LASA 2001 Washington, D.C. Panel:
Abolición y Literatura en Latinoamérica RAE01
? Brazilian Slave Texts: Abolition, Literature and Criticism? ? 2001 Robert Krueger University of Northern Iowa [This working paper is for use exclusively at the LASA 2001 convention. Citation requires author? s permission. Fuller bibliographic support is available.
[email protected]] ABSTRACT: Brazil produced few slave narratives. Brazilian abolitionist literature was minimally informed by slave authors or texts. Cuba presents the most advanced study of slave literature; Hispanic America is similar to Brazil. What the slaves themselves said or wrote is valuable to the study of slavery and literature. This author? s first collection of Brazilian slave narratives and texts is studied for its value to anti-slavery and anti-racist literature. Introduction: Brazil, the largest American slavocracy, had a tardy and weak abolitionist movement, both in Literature and Politics. This study addresses why Brazil produced so few slave or ex-slave narratives, transcripts or other texts. Unlike North America and the Caribbean, Brazilian abolitionist literature, while rich and powerful, was minimally informed by real slave or ex-slave authors or texts. By the time of the 1860 abolition in the United States, thousands of North American ? slave narratives? sui generis had been published in the U.S.--nothing of the kind occurred in Brazil or Latin America. While Cuba presents the most advanced study of slave literature, Hispanic America is similar to Brazil in both its small amount of slave texts and its underdeveloped study of slave expression, despite the presence of a mature historiography and humanities scholarship. Clearly, what the slaves themselves said or wrote is of great value to the study of slavery and literature. This research project has assembled the first collection of Brazilian slave narratives and texts. The panel presentation will examine the nature of this primary corpus of Brazilian slave texts, focus on selections of Brazilian slave writings and dictations and evaluate their relation to anti-slavery and anti-racist literature and criticism.
Krueger/LASA2001:
1
Literature about slaves: There is overwhelmingly more literature about slaves, by non-slaves, than by slaves themselves. Examination of the Brazilian literary canon shows that abolitionist literature directly informed by slaves or ex-slaves is extremely rare, with Luis Gama being a special case. This begs for the search for the Brazilian slave texts, voices, in order to even address the literary canon and its critical paradigm, which would be a subsequent project. Brazilian slave texts: The creation of a corpus of Brazilian slave texts is essential research activity. [This paper will not go into the sourcing of such documents as slave texts. The sources are both published, individually by historians, and archival, where we have found and collected inédita originals. Sourcing a slave text is exciting restorative research which can lead to real criticism. Our most recent journey through Portuguese archives is an example of the analytical challenges such texts present, as in the testimonies of Brazilian slaves, both African and crioulo, brought before the Holy Inquisition on charges of superstition and bigomy.] Nothing compares to the power and meaning of these slaves? expressions. Self-portrayal is a core issue of slavery--the slave's own expression must figure into the study of slavery and its literature. Self-expression, self-imaging, selfrepresentation, self-identification, self-reflection.., selfliberation. Here we might study how the documentary, along with the visual, artistic, cultural self-descriptions by Brazilian slaves, reflects a unique perspective. Twelve years ago, in the midst of studying the U.S. ? Slave narrative? genre, I turned to my Luso-Brazilian specialty and read Robert Conrad? s Children of God? s Fire. A documentary history of black slavery in Brazil (1984). Conrad included several texts written or dictated by Brazilian slaves and exslaves. Immediately, I wanted to read the Brazilian ? slave narratives? . The North American slave narrative was a type of letters sui generis, and eventually theorized and incorporated as a true genre. North American slaves and ex-slaves had produced a large and rich body of literature by the time of abolition. I was anxious to read the literary equivalent in Brazil. Why Brazil? The Luso-Brazilian empire enslaved more Black Africans for a longer time than other ? western? nations, with many consequences today. However, I did not encounter a collection of slave texts for the largest slavocracy. That there should be assembled a body of Krueger/LASA2001:
2
Brazilian slave texts has always seemed obvious. I decided to redefine the research project. Already having collected together a few slave texts from anthologists, I broadened the search criteria to include not only narratives but any kind of text written or dictated by Brazilian slaves and ex-slaves. The very expert and generous Brazilian and Brazilianist historians and their publications are the richest sources for disparately edited slave texts. Other sources include archives, inédita, and private holders. This projects assembles the few precious slave texts together in a researched corpus for the first time. We find only one extensive Brazilian ? slave narrative? sui generis, along with a few other autobiographic sketches. To date, for four-hundred years of slavery, the collection consists of nearly 120 texts, comprising approximately 700 pages, produced by 126 slave or ex-slaves authors. Why so few Brazilian slave texts, compared to North America? To sense just how few slave texts, allow the following cliometric observation: FIGURE 1 372 yrs (447) 5-18 million 126 120+ 700+ pp 0.09% 112 yrs. 1860 US
Luso-Braz. slavery 1516-1888(Port. 1441) Brazilian slaves Brazilian slave/ex-slave "authors" number of "Brazilian slave texts" number of estimated pages literacy of slave pop. 1872 since 1888 Abolition (2000) 6,000 "slave narratives" in 400+ bks
Sources: Goulart, Schwartz, Ellis, Conrad, Jackson
A preliminary explanation of the factors as to why there are so comparably few Brazilian slave narratives or texts would be necessary here (including such as preliterate Catholicism; preindustrial society; late and weak abolitionist movement; racism). But let us consider an inventory list of the currently collected slave texts: (the numbers are raw data, but representative enough for a rough diagrammatic)
Krueger/LASA2001:
3
FIGURE 2 Inventory of Brazilian Slave Texts
year(s)
authorship id.
