Idea Transcript
Aquatic Community Classification and Ecosystem Diversity in Montana’s Missouri River Watershed Prepared for: Bureau of Land Management
By: David M. Stagliano
Montana Natural Heritage Program Natural Resource Information System Montana State Library
September 2005
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Aquatic Community Classification and Ecosystem Diversity in Montana’s Missouri River Watershed Prepared for: Bureau of Land Management
Agreement Number: ESA 010009 TO #20
By: David M. Stagliano
2005 Montana Natural Heritage Program P.O. Box 201800 • 1515 East Sixth Avenue • Helena, MT 59620-1800 • 406-444-5354 i
This document should be cited as follows: Stagliano, David, M. 2005. Aquatic Community Classification and Ecosystem Diversity in Montana’s Missouri River Watershed. Report to the Bureau of Land Management. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 65 pp. plus appendices.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The aquatic ecosystems of Montana’s lowerelevation and prairie streams have not been well documented, yet these streams support some of the most intact native fish and invertebrate communities in the state. Only recently have there been efforts to sample and describe the interactions among the state’s eastern aquatic biota, and relating prairie stream aquatic communities to their landscapes. However, Montana has lacked a system for defining and classifying aquatic communities.
gradient and underlying geology was assembled in a Geographic Information System (GIS). We developed a hierarchical classification framework defining 38 Aquatic Ecological System (AES) types, 178 macrohabitat types and identified the five dominant variables structuring the stream and river communities within the ecoregions. Distribution maps based on physical parameters of stream ecosystem types and macrohabitats in the watershed were produced for five pilot watersheds.
In response to this need, the Montana Natural Heritage Program began an Aquatic Community Classification Project in 2003, with support from the Bureau of Land Management and The Nature Conservancy, to sample, identify and characterize stream communities within the Upper Missouri River Zoogeographic Region of Montana. This study evaluates the components and patterns of lotic ecosystems across all ecoregions of the upper Missouri River basin. We used cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) to classify biological communities of fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages and then related those groups to aquatic ecological units based on abiotic habitat variables, creating a classification system that predicts aquatic community occurrences within watersheds. Indicator species analysis (ISA) was performed on the community groups to determine the characteristic taxa of specific communities. The results of this work provide a better foundation for understanding and documenting the diversity of aquatic systems in Montana’s Missouri River watershed.
Macroinvertebrate communities: Genus/ species level taxonomic data from 289 sites with 444 taxa was analyzed and produced 12 distinct community groups. These community groups were related to elevation, geomorphology, stream size, current velocity and their tolerance to anthropogenic impacts (e.g. sediment, nutrients). The most significant delineator was water temperature followed by stream size. Indicator species of the aquatic ecosystems were identified and could be evaluated for use as bioindicators in state monitoring programs. We also describe macroinvertebrate community groups from three unique habitats, large river sandbars, fishless springs and prairie stream pools, which contain unique assemblages with rare or at-risk species.
Fish communities: From 483 total sites with 63 species (43 native), analysis revealed 9 and 7 biological community groups for the Missouri and the Yellowstone River drainages, respectively, for a total of 10 distinct species assemblages. Water temperature and stream-size were the dominant variables structuring fish communities. Six of the communities were dominated by warm-water fish; the other four were dominated either by cool or coldwater fish species. Fish community assemblages were related to five major variables: stream order, elevation, gradient or in-stream habitat, and non-native species introductions. A confounding factor in the fish community classification of Montana’s river ecosystems was
To create a community database for analysis, over 100,000 data records were compiled from a number of sources covering over 1150 stream sites, from the smallest mountain stream to the mainstem Missouri River. Data coverage was evaluated, and we spent two field seasons collecting biological data on macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in six watersheds to fill data gaps for particular stream systems. Geographic data describing key watershed parameters such as land cover, stream
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the prevalence of stocked game fish, including walleye, northern pike, yellow perch, brown, brook and rainbow trout or exotics, such as carp. Introduced species occurred in most cool-cold water streams and larger warm water rivers, especially those associated with reservoirs. Three of the ten species assemblages (the Northern Redbelly Dace, Large Mainstem River and the Headwater Trout Stream) contained 90% of Montana’s species of concern found in the Missouri drainages.
have not been as robust in classifying fully intact communities versus those in impaired ecosystems, especially for the prairie streams. Although the macroinvertebrate communities in the mountain and foothills ecoregions seemed responsive to impairment gradients, and their indicator species should be further evaluated as bioindicators. The report also includes the identification of 10 priority areas in the basin for aquatic biodiversity. Many of these high biointegrity sites with intact native communities were identified within BLM managed lands, and using the classification system, others may be located that have the potential to harbor native species assemblages with sensitive species.
Aquatic Ecological Systems: Of the 38 aquatic ecological systems, we’ve delineated 13 ecosystem types based on the presence of specific biological communities overlain on the abiotic template. These represent, at the broader scale, the diversity of lotic ecosystems found within Montana’s Missouri drainages. Five of the 13 aquatic ecosystem types are potentially at risk in the state and have already or will become areas of conservation focus.
