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Name: _____________________________
Date: ___________________
Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1-The Human Body: An Orientation
Read pages 1-20
1. Define Anatomy and Physiology. Describe and give two examples of complementarity of structure and function. Complete on a separate piece of paper. Pages 1-2 2. Create and color or make a collage of an illustrated chart (8 x 10) showing the organizational levels of the human body, beginning with the least complex and finishing with the most complex. Explain how all the levels are related to each other. Page 3 3. Make an organized chart of the 11 organ systems. Include the major function of that body system and list at least two organs within that system. Pages 4-5 a. Complete the worksheet in the packet labeled Body Systems. 4. Complete the worksheet Maintaining Life, which includes the eight necessary life functions and five survival needs (in packet). 5. What is homeostasis? Compare and contrast a positive and negative feedback mechanism and give an example of each. Complete on a separate piece of paper in paragraph form. 6. Describe Anatomical position and define the following body landmarks (in packet). Page 12 7. Complete the labeling as instructed. All labeling sheets are in the packet. a. Body orientation and directional terms. Page 14 b. Body planes. Page 15 c. Body regions or cavities. Pages 16-20 8. Complete the Challenging Yourself Questions; choose 3 of the 5 questions to complete (in packet).
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Body Systems Using the key choices, identify the body systems to which the following organs or functions belong. Insert the correct answers in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Cardiovascular
D. Integumentary
G. Nervous
J. Skeletal
B. Digestive
E. Lymphatic/immune
H. Reproductive
K. Urinary
C. Endocrine
F. Muscular
I. Respiratory
________ 1. Rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes ________ 2. Is affected by the removal of the thyroid gland ________3. Provides support and levers on which the muscular system can act ________4. Includes the heart ________5. Protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage ________6. Protects the body; destroys bacterial and tumor cells ________7. Breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed ________8. Removes carbon dioxide from the blood ________9. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues _______10. Moves the limbs; allows facial expression _______11. Conserves body water or eliminates excesses _______12. Allows conception and childbearing _______13. Controls the body with chemicals called hormones _______14. Is damaged when you cut your finger or get a severe sunburn
Using the key choices from the above exercise, choose the organ system to which each of the following sets of organs belongs. Enter the correct letters in the answer blanks. _____1. Blood vessels, heart
_____5. Esophagus, large intestine, stomach
_____2. Pancreas, pituitary, adrenal glands
_____6. Breastbone, vertebral column, skull
_____3. Kidneys, bladder, ureters
_____7. Brain, nerves, sensory receptors
_____4. Testis, vas deferens, urethra 2
Maintaining Life Match the terms for functional characteristics of organisms in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A. Column A
Column B
_________ 1. Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment
A. Digestion B. Excretion
_________ 2. Provides new cells for growth and repair C. Growth D. Maintenance of boundaries
_________ 3. Occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities _________ 4. The tuna sandwich you have just eaten is broken down to its chemical building blocks
E. Metabolism F. Movement G. Responsiveness
_________ 5. Elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and elimination of nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys
H. Reproduction _________ 6. Ability to react to stimuli; a major role of the nervous system _________ 7. Walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle _________ 8. All chemical reactions occurring in the body _________ 9. At the cellular level, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin Correctly identify the survival needs that correspond to the following descriptions. A. Appropriate body temperature B. Atmospheric pressure
C. Nutrients D. Oxygen
E. Water
_________ 1. Includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals _________ 2. Essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing _________ 3. Single substance accounting for over 60% of body weight _________ 4. Required for the release of energy from foodstuffs _________ 5. Provides the basis for body fluids of all types _________ 6. When too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional 3
Anatomical Position Describe anatomical position. Be sure to discuss the position that various parts of the body are in.
Body Landmarks-first define the terms below and then label the diagrams appropriately with the landmark terms. Anterior Body Landmarks Abdominal Acromial Antecubital Axillary Brachial Buccal Carpal Cervical Deltoid Digital Femoral Inguinal Mammary Manus Nasal Oral Orbital Patellar Pelvic Peroneal 4
Pollex Pubic Sternal Tarsal Thoracic Umbilical Posterior Body Landmarks Brachial Cephalic Gluteal Lumbar Occipital Popliteal Scapular Sural Vertebral
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Challenging Yourself At the Clinic 1. A jogger has stepped in a pothole and sprained his ankle. What organ systems have suffered damage?
2. A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?
3. In congestive heart failure, the weakened heart is unable to pump with sufficient strength to empty its own chambers. As a result, blood backs up in the veins, blood pressure rises, and circulation is impaired. Describe what will happen as this situation worsens owing to positive feedback. Then, predict how a heart-strengthening medication will reverse the positive feedback.