(1516-1700 1700's 1720 1751 1750-60's
First slaves-no texts) Inquisition defendants petition to king last will Santa Rosa(1718-65)
1770 1787 1789 1789 1832 1835 1835 1838 1838-41
Esperança, petition last will Ilheus treaty J.Baptista sells herself Campinas conspiracy Gertrudes, petition Malê revolt Bahia M.Congo quilombo C.Bento - Balaiada
1843 1848 1849 1849 1854 1860-80's 1870-80's 1871 1876 1880's 1887 (1888 1945-96
J.Eden, testimony 2 escapees, testimony Queimado revolt Augustino, testimony Baquaqua, memoirs/letters Luis Gama 24 rebels, testimony Porcinco, testimony João, petition Inácio, oral poet woman assassin/confession Abolition) 6 exslaves interviews Mariano _________________________ 130+ slave authors
____________ 2001
text type
pp.#
transcript/30 slaves letter-autograph testament 25 letters, bk ms, tracts, dictation letter testament doc. Autograph contract transcript/33 slaves letter transcript/14 slaves transcript/17 slaves proclamation transcript transcript transcript report transcript (auto)biography bk poetry, journalism transcript transcript letter/transcript transcriptions report
226 1 8 300 1 7 2 1 29 1 10 48 2 2 1 2 2 3 65 136 6 4 1 21 1 5 20 _____ 905
interviews 2 interviews ____________________ autograph/transcript
(Discussion: lacunae; predominance of a few individuals; textual typology; actual & reported quantity of texts; condition of texts; authentication issues)
Krueger/LASA2001:
4
Any theory of the corpus of Brazilian slave texts would have to account for the modalities of slave expression, to separate the verbatim from the extremely distorted words attributed to slaves.
The various slavocratic agencies and mediations would
need be accounted for in the search for authentic slave expression, whether full text or fragments.
Consider, e.g., the
comparison between free autographic or coscriptive text producers (Santa Rosa, Baquaqua, Gama, Mariano Perreira dos Santos) and the tortured nature of court-transcribed testimony extracted from slaves accused of mutiny or murder or heresies, while they enjoyed no human legal status above a máquina, a peça, or an animal.
But any further theorization of the heuristics and the
hermeneutics, or even the epistemology of these texts will always sense the collection? s poietic effect in which the corpus reverberates as chorus, or even ópera.
The following diagram is intended to demonstrate some of the complex issues facing the theorization of the corpus of Brazilian slave texts.
Krueger/LASA2001:
5
FIGURE 3 Comparative Modes of Brazilian Slave Text Production: (samples) (# texts/# pages) or (# pages) Autographic A.Fernandes letter (1/1) Esperança letter (1/1) S.Rosa 25 letters & tracts (50) Ilheus Treaty (1/2) Gertrudes letter (1/1) Baquaqua 6 letters (English) (6/8) Gama poems,articles (136)
Dictation coscriptive/verbatim: ? S.Rosa letters & tracts (50) ? 2 testaments (15) ? Baquaqua memoirs (68) ? C.Bento proclam.(2) ? Inácio troubadour (21) Interviews (6/25)
transcription / trial testimony ? Inquisition 30 defendants (200+) ? S.Rosa Inquis. testimony (200) ? 10 trials 114 defendants (104) non-trial: ? Aug.& J.Eden (2/5) J.Baptista contract (1)
(Discussion: restriction of expression; Rosa? s 1,000 folhas burned; recording modes & agencies; auto-/co-/tran-scription) A descriptive table of contents of the collection (see Appendix A) would show how I decided upon a dialectical arrangement of the slave texts--starting with the recent interviews of the last living ex-slaves, and then moving on to the voluminous writings of Santa Rosa Egipcíaca, a venereal slave turned Baroque mystic and Brazil? s first Black woman writer, and moving on to the chronologically arranged texts produced by various slave rebellions throughout Brazilian history, followed by the texts of individual slaves, and then turning attention to Brazil? s only extensive ? slave narrative? by Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua, then the slave troubadour Inácio da Catingueira, and finally focusing on the writings of the revolutionary abolitionist republican ex-slave Luis Gama. The next step would be the in-depth explication and reproduction of the slave texts proper in the arrangement just outlined. Examining even excerpts, we might sense the uniqueness of the slave author? s lifeview in such a way as to better understand historical slavery and combat human bondage in our own time. Excerpts from Selected Brazilian Slave Texts: ? [The slave masters] fazia[m] só o que eles queriam.