We will continue working with NatureServe1, The Nature Conservancy, The Bureau of Land Management, and other partners to: • Evaluate rarity, distribution and ranking of community groups and ecosystems. • Further evaluate macroinvertebrate communities and their applicability to the classification. • Relate reference site community types to management practices or riparian assessment • Continue to refine biological classifications to classifications using abiotic landscape data at a local watershed level.
Overall, we’ve created a robust, scientifically defensible classification system for Montana’s streams and rivers, and their associated biological communities at the Aquatic Ecological System (AES) scale. We’ve begun to differentiate fully intact prairie fish communities from those in degraded landscapes and are starting to model observed vs. expected (O/E) values for their use in bioassessments. The macroinvertebrate groups
1NatureServe is the parent organization to state Heritage programs. It is currently coordinating efforts among various Heritage
programs to develop a national aquatic classification effort.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank The Montana State Office of the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), especially Roxanne Falise and Gayle Sitter, for ongoing support and the funding for Phase 1 of the project. The Nature Conservancy’s Freshwater Initiative has also been a substantial source of support and provided matching funds.
Montana Natural Heritage Program: Sue Crispin, Greg Kudray, Karen Walker, Marc Jones and Coburn Currier Montana Fish Wildlife and Parks: Steve Carson and Cindy Sampson Montana State University: Bob Bramblett, Dan Gustafson and Melissa Jones Montana Department of Environmental Quality: David Feldman, Mike Suplee and Rosie de Sada NRIS-Natural Resource Information Systems: Catherine Love US Environmental Protection Agency: Tina Laidlaw and Tom Johnson US Forest Service: Don Sasse: Custer National Forest Ashland District
Many people have assisted us with this project to date including, but not limited to providing data, scientific discussion and ideas, GIS help, etc. and we would like to offer our sincerest thanks for their assistance. These people and their agencies include: The Nature Conservancy: Betsy Knightingale (PA TNC), Amy Pearson and Brian Martin (MT TNC) BLM: Joe Platz (Miles City FO)
All photos in the report were taken by MTNHP personnel, unless otherwise noted.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Developing an Aquatic Classification .................................................................................................... 2 Applying the Classification ..................................................................................................................... 2 Methods ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Database Development .......................................................................................................................... 4 Classification Framework ...................................................................................................................... 4 Field Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 9 Biological Data Preparation ................................................................................................................. 10 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 12 Results ........................................................................................................................................................ 14 Classification of Macroinvertebrate Communities ............................................................................... 14 Classification of Fish Communities ...................................................................................................... 17 Aquatic Ecosystem Classification ........................................................................................................ 19 Discussion ................................................................................................................................................... 49 Aquatic Ecosystem Classification ........................................................................................................ 49 Macroinvertebrate Relationships ......................................................................................................... 50 Fish Community Relationships ............................................................................................................. 53 Applications for Water Quality Assessment ........................................................................................ 55 Applications for Conservation and Management ................................................................................. 57 Conclusions and Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 60 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................................... 61 Appendix A. Information on Aquatic Ecological Systems, their occurrences in watersheds, characteristics, and geologic features Appendix B. Stream Classification and Ecologically Coded Reaches for the Pilot Watersheds Appendix C. Significant indicator species (p2500m Geology Code – Ecological Subsection code corresponding to the lithology and surficial geology classes in the Aquatic System’s contributing area Geology Class – Prominent bedrock and surficial geology classes present in the Aquatic System’s contributing area River Representative- examples of rivers in MT that fit the Aquatic Ecological Systems profile. River Origin – For small, medium, and large river Aquatic Systems - Physiographic province(s) where the river has its origin HW Gradient Class – Prominent gradient class (m/km) of headwater size streams in the Aquatic System: low=5%
APPENDIX B. STREAM CLASSIFICATION AND ECOLOGICALLY CODED REACHES FOR THE PILOT WATERSHEDS
.
111 h20
Dry - No Community Detected
!
11
!
90
Community Sampled
!
12
!
105
Sampled Reaches
Predicted Community Actual Community
#
1 11 11h2 1 1h 20
00
111 h20
0 111h20 0 111 h
20
11 1h
11 1h
111h10
111 h20 111 h10
23
0
11 1h
111 h20 111h2 0
! 111h20
211 h23
B006c B006d
1h 11
00
111h21
111 h23 11 1h
111h20
111h20 111h 111h20
23
20
111h20 11 1h
21 11 1h
111h 20
B006 B006d
23
111h23
h 111
20
1h 11
23
211 h2
111h 20
58
20
111 h20
!
111 h
20
111h20
9
#
111h20
!
D006 dry
10
1h 11
20
40
211h2 3
111 h
!
23
20 11 1h 111h 20 111h20
4
1h 11 21 h 1 11 h20 1 11
111h21
!
