area as well as the uinta area of the

caveg cave spotten hinckley at caved the ivie creek area and

been found

they are

in the uinta basin provo

they have

much more abundant

in the western

san and er southern sevier rafael areas where they appear to sevi I1

have been introduced by the anasazi

figure I 212re

12 specimens

13

GROUP 1

triangular with straight to convex edges parallel notched square maximum baseq width base basea

length

mean

width

mean

GROUP

J

gure figure fi

78

at notch to 532 inch

58 range to gig inch 916 78 38 inch 9l6 inch

range

2 specimens 12 122

triangular with straight to convex edges parallel notched rounded base

maximum

width at notch

length

mean 1

width

mean

range 1 inch 1332

1532 inch

range

gig 916 9l6

34

116 to 1 ilg inch iti

616 inch to gig

100 loo

i

W

WA

1I

A

c

B

vbc abc

F

tag eab tab

G

H

D

E

i

r 1I

j

L

K

m

0

N

w p

R

S

projectile A

J

1I

0

TYPE TIPE G TYPE 1

I

P Q

R

T

POINTS

TYPE TIPE K TYPE TIPE L

figure 13

S T

TYPE TIPE M TYPE TIPE N

figure

GROUP K

o ecimen 1 sso specimen

133

triangular rular with straight trian aular stzai tilan strai ht niaximum ibid adrnu n iqid th width

ri

length ta t1 1I C wi width

34 12

at df

bease baese parallel notched triangular ulam alam alar triant beset

edge

notcllh notcho botcho

inch

3

inch

these groups group 1I J and

arid are rare in the fremont arld and are

K

generally raily rally not diagnostic of the sites Zene

oney ohey they are

c

present uie hie ule in I 1

divisions

provo and sevich sevier sevicr sub subdivisions but always in a minority

they

appear definitely associated with sitesq fremont but nith sites sltes rith

often in

more

ee ame ar are

hunting camps than house clusters specimens mens figure 13 2 speel nens 1I

GROUP L

ith

slight

ovate uwith vith very convex edges

third of blade

one

convex base

concave depressions in lower

maximum

width about one

half

way

up the blade

length

neen meln me

en meon meen neon

3

width

mean

916 inch range

GROUT GROUP

M

figure

inch rich range

JA

same same

1 specimen

13

dee p contriangu triangular triangi lar with straight edge side notched with large deep cave notch

length width GROUP N

in base

maximum

width at base

co-

no complete mplete specimens

916 inch figure

13 1

1I

specimen

triangular irregular edge expanding triangular base lt base width at

straight base

length

gig 916 9l6

width

916 inch

inch

inaximun mami mani i

c coij d sxe and be coia uld axe in fact are lid rre ade dre ame an 4qlue inr the t ype were type to L ameo are recovered points other areo similar called unique sim ilaabreo he sia sla

gnup grc gr tip groups arc lid grup L ats these IID uts

and

M

aye are very

N

a

by the author

yi range 1 ile lle seemed which white near lie valley es house houle le in si in sltes sites

to be associated with plute or Uutee sinese sitese

it

1964 rge bedge white valley by bc berge dge 196

hunter and

q r gathering gather

s typlypeso

was type found also in this

they are typically made of obsidian

t gre weaklyiesse some are weskneses in there ln

this

but

thereis theres

some

basis for

co-

n no nneed mind hundreds of variables not ed ttc keep 1 in variable keen heen

and one dce dcti dati

1

lgi ss 0

while studying the

sone as some in terZ sorie points inter-

system

grade and others dewia devia devla deviatee from fron the ideal mparison

e la4 that these points are laa late

would appear

cyp typ agi

A

pull outi computer com sr dom don

analysis should be

made

of all

acal and t1eir noted significance recorded point attributes cind lcal their statdsti stdtisucal

aas eas need fremont aaaas aeas

of significances

system y apy non ar ary arbll rod arall nonarblt red

U i so ulat at that

the

further

be systeirdlizedc syterdtized

te records could site c

wer se vercil hundred fragments that could not be elas severcil there vers several sinned clas eias classified sifted and ag te wit sople sopie sone agte withh some

erg t most ma as ztjj made de f ere tere nade hosl of the polte host 1s poirs 0 doirs

cf hert

rex quart zite and obsidian few fex quartzite

all of these materials are readily r3v3dlable avaalable available

cew rew cow

in

many areas area As

if7 ifa

girfen current oirfen crr 0

ang ing 119 rig lng

C ctr r

things rov

4

ants poproiec proies projectile kle kie points ile nts

ane and

i

kj kjinball iia KJin aball bail bali creek

r

i

prepared by ambler

fied site

1966

gintic tintic tint

and snd the

araj id a at

mo is

1

4

aspz and the spz spotten sprtten ara t er cave ana analysis lysis

soma some da soloe jew dataa ei d3

of

strata stata

ule uie the

me some s indicate tha there are sme cave did affail iativns the zave affiliations affil ire aty have points associated ity th and the asociated idith upper rsoclated nith a irith lower nth majoe major 1ty majority levels rith najor

doe s

cn level therl in the Frem of them then fremen 4A

2 of all ail ali l AB et

1

prjctlle

accove ned pclnts red recovered panis rccove pcnis

ei

eicens 286 specimens 136 386 536 586 mens nens eimens

cane from ac rane of them vane the excavation at the wbadard woodard two

of the points

usc areae ardeae area arca

c

hj arty only airty rty irty

aye frcrfi sau are squ&e sauee

one and nd two

mound

n in 1

ninety 111 ix

103 42u 102 42utl02

sixty

th the association with thu

s m squares a ne from c licturp cne fr fron the brith sociales with the associated structure vith tr socialed c

01

not seem to be a criterion ri terion

do

a pd 1 t for bc aynd gores togores kor tegores the largest Y cultura aff culture te lor cultural tegories bynd affiliof aft affiliation iliof cores tle large gories gorles he geries

lyn lin

jasper

alid ai id

OON 1 103 I

g A

1I 1

2vvlo2 2vrio2 uvr2w2 lt2n2s

aa a& 1I

alatac blac

ac

X

X

2ts3 1I

urna urn3

X

4 una un3

X

42mi wn

Y JL

Y A

X

1I

xTJL

ttvro

burao lvr30

T j& ja

A

r A A

A

Y

X V JL

r

X

X

f

X

X

i

X

X

i

IE

7

403

X

X

ijt32s

A

K

X

23 as fs l 3

ovy ovo UVO

acco affo aa aa a0 a7 IT

s 7

X

tj

h

X

2ar3oz

X

X

0 103

a uau

X A

a

2jt3o1 301 2u

jk

t

2

4

ura7 4 urac

X A

A

1

0 S 0

1IA

4tz30 vaw naw baw 4aw

C

u

tr JL

r

E

nyee rayflryfl nyel

wraw wut320 wr3w

21

ubes

A 1

distribution

OF

Figure projectile POINTS pointsfigure

14

k

j& ja

X j& ja

pn the points of three an int tiree

came from

1

oc hypo di pointe points hypothesis distribution s4cribution off ants supports the hydo thesis that fremont sites are

ali zhe tli thee

ferren abed ally aily differren latex laterally ated to later dlf dif diffaren2ated i

the use area

already were

a

greater degree than they are vertically

is clearly differentiated

it

i

cs ceramics the cerand

shown by

would appear

hatted in the use area nothing else

scraperse perse crapers cr apers Scra clapers

nd unbroken 62

structure in function

from the

bhe

lied 119d finicjed of fini

by

the the back hoe trenelh trenell trench and one froli fron he surface

that

many

ac

of the weapons

would explain the

great numbers

points

this

specimen pec pecimen imen

group of chipped wools tools has been 4

they are rather arbitrary

on spedialized specialized characteristics lack their

d could have been used for multiple purposes end and in function m-

some

just about anything else

could have been knives or choppers or

classified

CD

of then A

few of

enough sms11 ore to have scrapers been snall the flake thumbnail projectile sized thwnbna smil enouh enoah snll il sall

points

hafting

they so

do have

or too much curvature and could have been modified for

seens very un unlikely easily that this seems likely

of scrapers

there are five categories

these should not be considered rigid classes but as clusters

yp e and many intergrade around a mode or ideal ttype

many

of these are frag-

ments crid arid clid nd are not cias abie sinn clas sint classifiable sift able GROUP A

figure 15

6

specimens

scrap erss irregular in outline both surfaces scraperss elliptical side scrapersq 14 flakedy re specimense retouched specimens possible retoucher fully sides lully flanedy specimen se touched flaked 1 15116 1516

LENGTH

WIDTH GROUP B

1

18

inch

inch

figure 15

range

range 1 rane

14

2

14

to

to

78

14

1

inch

inch

3 sspecimens

discoidal side scrapers irregular outline both surfaces fully flaked pressure retouching LENGTH WIDTH