E manda
Krueger/LASA2001:
6
tirar a roupa de um homem ou de uma moça, ou de uma muiê. E fazia dançar pelado, ali. E, então, é que eu conto...não quero alembrar.? ? Comendo em cuia de purungo; em cochinho de madeira. Racionadao, ainda! Não era comida, assim, como agora.? ? ...agora [1982], depois da liberação, tamos na glória!...agora, com os pés no chão...depois da liberação...éramos passarinhos...sem nada? Mariano Pereira dos Santos, 1982 interviews with the 122 year old ex-slave from Paraná. ? ...meu querido Esposo [Jesus] de minha alma...Bem conheço que para vós não são necessárias letras de mão, mas só sim, porque é costume entre namorados cartear-se uns aos outros com afago de amor...? ? ? Tu [Rosa] serás a abelha mestra recolhida no cortiço do amor, fabicareis o doce favo de mel para pores na mesa do celestial banqueteado, para sustento e alimento dos seus amigos e convidados [de Deus].? ? ? ? [Rosa é a] Rainha dos vivos/Juíza dos mortos.? ? ? Eu sou Deus.? "Santa" Rosa Egipcíaca (1718-1765), an ex-venereal-slave become saint. ? ...we were chained together, and tied with ropes round our necks, and were thus drawn to the sea shore. The ship was lying some distance off. I had never seen a ship before, and my idea of it was, that it was some object of worship of the white man. I imagined that we were all to be slaughtered, and were being led there for that purpose.? ? ...I [tried] to raise myself in his [my Brazilian owner? s] opinion, by being very attentive and obedient; but it was all the same, do what i would , I found I had a tyrant to serve, nothing seemed to satisfy him, so I took to drinking likewise, then we were all of a sort, bad master, bad slave...? ? I have consulted some of my friends and no objections have been made yet to my going to Africa...I think I shall not remain in the United States long, unless the prospect opens for me to return to my native land...but if not I think I shall go to Canada, and then fear I shall give up going entirely...This lady they speak of, she is very good friends to the colored people. I got acquainted with her about three years ago. She was very good friend to me. About four months ago they began to talk about her and I...I [have learned] to be very careful I dont go out much. I Study my books, this all...I feel I may do more good in Africa than I can here... Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua's 1854 account. ? Tu [filho] evita a amizade e as relações dos grandes homens; eles são como o oceano que aproxima-se das costas para corroer os penados...Combate com ardor o trono, a indigencia e Krueger/LASA2001:
7
ignorancia...trabalha...para que este país [esteja] sem rei e sem escravos...crê unicamente na autoridade da razão, e não te alies jamais a seita alguma religiosa.? ? ...o escravo que mata o senhor, que cumpre uma prescrição inevitavel de direito natural...quando, porém, por uma força invencivel, por um ímpeto indomável, por um movimento revoltado, levantam-se (os negros) como a razão, e matam o senhor, como Lusbel mataria Deus!? ? Quero que o mundo me encarando veja/um retumbante ? Orfeu de carapinha? ,/que a lira desprezando, por mesquinha,/ao som descanta de marimba augusta.? ? Se o muito que sinto/Não posso dizer,/Do pouco que sei/Não quero escrever.? Luis Gama (1830-1882). ___________________________________________
APPENDIX A:
Descriptive Table of Contents:
Millions of Voices, a Few Precious Pages. First Collection of Brazilian Slave Texts The researched, explicated and illustrated first collection of texts produced by Brazilian slaves and ex-slaves, dating from the 17th century to 2000, and ranging from interviews, trial testimony, testaments, letters, and autobiography, to poetry, journalism, and oratory. Full English translation of original texts. Organized thematically and historically. For information regarding the Portuguese edition of this project, contact:
[email protected] I.
Introduction to the corpus of Afro-Brazilian slave and ex-slave texts. Historical background to the texts. Discussion of theoretical issues (conditions and discourse; writing and orality, literacy and slavery; modes and agencies; expression and bondage)
II.
Final Voices ? Maria do Carmo Gerônimo, the oldest woman in the world, born a slave in 1871, 17 years old at 1888 abolition, in 1995, at age 124 gives interviews (d. 14 June 2000). ? Mariano Pereira dos Santos, two 1982 interviews with the 122 year old ex-slave, his accounts of rural slave and emancipated life in Paraná. ? Maria "Chatinha" Benedita da Rocha, a 1981 interview with an Afro-indigenous ex-slave--her accounts of urban slave and emancipated life in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Krueger/LASA2001:
8
? Maria Augusta, a 113 year-old ex-slave, in 1975, interviews about her slave life in Minas Gerais. ? Inácia Maria da Trindade, at 115 years of age, in 1970, an ex-slave interviews about slave life in Paraná. ? Feliciano Joaquim, a 90-year old ex-slave gives a 1945 depoimento/statement to Artur Ramos in Rio de Janeiro. III. An Extraordinary Heresy. Sex, Slavery and the Church-Tropicalist Baroque Ideology of Soulful Liberation. ? "Santa" Rosa Egipcíaca (1718-1765), an African Brazilian Saint. An ex-venereal-slave turns Baroque Mysticism against slavery and the Inquisition. IV.
Slave victims of the Holy Inquisition. Trial testimonies of slaves accused of crimes against the Church and nature. ? Various slave defendents and witnesses testimony before the Holy officers and Inquisitors in Brazil and Portugal.
V.
Slave Texts of Revolt and Resistance. Writing and Transcripting the Collective Struggle for Freedom and Justice. ? Gregório Luis, rebel leader and author of an extrordinary peace treaty of self-liberated slaves sueing their beligerent former owner for peace, Ilhéus, Bahia, 1789. ? Marcelino, Diogo Rebelo, and other slave rebels, trial testimony of literate and illiterate slaves of their massive, highly organized conspiracy at armed revolt and self-liberation, Campinas, São Paulo, 1832. ? Trial testimony of participants, conspirators and bystanders in the Malê slave and freedmen revolt in Bahia, 1835. ? Manoel Congo, and women and men slave rebels of the Krueger/LASA2001:
9
1838 quilombo revolt, Pati de Alferes, Rio de Janeiro, trial testimonies. ? Cosme Bento das Chagas, ex-slave leader of the "Balaiada" revolt in Maranhão, 1838-1841, pronouncements and trial testimony. ? The Queimado insurrectionists, 1849, Espirito Santo, reports of ex-slave leaders Chico Prego, Elisário, João, and others. ? Bonifácio and others, 1872 trial testimony of slave market rebels, Rio de Janeiro. ? Other slave documents of revolts and movements (Palmares, Inconfidência mineira, Praieira, Cabanagem, Quebra-Quilo, Curunkango, various quilombolas, riots and crimes). VI.