23 111h
!
0 h1 111 10 h 1 11
Cottonwood Watershed (and Montana State Boundary)
h2
211h 23
11 1h
111h20 21
111h20
111h23
111h23
11 1h
20 11 1h 20
20
20 111 h
111 h20
11 1h
211h 23
111h2 0
111h 20
211 h21
13 11 1h 111 h
20
20 111 h
0 h2 12 1
38
#
h23 211
!
20
h23 111
3
11 1h
h23 211
!
E006 E006
E006 dry
21 1h 11 00 1h 12
23 111h
37
h20 111
3
!
C006d
23 111h
1
!!
E006 E006
2 1h 21
!
0 111h0
h20 111
00
Dry
E006 D006d
C006
#! C006d 20 h 1# D006 11
h20 111
1 11
0 h2
1h 11
#
!
20
Macroinvertabrate Communities
D006 D006d
3
111h23 1h 11
111h20
111 h20
2 1h 21
Ownership
20
111h20
111h20
211 h23
!! !
111h13
Small tributaries Main stem rivers
1h 11
211h23
1 11
3 h2
21
111h20
20
20
h20 111
D006 dry
11 1h
20
h 111
11 1h
20 20 121 h
20 111h h 111
111 h23
23
111h20
111h 20
121h20
¯
20
12 1
!
3 h2
1 12 121 h20
10 Kilometers
111h 21
111 h
211 h00
111 h23
211h23
0
Legend
#
!23
11 1h
111h20
2 121h
1h 11
Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Reclamation Army Corps of Engineers & US Dept of Defense National Park Service US Forest Service Other US Dept of Agriculture US Fish & Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Trust # Tribal State Trust Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks University & Institutions County & City Plum Creek Private Conservation Other private Water
11 1h
111 h
111h2 0
!
111h20
h23 111
1 11
0 h2
3
23
20
h2 211
11 1h
111h20
0
121h20 111 h
C006 C006a
20
111h 20
111h13 111h20
3 21 1h 2 111h 20
111h23
121h20
111 h20
1 11
0 h2
0
3 211h0
20
0
1 h2
111h20
1h 11
h2
121h20
121h 2
111
11 1h
3
12 1
121h20
D006 D006a
13
111h 21
121h20 20 111h 20 111h
!
1h 11
111h20
!
3
5
!
C006 C006a
2 1h 21
0
111h20
h2
10
2 1h 21
0 211h23 121h2 111 h20
0
111h20
3
h2
21
1 12
121h23 h20 111 111h20
21 1h 2
211 h23
3
121h20
111h13
3
1 12
21 1h 2
2 1h 21
20
3
121h
2 1h 21
20
111 h20
h23 211
h 111
111h23
h 111
111h21
#
E006 dry
1
20 111h 211h23
0 111h2
1 11 10 h 111
10
21 1h 2
111h23
111h20
121 h
Cottonwood Watershed
20
0 111h2
0 h2
h23 111
111 h21
20
1h 11
1h 11
D006 D006
3
Frenchman Watershed
h23 211
111 h
1h 11
D006 dry
21 3
111 h
111h20
111h20
211h23
D006 dry 211 h23
!
1
!
37
!
3
!
38
!
4
!
40
!
9
!
58
!
11
!
90
!
12
!
105
B006 B006a
#! !
22
23 111h 2 1h 21
211h23
1h 11
111 h20
20
20
20 111h
20
11 1h
Dry
23
1h 11
B006 B006b
#
h 111
111h20
h23 111
20 0 111h2
1h 11
D006 dry
# 111h 20
111 h00
1h 11
111h2 0
111h21
20
21 1h 2
21
111h20
#
!
21
h 111
h20 111
E006 E006 dry dry
h23 211 23 1h 21
111h20
111 h
111h00
20
B006 C006a
111 h23
20 111h
D006 dry
111h2 0
111h2 0
h 111
B006 B006b
111h 20
#
Macroinvertabrate Communities
20
3
3
111h20
21 1h 2
E006 dry
20
20
111h 20
h 111
1h 11
21 1h 2
3
111 h
211h23
Main stem rivers
111h20
B006 dry
E006 dry
Small tributaries
111h20
#
Legend
20
Ownership
E006 dry
# h 111 13
Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Reclamation
11 1h
20
20
B006 B006a
!
2 1h 21
3
11 1h
National Park Service
3
20
B006 B006d
20
E006 dry
111h23
111 h20
20
111h 23
dry
211h23
University & Institutions
B006 B006b
111 h
23
20
#D006 11 1h
3
20
Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks
2 1h 21
00
h 111
111 h20
E006
#dry
11 1h
23
h 111
State Trust
1h 11
3
2 1h 21
h 111
E006 dry
1h 11
h21 111
Tribal
13
1h 11
US Fish & Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs Trust
111h20
00
D006 dry
h20 111 h 111
11 1h
h20 111
Other US Dept of Agriculture
3
21 1h 2
111h 20
US Forest Service
1 1h 21
111h2 0
111h00
20
E006 dry
h01 111
Army Corps of Engineers & US Dept of Defense
11 1h
E006 dry
#
211h 23
20
111h20
County & City
B006 B006c
21 1h 2
1h 11
#
111h20
Private Conservation
3
E006 dry
Plum Creek
B006 B006b
D006 dry
00
Other private
211h21
!
