Bone Pain and Weakness The most common problems affecting [PDF]

Bone Pain and Weakness. The most common problems affecting myeloma patients are pain and weakness in the ... Anemia: Mor

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Bone Pain and Weakness The most common problems affecting myeloma patients are pain and weakness in the bones. The malignant plasma cells affect the remodeling of bone, causing overpr oduction of the natural substances that dissolve bone. When plasmacytomas form i nside bones, the affected bones can develop soft spots or holes. Although these lesions can affect any bone, pain appears to be most common in the back, ribs an d hips. Even seemingly slight movements, such as coughing or turning over in bed , can be painful. Sometimes bones can become so weak they easily fracture. If the spinal bones become weak, they can collapse and press on nerves in the sp ine. Patients experiencing sudden and severe pain or numbness should contact the ir doctor immediately or seek emergency medical help. When pain adversely affects quality of life, symptoms can be controlled with ana lgesics or radiation therapy. Drugs are commonly prescribed to delay the deterio ration of bone. Unlike medications that alleviate pain directly, drugs for bone loss may take a few weeks to bring relief. Many patients also find that compleme ntary techniques, such as relaxation therapy, acupuncture and massage, can allev iate pain. Blood Effects Anemia: More than two-thirds of people with multiple myeloma experience anemia. In the blood, oxygen is carried throughout the body by hemoglobin, which is a pr otein nestled inside red blood cells. In addition to anemia from the disease, ch emotherapy can also impede the production of red blood cells. When the body s tiss ues can t get the oxygen they need, the result is fatigue. The severity of anemia is measured by a patient s level of hemoglobin. If the hemoglobin is too low, doct ors can help manage anemia with a blood transfusion or certain medications. If a patient s condition warrants it, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, or ESAs, may be prescribed to stimulate the production of red blood cells. However, altho ugh these drugs are well tolerated, they can be costly and introduce new risks ( for example, some studies have suggested they increase the risk of blood clots a nd, if used inappropriately, may shorten survival time), so the potential benefi ts and risks must be carefully considered. Although fatigue is associated with anemia, it can also be a side effect of some medications, stress and other underlying health conditions. Fatigue may be mana ged through diet (such as taking in more fluids and electrolytes), exercise and by treatment of anemia. Repeated Infection: Myeloma cells disrupt the balance of the immune system, crow ding out white blood cells that normally protect the body from invading viruses and bacteria. Myeloma cells do not produce antibodies to help fight infection, l eaving patients vulnerable to serious infections such as pneumonia and at risk for b ladder and kidney infections, skin infections and shingles. The production of no rmal white blood cells that help fight infection, including normal plasma cells, is also impeded by chemotherapy. A lower than normal number of white blood cell s is called leukopenia. Leukopenia usually resolves following treatment. Thrombocytopenia and Blood Clots: Some drugs, notably Velcade, might temporarily result in a higher risk of bleeding due to its effects on platelet formation in some patients particularly those who are taking medications or supplements that i nterfere with blood clotting. This side effect, known as thrombocytopenia, is te mporary in the majority of patients. Conversely, Revlimid and Thalomid treatment s increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (the formation of a clot or thromb us in a vein). The chances of venous thromboembolism can be reduced or prevented by adding aspirin to the treatment regimen.

Peripheral Neuropathy Patients experiencing tingling, numbness or pain in the extremities may have per ipheral neuropathy nerve damage that can be related to the myeloma itself or can o ccur as a side effect of treatment with Thalomid or Velcade. In the case of Thal omid, some of the damage can be irreversible, so patients should alert their doc tor if they start having symptoms while taking the drug. Neuropathy is usually r eversible and appears to occur less often in patients who are taking Velcade. If neuropathy develops while taking these drugs, the dosage may be lowered or the treatment discontinued. Certain medications can help with symptoms, but there are also practical steps t hat can be taken, such as massaging the feet and exercising regularly. Kidney Problems Some patients develop kidney problems even before receiving a diagnosis of multi ple myeloma. The kidneys remove waste and excess fluid from the body. Multiple m yeloma can damage kidneys, leading to a buildup of salt, fluid and potentially h armful waste products. Sometimes the damage comes from the calcium released as b one tissue dissolves. (High calcium can also cause other symptoms, such as exces sive thirst, constipation and even weakness and drowsiness.) Kidneys can also be come damaged by the abnormal proteins produced by myeloma cells. As blood filter s through the kidneys, the abnormal protein from myeloma cells can latch onto no rmal protein in urine. The two locked proteins are then too bulky to pass throug h the kidney s filtration system. Like clogged pipes, the tubes in the kidneys tha t filter the blood become more blocked over time. Early damage often has no symptoms and is generally discovered only through a bl ood or urine test. Symptoms of advanced kidney disease include itching, swelling in the legs, loss of appetite, fatigue and confusion. Renal problems can become so serious that they are often the cause of death for patients with multiple my eloma, which is why the kidney function is closely monitored during the course o f the disease. Treatment of multiple myeloma will reduce the amount of abnormal protein in the blood and allow the kidneys a chance to heal. It s also important for patients to stay hydrated and avoid medicines (such as ibuprofen) that can tax the kidneys. If damage to the kidneys is severe, patients may require dialysis or transplanta tion.