12 112

mean 1 mean 1

14

common

inchg inch incha range

1

three possible specimens

14

1 range 1 inchg to inch incha

to

12

1

34 inch

inch

105

v

ell edw

Is

c

B

E

F

D

G

SCRAPERS B dap A das b9 ba D

C

TYPE B

eq E F

TYPE TIPE C

E D TYPE

ga G g9

TYPE E

figure 15

H

2

log 106

SCRAPER TYPES

44 UO

i 3

z

i

ppp ffi afi

J

X

325

X

2104 295

xZ

X

102

X

X

27 43 273

X

310

X

00

11

W

3 9

313

0

X

301

X

u

277

X

c 3

323

X

321

X

274 27

X

3 0

distribution

OF SCRAPERS

figure 16 configuration cofiguration the overlap and co figuration is for ease of drawing

1 r

figure

GROUP C

ape spe specimens camens

2

15

n

scrapers T side elliptical liptical

kesy convex plano planoconvex single flakes kesi fia fla

made from

flake scar sixteen possible specimens length

mean 1

width

mean 716 16 la l6 216

GROUP D

figure ure are 15 figure figare fig

14 to 112 34 12

316 inch range range

inch

to

1

18

1

inch

inch

1 specimen

o alth end one single flake vwith to small at the lth extension similar pressure flaked edges group 1I projectile points 4

10

length

1

width

1JL

78 inch 18 inch

figure 15 23 specimens convex type comparatively large irregular end scrapers of plano planoconvex

GROUP E

tiong front cutting edge pressure outline triangular cross sec section

flaked length

t-

vh d i width 0

i

mean 2

14

mean 1

532 inch

inch

range

78 to

2

range 1

12

31

12

inch

to 34 inch

able to abie there are not enough of these artifacts to be ab

statistical

comparison but they do

these are

and

A

known fremont

and

E

sites

B

C

and

D

cluster into

two

make a

valid

large groups

the clustering includes both

and unknown campsites so

there

is

no

basis for

differentiation in that respect knives

jl

these artifacts are very similar to

11 specimens

projectile points as they but

all

are

much

a popular weapon and

of the

have hafting hatting shapes similar to notched points

too beaw heavyy for arrows and spears never seem to have been heaw many

are similar to hatted knives from the southwest

in the miscellaneous collections

museum

many

archaeology of ethnology and archaeclogy

young brigham of the

university

108

J B

c A

E

G

D

F

KNIVES A

C

TYPE tybe TIPE tibe

D

A H

TYPE E

1I figure 17

G

tape TYPE t1pe

B

GROUP A

1I figure figur 17

3

cj3ciicns signs iigns cl

long lanceolate forms with rounded bases edges very sharp harp knives C

from the southwest are basaly

illg ilig inch

range

732 inch

range 1

length

mean 2 11116 1116

width

mean 1

GROUP B

figure

17

hatted twenty possible specimens

5

3

14 inch 38 to inch 78 34 to

2

mens specimens apeci speci I1

long lanceolate with square bases pressure flaked surfaces appear to be basaly chafted hafted four possible specimens

sharp edges

length

no unbroken specimens

d th width vi

mean 1

GROUP C

figure

18

range 1 316 to 1516 inch

inch 332 2

specimens

triangular parallel notched knives usually percussion flaked

irregular edges fairly crude length

no unbroken specimens

width

mean 1

GROUP D

figure

18

18

inch

and made

range 1

14

of quartzite or anda andasite andesite site to 1 inch

1 specimen

triangular side notched with pressure flaked surfaces similar to type

projectile point very thine thin

H

length

3

1316 incho inch

width

1

316 inch

GROUP E

figure 17

1 specimen

triangular with opposing triangular base

similar to type

K

projectile point base broken length

3

1316 to break

width

1

316 inch

again the a

statistical

distributional study

sample

is

too small to be of any use in

110 llo lio

C

B A

F

E D

H

KNIVES aa9 Aa

B C

D

TYPE C

zype TYPE TIPE

D

1I TYPE TIPE A

figure 18

SCRAPERS

ill

yee ape vpe 0 vee

tyee TYPG TYPE rt

s

3

tymm tyma

tyf6 tieg tyft T

c

e

a

35

Q

X

j1 ja

T

x

X

01

38

x x

0 03

x

177 I 37 1

x

x

102

x

x

x

2

x

x

29 295

x

x

30

x

x

2

0 IJ

1

ryng ryne ayre ryre

32 323 023

288

distribution

OF KNIVES

figure 19

0

11 1122

s drills drill

fit

the

19 specimens

also the categories outlined by ambler 1966

cutting or drilling of holes A

drills

were confined to three main types which

are very well

mean 1

width

mean

is

one function

drills

which have the appearance

bases evident

no

length

this type

group

7 specimens

20

these are straight very round

of needles

this

for

made

highly specialized tools

could have had only

made and

figure

GROOP A GROUP

and many are

they are all

1364 inch range

38

inch range

common

in

1

1

14

12

to

to

14

provos provo the southern

78 inch inch

uinta san rafael

and

provo sevier regions but few have been found in the lake area

they are

known from

been badly reported

figure

GROUP B

20

hinckley

many

sites in

this

may be

in error

so

specimens mens 10 meel nens Reci

poorly shaped or well shaped expanding base and

little

provo area have the

drills often flat

one end sharpened into the re retouched with retoucher flakes touched

drill length

mean 1

va v3 d th width

mean

this

type

much more

they are

area also

38

inch range 1

range 1 inch 1316

34 14

to 1 inch to 1016 inch

present and regions are but the in uinta sevier is common in the extreme east of the colorado plateau known from

it

dirty devil river intermediate sites in the urty

is rare in

provo area the

113 11.3 113

f sssss ssiss

w4 JB

A

C

F

D

t K

G

H

sy

p L

0

N

at

drills

DR S BRILLS

trpe TYPE TIPE

A

G

TYPE TIPE A

Q

H

P

tiepe titpe TYPE

FLAKER STONE S

B

figure

20

R

C

114 lih

sj

ml we e

7

i

sy s

tf

PC type TY

A

c

v

tii

X

c

82 282

y

iz

304 306

r

0

ac 1cC z3

2

2

X

x

X

x

3

X

r C ci ooo 300 000

X

38

X

n

X

distribution

OF DRILLS

pag 2 gure 21 ure fag are figare fig fi

gure figure fi

GROUP C

20

2

specimens

type appears to be modified projectile points with irith side

this

notching expanded base thick and thin

length

mean 1 716 711

wi width dth ath

mean

this

group

is

range

inch

range inch 2332

2

inch

78 to 916 inch

they are from west to east deep

knob 42em59 42em5 beaver poplar knobs

look ambler

78

reported from the sevier and san rafael areas

but only at six sites creek

to

type this

1966

harris

is rare in

wash

and

turner

vjhole vaigle the vaiole fremont

area choppers

their large size indicates

these are classified under choppers due to

specimen 3 specimens

and crude appearance

smooth ground stone axes were popular and these were

the choppers on the other hand are

regular in in outline

all

appear to be retoucher re retouched touched cores

imately three inches in diameter shape and are

42u1306 42u306

3

12

42u1288 42ut288

14 314 014 oiw

inches long and

is

made

there

inches long by 3

14

cne was one rne

of quartzite and is approx-

the other two choppers are

3

haftod hafted haftor

very and percussion flaked all ir-

42ut275 which discoidal chopper from 42u1275

in

materials analyzed from nephi

2

inches wide

18 inches

ellptico eliptico wide

both they are boun

made

of agate Hammer stones hammerstones

38 specimens

these appear to be specially

made

tool 5

EeE Loois personal deb dee stones of similar type were recovered by DeH as hammer hammerstones debloois dehloois eeeloois lee

communication

site

also

collections

james mock from spotten cave caves and from the hinckley fasti fasli fan

many

similar stones are found in

i young ryty universo rALy univeraly univers the brigham Unive ty

they are generally made of quartzite or agate that has been

chipped into a roughly cubical or flattened polygonal shape

many marly cou maily cau caa could

ilg 1.16 116

B

A

c

CHOPPERS A

42ut306 42ut3o6

B

42ut288

C

42ut275 42ut25

figure

22

ii 11

all

called discoidal

be

show one edge which has been

from repeated blows on or something very hard

very consistent size arid 1 and 2

12

78

averaging

across the sm est smallest

inches and the smallest

2

infernally fractured in

stones have a hammerstones these hammer

neter across largest teter the diameter ilg inches beter 116 diu ll6 lla the largest stone was 3 34 inches by 3

inches by

1

all

they

inch

appear to be

designed for the palm of the hand ground stone

facts

under

such as manos

ground category and stone pecked are arti artl this all irti

tates stone balls

me metates metakes

and

most of these

sinkers

very so fragments are at identification of broken small hi into that artifacts

types J

is literally impossible ghents were found at only fourteen sites and at only fraggments these fragments

metates tates Me metakes

six

of these were manos found

only two recog lecog

in association with them

nzable szable types were recovered during the course of the survey and excava-

tion

and no complete specimens were found

found

at 42ut328 as part of the foundation wall but

haul away

A

sevier regions and

this is

it

pe large utahI type L

was too

L

1

wa was

large to

this particular artifact as it provo prove the utah type is typically found in the