Water 111h20
Frenchman Watershed
11 1h
B006c B006c
2 1h 21
00
Community Sampled
B006c B006c
Predicted Community Actual Community
10
5
0
#
111h21
21
Dry - No Community Detected
23 111h
h 111
Sampled Reaches
B006 B006a
111 h20
3
¯ 10 Kilometers
Pryor Watershed
Legend Small tributaries
214e 23
!
Main stem rivers
12 4 e
Ownership
23
D005 dry
C005c B005
124e20
Bureau of Land Management 0 12 4e
Army Corps of Engineers & US Dept of Defense
12 4e 2
National Park Service
20
124e20 0
124e20
#
12 4e 2
12 4 e
12 4 e
12 4e 2
0 12 4e 2
Plum Creek
0
C001 C001
125a 20 0
0
12 4 e 124e 20
0 0 12 4e 2 0 12 4e 0
124e20
20 12 4 e
12 4e 20
0
!
1
!
3
!
4
!
9
!
11
!
12
!
37
!
38
!
40
!
58
!
90
!
105
20
115 a2 3
D002 D002
20 12 5a
125a23
20
12 5 a
12 5 a
20
125a23
!
12 5a 2 12 5a 2
0
0
125a20
20
a20 12 5
20 12 5a 0
0 12 5a 2
0
Dry
12 5a 20
2 12 5a 2
12 5 a
12 5 a
12 5a 2
22 5a 2 3
20 12 5 a
0
125a20
3 12 4e 2
0 12 5a 2 12 5a 2 0 12 5a 2
3
12 4e 2
#
20
12 5a 2
12 4e 2
114 e2 3
0
0
12 4e 2
2 0 12 4e 23
12 4e 2
20 12 5 a
12 4 e
0
12 4e 2
124e20
12 4e 20
12 4e 2 114 e 20
20 12 4 e
0 12 4e 2
12 4e 2
114e20
0
0
0
0
0
0
12 4e 20
12 4e 20
1 1 12 4e
2 4e 12
3
0
a 12 5
2
1 2 12 5a
2 5a 12
12 5 a
0
2 5a 12
20
2 5a 12
a 12 5
12 5 a
23
0
12 4e 2
0
a 12 5
0
Macroinvertabrate Communities
20
1
2 4e 12
12 5a 2
0
2 4e 12
0
2 5a 12
!
0
!
125a20 12 5a 20
0
12 5a 20 12 5a 2
0
0
2 5a 12
20
2 5a 12
2 12 5a
224e2 3
12 4e 20
12 5 a
2 5a 12
D002 D002
D002 D002
2 4e 12
1
20
12 5a 20 12 5a 20
D001 D001
0
20
1
3
12 4 e
e 12 4
!
2 4e 12
2 4e 12
0
12 4e 21
0
3
2 4e 12
2 12 4e
2 4e 12
2 12 5a
124e 20
23 4e 11
12 4e
0
12 4e 2
114e21
0
1
2
0 12 4e 2
114e2 0
!
124e2 2
!
C001 C005
114 e2
12 4e 2
0 20 4e 11
0
12 4e 2
2 4e 12
3
0
2 4e 12
12 4e 2
23
12 4e 20
21 4e
0
20 114 e 114e20
3
20 4e 11
D005 dry
2 12 4e
3
12 4e 2
114 e2 0
0
3
2 4e 12
! 2 4e 12
12 4e 2
0
12 4e 2
D005 C005a
22 4e 23
0
2 4e 12
20 4e 12 20 4e 12
0
D001 D001
3
20
0
114 e2
114e20 114 e2
20
2 4e 12
0
e 12 4
12 4e 2
12 4e 2
12 4e 20
e20 12 4
0
12 4e 2
114 e2 0
0
0
12 4e 20 12 4e 2
Predicted Community Actual Community
12 4e 13
0
20
1 4e 12
114 e2
e 12 4
12 4e 20
e 12 4
12 4e 2
12 4e 10 12 4 e20 12 4e 20 12 4e 10
2 4e 12
124e20
Community Sampled
0
12 4e 2
Dry - No Community Detected
0
124e21
2 12 4e
3
2 4e 12
12 4e 20
124e 20
11 4e 23
124e 20
12 4e 2 12 4e 00
3
12 4e 20
Sampled Reaches
0
2 4e 12
20 12 4e
0 12 4e 2
3 12 4e 2
D005 dry
Pryor Watershed
12 4e 2
124e20
20 12 4e
Water
12 4e 2
124e10
3
0
12 4e 2
0
0
2 4e 12
12 4e 2
Other private
2
12 4e 20
12 4e 2
Private Conservation
12 4e 2
0
12 4e 2
0
0 124e2 0 12 4e 20
2 12 4e
124e20
0
0
21
23
12 4e 2
12 4e 2
20
County & City
0
0
20
01
0
124e20
e2 114
12 4e 2
12 4 e
12 4e 2
12 4 e
12 4e 2
0
12 4e 23
University & Institutions
12 4e 2
2 4e 12
C005 C005
124e20
Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks
5
2
12 4e 20
20
0
12 4e 20
State Trust
C005 B005
12 4 e
Tribal
3
0
2 4e 12
20
12 4e 21
Bureau of Indian Affairs Trust
114 e2
12 4 e
12 4e 2
12 4e 20 2 4e 12
US Fish & Wildlife Service
3
124e2 0
D005 dry
12 4e 2 0
12 4e 2
0
Other US Dept of Agriculture
2 4e 12
0
0
C005 C005
US Forest Service
10
12 4e 2
20
Bureau of Reclamation
12 4e
12 4e 20 12 4 e
20
a 12 5
20
22
10 Kilometers
¯
!