4. The control center for regulating body temperature is in a region of the brain called the hypothalamus. When the body is fighting an infection, the hypothalamus allows body temperature to climb higher than the normal value of about 38°C. Explain how this can be a negative feedback mechanism.
5. A patient reports stabbing pains in the right hypochondriac region. The medical staff suspects gallstones. What region of the body will be examined?
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BODY REGIONS (ANTERIOR) There are specific anatomical terms for regions of the body. These areas or regions frequently have Greek or Latin names because early western studies in anatomy occurred in Greece and Rome. During the Renaissance. European scholars studied anatomy and applied the ancient names to the structures. Label the various regions of the body and fill in their names. You can use a standard anatomy text or follow the key at the bottom of the page. A list of terms and their common names follows for the anterior side of the body. Color in the regions of the body. cranial (head) facial (face) cervical (neck) deltoid (shoulder) pectoral (chest) sternal (center of chest) brachial (arm) antebrachial (forearm) manual (hand) digital (fingers) abdominal (belly) inguinal (groin) coxal (hip) femoral (thigh) genicular (knee) crural (leg) pedal (foot) digital (toes)
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BODY REGIONS (POSTERIOR) For the posterior view of the body
fill in the terms and color the regions
of the body. The anatomical names
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names in parentheses.
cephalic (head)
nuchal (neck)
scapular (shoulder blade)
vertebral (backbone)
lumbar (love handles)
brachial (arm)
olecranon (elbow)
antebrachial (forearm)
gluteal (buttocks)
femoral (thigh)
popliteal (back of knee)
sural (cal f)
calcaneal (heel)
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Answer Key: a.Cephalic (head), b. Nuchal (neck), c. Scapular (shoulder blade), d. Brachial (arm), e. Vertebral (backbone), f. Olecranon (elbow), g. Lumbar (love handles), h. Antebrachial (forearm), i. Gluteal (buttocks), j. Femoral (thigh), k. Popliteal (back of knee), I. Sural (calf), m. Calcaneal (heel)
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ANATOMICAL POSITION AND TERMS OF DIREGION When studying the human body it is important to place the body in anatomical position. Anatomical position is described as the body facing you, feet placed together and flat on the floor. The head is held erect, arms straight by the side with palms facing forward. Ali references to the body are made as if the body is in this position so when you describe something as being above something else it is always with respect to the body being in anatomical position.
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f. Distal, g. Anatomical position, h. Posterior, i. Anterior, j. Dorsal, k. Ventral
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The relative position of the parts of the human body has specific terms. Superior means above while inferior means below. Medial refers to being close to the midline while lateral means to the side. Anterior or ventral is to the front while posterior or dorsal is to the back. Superficial is near the surface while deep means to the core of the body. When working with the limbs, proximal means closer to the trunk while distal is to the ends of the extremities. Write the directional terms in the spaces provided and color in the arrows in reference to these terms. Note that these terms are somewhat different for four legged animals.
c. Lateral, d. Medial, e. Proximal,
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ANATOMICAL PLANES OF THE BODY Many specimens in anatomy are sectioned so that the interior of the organ or region can be examined. It is important that the direction of the cut is known so that the proper orientation of the specimen is known. A heart looks very different if it is cut along its length as opposed to horizontally. A horizontal cut is known as a transverse section or a cross section. A cut that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts is a coronal section or frontal section. One that divides the structure into left and right parts is a sagittal section. If the body is divided directly down the middle the section is known as a midsagittal section. A midsagittal section is usually reserved for dividing the body into to equal left and right parts. If an organ (such as the eye) is sectioned into two equal parts such that there is a left and right half then this is known as a median section. Label the illustrations and color in the appropriate planes.
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Answer Key: a. Frontal (coronal) plane, b. Transverse (cross-sedion) plane, c. Median (midsagittal) plane
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mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart in the pericardial cavity, the major vessels near the heart, nerves, and the esophagus. Below the thoracic cavity is the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains the upper abdominal cavity, housing the digestive organs, and the inferior pelvic cavity, which holds the uterus and rectum in females or just the rectum in males. Label the specific and major cavities of the body and color them with different colors.
BODY CAVITIES The organs of the body are frequently found in body cavities. The body is divided into two main cavities, the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity. The dorsal body cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which houses the brain and the spinal canal, which surrounds the spinal cord. The ventral body cavity contains the upper thoracic cavity, which is subdivided into the pleural cavities, housing the lungs, and the
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Answer Key: a. Dorsal body cavity, b. Cranial cavity, c. Spinal canal, d. Ventral body cavity, e. Thoracic cavity, f. Mediastinum, g. Pericardial cavity, h. Pleural cavity, i. Abdominopelvic cavity, j. Abdominal cavity, k. Pelvic cavity