photograph was taken of

weighed about 60 pounds arid arld and

at all

one

conger san realon rea rec present region and ion lon the rafael in is cd

the open end type with the

flat

grinding surface

une on vae the upper end

42u1284 type 42ut284 was type open from metate end recovered thid thia the this another of

iis

characteristic of the uinta region but

more

is

common

throughout the

emona emon4 area nfremont 1

five sites yielded fragments of

flat

metates metakes which are more character

cistic istic of the desert culture than the fremont were campsites of

finite

unknown

do definite fremont house

all

tes but two of the ssites sltes

cultural affiliation but the other sites tere

clusters 42ut29

i

the campsites where the

flat

118

metate fragments were found are 42u1102 42utlo2 42ut291

all of

and 42u1295 42ut295

these sites are on current creek

at three sites 42ut295 42u1295 42ut318 42u1318

and 42ut3lg 42u1319

shallow trough

fragments were recovered which could have been either open end or utah type me metates metakes tates

categorized

cIly broadly these fragments are very fragmentary and very broa

most of the fragments had been pre p re shaped with pecking reshaped

and smoothing so

that the finished product

would weigh

less

the

borders averaged about one inch in thickness and about a half an inch deep

at three other sites

42ut273 42ut23

42utlo29 42u1102

and 42ut327 42ut32

deep

trough fragments were found which may have been parts of open end or

metates double open end me metakes tates

these also have been carefully caref y shaped for use calef

these have a border thickness about

all of the fragments

deep as two inches

that

would have been about one

at three sites were so small as to be

could not be determined

to have

come from deep

almost

34 3

troug ins as troughs inch thick but with troun

42ut2869 42u1286

two and wide foot

42u1315 42ut3l5

ion feet lon

and 42u1316 42ut3l6

the fragments

unidentifiable or else the depth of the trough C

most of these fragments do

however

appear

trough metates metakes rather than the shallow type

were fragments the of all

ies basaltic glasses

seem to have come froin metakes metates

and sandstones

porphir local igneous porphor

made from

there were

many metates metakes

collected

lwhite by the iwhite white family from 42ut295 42u1295 and most of these were either of the

utah type or else were como and a more comp complete lete

specimens

at the

flat

mrs

nhitels whites

garden was lined with

discussion of her collection

end of the

report

is

artifacts

under imiscellaneous

119

manos

1

corn tenty of the surveyed sites yielded manos of one corm form or another fonn

these have been classified into several types by shape and size

most

metakes and could not be measured for of the manos are fragments like the metates

statistical provo san common and which is fairly the sevier in rafael areas this type is represented by sixteen specimens from twelve sites there were mano inano the main type found was the loaf shaped nano

comparisons

only four unbroken specimens two of these and were 4

12

inches long

12

1 lon inches indies ion ions lons

2

12

wide inches wides

2

came from

inches wide

2

the woodard

mound

34

inches high and 4

inches high respectively

both of these

goo DeH by manos fall well under the 6.30 length debLoois for inch debloois established 630 average an manos one type length pe as ty hand ieng leng th debloois bottom rocker of his

it

196781 82 19678182 as they

fit

would appear

little

the hand with a

flat discoidal but

came from

and

all fall

one hand type are the of also that these

overlap

manos were as numerous as

only ten sites

within the

same

there

the loaf shaped ones

were seven of

type represented this

a range with variation averaging size

less

than one fourth of an inch measurement

AND

distribution

OF DISCOIDAL MANOS

length le

width

thickness

42u1102 42utlo2

4.75 475

3.50 050 350

150

42ut295

425 5.00 500 4.75 475

3.25 325 3.75 375

125 1.25 125

site

where found

475

1.75 175 1.50 150

ooo 3.00 300 000

5.375 5375

2.00 200

42ur279 42ur29

5.50 550

3.75 375

125 1.25 125

42u1332 42ut332

5.00 500

3.50 050 350

1.75 175

353 335

T 25.25 25

tso 20 20.20

5028

3.69 369

1.55 155

size variation average size

figure

23

120

the range

falls slightly

illustrated

type as handed one under the

a with type but also handed one a be to appear of would by debloois and much

range of variation smaller two

other types are

mano somewhat

A

similar

14

6

measured

vertical

to an

iong inches long

mano was found

inches wide and

section

represent

2

14

at 42ut325 is

edg represented eds one

isosceles triangle 2

14

its

1 and wide inches wides

42u1282 at 42ut282

inches high

both of these manos

on

which was 6

this

fail fali still ffall

a

triangular

this

side

12

mano

inches high

ion lon 13 inches lonz 18

1

12

specimen has a rectangular cross

within the range of being one

handed manos

all of the rest of the

manos

are fragments that could be identified

as to class but whose measurements could not be taken due to mentary nature

it

would be of

to interest

a people who use stone grinding

great degree of breakage as which has been broken

their frag-

make an ethnographic etnographic

study of

tools and discover what the cause of the

many

of the

manos were made

into fairly small fragments

it

of very hard stone does not appear to

have been accidental

stone balls and are

these were recovered from

fairly

common

sites

two

throughout the fremont area

42ut299 and 42m273 42u1273

they have been reported

gunnerson by wormington 19559 1957 taylor 19579 1957 1955 sharrock 1965 19579 ambler 1966

and debloois

1967

these have been described as being

juggling balls or as part of the hidden ball by a as described 339 19071335 19071335339 cullin 1907335 is 1907335339 one of

game

the hidden bbail ball

game where one

hides a ball in

several places usually four the opponent guessing where

hidden moccasins

implements employed are the impliments

the ball

1

game

it is

cane or wooden tubes or 2

hieden in the tubes or is hidden

moccasins and bets are placed

121

W

1I

TO

ww otei alii Wl

wlii hu i lie lil

ii

f

ti A

c D

E

aq B ao b9 C 19 ba

& C

SINKERS

eq & D E d9 da

F

SMOTHERS SHAFT SHAFT SMOOTHERS

SMOTHERS SINKERS AND SHAFT SMOOTHERS

figure 24

p-

besides stone bails balls ball sticks bail bali

opponent nen can gguess the place quickly the opp

on

bs bel bei pebbled bebis bellsss or pebbleb beiis belis lelblr can be used for the gaming gamin piece a and is or beans berns und ir

game

orc rlzations orz erz

dual

tribes

ijhpr

moccasin version llie nie lie naoccasin

layers point at their

eggli jggli

dil tii ttl

is

LD

choice by pointing with

ono they average a dia nieter diameter of rieter 01 dla ol one

ac game gane gaac these are also part of a betting ga

up to inch but range inches three rarie

collin cullin

iwagered

seven iwater rater worn pebbles were

1907713714 1907713 714

recovered from the use area at the woodard mourd 2

inches in diameter with a range of grooved stone

full

the balls recovered average

inches to

1

12

inches

were recovered from 42u1295 42ut295

the two whole ones were

it

as fich fishing in sinkers although fish

both

i farm farn ite ohite far chite

inches in

2

ddiL

these artifacts were presumably used

stone has been suggested that they were bola stones stonel

as they have been found at other odier odler ouier

nostic

12

diameter grooves

c

diagnot dia dla tills tins tias is ilas

groups of three in sites

arbab bolas often have variable ariable

a

2

balls or sinkers

where there they were quite common piid P alid ameter and itd have ltd lid

roe roc ro

stones stoner stoneb are usually in groups of three and are arl often

C

worn water at vater ar pebbles or stuffed leather balls atar

is

I

1

of stones and very verst0

nu numbers abers

.0

thoy theyY often tho

c

and grooved s they as placed in leather acks tear reks cks teks easily loose sacks saeks than eks sack rather r

C

the time involved in grooving C

is lost

een ween eer weer her

arc the stones are

gret

lost

nne graat tf e great grat drat

i

mors and and argues pre nets ard ondel ing sin fishing sinkers preponderate onde cj of fish bones also bies bles elso aiso arg fisli kors ties for

shrift

ot

hey sr othey huY othuy

siojir Sio slo Jir mearrli

jd

va

axis 1

34

seven 10lo

3

14 4

ii

eom eon con completa complete ccmpleta or conplete partial plete objects classified clascified partia L

recovered

rieth wlde ricth inch alde

laid alid

euid euld

at

42 on 42u1273 u27

haft

mas zule zuie on was h vas high found the ras IUC hish lush

it

had a

and 1 inch high

this

As ft shaft sheft

sp clorio ctorio

cur sur fcc curfcc clr

th

down dol doenn the iong long single groove doi lonz

S surrace ah was which at ich 42ut3 42ut338 surface ice measured find rind rine anther fini rini 1I

aar

smoother of

indi lus 14 inch

pien plen and peipien the pol poi rien orf off pei ff

inchez inches wide

L

among co commonly arong algonquian aron lmonlv found amon

ater i

inhere where much

v

orten erten often eften found where the social system

o pta pla pl& ems ers

the

is sti is divided into kept with th stic

count

i

inches lor 34 234 2

A tat smoother was made of what lat appears

7

113 123

x ax jx aj X xj

x

41urio 2vro2L

X tto X X X X x X X ltv lt5 hown hven hvtn avv adv 103 avi hunos bunos 4499 VTP3 imm lmo 43lytx7& teun77 aa 7 4a tean 4