Upper Tongue Watershed (Montana portion)
Legend Small tributaries
Macroinvertabrate Communities
Main stem rivers
!
#
Dry
12 4c 10
Plum Creek
124c21
32 4c 00 32 4c 13
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
12 4 c
01 4c 12
12 4c 20
124c20
12 4c 2 0
12 4c 20
124c20
12 4c 20
12 4c 2 0
20
20
20 4c 12
12 5 g
0
20 4c 12
10
12 5 g
12 4 c
21
12 4c 2 0
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
0 12 5g 2
33
3
12 4c 23
22 4 e
12 4c 20
20 12 4c
23
12 4c 20
12 4c 00
0
23
20 4c 12
12 5g 2
21
20 0
20
12 4 c
C005 B005
124c20
12 4 c
22 4c 23
!
2 5g 12
12 4e 2
12 4 c
B005
32 4c 33
D005 dry 12 4 c
0
!! C005 D005 D005d
c 20 12 4
20
0
12 4e 20
12 4e 2
23 4c 12
20 4c 12
D005 dry
20 4c 12
3
124c20 12 4c 23
12 4c 00
12 4e 2
2 4e 12
20 4c 12
20 4c 12
12 4c 20
D005 E005
20 12 4c
124c20
Dry - No Community Detected
!
B005 B005
c 13 12 4
20
0 124c20 12 4c 13
!
B005 B005b
20
12 4d 2
12 4c 2 3
20
Sampled Reaches
124c20
C005 C005d
12 4c 20
224c23
c 12 4
12 4 d
!
0
12 4c 13
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
0 4c 2 12
c 12 4
Upper Tongue Watershed (and Montana State Boundary)
3
12 4c 20
10
23 4c 12
12 4d 2
124d 20
12 4d 2
12 4c 20
!
20
124c20
00
12 4c 23
12 4c 13
12 4c 00
12 4c 20
!
c 12 4
12 4c 23
20
d 12 4
Water
12 4 c
20
3
12 4 d
12 4c 10
B005 B005c
23 12 4c
12 4d 20
c 12 4
d2 114
Other private
Predicted Community Actual Community
20
12 4d 20
C005 C005c
00
E005 D005d
20 4c 12
Private Conservation
12 4 c
12 4c 21
0 12 4c 2
10 4c 12
12 4 c
20 4c 12
12 4c 20
23
B005
! B005a, C001
E005 dry
D005 D005d
!
20 4c 12
31
0
22 4c 13
32 4 c
12 4 c
32 4c 33
20
D005 D005
20 4c 12
12 4d 2
00
County & City
12 4c 2 0
22 4c 23
12 4c 23
C005 B005d
12 4c 20
12 4c 2 3 c 12 4
12 4 c
!
12 4c 21
c 20 12 4
D005 D005
! !
C005 C005d
20 4c 12
12 4c 23
20
#
124c00
12 4 c
12 4c 20
12 4c20
124c20
12 4c 23
124c20
University & Institutions
20 12 4c
!
20 4c 12
12 4c 03
124c 20
20
State Trust
23
c 12 4
!
! ! C005 C005c
E005 S005
D005 C005d
22 4c 33
12 4c 20 23 4c 12
12 4 c
124c20
Tribal
Community Sampled
12 4c 23
12 4c 20
105
Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks
23 12 4c 20 20
!
12
124c 11
21 4c 12
20
12 4 c
c 12 4
!
12 4 c
12 4c 23
0 12 4c 2
90 20 4c 12
Bureau of Indian Affairs Trust
!
11
C005 B005b
33
12 4c 20
!
US Fish & Wildlife Service
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
Other US Dept of Agriculture
! !