The Individual Slave and Ex-slave in the Struggle for Freedom and Justice. Petitions and Testimonies. ? António Fernandes. A slave's letters of petition to the king of Portugal pleading for justice in his wrongful imprisonment and torture in Bahia of the 1720's. ? Esperança Garcia, "Eu Sou huma escrava/I am A 1770 letter of petition to the govenor for against a cruel master, his brutality of her separation of her family. Her appeal on the Catholic principles.
a slave..." protection children and basis of
? Joanna Baptista, a desperate cafuza mother contracts her own enslavement to provide for her children, Pará, 1789. ? Gertrudes Maria de Conceição. An emancipada/freedwoman's letter protesting her illegal reenslavement, 1835. ? John Eden. "Statement to British offials aboard 'Her Majesty's ship Crescent' in Rio de Janeiro," in 1843, concerning his illegal enslavement in Brazil and England. ? Antônio Cabinda and Maria Mina. Testimony of slave comrades who conspire to escape to a quilombo/fugitive Krueger/LASA2001:
10
community, 1848. ? Augustino. His statement made before the Select Committee on the Extinction of the Slave Trade, House of Lords, London, 1849. ? José Porcinco Martins. Testimony of a BrazilianUruguayan ex-slave reenslaved in frontier southern Brazil, 1871. ? João. A slave petitions for protection from his exmaster for stealing his manumission money and illegally reselling him, 1876. ? A slave woman assassin confesses to murdering her master, 1887. VII. Wills and Testaments. Rare autobiographical moments at critical moments of life. Libertos, ex-slaves bare their souls upon writing or dictating their final wills and testaments. ? 1751 Final will and testament of Paullo de Almeida. A will in which the ex-slave disposes of several slaves acquired during freedom. ? 1787 Final Will and Testament of Catherina Fernandes, a wealthy ex-slave of Goiás. VIII. A singular Brazilian slave autobiography. The only known Brazilian 'slave narrative.' ? Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua's 1854 account of his capture and enslavement in Africa, the middle crossing, his ordeals and masters in Brazil, his liberation by abolitionists in New York, his education in Haiti by North American Baptists, his English narration in Detroit, and his journey to Canada and England. IX:
Slave and Ex-Slave Brazilian Poets. Historical background to Brazilian literary figures born to slaves, such as João de Cruz e Sousa and Domingos Caldas Barbosa. ? Luis Gama (1830-1882). Illegally enslaved by his father, separated from his famous revolutionary mother, educated Krueger/LASA2001:
11
while a slave in São Paulo, earned his own manumission, armed liberator of hundreds of slaves, insubordinate soldier, great orator, lawyer for slaves' rights, major early abolitionist figure, radical republican, journalist, chronicler and poet. Here the first extensive English translations of substantial selections of his poetry, chronicles, and journalism. ? Inácio da Catingueira. Famous trovador poet slave of the Brazilian northeast sertão/backlands, heydays 1860-1880's. X.
Echoes (cultural expressions, crafts and arts). Journalistic, witness and scholarly reports of individual, collective, and anonymous slave voices: popular sayings, verses, slogans, paintings, plastic arts and crafts, etc. ? Popular and national cultures. The Linguistic heritage of slavery. Religious (condomblê, macumba, syncretisms). Arts (painters, sculptors, actors, dances, musicians). Oral history (descendents of slaves, heritage of slavery)
XI.
Conclusions. today.
The value of slave texts to Brazil and the World
XII. Appendices. Facsimiles and reproductions of original texts and supporting documents. XIII. Bibliographies of primary and secondary sources. XIV. Index (name and subject; cross referential). _________________________ APPENDIX B: Selected Bibliography Selected from a bibliography of 300+ items. Abbreviations: CCR - Comparative Civilizations Review; EE - Estudos Econômicos; EI Estudos Iberoamericanos; HAHR - Hispanic American Historical Review; IARB - Inter-American Review of Bibiliography; JLAS - Journal of Latin American Studies; LBR - Luso-Brazilian Review; RA - Revista de Antropologia; RBEP - Revista Brasileira de Estudos Políticos; RBH Revista Brasileira de História; RH - Revista de História; RIEB Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros; RIHGB - Revista do Instituto Histórico Geográfico Brasileiro. Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de.
"Escravos e proletários (imigrantes Krueger/LASA2001:
12
portugueses e cativos africanos no Rio de Janeiro, 1850-1872)." Novos Estudos (julho 1988). Algranti, Leila Mezan. "Os registros da polícia e seu aproveitamento para a história do Rio de Janeiro: Escravos e Libertos." RH 119 (1985-1988): 115-125. Algranti, Leila Mezan. "Slave crimes: The use of police power to control the slave population of Rio de Janeiro." LBR 25:1 (1988): 27-48. Almada, Vilma Paraíso Ferreira de. Escravismo e transição: O Espíritu Santo (1850/188). Rio de Janeiro: Grall, 1984. P. 137. Almeida, Atila de. Dicionário Bibliográfico de Repentistas e Poetas de Bancada. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1984. Almeida, Pedro Ramos de. Portugal e a escravatura em África: cronologia do século XV ao século XX. Lisboa: Estampa, 1978. Andrade, Manuel Correia de. "Transição do trabalho escravo para o trabalho livre no Nordeste açucareiro: 1850-1888." Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica/Estudos Econômicos 13:1 (1983): 71-83. Archives and Manuscripts on Microfilm in the Nettie Lee Benson Latin American Collection. Comp. Jane Garner. Austin: University of Texas at Austin/The General Libraries, 1980. The Art of the Slave Narrative: Original Essays in Criticism and Theory. Ed. John Sekora and Darwin T. Turner. Western Illinois University, 1982. Azevedo, Célia Maria Marinho de. Onda negra, medo branco: o negro no imaginário das elites--século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1987. Azevedo, Elciene. Orfeu de Carapinha. A trajetória de Luiz Gama na imperial cidade de São Paulo. Campinas, SP: Unicamp, 1999. Baquaqua, Mahommah Gordo. Biography of Mahommah G.Baquaqua, A Native of Zoogoo, in the Interior of Africa...Written and Revised from His Own Words, by Samuel Moore. Detroit: Geo. E. Pomeroy & Comp., 1854. Bardecchi, Pedro Brasil. "Conceituação do escravo face às escrituras de compra e venda." RIEB 8 (1970): 133-140. Bastide, Roger.