X

gra 7 wra rd lra V

iy wtw2

i

arv ay 44 vrv R

t

x x xx X isi x yatw nrc xtc etc wrw drw ix

17 W wir9s wirbs

w6 11iraw q ras YT tod tad wing wtwo etwo wino wuryff w79 yata wa

i

f2 fa

araw

S

792

f

f

r

i

j

i

UTW

ut3 uta

XJ

73 2v730

trtv

P

X x

34 ritr36

wtz07x XJ

oteo ot3o ut3 073 uta

x

aj 7j

P u73

w w7j X 7jy woj wc17316

41 nv 73 73

92

pxq

i

t

aji 17326

avtj37

T

i

i

4

1

3y1

p jmj JXJ

1

1

x

1I

k

1

X

i d

t

1

1

lu

j

S M

X

1

3

t 1I

J v

f

v7 3 881 887 ZO va

k

1

tx

r337

1

i

aq

335 235

UT 23 6 TV

i

sq xj aj

73 9223 9273

f

t

S

0

i0 j

1I

z i 11

h1 ca c2

as 6s g5i gai 0 C L v 2 F 25 15 ftgrt 5

i

y

1I

Z

0

ht

t

j

1I

G

111

k

VI in

1

t

s

RZ

1

tn

1

it

to be an ore 04 of copper

but was

much more

also had a single groove

finished than the rest of the shaft smoothers recovered

the other five smoothers

came from

12

inch high

off but measured

three of the smoothers

with the use area and

all

two grooves

measured

1

earea

the us usearea were

made

down

12

and was made of cinder also

differentiation worked bone bone ation

this

the long axis the

last

all of the

specimens from

smoother was found in the he back

34 3

ch ncli nali

hij

l

the association with the use area supports tle 1 1

site

common worked

moundo woodard boundo mound

12

inches wide

specimen had two grooves

bone

artifacts are

except for the bone knife recovered from 42ut2q 42u1293.33

at the

1

widey and wide long JU iong inch inches longi widel 34

by use within the he

the most

wide vido inches wido

the other smoother from the use area

of cinder

hoe trench and measured 1

14

calno calne caine

close association

of them were

inches wide and 1 inch high

on and one each side also aiso alsos

1

these of those

cr had the second shaft smoother smooth

respectively

one on each side

34

came from

two no

were broken

and 1 inch to 34 high 3 inch inh

one

the woodard mound

from the surface and had the end broken and

the long axis

down

awls

ail 0of ali all

came from

ahe 1he

the excav-

the bone therefore will be analyzed in

fcenns

on to very a manner and the used area use structure that the similar in of

ceramics

the preponderance of bone tools that suggest

animal skins also suggests the dependence on wild

ture

and

emont fremont that the fr

economy was very

much a

game

much work

with vith iril lah

tor as well as agrical tarlieux agricul lieut1

subsistence situation

.1

bip bi

subsistence in the sense that the agents of production and consumption wee most probably the same individual

5

ka s awls aris rris

these are the most

common

and are of three general bone impliments implements arid

university field class recovered

6 67 196667 1966 the 19666 brigham yound

classes eg egorieg ories orles co orieG eaorieo

ohe the ale ele

first

fit

42utilo which site 42utllo

bone aw awls awis Is from the hinckley aels

these

caic throe three thre cat

same

category has the joint of articulation for a handle handie

split

the second has the joint

henele nd le mje make and ground to m J e a handie he handle hendle handie

e spare splinters cire roni fron that have been broken ffrom tire rori long iono lono lona bones

to types the similar birdia sirdia

set sel 1

up by gunnerson

hld classes ae and the

these

i

and de bloois bloods hloois

1957

i nid hid ald 1I I1

0 197

1

J

at

none of the awis I were mound whole so the whoie awls hound avis recovered from the woodard bodard

gie ego wie egories rie edories

established here are figure

GROUP A

uny c ny

26 25

a

little

broader

specimens

5

these are long rounded and highly polished tips of what appear to be deer or antelope me metapoidals adoidals

none

of them appear to be

splinters as they are very thick with very

little

cann cancel loub cancelloub cancellous ious lous ellous

s sue tissue

12 range ange 12 to 14

length

range 11 3 broken eli all ell 5

dul

abi abl all broken ali sll

4idi aidi dui

figini figii figure le

GROUP B

26

these are short gar ear ezr to be ccancellous mioellous

1112

flat

bones as they tips of bison or deer long dones

tissue

and have

A

broken

range 1

broken

range

were

elower from lower ri the th fron f

square one ureg areg structure struct stract

3

they

ribs

12

to0 11

inc

1

4 inches 34

31

maximum man maa mum

came and they both use area the with associated

level just

above the

the other three awls two

y to

show muh nuh

slightly curved cross section

all all

cyp type type

inch

fragments that are not well poli polisher

length

two tvo teo

inch

isicc ificc

been made from bison

A

1

specimens

2 12

may have

r aa wiclth 1a lth alth

to

assion depr depression the ssion in of floor

type

A

were

with eith th the url associated wri

of them found just above the floor of the house

126

1I

A

1I 1I

A

ra r1 w

c

B

E

D

A

Q 11

A

n I 1 1

I

1I

1I

NJ

H

G

F

BONE AWLS AND FLAKERS

FLAKERS

AWLS

A

E

F

G

H

TYPE A TYPE B

J

figure

26

1I

TYPE A TYPE 13

17 7

one

flat

awl was found

other one

came from

in the upper level of square five

the back hoe trenche trench

and the

most of the awls then were

associated with the structure type this of

Fl flamers akers flalcers flakers

artifact is represented by

appear to be punches as the

tips are too broad

two

and are

types

they

do

not

heavily scarred from

use 1jroup GROUP

figure

A

quite short

it is

58 58 inch

figure lfigure

is

type this

26

and appears to have been

very heavy and wide

inches

31

width GROUP B

specimens

3

like in configuration is chisel chisellike

type this

length

2 27

two broken specimens

two broken specimens

are

1

38

and are gig 916 9l6

uad and aad

12

1

12

inches

inch wide

mens specimens Meci mecl

3

rounded and

fairly

heavy

it

appears to have been made

from heavy bison bone fragments

all all

length width

12

broken

range

3

broken

range

58

flakers all of the flamers

come from

to

to

1

14

sl

the ia s

11 lal1

1

V

inches

inch

the use area and all but one were in clos

association with the floor of the depression of square one

18

the odd one came from

level

one

were seems awls to used within dence the evidence the eyl efi indicate that eri

cers kers

wh t 4

yere uwere tere

used in the use area

this indicates that

the skins were handled inside while the stone tools were ere manufactured outside

the numbers of projectile points would seem to support this hypothesis bone and

one

shell beads

historic glass bead

came from 42u1326 42ut326

10 specimens came from

seven of the

the woodard

mound

prehistoric beads one

olivella

sp

and

bead

canyon type was and mussel the creek kimball shell of in

3

figure f aure iure inre lure

GROUP A

2271 31 specimens

long lon lonsla tubular bone beads made from bird bones highly polished ends rounded by grinding

length

mean

16 range 1 to gig inch l6 inch 716 916 2732 9l6 la

width

mean

olg 316 016 3l6

GROUP

figure

3

2 27

inch range

14

to 532 inch

e specimens s 3 sa cimen aimen s2

alq smoothed bone discoidal small washer like beads made from bird boneq bonea ais als discoid

edges often rounded edges

length

mean

width

mean

figure

GROUP C

18 inch olg 316 016 3l6 inch 227

olivella bead of

range 532 to range

14

to

18 inch inch 516 5l6

1 specimen

unknown

gingg slight stringing species top removed for strin

bluish tinge but bleached rare in fremont length width GROUP D

12 14

inch inch

figure 271 27 221

2 specimens

eg perforated shell disks very thin one very curved surface surfac the other

slightly curved

pig

outside diameter

16 mean 716 la l6

inside diameter

mean

inch range

38

to

12

inch

ll6 lla

to ran inch 116 inch rana 532 ran3 732

strue ture and use area three the beads were divided evenly between structure being found in each area which are common

bead

is discussed

none of the beads had any decorations

farther north at the hinckley site under miscellaneous

artifacts

the glass

129

TO A

C

li

b

lyh

byh

E

D

S

G

F

H

0

1l

1

P

m

0

N

L

L

MID min

R

BEADS AND GAMING PIECES BEADS

ap b9 C ba ga g9 Es d9 da G

H

TYPE TYPE TIPE TYPE TYPE TIPE

GAMING

J

TYPE TPE A nq aq pq M N aq Q ma TYPE B L 0 m9 P 09 19 R C S TYPE ra r9

A B C D

TIPE E

PIECES

figure

2 27

K

10 130 ijo ico

i

bone gaming gaining

but are

pieces

these are somewhat

objects in

common

in the southwestern sevier

much more common

and

provo area the

uinta regions C

there are four characteristic types outlined by ambler 1966 and his system was followed somewhat gre figure fig are 4re