12 4c 20
c 114
58
C005 dry
33 4c 21
!
9
12 4c 20
33 4c 31
US Forest Service
12 4c 30
20 4c 12
20 4c 12
40 12 4c 20
!
22 4c 23
D005 dry
23
12 4c 20
23 4c 12
!
4
21 4 c
20
!
20
324c23
National Park Service
12 4 c
12 4c 20
38
20
!
12 4 c
3
12 4c 2 12 4c 0 20
22 4c 33
!
23
12 4c 20
Army Corps of Engineers & US Dept of Defense
Bureau of Reclamation
!
20
37
c 12 4
!
20 4c 12 20
1
c 12 4
!
12 4 c
12 4 c
12 4c 20
Bureau of Land Management
124c 20
Ownership
12 4c 20
20 Kilometers
¯
!
Lower Tongue Watershed Legend
114 e20
114 e 20 114 e20
114e23 114e20
114 e20
11 4e 20
114e23
11 4e 23
3 31 4e 3
11 4e 20
114 e1
11 4e 30
B B0 005 05 a c
11 4e 11 33 4e 30
20 4e 0 0 2 11 4 e2 4 e 11 11 0
20 4e 11
11 4e 20
e3 0 114
e2 114
0
31 4e 33
114 e 20
11 4e 20
114 e20
0
114 e2
3
23
31 4 e
00
12 4 e
214e23
12 4e 23
20 12 4 e
11 4c 23
23 21 4 c 0 12 4e 2
124c20
12 4c 2 0
12 4c 20
124c20
B B0 00 05 5 b
114e23 114e23
0
23 12 4 c
20
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
11 4c
12 4c 2 3
12 4c 20
114 e2 0
114e23
0 124c 20
12 4c 20
124c 20
! ! !
12 4c 20
!
12 12 4c 20 4c 20
12 4c 20
12 4c 2 0 12 4c 20 12 12 4c 2 4c 0 20
E0 dr 05 y 12 4c 20
20 4c 12
!
12 4c 00
12 4c 20
20 4c 12
20 4c 12 12 4c 23
12 4c 21
124c20
S005 S005
11 4e 23
0
12 4e 2
12 4e 20
12 4e 2
224c23
224c23
20
12 4c 20 12 4 c 20 12 4 c 20
23 22 4 c
12 4 c
23 4c 12
12 4c 2 0
!
0 12 4e 23
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
124c20
12 4c 23
22 4c 23
31 4e 2
0
12 4e 20 12 4e 20 12 4e 2
0
12 4e 2
0
12 4e 2
0
12 4e 2
114 e2 0
124e20
224e23
3
22 4e 2
C C0 005 05 d
20 12 4 c
12 4c 20
20 4c 12 12 4e 2
12 4c 20 12 4c 20 0 12 4 c 23 2 4c 2 1
3 4c 2 12
12 4c 20
0
20
05 D0 05d D0
124c20
12 4e 2
114e20
11 4e 20
2 0 114 e2 0
12 4 e
11 4e 20
S S0 005 05
114e30
0 12 4e 2 12 4c 23
!
20 4c 12
20 c 12 4
0 12 4c 0
22 4c 23 12 4c 23 23
12 4c 20 12 12 4c 4c 33 12 4 c 20 20 12 4c 20
12 4e 2
20 4c 12
S005 S005
0
B00 B00 5 5a
31 4e 33
314e33 11 4e 23
0
114 e2
B0 B0 05 05
3
31 4e 3
B005 B005 b 3
31 4e 3
0
B B0 005 05 a
0
2 4e 12
12 4e 20 12 4e 20
0
23
0
2 12 4e
20
12 4d 2
0
0
2 4e 12
e 12 4
23 4e 11 23
0
e2 114
e2 114
0 12 4e 2
0
3
12 4d 2
20 114 e
1 e2 114
0
12 4c20
2 4e 12
3
20
0
20 4e 12 0 2 4c 12
23
20 4c 12 20 4c 20 12 4c 12
c 12 4
20 12 4c
c 12 4
12 4c 20
0 12 4c 2
10
2 4e 12
3
21 4e 2
e 21 4
2 12 4e
12 4c 20
0
214c23
124c20 12 4c 20
12 4e 2
1
12 12 4 4e e 2 0 20
23 23 4e 1 4c 2 21
12 4c 20
2 4e 21
12 4c 23 114c23
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
20
114e20
20 4e 11
31 4e 2
0
0
23 4c 12
12 4 e
0
12 4e 2
12 4c 20 12 12 4c 20 e 2 3 12 4e 20 4c 12 4 20 12 4e 20 0 c2 4 12 124c 20
124c23
12 4c 20
12 4e 2
20
12 4e 20 124c20
114 e2
1
12 4e 20
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
20 4c 12
124c23
D005 D005
2 4e 12
05 C0 05b C0
12 4e 20
31 4 e
0
30 4e 11 31 4e 33
0
2 4e 12
20
12 4 c
20
0
124e 20
12 4e 2 12 4 e
12 4c 12 20 4c 20
23
!