"The Other Quilombos."
Maroon Societies. Krueger/LASA2001:
Ed. 13
Richard Price. New York: Beiguelman, Paula.
Anchor, 1973.
191-201.
A crise do escravismo e a grande imigração.
Bernd, Zilá. Negritude e literatura na América Latina. Mercado Aberto, 1987.
Porto Alegre:
Bernd, Zilá. "Bibliografia específica sobre literatura negra no Brasil." RA 29 (1986): 175-183. Bethell, Leslie. The abolition of the Brazilian slave trade: Britain, Brazil and the slave trade question, 1807-1869. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Black Latin America. A Bibliography. Los Angeles: University-Latin American Studies Center, 1977.
California State
Boschi, Caio César. Os leigos e o poder (Irmandades leigas e política colonizadora em Minas Gerais). São Paulo, 1986. Boxer, Charles Ralph. Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: 1415-1825. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1963. Boxer, Charles Ralph. "Nova e curiosa relaãço (1764), a dialogue attacking ill- treatment of Negro slaves in Brazil." Race 3 (1964): 38-47. Los
Boxer, Charles Ralph. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. Angeles, CA: University of California Press, 1964. Brookshaw, David. Race and Color in Brazilian Literature. NJ: Scarecrow, 1986.
Metuchen,
Buescu, Mircea. "Situação dos escravos no século XIX." (July-Sept. 1982): 145-147.
RIHGB 336
Burlamaque, Frederico L. C. Analytica açerca do commercio d'escravo e açerca dos malles da escravidão doméstica. Rio de Janeiro: Typ. Commercial Fluminense, 1837. Burns, E. Bradford. Documentary History of Brazil.NY, NY: Knopf, 1966. Burns, E. Bradford. "Manuel Querino's interpretation of the African contribution to Brazil." ASNLH/J 59:1 (Jan. 1974): 78-86. Krueger/LASA2001:
14
Butterfield, Stephen. Black Autobiography in America. Univ. of Massachusetts Press, 1974. Cadernos (1962).
Brasileiros,
Calmon, Pedro.
(núm.espec.sobre
"Luís Gama."
o
negro
Amherst, MA:
brasileiro)
RIHGB 337 (Out-Dez 1982):
IV:41
179-184.
Cardoso, Ciro Flamarion S. "The peasant breach in the slave system: New developments in Brazil." LBR 25:1 (1988): 49-57. Cardoso, Gerald. Negro slavery in the sugar plantations of Veracruz and Pernambuco, 1550-1680. Wash., D.C.: Univ.Press of America, 1983. Carneiro, Edison. Tecnoprint, 1967.
Antologia do negro brasileiro.
Carvalho, José Geraldo Vidigal de. Janeiro: Presença, 1985.
Rio de Janeiro:
A igreja e a escravidão.
Rio de
Carvalho-Neto, Paulo de. "Notícia sobre uma inédita coleção de documentos afro-brasileiros." RH 50:100 (Oct.-Dec. 1974): 705-709. Carvalho-Neto, Paulo de. "Folklore of the Black Struggle in Latin America." Latin American Perspective 5:2 (Sept. 1978): 53-88. Chalhoub, Sidney. "Medo branco de Almas Negras: Escravos, Libertos E Republicanos na Cidade do Rio,? RBH 8:16 (1988): 83-105. Chalhoub, Sidney. ? Slaves, freedmen and the politics of freedom in Brazil: The experience of blacks in the city of Rios,? Slavery and Abolition (London, Dec. 1989). Chalhoub, Sidney. Visões da liberdade: uma história das últimas décadas da esravidão na corte. SP: Comp. Das Letras, 1990. Chiavenatto, Julio José. O negro no Brasil da senzala à Guerra do Paraguai. São Paulo : Brasiliense, 1980. Ciência Hoje, encarte especial, "Escravidão: novas visões" 1988). Conrad, Robert.
8:48 (nov
The Destruction of Brazilian Slavery, 1850-1888. Krueger/LASA2001:
15
Berkeley, CA:
Univ. of CA Press, 1972.
Conrad, Robert. World of Sorrow. The African Slave Trade to Brazil. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986. Conrad, Robert. "Neither Slave Nor Free: 1818-1868."HAHR 53:1 (Feb. 1973): 50-70.
The Emancipados of Brazil,
Conrad, Robert. Children of God's Fire: A Documentary History of Black Slavery in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Pr., 1983. P.333-335. Costa, Emílio Viotti de. Europea do Livro, 1966.
Da Senzala à Colônia.
Cristoforo, Catharina. "A Brasileiros." RIEB 28 (1988):
África no 157-185.