GROUP A

2 mecim specimens ens hecim

27

these are square bone gaming pieces which are fairly thick undec-

orated bone scars on bottom side length

mean 1

width

mean

figure fi re

GROUP B

inch range

same

1116 inch range 34 to 58 inch 6 ppec penns opec specimens menns

2 27

rectangular bone pieces thin undecorated

show bone

scars on lower

side

length

mean 2

width nidth eidth

mean

figure

GROUP C

range inch ilg 116 ll6 lla

3

12

to

range to gig inch 916 1532 9l6

1

14

inch

38 inch

2 specimens

2 27

gaming punctuate and designs rectangular incising decorated pieces in rectanaular 0 co

similar to dominos length

mean 1

width

mean

these gaming

58 38 inch

inch range

linguistic stocks

to 112 inch

range same

camling pieces are for a gamling

mined by throwing of dice

game

34

1

game

in which

tribes of

such games are found among 130

there are

two have the dice faces

two

but the idea

is

in

distinguished by color or markings

bowls or baskets

to gain

commual coimnual such games are communal colmnual coim

all affairs

30

and counters for the the dice essentials

achre on the bottom side the plain dice have traces of red ochre rojin by hand or thrown th rovin

is deter-

number

of

they are either

many parities are vari there varities ties in counting

the counters thus ending the on a dual

some

game

organization basis

in general

culin

1907 igo 190

131

unfired clay objects

figurines

and one fragment of what appears to be a

these objects

figurine FiR urine

the only objects recovered in this class are

A

the woodard

came from A

slate figurine

mound

rear

this figurine is carved

incised slate and

therefore

cluded here due to

its pertinence to

it

of

which has the appearance of an arrowhead

when observed from the

urines

all

clay coil

it

is very unusual the

and

is in-

ig of the ffig-

rest

has two incised horizontally incised lines

across the lower body and three across the shoul derso shoulderso shoulders upward

projections

like tangs appear to

are incised and the nose holes are

and eyes

drilled

the overall shape is the basic triangular figure

square two ne fijzuri figurine I

B

be nubbin arms

the mouth

seen on fremont rock art rockart

1

two

partial

this figurine

was found in

level 1I use area association

that has

head with coffee bean applique eye

tral punctate and the nose

hair is carved

on

a cen-

the side of the head

is of the pinched bridge type

no

nostril

holes are in evidence ne figurine biguri figuri

C

head only of

figurine

and

is triangular in shape

is of the pinched bridge type without nostrils is punctate

and

it

also has carved hair but

there appears to have been applique eyes at

the nose the mouth

on both

sides

one time but

they were broken off

biguri figuri ne figurine I 1

D

top of head with only the right eye remaining which is an

applique pellet with pinched without

a

central punctate

nostril holes

the nose is

132

xm am B C

A

E

D

r i

y

v V

V

G

1I

r

1I

7

1

f y

J

hi

1

A

F

i1

xu

ia

H

r

my

J

K E

1

FIGURINES ALL LETTERS

i

correspond

figure

28

TO TEXT

figurine

E

upper one fourth of a head with a slash eye shich shars sho shcrss sr io11 leme herc bere inner seriations i lemo iere the stick

the nose

fii ri

gu ne F F figurine I1

is slightly

kan rauler han rather

was pushed

awn di oiciwn drawn

pinched

basically triangular shaped head with

a pinched nose

are nostril holes with a punctuate mouth

chere there

the eyes are pun-

ctate otherwise the head is undecorated figurine

G

flaring base of

H

figurine with

no

decoration or elaboration

typical flattened cylinder

of form

figurine

a

central portion of

figurine which

a badly eroded and broken

appears to have had the right shoulder twisted about 10

it is

degrees towards the front

very

flat

with no evidence

of decoration

figurine 1IL

central portion of body of what appears to be urine urine

nubbin legs protrude from the base at

te

to vie which figure tie

is

very cylindrical

a

seated fig-

right angles

there is

no r dec

aion alon ora lion on the body oration 1

6

figurine J

strange

Y

shaped piece of clay which looks

anglers doer deer antlers like

this object is 58 inch high and at its widest point is 78 inch several small straight objects very similar to this were accidentally destroyed zoormorphic figurine for a zoomorphic

during the excavation

agment fragment fr adment

K

undecorated long piece of clay which has no distinguishing

features may

it

rather be

does not seem to be a figurine fragment but a

piece of rolled clay from the coil pottery

making process

the only complete figurine provo figurines

A

at the hinckley farm

had the typical shoulders found on

it

should be mentioned that the

40

134

ta

t&

ne

PROVO urz RL uru uku

ukftt 14

0

Go

7

wut na recz P PR n7 arfetfeT

1I

i

on R

B

elft PP

1

ngh HGH

eL W alft

4

4

DC sjcul 5oudfev3s sicul

prfet ftfe Ft fR ftfr V

L

L

teh

TRH tem TRAITS ITS

nong tong NONE tone fone

0

C

ewa ewe REA

H

C

10

F

t

s as fs qhsc

amm AIM ft hin

CW LA C

N

06coftty CC

too

aarl omi 0 tz aart ori cri

panch pinch plnch 0

1

11

7

PUCTPT

0

0

SLH

IS

7

appt epippt pei

C

0 C

0

lt

0

onctfttc

C y

poncthtg 0oncthtc A Is SH

iftts

11 fbftts ifa C ift

1I

2

t

v

J

0

1

distribution k

T TS

S Ms

r ra

ys ca ene een efe A IA Z f0 cl fa I

J

ur

14 UT 10 PAD ond oad

1I

3

0

VS QE

NC T ATC

U

osc 0

skya R SVYA

s

15

21

N

I1

hli hll L tj &l al hig ahli 14

v

lk

OF FIGURINES

note contrast in numbers

13

e

67 recyit ece it 19 196 196677 field class at the hinckley

of figurines which increases the

more fragments

site to

42utll3 42utlld recovered 14

mound

that

known number from

ne s with the additional information on the sevier figura figurines

34

provided prodded by

de

from nephi

a

77 bloois aloois 195771 19577177 19771 1977177

statistical

who

ciori analyzed the foote coile tiori collection

comparison could be made to place the A

gos goshen ien

provo sub area figurines within the subarea

have hane hare

louldersg sl towards pudency shoulders applique and slash eyes pinched ards ndency tw

len

r

noses

goshen figurines the 1

elaborate or plain bases punctate mouths and presence of

hair fron the data

on

trait distributions chart

the

on can see at ona sevier areas one

a glance

that

provo tine the

characteristically shouldered with decoration found of

anra tnra th3

breasts

figurlric ce f 1gurirx s are on the low acea area

appliques eyes have slash and applique1 applique

body have pinched noses

have very few

provo prov of the brov

1

mid wid and

on esq are hanc the other the sevier figurines hnd ess and figurin 1

1

tin

hcive scive body rl non high area decord predo licu decora with shouldered itly iicd decordtin decorati him decolati

more body

punctate noses applique

eyes

and

provo prove proee breasts than the

ss figurines figurin goshen the

figurines

seem

to have more of the sevier ch character chiracter iracterz

naa aih ones zhan hinckley but than dle die uie the hii hll hih ur this t is lan laa istics istas istls goshen u by valley with connected predominately kith oriented sevier is is ith a nat only nal icpli urai pli natural ural acs Ic

carren4z creek current

provo prove type the tle

one goshen ohe the

nau ent

cs

however

bi

cully cally bicully

bwn

awn Do boundry doundry foundry turn the undry indicates that this in

lies

also indicate

this cence conce c on of the flonc florescence florc

a

of a ay

substantial time difference

two sub divisions subdivisions

it

the

ifostiuitial liu ostant ostantial tai ial tal is 1y statistically statistical quite differ-

along long ridge and

a apart ara few only miles ar3 ar5 sites may nay

to loo

seem 1I

provo prove and sevier areas naw nal u e

figurines

do

10 0

may way also indicate nay

neon beid aeon besl bell between 4

tti

tori toritrl tsi trl tri

jC

e li of differences differ

chi th zhi thii

t rajt rjt jt

jaies liese s ites jies

E

sine

a

rices

ci

t

olen sec people such as occurs in seo oien tary linage cyse sedentary oientary dyse lyse j

ec

e c oppose gose pose

c

tht

uo

unat a anat the froanonl were fjnont of seiientai finont k

2ro rocur a CcUr hc hocur

athe ays cy lalee gencrzl 1 ayq the figural alq ithe figurlaie

in

do dilo Sli sii oi sil

AL

lhrlhout le run ran U ith gu bhe e IL n e 1 11 s n 0 the s fan figurines fanellon figurinej r ej Llon in fanllon t i iin i still lion i liol f ffigurin