12 4e 20
!
20
33
2 4e 12
20 4e 12 20 4e 12
e 12 4
e 12 4
2 12 4e
11 4e 20
e 31 4
23
3
23 4e 11
0
21 4 c
e2 114
e2 0 114 114e20
e 12 4
e2 114
3
2 4e 12
0 20 4c 12
12 4c 2 0
0
114e1 0
2 4e 21
0 12 4e 2
2 4e 12
12 4c 20
12 4e 23
e2 114
20 0 4e e2 12 114 23 4e 11 114e23 0 2 4e 11 20 e2 0 4e 114 11 10 2 0 14 e 4e 1 11 20 114 e
20 4e 11
20 4e 11
3
3 114 e2
114e23
3
20 4e 11
e2 114
e23 12 4
124c20 22 4c 23
20 4c 12
c 22 4
105
23
e20 12 4
114 e20 124e20
23 12 4c
124c23 12 4c 2 0
D D0 005 05 a 12 4c 20
!
0
12
2 4e 12
!
0
90
0 12 4e 2
!
2 4e 12
11
20 4e 12 20 4e 12
!
05 S0 05 S0
58
114e23 12 4e 20
!
12 4c 23
9
D005 D005
12 4c 00 c 20 4 12 3 c2 20 12 4 4c 12
! !
!!
3
20 12 4c
12 4e 20
12 4c 03
D00 D00 5 5a
D005 D005
12 4c 20
40
3
!
3 e2 114
! 4
12 4c 20
!!
23
38
23
!
c 12 4
3
124c20 c 20 12 4
c 12 4
!
0
! !
12 4c 20
2 4e 12
0
114 e2 0
05 b C0 05 C0
12 4c 2 3
e2 0 114
e 12 4
114 e 20
124c31 12 4c 2 3
22 4c 33
23
114e23
23 12 4 12 4e e2 3 20 e 4 12
124e 20
124c20
23 4c 12
37
e20 12 4
C005 005 C C005d 005 C
12 4c 20
23 4c 12
12 4c 20
2 4e 22
!
20 4e 11
124c 20 12 4 c 30
S005 S005
12 4c 2 0
0 12 4c 2
!
1
20
!
124e 20 22 4e 33 124e20
05 S0 05 S0
12 4e 2
D005 dry
214e33
124c23
12 4 c
Dry
3
3
12 4c 20
c 12 4
12 4c 20
!
!
4e 2
S00 5 S00 5
!
23 4e 11
124e20
124c20
#
0
05 D0 05a D0
4c20 12 12 4c 20 114e20
20 4c 12
!
12 4e 2
e3 21 4
214e33
!
#
3
e20 12 4 12 4c 20
0
0 4c 2 12
!
23 4e 11
23 4e 21
124e20 21
3 4e 12
05 D0 05 S0
12 4c 20
12 4c 20
2 4e 12
0 e2 114
3
20 4c 12
D0 S0 05 05
12 4c 23
B005 B005d
5 B00 5b B00
0 12 4c 2 12 4c 20
D005 C005d
05 S0 05 S0 23 4c 12
23 4c 31
214c23
12 4c 20 21 4c 23
12 4c 2 0
23
!
30
3
21 4e 2
4c 11
23
!!
Macroinvertabrate Communities
!
0
3
3
4c 11
12 4d 3
20
31 4e 3
114 e 30 11 4e 33 114 c3 0 11 4e 20
B005 d B005
12 4 d
5 B00 5a B00
0
0
05 B0 05b B0
2 4d 12
3 12 4 d
31 4e 3
5 B00 5 B00
0 12 4d 2
2 4d 12
0
12 4e 2
124e20
31 4e 33
0
114e3 0
0
12 4d 2 0
12 4 c 23 20 4c 12 12 4c 2 0
20
20
D005 D005d
d 12 4
2 4d 12
0
12 4d 2
12 4d 30
114 e3
3
B B0 005 05
11 4e 11 3 4e 00 0 12 4 d23 21 4e 11 33 4e 30
0
0 d 12 4
0
0
12 4d 23
2 4d 12 0
2 4d 12
4d 2 12 12 4d 23
114e23
12 4d 2 0
2 4d 12
20
20
c 12 4
!
2 4d 12
0 c 12 4
20 4d d 2 0 12 4c 20 12 12 4 20 20 4d 4c d20 12 12 12 4 20
2 4d 12
12 4c 23
0
114 e2
3 31 4e
d 12 4
12 4d 20 d23 4 2 1
3
12 4d 2
0
0
12 4d 20
12 4e 2
e0 114
114e20
114 e 00
12 4 d20 12 4d 20
12 4d 20
e33 31 4
114e23
D D 00 00 5 5d
0
3 4e 31
11 4e 20
05 D0
124e20 12 4e 114 20 e2 3
2 4e 12
124e 20
12 4d 2 12 0 4c 20
D005 dry
3
Water
12 4d 2
0
a B005 d B005
e2 114
!