Nyeri tulang dan Kelemahan Masalah yang paling umum yang mempengaruhi pasien myeloma adalah nyeri dan kelem ahan pada tulang . Sel-sel plasma ganas mempengaruhi remodeling tulang , yang me nyebabkan kelebihan produksi zat alami yang larut tulang . Ketika plasmacytomas terbentuk di dalam tulang , tulang yang terkena dapat mengembangkan bintik lembu t atau lubang . Meskipun lesi ini dapat mempengaruhi tulang apapun, nyeri tampak nya paling umum di belakang, tulang rusuk dan pinggul . Bahkan gerakan yang tamp aknya sedikit, seperti batuk atau membalik di tempat tidur , bisa menyakitkan . Kadang-kadang tulang bisa menjadi begitu lemah mereka mudah patah. Jika tulang belakang menjadi lemah , mereka bisa runtuh dan menekan saraf di tul ang belakang . Pasien mengalami nyeri atau mati rasa mendadak dan berat harus me nghubungi dokter mereka segera atau minta bantuan medis darurat .

Ketika nyeri merugikan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup , gejala dapat dikontrol deng an analgesik atau terapi radiasi . Obat umumnya diresepkan untuk menunda kerusak an tulang . Tidak seperti obat-obat yang mengurangi rasa sakit secara langsung , obat-obatan untuk keropos tulang dapat memakan waktu beberapa minggu untuk memb awa bantuan . Banyak pasien juga menemukan bahwa teknik pelengkap , seperti tera pi relaksasi , akupunktur dan pijat , dapat mengurangi rasa sakit . Efek darah Anemia : Lebih dari dua - pertiga penderita mengalami anemia multiple myeloma . Dalam darah , oksigen dibawa ke seluruh tubuh oleh hemoglobin , yang merupakan p rotein terletak di dalam sel darah merah . Selain anemia dari penyakit ini , kem oterapi juga dapat menghambat produksi sel darah merah . Ketika jaringan tubuh t idak bisa mendapatkan oksigen yang mereka butuhkan , hasilnya adalah kelelahan . Tingkat keparahan anemia diukur dengan tingkat pasien hemoglobin . Jika hemoglo bin terlalu rendah , dokter dapat membantu menangani anemia dengan transfusi dar ah atau obat tertentu . Jika kondisi waran pasien itu , agen eritropoiesis - merangsang , atau ESA , mun gkin diresepkan untuk merangsang produksi sel darah merah . Namun, meski obat in i ditoleransi dengan baik , mereka dapat mahal dan memperkenalkan risiko baru ( misalnya, beberapa studi telah menyarankan mereka meningkatkan risiko pembekuan darah dan , jika digunakan tidak tepat , dapat mempersingkat waktu kelangsungan hidup ) , sehingga potensi manfaat dan risiko harus hati-hati dipertimbangkan se cara . Meskipun kelelahan dikaitkan dengan anemia , juga dapat menjadi efek samping dar i beberapa obat , stres dan kondisi kesehatan lain yang mendasarinya . Kelelahan dapat dikelola melalui diet ( seperti mengambil di lebih banyak cairan dan elek trolit ) , latihan dan dengan pengobatan anemia . Infeksi berulang : sel Myeloma mengganggu keseimbangan sistem kekebalan tubuh , crowding out sel darah putih yang biasanya melindungi tubuh dari menyerang virus dan bakteri . Sel-sel myeloma tidak memproduksi antibodi untuk membantu melawan infeksi , meninggalkan pasien rentan terhadap infeksi seperti pneumonia serius dan beresiko kandung kemih dan infeksi ginjal , infeksi kulit dan herpes zoster . Produksi sel darah putih yang normal yang membantu melawan infeksi , termasuk sel-sel plasma normal, juga terhambat oleh kemoterapi . A lebih rendah dari juml ah normal sel darah putih yang disebut leukopenia . Leukopenia biasanya sembuh s etelah pengobatan . Trombositopenia dan Gumpalan darah : Beberapa obat , terutama Velcade , mungkin sementara menimbulkan risiko tinggi perdarahan karena efek terhadap pembentukan trombosit pada beberapa pasien - terutama mereka yang menggunakan obat atau supl emen yang mengganggu pembekuan darah . Sisi ini efek , yang dikenal sebagai trom bositopenia , bersifat temporer pada sebagian besar pasien . Sebaliknya , perawa tan Revlimid dan Thalomid meningkatkan risiko tromboemboli vena ( pembentukan gu mpalan atau trombus di pembuluh darah ) . Kemungkinan tromboemboli vena dapat di kurangi atau dicegah dengan menambahkan aspirin untuk rejimen pengobatan . Neuropati perifer Penderita mengalami kesemutan , mati rasa atau nyeri pada ekstremitas perifer mu ngkin memiliki kerusakan neuropati - saraf yang dapat berhubungan dengan myeloma sendiri atau dapat terjadi sebagai efek samping dari pengobatan dengan Thalomid atau Velcade . Dalam kasus Thalomid , beberapa kerusakan dapat diubah , sehingg a pasien harus memberitahukan dokter mereka jika mereka mulai mengalami gejala s aat mengambil obat . Neuropati biasanya reversibel dan tampaknya terjadi lebih s ering pada pasien yang mengambil Velcade . Jika neuropati berkembang saat mengam bil obat ini , dosis dapat diturunkan atau pengobatan dihentikan .