universal

clctrl ie

fi iont area but tlthere laere are regional variation

eho cho che

qinont bont lont

tom

t

tah do ey ub ab aass t1h they doubt

e

11

vr cee a e n se few case in ffee ca

i

appear to have ueen cc s a beligio gio been meil mell significc rcc significs than religions fcc of signific rather dolls dio dlo ben religio reli

it

ic

was found sound bby

known

fl urine flurine flarine

moy noy anade a zoo inade were zoomorphic r h lc shapes as wdmai atimal that animal

the 19666 667 field class that 662 6 6 67 1966 19

figurines from the

some

cj on matheny persona personc were person kte placed coroiiunicali clay plugs personcj hinkley hin olte site Ii and that rienie f tlle he figurines ara made of stone which vaich ieh is a tedio ich leh alley klley 0

tag ji2 ohe tae jia e specialize the associations have not been with any kind of specjl

proceso process pr icess

rtytres

ce ceremonial cere inonia cereinonia remonial

sho nor have the figurines f

jn edm elm

r

1

crb eye eyb arb

any high

specia1 specian apeci speci special pili pie specia care beyond being collected and placed together in cache piti pit n1

these VL

were garbage to decayed usually with garbag barbag plts filled alts tyle seem para seen domical associations itie itle paradoxical the alsociations i dorical sciations seel seei

cacci i cacli

1

utah lake

spy spa mcn man yiisce specimens mis cohl cehi Us els coll cinus sp3 eis

one bol poon arpoor boi poor ar boneP harpoon armoor 1

11

jn square two tuo of tthee tdoodard wod&rd ule uie single bcrb barb r one hird the 2ieuilrd lb

C

ion lon

an

hicl c uicll

3 therb ther thei

1

14

1 14

point

see figure

it

1.1

tampers tempers tapers

azy hay the hat hzy

30

cile clie shaft the sha ft

thee shact shaft shaf

m dovm doam way dov doi

1

uno une bho came froim tho LJC loc from froin fron bhe

objects objects of

reat to a point in the rea read

ang angie ingle 30 degree le and decree angle

a girl type cini have been simular ciniilar simllar ilar

is

6 3 10

but bul

lln

reported fron the freinont9 freir ont but thy lut the

rr ce

bin bir

lcr3

la of an knel inel incl inh

UL 42 M 2n ne one bone knife from cx 42u1253 object fro fron like knifelike

bi

j acl lcl n

zahie zabie

L

s

is

7 3

a ho wear from 0 zable hatting low hafkin czin inside sid of siens haftin ahle ahie hiew blew hlew zab sins csidrable

are

very are retoy reily

1

plo 116 fio ind hound

inch in diameter

ma trl parlo tri harb sticks out at a barb

zex

r h rib rih fi fl

r- rrhu 1b rib

i

whi uhl ch which

o rk e c e i i vvo hhass be worked beon been 0

ddow 0w 1

an

pyant n n e a pylnt to t 0 fine t fi i

it

appears to bj

it i

1I t

sr

1I

ke2 kea ker

102 107 137

A

B

ANEOUS MISC miscellaneous SPECIMENS

A

HARPOON

B

KNIFE

C

STONE SQUARE

figure

30

t

bi but bit

it

ha 10 los

ly

di

az ht ijtt iott

bt

ground round

above of punctate liko breed the bre ilko holes like drilled hoies ilke just hols hois

row

ilhns ilens

long to the break and

n not ched poliched polished poli

hictor woodard mund

see figure 30

artifacts

c historic

were excavated

in the upper levels of the

t process pil digging the in the test pi of pic pis

obje these jobje objelss

C

nllj

were non nen ron confined ronfined 1 o square na 11 fined to ronftnei 40

none of thle tlle the

78

surrace ace lb acs the surr surface surf

tride iride inch wide

s materials maleria materia

sa and glado gla5o aldier gl cartridges of leathar leather le bits s6

seem to be

pro historic materials pre prehistoric

except fc

to sirnellar and glass the beads plains similar sirellar plairs trade of is si cd rellar and amea mountain areas ved hed zed bright inch red diameter areas the bead is 116 ilg lee in is ll6 lla t mound could have ben used by pre withI white the ules wi prehistoric velte veite historic or historic utes a gins gib gis

whirh bead which whlh

z

4

1I

1

trade items photographs were taken of two collections from goshen photographs

leclon

1the e

most nost

pertinent tinant Per

co was Jdeclon collection le clon cion

4281245

her collection contained about 200 projectile points of all

1I

yp369 fifteen ttyps typi tapi

tates

me merates metates metakes rates

one

kia L iab kli kii knlves kalves ia3

stone axe axe tone axes

that

mrs of

T

white

who

ed f collec collected callec

r

1

0 o zmanoss twenty or so mmos sev nral amos searl sevrl

seven sinkers sinker

pendantsq pend ants and three stone disks with pendants several pennants

mion nost interesting part of the colle the most alon aion tion collation colletion

allied centrally dr llied holes drilled cype cyre v e points were ffire widi long wilh widl poinc wich

parallel flaking angostura like

these points poinds are very long and well bo to

G

4

made

forms

Iiil iiil

one smaller one looks icil

a folsom type

okelberry Okel burry the ether other collection was that of ned okelburry around the lake vrell weil as the valley laka as well

imately

400

points

100 knives

fc to appear be Fremon fremont or

later

any proven prover provenience dence maintained denee

the collection

and about 15

drills

his collection

was

who

collect

s collects from

c ampro appro approxcontained

materials rials all of the diate not typed nor was

139

one square stone

found

42ut3o6 at 42ut306

2

a house

inches

by 2

14

inches by

cluster at genola

inches was

2

and of unknown

function

this artifact is very similar to one reported by debloois 196784 he speculated a relationship with the stone balls but this seems doubtful one stone

current creek

6

disk

was found

at

42ut299

inches along the long axis

short axis and 12 inch thick grinding pigments rounded by grinding

this

may

a 4

hunting

camp on

34 inches along the

have been a

palette for

the edges are percussion flaked and slightly

its

function is

unknown

upper

nli-

140

CHAPTER EIGHT

discussion

pattern abent aent lenient set jgjttle

it

could be said that the majority of the

all

close association with a source of running water

sites are

of the fremont

along or drainages are springs to next constant creek clusters hour hoc lusters c hous

9

i

M

this indicate

to flood plains of creeks

ri quite

rather rigid choice

a

ji midence upon good as a source dependent which dence waer of rjidence is midence wer ridence

quiz guli

C

fi

r

built

wheye where

unlnoa unkn3 comparison of to the in sites 2397in

c mps amps 1I

indicate

s

0

iri irl lri

while rnoing to new locations 1119 iao illg lao

t3ch tach icues iches irrigation t achicues irrigatio ticr tkr a ha wolf fare far

ii rigation

r today

lard

the

i wb 1jrrent obi creek irren t crek

prg

T

pst calpst good or eie ele elc elf

the y

As S

t

thac tillage thatt village id d

b

j

are clon tion llon affidi affail affili affil

1 f

1

ike in the winter ar arf 2

oneers oreers onders unknown

re the hire

heye hiye hi

nd

it anial cinal andai andal

rare

resources resource

ahey hey

e

hl

camp

cluster

and the clustering clusterin clusterii ii

appear t

more

wherever the

to otec lection otection lion tion llon tection tec

nacey nalcy natura natur naturi naturl

dunes duner c

co cc of five houses three house cnits caits its

c iitustcr tuat ai were

or aall aill of ali 1

pla plain in th on the fflood lood pia yth ich ith

1

fer oze fonejr fonej mentloncj ac oree the size f structu ment 1c or struc tu

hz

T

p

I1

to be used in this

ar

being

a

site

42ut293

reek which could be

and whi wh h appe

recordej deJ re recor recorded dei recordel cordel

hi was

south

1

tl area aross acoss aboss t

mound and 42llt338 42it338

1

dic die caL calest lic

sn 1 11Lic cures tures into

f

flat

large

with sub sirila

argr ng by the arly ariy narl aarl

C A

ce for canals or

1

which are found farl far

t

ie

r

4here chere here sub surface subsurface

CI

tiar tier

1I

ayea located in area

e no ev and occurs option occur there is raily rally tat ratrslly ration occur1 rat tation

ti

761

7617o 76170 76.1

the transitory nature

elu the emphasis on hunting crr elg el ell s

were the village sltes sites all sils

f

affiliations

2397 239 23.9 239 ils lisis

I

1

structures that ini this stress also irdlicaltr cit lri iricit iri campmany cru re fremont water was available th ihcrt therl crl erl

for horticulture

anly were jnly wer only

s

it

is re-

t

a

indicat site indican

have exploited

ily ily ly

lakec the la

i

141

fish while practicing limited horticulture

As

pointed out

by

green

80 appears 196479 to have been the center for the popula19647980 utah lake 80utah