114 e0 0
124e23 114 e 20 11 4e 20 12 4 e20
20 4e 11
2 4e 21
3
3 4e 31
Other private
!
20 4e 11
3 31 4e 3
Private Conservation
12 4c 20
20 4e 11
Plum Creek
3 e2 114
20 12 4e 23 0 4e 11
2 12 4e
2 4e 21
County & City
0 114 e2
University & Institutions
20
12 4e 20
0
Montana Fish, Wildlife, & Parks
3 4e 12
State Trust
30 0 4e 11 4 e2 11 3 2 4e 21 33 4e 11
Tribal
12 4d 2
E005 dry
05 E0 05 S0 5 E00 5 S00
23 4e 11
Bureau of Indian Affairs Trust
12 4 d
!
114 e1 0
114e20
23 4e 11
3
20
e3 114
e 12 4
20 4e 11
US Fish & Wildlife Service
0
D0 dr 05 y 20 4e 11
114 e2 3
0 114 e2
114 114 114 e e2 0 e2 2 0 11 0 4e30 1 1 114 4e 114e20 11 11 3 1 e 0 4e 4e 2 0 14 12 21 4 e 3 20 30 e33 4e 0 114 12 20 e2 0 114e23 4e 1 12 4 14 33 114 114e23 12 e20 20 e2 4e 114e20 11 e2 0 4e 11 3 31 4e 2 114e33 4e 3 30 11 114 20 0 4e e 20 2 23 114e 11 1 e 14 3 3 e23 114e23 4e 114 4 114 e2 2 31 D0 12 11 e2 11 0 0 0 4e 4e 4e e2 3 21 20 33 dr 05 114 114e20 20 4e y 11 114 114 3 23 4e e3 3 114e20 114 3 e3 3 1 4e 23 e20 1 14 e 11 114 114 14 e2 0 11 23 e2 4e 12 e 0 3 33 2 30 114 e23 e 4 4 e2 114 e20 114 11 11 114 e2 0 114 e 12 4 3 e2 3 4e 20 e23 e20 33 114 12 4 3 114 e3 2 114 3 e2 11 4e 4e 2 3 3 0 e3 2 1 1 2 4 11 0 e 1 12 e 4e 114 4e 2 0 12 4 12 4 e2 0 30 20 e20 114 e 20 11 23 14 e 4e 1 0 12 4 114 e 2 2 1 e e20 1 2 4e 0 23 4 11 14 e 20 12 20 4 23 114 e 114 0 4e 11 e2 0 33 e3 0 e2 12 4e 0 4 2 12 1 4e 1 e 14 2 20 114 1 e2 114 e2 3 0 114 0 114 e0 e2 0 12 0 114e21 12 4e 2 11 4e 0 4e 2 11 4e20 0 20 20 4e 12 1 2 1 4 3 0 e0 0 1 2 11 2 4e 114e20 114 e 4e 4e 11 e20 20 33 11 4e 12 4 11 20 B0 4e 11 20 B0 05 114e20 4e 12 114 e 20 05 11 21 4e 20 4e a 114 e20 4e 2 20 11 11 0 12 4e 4e 114 e20 11 23 20 e2 0 114 e23 4e 0 114 23 e2 0 4 2 114 11 e 12 4 4 e2 e2 12 0 0 114e20 20 114 e2 0 3 12 4e C0 e2 4 D0 05 114 11 214e 33 05 114e10 e2 114 e 3 a C005 20 d 21 4e 21
Other US Dept of Agriculture
12 4d 2
20 4e 11
US Forest Service
21 4e 12 33 4e 20 21 4e 03
0 e 2 3 4 e3 31 4 11
3 e2 114 e1 0 114
National Park Service
114 e 23
0
11 4e 20
114 e2
23 4e 11
114e20
114 e 20
3
B0 B0 05 05 c c
0
20 4e 11
Predicted Community Actual Community
21 4e 2
e23 21 4
4 e2
114e20
Army ! Corps of Engineers & US Dept of Defense
!33
114 e2
3
21 4 e
11 5a c 00 c B005 c B 005 B B005
Bureau of Reclamation
114e20
114e23
11 4e 20
0
0
Community Sampled
e2 114 e2 114
Dry - No Community Detected
e1 0 114 20 e 4 11 114 e 20
11 4e 20
33 114 e
Bureau of Land Management
31 4e 43
Sampled Reaches
Ownership
114 e23
!
11 4e 20
!
3
Lower Tongue Watershed
Main stem rivers
2 2 0 114 e 4e 11
c 05 B0 05c B0
Small tributaries
0
20 Kilometers
¯
!
APPENDIX C. MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY GROUP INDICATOR SPECIES RECORDED FROM SITES WITHIN THE DATABASE
.
Appendix C. Significant indicator species (p