São Paulo:
Instituto
de
Difusão
Estudos
Davidson, Basil. The African Slave Trade. Precolonial History 14501850. (Orig. title Black Mother). Boston: Little & Brown, 1961. Dean, Warren. "A Slave Autograph, São Paulo, 1876." Review 7:1 (Sum. 1970): 81-83. Depoimentos de Escravos Brasileiros. Diggs, Ellen Irene. of the slave trade.
np:
Luso-Brazilian
Ícone, nd.
Black chronology from 4000B.C. to the abolition Boston: GK Hall, 1983.
Os documentos árabes do Arquivo do Estado da Bahia. Ed. Rolf Reichert. Salvador: Univ. Fed. da Bahia, Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais, 1970. Dornas Filho, João.
A escravidão no Brasil.
Rio de Janeiro, 1939.
Eisenberg, Peter L. "Escravo e proletário na história do Brasil." 13:1 (Jan-Abr 83): 55-69.
EE
Ellis, David. Etzel, Eduardo. Escravidão negra e branco: presente. São Paulo: Global, 1976.
O passado através do
Ewbank, Thomas. Life in Brazil, or a Journal of a Visit to the Land of the Cocoa and the Palm. New York, 1856.
Krueger/LASA2001:
16
Fernandes, Floristan. Difel, 1972.
O negro no mundo dos brancos.
Ferrara, Miriam Nicolau. RBH (março-agosto 1985).
São Paulo:
"A imprensa negra paulista (1915-1963)."
Ferrer, Ada. "Gilberto Freyre: A problem in the history of Brazilain slavery." IARB 38:2 (1988): 196-211. Figueiredo, Ariosvaldo. O negro e a violência do branco. Janeiro: José Álvaro, 1977.
Rio de
Flory, Thomas H. "Race and Social Control in Independent Brazil." JLAS 9:2 (Nov 77): 199-224. Foster, Francis Smith. Witnessing Slavery: Antebellum Slave Narratives. Westport, CT: Freitas, Décio. 1974.
Insurreições Escravas.
Freitas, Décio.
The Development of Greenwood Press, 1979.
Porto Alegre:
Movimento,
Escravidão de índios e negros no Brsil.
Freyre, Gilberto. O escravo nos anúncios de jornais brasileiros do século XIX. Recife, 1963. Gama, Luis.
Primeiras Trovas Burlescas, 1859.
Gama, Luis. A lírica de Luiz Gama. São Paulo: Atlântico, 1944.
Em apêndice a celebre Bodarrada.
Gama, Luis. Trovas burlescas & escritos em prosa. São Paulo: Cultura, 1944.
Ed. Fernando Goos.
Gama, Luiz. Luis Gama e suas Poesias Sátiras. Ed. Júlio Romão da Silva. 2a ed. rev. Rio de Janeiro: Cátedra, 1981. Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery. Vintage-Random, 1964.
New York:
Giacomini, Sonia Maria. Mulher e escrava: uma introdução histórica ao estudo da mulher negra no Brasil. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1988. Goody, Jack. "Writing, religion, and revolt in Bahia, Brazil." Visible Language (Summer 1986). Gorender, Jacob.
O escravismo colonial.
São Paulo, 1978.
Gorender, Jacob. Escravos brasileiros do século XIX na fotografia de Christiano Jr.. São Paulo: Ex Libris, 1988. Goulart,
José
Alipio.
Da
palmatória
ao
patíbulo.
(Castigos
Krueger/LASA2001:
17
de
escravos no Brasil).
Rio de Janeiro, 1971.
Goulart, José Alipio. Da fuga ao suicídio. (Aspectos da rebeldia dos escravos no Brasil). Rio de Janeiro, 1972. Goulart, Maurício de. Escravidão africana no Brasil: extinção do tráfico. São Paulo, 1950.
Das origens à
Graham, Richard. "Slave families on a rural estate in colonial Brazil." JHS 9:3 (1976): 383-402. Graham, Richard. Escravidão, reforma e imperialismo. Perspectiva, 1979.
São Paulo:
Graham, Sandra Lauderdale. House and Street: The Domestic World of Servants and Masters in Nineteenth Century Rio de Janeiro. New York: Cambridge U Pr, 1988. Guia Brasileira de Fontes Para a História da África, Da Escravidão Negra e do Negro na Sociedade Atual. Brasília: Arquivo Nacional, 1988. Haberly, David T. "Abolitionism in Brazil: Slave." LBR IX:2 (Dec. 1972): 30-46. Hell, Jergen. 1500-1888.
Anti-Slavery and Anti-
Sklavenmanufaktur und Sklavenmanzipation in Brazilien Berlin: Das Zentialinstitut, 1986.
Ianni, Octávio.
As metamórfoses do escravo.
São Paulo, 1962.
Ianni, Octávio. Raças e classes sociais no Brasil. Civilização Brasileira, 1972. The Idea of Race in Latin America, 1870-1940. 1990.
Rio de Janeiro:
Austin: U of TX Pr,
In resistance: studies in African, Caribbean, and Afro-American history. Ed. Gary Y. Okihiro. Amherst: Univ. of Mass., 1986. Insurreição negra e justiça. João Luiz Duboc Pinaud, et al. Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1987.
Rio de
Jackson, R. L. "Slavery, Racism and Autobiography in Two Early Black Writers: Juan Francisco Manzano and Martin Morúa Delgado." Voices From Under, ed. W. Luis. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. 55-64. Janotti, Maria de Lourdes Monaco and Queiróz, Suely Robles Reis de. "Memória da escravidão em famílias negras de São Paulo (Projeto de Pesquisa)." RIEB 28 (1988): 77-89. Jurema, Aderbal. 1935.
