Bart Selman & Carla Gomes Cornell University Ryan Williams [PDF]

Bart Selman & Carla Gomes. Cornell University. Ryan Williams. Stanford → MIT. Scaling-up AI Systems: Insights from

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Idea Transcript


Scaling-­‐up  AI  Systems: Insights  from  Computational Complexity

Bart Selman & Carla Gomes Cornell University Ryan Williams Stanford à MIT

Computational  Complexity  Hierarchy EXP-­complete: games  like  Go,  …

Hard

EXP

PSPACE-­complete: QBF,  planning,  chess   (bounded),  …

#P-­complete/hard: #SAT,  sampling, probabilistic  inference,  …

PSPACE

MACHINES

P^#P PH

NP-­complete: SAT,  deep  learning,  propositional reasoning,  scheduling  …

NP

P-­complete: circuit-­value,  …

P

HUMANS

In  P: DB,  sorting,  shortest  path,  …

What  are  the  implications  for  human  understanding   of  machine  intelligence?

Easy 2

Focus:  Human  understanding  of   super-­intelligent  machines

Hypothesis: Even though machines are moving to higher levels of the computational complexity hierarchy, it may not necessarily be the case that humans won’t be able to understand their behaviors/decisions. Why? In earlier work, we showed how automated reasoning on very large reasoning problems (millions of variables) can often be understood in terms of the behavior of a small set (a few dozen) of key variables (“backdoor variables”). The machine can provide the backdoor variables (i.e., explains itself).

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Focus:  Human  understanding  of   super-­intelligent  machines,  cont.

So, at least in the context of automated reasoning, there is hope 1160  -­-­-­ +1  /  -­1s  elements for human understanding of complex machine reasoning. all  sums  of  sub-­sequences stay  between

More formally: When do we have short witnesses for complex -­2  and  +2/ #P / PSPACE; typical case) computational tasks? (NP-complete No  1161  sequence  exists!

Concrete challenge: Recent 8 GB machine proof of the Erdos discrepancy conjecture (conj. stated in 1932 ; solved 2014). Does a human accessible version exist? (likely… we conjecture)

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