AS Psychology - Wolgarston High School [PDF]

WOLGARSTON HIGH SCHOOL Study Pack 1 Autumn 2014 Subject - AS Psychology AQAB Specification Name:

Date of Key Assessment: October 2014

Teacher: Mrs Sexty

Date to be handed in:

PSYb1

Approaches in Psychology Contents:

Assessment:

Code

a) b) c) d) e) f) g)

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) k) l) m) n)

PSYB1a PSYB1b PSYB1c PSYB1d PSYB1e PSYB1f PSYB1g PSYB1h PSYB1i PSYB1j PSYB1k PSYB1l PSYB1m PSYB1n

h) i) j) k) l) m) n)

The Behaviourist Approach - Key Terms Glossary The Behaviourist Approach – Questions The Social Learning Theory – Key Terms Glossary The Social Learning Theory – Questions The Cognitive Approach - Key Terms Glossary The Cognitive Approach - Questions The Psychodynamic Approach – Key Terms Glossary The psychodynamic Approach – Questions The Humanistic approach – Key Terms Glossary The Humanistic Approach – Questions The Biological Approach – Key Terms Glossary The Biological Approach – Questions Bopsychology Workbook Revision for end of topic test

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Success Criteria This is your first homework booklet for PSYB1 Psychology. This booklet includes homework on key approaches in psychology and Biopsychology. When you are completing homework, refer to the information below to check you are meeting the expected criteria. Criteria from the AQAB specification Upon completion of this unit students should know: 1. The basic assumptions/distinguishing features of the following approaches: biological; behaviourist; social learning theory; cognitive; psychodynamic and humanistic. 2. The research methods used within each approach. • Biological: the influence of genes; genotype and phenotype; biological structures; the 3. evolution of behaviour. 4. Behaviourist: classical conditioning; operant conditioning. 5. Social Learning Theory: modelling; mediating cognitive factors. 6. Cognitive: the study of internal mental processes and the use of models to explain these processes. 7. Psychodynamic: the role of the unconscious; psychosexual stages; the structure of personality; defence mechanisms. 8. Humanistic: free will; concepts of self and self-actualisation; conditions of worth. 9. The strengths and limitations of each approach. 10. The strengths and limitations of research methods used within each approach.

Useful Resources Websites http://www.simplypsychology.org/ http://aqabpsychology.co.uk/ http://www.psychlotron.org.uk/index.html Textbooks Refer to your class textbook to help you complete the tasks There are other psychology textbooks in P02 Other Copies of the ‘Psychology Review’ are available in P02 for reference purposes.

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Behaviourist Approach – Private Study PSYB1a - Make a glossary of the following key terms for the Behaviourist Approach: Classical Conditioning Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) Neutral stimulus (NS) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Stimulus generalisation Operant Conditioning Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Primary reinforcer Secondary reinforcer Extinction Spontaneous recovery Variable schedules of reinforcement Examination Style Questions – PSYB1b Answer all of the short questions 1-6

1. Describe one assumption of the behaviourist approach in psychology. (3 marks) 2. What is meant by classical conditioning? (1 mark) 3. Briefly outline how researchers, such as Pavlov, have investigated classical conditioning. (2 marks) 4. What do behaviourists mean by the term operant conditioning? Give an example of how operant conditioning might be used to train a dog. (3 marks) 5. A young woman says: “When I was 5 years old, I was at a party and a balloon burst with a loud bang in my face. Even after all these years, I cannot bear to go into a room where there are balloons. They terrify me!”

Use your knowledge of classical conditioning to explain why the young woman is terrified of balloons. (3 marks) 6. Marc is often frustrated and angry, but most of the time he keeps his feelings under control. One day, during a meeting at work, Marc stormed out of the room and kicked the drinks machine so hard that the glass screen broke.

Suggest how a behaviourist psychologist might explain violent behaviour such as that shown by Marc. (4 marks) Plan and complete the essay question number 7. 7. Discuss the behaviourist approach in psychology. Refer to classical conditioning and operant conditioning in your answer. (10 marks) Total = 26 marks Extension – Plan and complete essay question number 8. 8. Describe the behaviourist approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used by behaviourist psychologists. (10 marks) Total = 36 marks

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Social Learning Theory – Private Study PSYB1c - Make a glossary of the following key terms for the Social Learning Theory: Observational learning modelling Role model Live model Symbolic model Significant other Vicarious reinforcement Vicarious punishment Mediating cognitive factors Examination Style Questions – PSYB1d Answer all of the short questions 1-6 1. Outline one key assumption of the Social Learning Theory (3 marks) 2. What do social learning theorists mean by mediating cognitive factors? (1 mark) 3. Using an example explain what is meant by vicarious reinforcement. (2 marks) 4. What do social learning theorists mean by the term role model? Give an example of a suitable role model for a teenage girl. (2 marks) 5. Describe the four conditions Bandura suggested were necessary for effective modelling to occur. (4 marks) 6. Explain one strength and one limitation of the Social Learning Theory. (4 marks) Plan and complete the essay question number 7. 7. Describe and discuss the social learning theory in psychology (10 marks) Total = 26 marks Extension – Plan and complete essay question number 8. 8. Describe the social learning theory in psychology and discuss similarities and differences between this theory and the behaviourist approach. Total = 36 marks