Insurreições negras no Brasil.
Recife:
Krueger/LASA2001:
Mozart,
18
Karasch, Mary C. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850. University Press, 1987.
Princeton
Kennedy, James. "Luiz Gama: pioneer of abolition in Brazil." Journal of Negro History 59:3 (July 1974): 255-267. Lessa, Origenes. Inácio da Catingueira e Luis Gama: dois poetas negros contra o racismo dos mestiços. Rio de Janeiro: Fund. Casa de Rui Barbosa, 1982. Lessa, Origines. Inácio de Catingueira e Luis Gama: dois poetas negros contra o racismo dos mestiços. Rio de Janeiro: Fund. Casa de Rui Barbosa, 1982. Lara, Silvia Hunold. Campos de violência: escravos e senhores na capitania do Rio de Janeiro, 1750-1808. Rio: Paz e Terra, 1988. Levine, Robert M. "'Turning on the Lights': Reconsidered One Hundred Years After Abolition." 201-217.
Brazilian Slavery LARR 24:2 (1989):
Lovejoy, Paul. [2001 annotated edition of Baquaqua? s narrative.] Luna, Luiz. O negro na luta contra a escravidão. Leitura, 1967.
Rio de Janeiro:
Maestri Filho, Mário José. "Notas de Arthur Ramos de um depoimento de um ex-escravo." EI (dez. 1988). Maestri Filho, Mário José. Aberto, 1988.
A Servidão Negra.
Maestri Filho, Mário José, org. libertação, 'tamo na Glória!'. Santos (c. 1868-1982), escravo, julho 1982." História: Questões
Porto Alegre:
Mercado
"É como eu digo: De agora, depois da Depoimento de Mariano Pereira dos Hospital Erasto Goertner, Curitiba, & Debates 4:6 (June 1983): 81-98.
A Mão Afro-Brasileira. Significado da Contribuição Artística Histórica. Ed. Emanoel Araújo. São Paulo: Tenenge, 1988.
e
Marotti, Giorgio. Black Characters in the Brazilian Novel. Trans. Maria O. Marotti and Harry Lawton. Los Angeles, CA: Center for AfroAmerican Studies, University of California, 1987. Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós. To Be A Slave In Brazil, 1550-1888. Trans. A.Goldhammer. Inro. S. B. Schwartz. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986. Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós. "Slave, Free, and Freed Family Structures in Nineteenth-Century Salvador, Bahia." LBR 25:1 (1988): 69-84. Krueger/LASA2001:
19
Meillassoux, Claude. Anthropologie de l'esclavage: le ventre de fer d'argent. Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1986. Mendonça, Renato. A influência africana no português do Brasil. Paulo: Comp. Ed. Nacional, 1935. Menezes, Raimundo de. Dicionário literário brasileiro. Janeiro: Livros Técnicos e Científicos, 1978.
São
2a ed. Rio de
Mennucci, Sud. O Precursor do Abolicionismo no Brasil (Luiz Gama). São Paulo: Comp. Ed. Nacional, 1938. Montejo, Esteban. The Autobiography of a Runaway Slave. Jocasta Innes. New York: Pantheon-Random, 1968.
Trans.
Moraes, Evaristo de. A Campanha Abolicionista (1879-1888). Janeiro: Liv. Ed. Leite Ribeiro, 1924.
Rio de
Mott, Luiz R. de B.
"De escravas e sinhás."
Mulherio 36 (jan. 1988).
Mott, Luiz R. de B. "Rebelião de escravos. documento inédito." Resenha Literária III:6.
Apresentação de um
Mott, Luiz R. de B. "Relações raciais entre homossexuais no Brasil colônia." RBH (març-ag 85). Mott, Luiz R. de B. "A escravatura: o propósito de uma representação e El-rei sobre a escravatura no Brasil." RIEB 14 (1973): 127-136. Mott, Maria Lucia de Barros. Submissão e Resistência: A mulher na luta contra a escravidão. São Paulo: Contexto, 1988. Mott, Luiz Roberto de Barros. "Uma santa africana no Colonial." D. O. Leitura 6:62 (July 1987).
Brasil
Mott, Luiz Roberto de Barros. "Uma escrava no Piauí escreve uma carta." Mensário do Arquivo Nacional X:5 (maio 1979): 7-10. Moura, Clovis. Global, 1983.
Brasil:
As raízes do protesto negro.
Moura, Clovis. Os quilombos e a rebelião negra. Janeiro: Brasiliense, 1983.
São Paulo:
3a ed.
Rio de
Moura, Clovis. "Escravismo, colonialismo, imperialismo e racismo." Afro-Ásia 14 (dez. 1983): 124-135. Nabuco, Joaquim. Abolitionism: The Brazilian Anti-Slavery Struggle. Trans. and ed. Robert Conrad. Urbana: Univ. of Ill. Press, 1977. Nascimento, Abdias.
O quilombismo.
Petrópolis:
Vozes, 1980.
Krueger/LASA2001:
20
Nascimento, Abdias. Fronteira, 1982.
O Negro Revoltado.
Rio de Janeiro:
Nova
Nascimento, Elisa Larkin. Dois Negros Libertários. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Afro-Brasileiros - IPEAFRO, 1985. Nequete, Lenine. "As relações entre senhor e escravo no século 19: o caso da escrava Honorata." RBEP 53 (jun 81): 223-248. Nova e curiosa relação de hum abuzo emandado, ou evidencias da razão: exposta a favor dos homens pretos em hum dialogo entre hum letrado e um mineiro. Lisboa, 1764. Nunes, Luis. PB, 1979.