Obat-obat tertentu dapat membantu dengan gejala , tetapi ada juga langkah-langka h praktis yang dapat diambil , seperti memijat kaki dan berolahraga secara terat ur . Masalah ginjal Beberapa pasien mengembangkan masalah ginjal bahkan sebelum menerima diagnosis m ultiple myeloma . Ginjal membuang limbah dan kelebihan cairan dari tubuh . Multi ple myeloma dapat merusak ginjal , yang mengarah ke penumpukan garam , cairan da n produk limbah yang berpotensi membahayakan . Kadang-kadang kerusakan berasal d ari kalsium dirilis sebagai jaringan tulang larut . (Kalsium tinggi juga dapat m enyebabkan gejala lain, seperti rasa haus yang berlebihan , sembelit dan bahkan kelemahan dan mengantuk . ) Ginjal juga dapat menjadi rusak oleh protein abnorma l yang dihasilkan oleh sel-sel myeloma . Sebagai filter darah melalui ginjal, pr otein abnormal dari sel-sel myeloma dapat latch ke protein normal dalam urin . D ua protein terkunci tersebut kemudian terlalu besar untuk melewati sistem penyar ingan ginjal . Seperti pipa tersumbat , tabung di ginjal yang menyaring darah me njadi lebih diblokir dari waktu ke waktu . Kerusakan dini sering tidak memiliki gejala dan umumnya ditemukan hanya melalui darah atau tes urine . Gejala penyakit ginjal lanjut termasuk gatal , bengkak pa da kaki , kehilangan nafsu makan , kelelahan dan kebingungan . Masalah ginjal da pat menjadi begitu serius sehingga mereka sering menjadi penyebab kematian bagi pasien dengan multiple myeloma , yang mengapa fungsi ginjal dimonitor selama per jalanan penyakit . Pengobatan multiple myeloma akan mengurangi jumlah protein abnormal dalam darah dan memungkinkan ginjal kesempatan untuk sembuh . Ini juga penting bagi pasien u ntuk tetap terhidrasi dan menghindari obat-obatan ( seperti ibuprofen ) yang dap at pajak ginjal . Jika kerusakan ginjal parah , pasien mungkin memerlukan dialis is atau transplantasi .

http://www.curetoday.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/article.showArticleByTumorType/id/ 821/tumorCategory/Myeloma/article_id/1844

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