provo sub area tion of the subarea

peripheral to utah lake county to 338

along great

salt lake are known survey the increased this sites in utah and

that sites

of which a great number are of fremont

affiliation

conclusiono settlement intensity alone would tend to support this conclusions conclusion

the other

considerations are the ecological setting of utah lake in the area west

it

of the wasatch front

it

perineal streams feeding in aboriginal times

fruits

berries

body of

fresh water

a few

miles away

goshen valley and

source of agate chert

etc

of the lake and near goshen

and has

the lake abounded with trout and suckers

not to mention the abundance of

the wasatch front just and

is the only major

game

birds and deer

has abundant game and wild

gintic are mountains tintic

a major

cedar valley west

available for tools

has abundant pinon trees which could be

harvested every few years so far only a very small portion of the

areas have been surveyed in utah county

better house

there are

still

and campsite

vast areas

canyon jordan along the spanish fork river hobble creek San santaquin taquin

river

and lake

flats that are untouched

no survey has been made of

the peripheral areas of the lake bottoms which has indications of yield-

sites

ing aaste vaste numbers of

oont should be many fremont frem Frermont should contain much

it in that

due to

cedar valley is untouched and

goshen valley are late large the in that sites

of them contain some foreign trade wares which appear to be

of anasazi derivation AD

sites there too

late ute but there

historic ute material

would appear

all

most of them are probably

1I

would place these

their ceramic indicators alone

sites

around 1050 to 1150

arlic crlic

edg thirty three cconfined surveyed of the sites survey l ned

indicators

1

th ce of thee 279 loz 2792 cf these were village sites 102

clust rj 27522799 275229 275279 328 t

322

27

and 336

3339 333 303

2809 280 .2809 2809

286 2939 282 2861 2829 293

284 2859 2849 285

281

2979 297

299

ooo 0009 3009 300

301

one was a cave

site

288 2949 294 288t

298y 129 298 329

296

eighteen

and 338 033 303 308 333

3069 306 006

werg wer wet 9 hru 3Y 30 309s

30 307

ye and gleven eleven sieven sleven

104

tthy ttyY

p

ind vere used iii iuded in the comparisons as different criteria were included ivt inn mock moek personal communication analysis azia aria lysis aila chie chic rnic 105 idt

S

1

breaking the data

ivr

A

V

7

down

w le

p

eav cuc the cvc cac cus

and 337

.7 7

L

4

gshr

gash gahr r valdey hi with main vailey valley areas within four

into

bellowing tie fellowing fellowing information tle uhe

KIMBALL CREEK

UPPER CURRENT CREEK

prove 161 provo 306 sevier

provo prove 750

332

34 32 3432

seer

6524

1 drle drie brie ivie iele lele creek 1 unknown

376 sevier seeler 142 aal 3al lake sait salt

21 21.21 .21 21 21

nl503 nln

1 tenperlecs unknown 5 uran urkn im

9997

97 99 99985s

7

29.51 2951 3

10000

loo 100 00

1

LOWER CURRENT CREEK

provo 837

6147 20.126 20126 20.12 2012 11.67 1167

274 sevier 159 salt lake 18 uinta e 1 53 ivl iviI creek 16 tempel temperless less

djs ijs As

wio wic

would be expected

389

389 3e89s 3.89 117 1.17 117 lel7 lela 51 51.51

salt

gray lake

pass quin joins oins utah valley santquin cuin santacuin

is

more

ccommon nunon

very hilgh high che the verry

.99

62 82 62 6.2

st

249 3373

100i4

2

sevier sevie sevle salt lake

31

17oo14 170014

3 Santa Sant

r

provo 93 98

1.32 132

iv

7 unknown

GENOLA

os gag 9a9

the in tho bao lao

C

i

psrcrt

1

ar

cf

S

sl

ry potte anet as en cn pottery from to done c mysis by anal anel the notte due analysis the 1s l ysis primarily f kok dale hiie dile rol roi liie is yao mao ylo mok eok k

cave spotten c aten sprtten tten si sic slu sll

rj

and

his criteria

ganola gcnola showed the following

a cates there that this ird is irdcates ind

th

s

btc bac

are different

much

provo prove 42 421

one ohe the

single site 1I clas bifid ifid sevier sovie

41

y

and 17

gra 7 gray percent ge greater percentage of salt lake graj

gray se ay a ner percentage much greater aer re gion gloh sevien rrjgion of gich but also sevier aiso siso G

m

lands

salt lalo laio

gre figure the percentage circled 0on fi

32

are the

fiihr fiizr ekr

t in li

1

f

uljij bield

143

CERAMIC BEARING

SITES IN THE VALLEY

exa exagerated gerated scales exaggerated

figure

31

144 H

iciey kaey icley k1ey

1

hinckley

1 35 I

24

C

10 lo

a a ar

Y vie r 10 dower lower dover lo Y r en 0current gif 611 creek 61

er

2

t

gioa aj27

gaoa gloa a

ge- a genola

2j 44 42

41

uppe appe upp upph rene rent current ulph oa carrent

ci Cz

e

CQJ 8

1

all ali

mbail mb Klin ekin elin klimball klinball bali ball 65 65

55

up r area upwr upor 299

provs type prov pros

type sevier

hinckley

hinckley

j

4

35

T

N N

1

i

lower

ower lower

r

current

arent current rrent creek reek

creek

1

12

1I

7

1

vy y

genola ab sent absent

gebala gejala la

G

60

17 1

ren cergurent 5 ran

kimball crocrtc cr

U

eek creek creeks

ya y5.55

11

v

upper

rent current k biek crek ciek cne t 5 A

salt

tte

types other all

lake type 1I

CERAMIC CERAMI

distributions

THE E V WITHIN TH EY VALLEY

figure

32

by types

v

1I

145

the

site in

fit

analysis modified slightly to

mock

provo

is

the percentage

my

criteria

at the hinckley

gilsen gil sen 19670 gli 1969

up to 35

K leball the sevier ceramics are heavily weighted to towards ands iball creek which ards ki lnball

is

a pass

directly into the sevier river regione region

As

could be expected nephi

influenced upper current creek less than did the sevier river on kimball creek but the influence from nephi

is

noticeable cable in that there noticable noti

lower cr current creek increase in upper current creek over lov

is

more common

genola and at hinckley 35 in

to have channeled

is

a 9

the sevier type

as the nephi influence seems

through santaquin San taquin and into utah valley easier than

down

gosh goshen en into

provo gray has

its

its

drainage and 1I believe

it

would appear

that this

spread towards the city

greatest distribution along the current creek greatest distribution

type

is

provo area within the

gosh goshen en valley region and to the native

provo through santaquin San taquin pass of

through current creek and San santaquin taquin

towards nephi

into the sevier river region

and

through kimball creek canyon

the analysis of ceramics from the woodard

indicated that there

by use but the that it within site differentiation lateral verticallyy stable through time this has a bearing on chronological vertic

was a was

mound

strong

interpretations of the surveyed sitesq sites sltes as

it

1 have reason for that I this is

placed a personal interpretation on dating the house clusters and campsites the projectile points were just as expected from the

outlined by ambler

the points also showed the same

but with greater vertical differences goshen has a very high percentage of and

be

it flat

trait distributions lateral differentiation

note to interesting that is

at manos and leal metates disco metakes discoidal discoidat discoid

this trait goshen valley is not only the center of that

analysed as ambler did in should be analyser

distribution point for the flat metate trait

his dissertation

provo gray but

is the

it

may

1

relationships ambler relation

1966

trait distributions

urle frie areas on urie the basis of

areas

uinta basis

provo

salt lake region

san

and the he rafael swell sevier rivers river these he named respectively the uinta san rafael

the basis for this was an analysis by

traits numerous traits

jene frequency ieno y distributions of 114 leno fre tlene tieno 1

tentative as they shared

differentiate

seperation Provo Sevier sepe the provosevier ration severation and

there

seemed to be

provo was suggested by jones 1961 the

them

green by 1964 on the basis of

styless figurine styles traits

environmental setting of the valleys

to

which centered on the following

conger range

provo and areas

conger

sevier sefler

main divided the fremont up into five maln nain sub-

much

was

little

to

and elaborated

and the unique

of the differentiation used

promontory the influence but recent evidence indicates that in lie

thrust late is still differentiated goshen survey indicates from the sevier and is centered on utah valley the a closer affiliation of utah valley with the sevier region than does goshen but that goshen and utah valley are more closely affiliated than either elther are provo and sevier regions boondry boundry between the the

to the sevier region seems to

lie

along long ridgel ridge

gintic tintic mountains lished as

provo the

promontory

even without the

how

from santaquin San taquin to the

east range of the

yet to west swings be estabto has the border this

provo region appears to have a the

sepe seperated rated by only a few miles sites separated

ky territoriality fairly concrete territorial it territorialit

show sudden

trait

changes which

riv fit rit

their respective areas rather than blend anomic system has been modified somewhat by debloois taxanomic tax the ceramic taxonomic deblois