Inácio de Catingueira, o gênio escravo.
João Pessoa:
Pang, Eul-Soo. "Tecnologia e escravocracia no Brasil durante o século XIX: uma reinterpretação." Anais do Museu Paulista 30 (1980-81): 55134. Pescatello, Ann M. 1975.
The African in Latin America.
New York:
Price, Howard M. "Slave Rebellion in Bahia, 1807-1825." Colombia University, 1972. Protest and Resistance in Angola and Brazil.
Knopf,
Ph.D. diss.
Ed. Ronald H. Chilcote.
Puttin' On Ole Massa. The Slave Narratives of Henry Bibb, William Wells Brown and Solomon Northup. Ed. Gilbert Osofsky. New York: Harper, 1969. Queiróz, Suely Robles Reis de. "Uma insurreição de escravos em Campinas." Revista de História 49:99 (July-Sept 1974): 193-233. Queiróz, Suely Robles Reis de. Escravidão negra em São Paulo (Um estudo das tensões provocadas pelo escravismo no século XIX). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio, 1977. Race, Class and Power in Brazil. Ed. Pierre-Michel Fontaine. Los Angeles, CA: Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California, 1985. Reichert, Rolf. Os documentos árabes do Arquivo do Estado da Bahia. Salvador, Bahia: U Fed de Bahia, Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais, 1970. Reis, João José. "Resistência escrava na Bahia: 'Poderemos brincar folgar e cantar...' O Protesto Escravo na América." Afro-Ásia 14 (dez. 1983): 107-123. Reis, João José.
"Slave Resistance In Brazil: Bahia, 1807-1835." Krueger/LASA2001:
21
LBR
25:1 (1988):
11-144.
Reis, João José. A História do levante dos malés 1835. Brasiliense, 1986.
São Paulo:
Reis, João José, ed. Escravidão e Invenção da Liberdade. Estudos sobre o Negro no Brasil. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1988. Ribeiro, João. O elemento negro: Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1939. Russell-Wood, A. J. R. A Study In Prejudice."
História, folclore, lingüística.
"Class, Creed and Colour in Colonial Brazil: Race 9 (1967): 134-154.
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. Fidalgos and Philanthropists. da Misericórdia of Bahia, 1550-1755. Berkeley, CA: California Press, 1968.
The Santa Casa University of
Russell-Wood, A. J. R. The black man in slavery and freedom in colonial Brazil. New York: St. Martin's, 1982. Santos, Arlindo Veiga dos. Atlântica, 1944.
A Lírica de Luís Gama.
São Paulo:
Santos, Ronaldo Marcos dos. Resistência e superação do escravismo na Província de São Paulo, 1885-1888. São Paulo: Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas, Univ. de São Paulo, 1980. P. 47-48. Sayers, Raymond S. The Negro In Brazilian Literature. Hispanic Institute in the U.S., 1956. Schmmelpfeng, Gisela P. 1984.
A Mulher e a AboliçAo.
New York:
Fortaleza de Cultura,
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. Relato em branco e negro. Jornais, escravos e cidadãos em São Paulo no final do século XIX. São Paulo, 1987. Schwartz, Stuart B. "The Mocambo: Slave Resistance in Colonial Bahia." Maroon Societies. Ed. R. Price. New York, 1973. 202-225. Schwartz, Stuart B. "Recent Trends in the Study of Slavery in Brazil." LBR 25:1 (Sum. 1988): 1-25. Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society. Bahia, 1550-1835. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985. Schwartz, Stuart B. "Resistance and Accommodation in EighteenthCentury Brazil: The Slave's View of Slavery." Hispanic American Historical Review 57 (1977): 69-81. Schwarz, Roberto. "Misplaced Ideas: Literature and Society in Late Nineteenth-Century Brazil." CCR 5 (1979): 33-51. Krueger/LASA2001:
22
Six Women's Slave Narratives. Intro. William L. Andrews. Oxford University Press, 1988.
New York:
Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews and Autobiographies. Ed. John W. Blassingame. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 197. Slavery and race relations in Latin America. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1974.
Ed. Robert Brent Toplin.
The Slave's Narrative. Ed. Charles T. Davis and Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Slenes Robert W. "O que Rui Barbosa não queimou: novas fontes para o estudo da escravidão no século XIX." EE 13:1 (1983): 117-149. Slenes, Robert W. ? ? Malungu, ngoma vem!? : África coberta e descoberta no Brasil,? Revista USP 12 (dez 1991-jan-fev 1992): 48-67. Toplin, Robert Brent. Atheneum, 1972.
The abolition of slavery in Brazil.
New York:
Veifas, Ronaldo. Ideologia e escravidão. Os letrados e a sociedade escravista no Brasil colonial. Petrópolis, 1986. Ventura, Roberto. Escritores, Escravos e Mestiços em Tropical: Literatura, historiografia e ensaismo no Brasil. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1987.
um País Munchen:
Vieira, Padre Antônio. Cartas do Padre Antônio Vieira. Ed. J. Lúcio de Azevedo. Tomo Primeiro. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1970. Walker, Sheila S. ? The Feast Of Good Death: An Afro-Catholic Emanicipation Celebration In Brazil." Sage: A Scholarly Journal on Black Women 3:2 (1986): 27-31. Williams, Eric. Capitalismo e escravidão. 1975.
Rio de Janeiro:
Americana,
Wilson, Harriet E. Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black. New Vintage-Random, 1983.
Krueger/LASA2001:
23