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The Cognitive Approach – Private Study PSYB1e - Make a glossary of the following key terms for the Cognitive Approach: Cognition Computer analogy schema Reconstructive memory Neural analogy Connectionist model Leading questions Examination Style Questions – PSYB1f Answer all of the short questions 1-5 1. Briefly explain one assumption of the cognitive approach in psychology. (2 marks) 2. Outline one reason why cognitive psychologists use models of mental processes. (2 marks) 3. Describe how cognitive psychologists use models to explain internal mental processes. Illustrate your answer with an example. (4 marks) 4. Describe one Key study used to support the cognitive approach. Include the aim, method, findings and conclusions in your answer. (4 marks) 5. Outline two strengths and two weaknesses of the cognitive approach in psychology (4 marks) Plan and complete the essay question number 9. 9. Describe the cognitive approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used in the cognitive approach. (10 marks) Total = 26 Extension – Plan and complete essay question number 10. 10. Describe and discuss the cognitive approach in psychology. Refer to evidence in your answer. (10 marks) Total = 36

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The Psychodynamic Approach – Private Study PSYB1g – Make a glossary of the following key terms for the Psychodynamic Approach: Conscious Preconscious Unconscious id ego superego Defence mechanism Psychosexual stages of development Oral aggressive Oral passive Anally retentive Anally expulsive PSYB1h – Examination Style Questions Answer all of the short questions 1-5 1. Katy is very anxious. She constantly chews her pen without realising it and cannot stop herself from biting her fingernails. Outline two assumptions of the psychodynamic approach. Refer to Katy in your answer. (4 marks) 2. Name and briefly describe one defence mechanism. Suggest how this defence mechanism might help a person to cope with the breakdown of a close relationship. (3 marks) 3. Emily very much wanted to pass her ballet examination, but after she failed the examination she did not seem upset. Suggest one defence mechanism and use your knowledge of this defence mechanism to explain why Emily was not upset after failing her ballet examination. (2 marks) 4. Name one of Freud’s psychosexual stages of development. Explain how an adult might demonstrate one behaviour associated with this stage of development. (3 marks) 5. Outline two criticisms of the psychodynamic approach. (4 marks) Plan and complete the essay question number 6. 6. Describe the psychodynamic approach to explaining human behaviour. Discuss strengths and limitations of this approach. (10 marks) Total = 26 marks Extension – Plan and complete essay question number 7. 7. Discuss the psychodynamic approach in psychology. Evaluate research methods used in the psychodynamic approach. (10 marks) Total = 36 marks

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The Humanistic Approach – Private Study PSYB1i – Make a glossary of the following key terms for the Humanistic Approach: Freewill Conditions of worth Self-concept congruence Incongruence Self-actualisation Unconditional positive regard PSYBj – Examination Style Questions Answer all of the short questions 1-8 1. Briefly explain one assumption of the humanistic approach in psychology. (2 marks) 2. What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth? Suggest how a parent might place conditions of worth on his or her child. (2 marks) 3. Humanistic psychologists have claimed that all individuals can achieve self-actualisation. Explain what is meant by self-actualisation. (2 marks) 4. Explain one problem with the concept of self-actualisation. (2 marks) What do humanistic psychologists mean by conditions of worth? Give an example of how a parent might set conditions of worth on his or her child. (2 marks) 5. Lesley is anxious and has low self-esteem. As a child, she felt that, no matter how hard she tried to please people, no one ever approved of her. She sometimes feels worthless. Referring to the humanistic approach, explain one possible cause of Lesley’s problems. (4 marks) 6. What do humanistic psychologists mean by free-will? Explain how an individual could demonstrate their free-will. (2 marks) 7. Explain one way in which the humanistic approach differs from the behaviourist approach in psychology. (2 marks) 8. Explain one strength and one limitation of the humanistic approach. (4 marks) Plan and complete the essay question number 9. 9. Describe and discuss the humanistic approach in psychology (10 marks) Total = 32 Extension – Plan and complete essay question number 10. 10. Describe and evaluate the humanistic approach in psychology. Refer to at least one other approach in your answer. (10 marks) Total = 42

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The Biological Approach – Private Study PSYB1k – Make a glossary of the following key terms for the Biological Approach: Genetics Heredity Genotype Phenotype Sexual selection The rooting reflex Evolution PSYB1 l – Examination Style Questions Answer all of the short questions 1-6 1. Outline one assumption of the biological approach in Psychology. (2 marks) 2. Outline what is meant by evolution. (2 marks) 3. Explain how one human or non-human behaviour may have resulted from the process of evolution. (2 marks) 4. Derek and David are identical twins. The twins were separated at birth and raised in very different families. Derek was given a healthy diet. David was raised in a poor environment where his family could not afford much food. When the twins were re-united at 40 years old, Derek was tall but David was much shorter. Distinguish between the terms genotype and phenotype. Refer to Derek and David in your answer. (6 marks) 5. Jake has a very stressful job. He is often late home from work and hardly gets any sleep. One night, Jake is so stressed and angry that he punches a door. Jake comes from a violent family. Suggest how a biological psychologist and a behavioural psychologist might explain Jake’s violent behaviour. (4 marks) 6. Explain one strength and one limitation of the biological approach(4 marks) Plan and complete the essay question number 7. 7. Discuss the biological approach in psychology. Refer to evidence in your answer. (10 marks) Total = 30 Extension – Plan and complete essay question number 8. 8. Describe the biological approach in psychology and discuss similarities and differences between the biological approach and the behaviourist approach. (10 marks) Total = 40

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PSYB1 m - Complete the Biopsychology workbook

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PSYB1 n – Create revision materials (mind maps, cue cards or notes) on psychological approaches and Biopsychology for the end of topic test 8