and

in order that

of survey work

new

we

ideas could be checked and evaluated in the context

each had

slightly different criteria

analysis differed because of this

and our

final

V

the experience at the woodard

it

reporting of excavated materials on the

job

created the need for careful

mound

would appear

trait distributions is carbon dates are needed in radio radiocarbon basis of

that dating fremont sites

a complex and possibly impossible

larger

much

numbers than now

avail-

able so that relationships can be solidified

in a general

way

goshen en valley to the underthe importance of gosh

standing of the role of the provo area has been demonstrated in this paper

the survey has also pointed out the need for exploration of the

surrounding areas

so

that

a comprehensive

the area between the city

could be made

should be surveyed for ceramic indicators

interpretation of the data provo canyon San and santaquin taquin of

the kimball creek region should

river

so

that

in this

ways way

the

be followed up with a survey through the canyon to the sevier a

line of sites could

link between goshen established

after 1I village

be established and ceramics studied

and the borders

Provo Sevier regions could be of the provosevier

goshen many saw more woodard are as jay there in sites

had cut the survey complex

off

and described

more mores

including a

these sites should be recorded and their relationships

to what has been discussed evaluated to

is consistent

several

me

test if the data

from the

valley

148 ibb ibs ins

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co C

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1966a

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1966b

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1967

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1949

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1948

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1956

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1958

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evidence of circular kivas in western utah ruinso ruins no noo 10 1 shao menashao Mena anthropologist volo 19 lo vol voi

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archaeological observations north of the rio Colo radoo coloradoo colorados colorado no noo 82 tono Washing washingtono washingtond toro ethnology washington bureau of american bulletin

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1

88 188 88 .88

yen e n tnen fh ken

K crem anen cren

yog ygg 1196

H IL

sydney

lnmb lamb lsmb

en scientific fi san f7 an fa cisco francisco ancisco

srom from

Sq

alcisco

ri

gme c an c ame american

hHe

14

linguistic prehistory in the great basin journal of american linguistics lingvistics vol 24 rt

ac 11c

pp ap

at eer ser freer fr

lister log igi igl 161 l6l lal

ie

C un borad tha co abnb Ssite university versity hersity of lorad sie par canyon N no nee nce glen 1 neb ret p3r series rbt j

aln tln th3

robe robert

je richard ambler and florence T

V

C ambs ombs coombs

rt u311 rbc liteiggi 1961 the alor abciper blor

Uni university universe universi versi

site sites sltes no 41 glen salt lake city the

florence

and nd

H he

coombs papers p no

site 41

salt lake city

C

canyon

of utah

P OP O

31

series

C

ars14 le

tegl tcgl 111j 1

3

11

lier anthrcpologic anthae gicai anthre ficai oo 1

no

35

par partt 11 II

lister

university of utah anthropological no 3 part glen canyon serlest 89 111 serless serles series III lil lii

marouf malouf cani cari ing carl Maloi lf carling gog on L archaeology thoughts 1939 utah 939 N

noe no eey 2 y pp ap

L

k

111 he H

l ol

inter

o01

baltimore

H he

195

TR

13

111

N

me M

100 9595100

lister rb

6

norgan nonnan bonnan

3rdrciir Coin coln cola nd Coia coinpany coiapany coltpany

11958 qc8

R bc

northwejterr te for the northwo

ppo 1l 4 apo 328 311 pp ap 01028 31328 311328 oii oil

qu ty vol american antt anti antiqiy i

11 al

1956

jt h anth ugh prehistoric exchange in utah universityaf university af of ae no papers o ty 6 6e 2 rop 1 pp P ap tropological salt ropological ity city lake cl ological 26

110

M along tes ardaelogy of sites fifteen paper P anthropoloc anthropological urrity sity ity of utah ical 3 TT salt lake city

te twe lwe

ursity Ursal

1961

the tipi T alpi lpi

26

vol

rangs fdngs of the high plains fangs no

cr

1 sites sltes S

3

part 1I

pp ap

9 3819 38l

rr

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ity antiquity american antiqii ith sait saltt lake city

meighs height leighs clement summary S ca gonah paragonah from archecliccrl 1956 excavations at Para university universe versi off utah excavations in iron county utah on Uni universi anthropological papers no 20 salt lake city we W

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noel 1931

iture

papers pepers

the ancient culture of the fremont river in utah museum 12 peabody archaeology haeo loey9 voi vol kre of american are of the vii 129 vil CL

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3

cambridge

152

william

mulloy

preliminary historical outline for the northwestern plains university of wyoming publications vol 22 no 1 laramie

1958

A

petersen herbert

N

pelargonic stra tigraphy stratigraphy of the current graphy creek stre ti area near goshen utah unpublished MS brigham young

structure

1953

and

university

reagan albert 1935

reed

erik

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archaeological report of field work done in utah in 193412 35 academy and of sciences arts utah letters vol pp 88 ap 50 5088 salt lake city

K A in turner look site skeletal reappraisal or the fremont culture by H M wormington proceedings denver museum of natural hi history noi nol

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human

denver rudy

jack

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archaeological survey of western utah university of utah papers no 12 anthropological city lake ological salt Anthron

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jack

earl stoddard great on american in lake fremont island salt site no 8 19 pp ap 285 90 antiquity vol salt lake city and

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1954

sirrine keith 1953

geol ogy agy of geology blished

MS

warm

springs mountain

brigham young

goshen

university

utah

unpu-

sharrock floyd phlp phip nephi 1965 preliminary report on excavations at the nephi nuhi site utah special unpublished report prepared for the national science foundation salt lake city W

prehistoric occupation patterns in southwest wyoming and plains great and the basin relationships with cultural anthropological areas of university utah cultural papers no 77 salt lake city

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carnegie institute of

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1952 cave in reprinted deadman utah archaeology of the papers no 10 anthropological salt university of utah lake city

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0 11933 3

jinlan jian

H ho

early inhabitants of western utah university of utah bullno cityo cilyo lake etin vol 23 city salt pueblo material culture in western utah university Univer of universia sit universit new memeo 28 anthropology series volo mexico medeo bulletin vol 287 voi vol neo 330 albuquerque 1ij no

936 936 9.936

great burg burgau barg caves au regions ancient of the barc tl ancien of ie lake babau ol burau barau 01 salt no noo roo 1c 1160 nae alter washington no an Aae ethnology BuI 116 MCcUl eth ate aaemccul bul bulletin letin

13

ilg

ac

taylor

dee Cco 7 7593 393 T two 9957 5 937 ftemcnt 795 fr encnt 1

history 29

preposition in southwestern their sites no git papers noo ott uit P ah ottah anthropological university of utah anthroj2olo al nd and rnd

T

city salt lake cityc

john wakefield id ldakefie

igi

A

young

wedel

it

and ecology logy of sutra ut study of the plant fc valleys lake sait salt stit gnp unp MS monnon brigham unpublished immigrationo hed immigration before the ils lis

19 1933 191 1

tuh

university

ado ldo Rro waldo an kn 1959 W

introduction to kansas archaeology bureau of american no eano ogy agy washington ethnology e&no bulletin 14

tr 19 19555

tgormingtn wormingtr Worming

H ho

mo M

reappraisal of natural history

A

tureo turee the fremont Cul cultureo cui cultures culture

no noe 1 10 lo

denver

CI I iairmanl chairman 1

denver

museum eura Itis euia

a or department major VL

of

ABSTRACT

this thesis is

a field

goshen anc by tnc author ily lly in

threefold

valley

2

report on tile tiie archaeological the archaeolo 0 ical sites surveyed

valley utah county utah

f ob of objectives 0 j ec ulves lives

1

the survey has the

d s goshen ing survey an ng of in and recording records recordi ino surveying sltes sites ites

a pro providing vidin information on the material culture of the ancient providen providin

ang dinha ana inha mhaoitants 61tants of the valley and

3

discovering whether there was

a dividing

provo and sevier regions line during the fremont occupation between the as outlined by jones anis to tnis this

end

1961

green

and

1964

ambler

olgg tigg 1960 1966

ith seventy four sites are described along with lth the alth

ith an analysis of the material culture in the related material culture with

appropriate sections of the he thesis I

1

L

tnree into enree three main affiliations

cultural material has been catagonzed cataorized

Sho shoni and unknownn shoshoni fremont shoshone

A

ed by food followed loliowed cultural sequence of food collecting ioliowed loli ioli owed by farming follo

collecting was in evidence in the material remains of the valley

the remainder

of the

thesis deals with theoretical developments

and the relationships of the fremont farming sites in the valley to the over-

all fremont culture of the analysis ane tne the

anci ancl the information obtained from the survey ana

material culture

of the

fremont sites lends support to

green jones ambler hypothesis that there was

a divison davison between the

provo and the sevier suo suu on of the sub areas basis trait distributions subareas APPROVED

T

C a irman chairman

atee con u i i I ttee advisory committee adv isory isery 1

A

member advisory con ini4cc commiec commiel r

f

department lent departs chairman major departn

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