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Final Report

COMMUNITY-BASED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT IN SANTO ANDRÉ, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL 1998-2004

Final Report CIDA File No. 7003312/4418, A-O 19777-001-PRI Submitted to Canadian International Development Agency by the Municipality of Santo André and the University of British Columbia Centre for Human Settlements January 2005

1

Final Report

Table of Contents Chapter 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 • Background: Santo André and the Watershed Protection Area • Formulation of the CBWM Project • Project Partners and Collaborating Institutions • Outline of this Report

Chapter 2

Project Goals and Purposes, Anticipated and Activities Results. . . . . . . . 7

Chapter 3

Assessment of Project Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 4

Commentary on Outcomes and Impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Chapter 5

Variances Between Activities Planned and Implemented. . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Chapter 6

Main Risks and Critical Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Chapter 7

Main Lessons Learned and Recommendations to CIDA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Annexes

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

i

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André

List of Annexes ANNEX 1:

CBWM Project Brochure – Lessons Learned Symposium, Sponsored by CIDA in Ottawa, October 21-23, 2003

ANNEX 2:

Final CBWM Conference Proceedings, August 2004

ANNEX 3:

New Legislation for Billings Watershed

List of Abbreviations ABC

ABC Region (Seven municipalities: Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires, Rio Grande da Serra)

CBWM

Community-Based Watershed Management

CED

Community Economic Development

CHS

UBC Centre for Human Settlements

EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment

ESA

Environmentally Sensitive Areas

PMSA

Prefeitura Municipal de Santo André (Municipality of Santo André)

PT

Partido dos Trabalhadores ( Worker’s Party)

SPMA

São Paulo Metropolitan Area

SPPPA

Subprefeitura de Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense

UBC

University of British Columbia

WPA

Watershed Protection Area

ii

Final Report

Chapter 1 Introduction Background: Santo André Municipality and the Watershed Protection Area Santo André, one of 39 municipalities in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA), covers an area of approximately 175,000 km2 and has a population of 665,000. Together with the six other cities of the “ABC Region” (São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano, Diadema, Mauá, Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra) Santo André has, since the 1950s, played an important role in the economic development of Brazil. As part of the Brazilian import-substitution economic strategy of the 1950s, automobile and manufacturing industries were established in the region, making it one of the most important development poles in the country as well as in South America. During that period the city experienced rapid but stratified economic growth along with a surge in population due to the large in-migration of workers from all over Brazil. Lack of systematic integrated planning for urban growth resulted in haphazard land use and infrastructure servicing. At the beginning of the 1980s the regional economy started to experience a decline in the manufacturing sector, which left increasingly fewer resources available to maintain infrastructure, meet housing needs and implement new service networks. The rapid growth of the previous decades left Santo André and its neighbouring municipalities with a legacy of environmental degradation and overpopulated informal settlements.1 Informal settlements, and legal and semi-legal residential areas, emerged on the fringes of the SPMA from a complex mixture of economic inequity, demographic shifting, lack of affordable housing, and weak enforcement of land-use regulations. Today an estimated 30 percent of the population of the SPMA lives in informal settlements, and approximately one million people live in informal settlements located in environmentally

1

Informal settlements include all communities that lack “formal” urban infrastructure (paved streets, sewage, water, electricity, lighting, community services, etc) and/or legal frameworks (tenure, approved subdivisions, urban standards in place, etc). Non-compliance with regulatory standards often leads to the development of unhealthy living environments. In the watershed protection area of Santo André, informal settlements are to varying degrees illegal according to current municipal land-use and environmental legislation. This illegality complicates or makes impossible the delivery of any services to the settlements.

1

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André sensitive areas.2 Many of these areas were supposed to be protected from settlement by federal and state legislation, which formally, but not necessarily effectively, established Watershed Protection Areas (WPAs) in the mid-1970s. The extensive WPA that was established to protect the Billings Reservoir includes 57% of Santo André’s land area.

The 1974 legislation established an institutional complexity that made it difficult to enforce adequate and reliable regulatory mechanisms to control urban growth. Federal and state laws stipulated strict restrictions on land development Laws Governing the Santo André in the Billings Basin, leading Watershed Protection Area many landowners to leave their • Federal Law 94/74 (1974) properties undeveloped, which in Establishes and defines Brazil’s Metropolitan Regions turn made them vulnerable to • State Watershed Protection Law Nos. 898/75 and invasion by settlers. 1172/76 (1976) Complicating the situation, Prescribes stringent land-use restrictions for the unscrupulous landowners occupation of land and designates the areas as Watershed illegally sub-divided their land Protection Areas. and sold plots at extremely low • State Law No. 7663/91 (1991) prices to poor people. For Prescribes a decentralized policy for water resource decades this was the only management via Water Basin Communities comprised of affordable housing alternative for representatives of state, local government and civil society many in-migrants to the SPMA. organizations. This situation created a lack of • State Law No. 9866/97: Recovery and Protection of legal support for municipalities Watersheds (1997) to provide the infrastructure and Acknowledges the reality of settlement within Watershed services needed by these WPA Protection Areas and makes provisions for Emergency Plans to provide basic services to settlements within WPA; settlements, and made it municipalities have authority to enact regulations with impossible for the residents to respect to WPA within their municipal boundaries. have their housing ownership recognized and their tenure rights respected. Settlements in the Watershed Protection Areas have no sewage systems, garbage collection, or other basic municipal services and infrastructure. Additionally, the people living there have difficulty accessing a variety of social and other governmental services which are provided for residents who do have legal tenure. The social and environmental conditions in the informal settlements of the WPA have created risks for humans and sensitive ecosystems. Particularly problematic is the generation of organic waste and consequent pollution of the Billings Reservoir, an increasingly important source of drinking water for the SPMA. Most of Santo André’s WPA is separated from the urban part of the city by the Rio Grande Arm of the Billings Reservoir and is accessible only by roads passing through neighbouring municipalities. Much of it remains undeveloped. However, settlement 2

Moura, R., Delgado, P., and Nelson Cardoso “A realidade das áreas metropolitanas na federação brasileira,” paper presented in the International Seminar “Desafio das Gestões das Regiões Metropolitanas, Ministério das Cidades, 30-31 Março 2004.

2

Final Report pressures are increasing. Santo André’s population in the WPA doubled between 1980 and 1990 to about 20,000 people.3 By the year 2000, over 30,000 people (5% of Santo André’s population4) were living there. Although there was a regional administrative office and the WPA residents were receiving some solid waste collection, health care, public schools, and road maintenance, the municipal government was finding it increasingly difficult to keep pace with the rate of growth. However, Santo André did have certain advantages over neighbouring municipalities where 60%-100% of the population lived within the WPA. With only 5% of Santo André's population living in the WPA, there was pressure to increase occupation of the WPA but also an opportunity to proactively build a framework to guide future settlement. The complexity of the situation instigated the Municipality of Santo André to actively seek out resources and partnerships that could expand its capacity to address the increasingly serious administrative and planning challenges posed by watershed settlement. Drawing on personal connections, the Municipality of Santo André (PMSA) approached the University of British Columbia’s Centre for Human Settlements (CHS) in 1997 to explore possibilities for collaboration on building capacity for watershed planning. Formulation of the CBWM Project A unique and forward-looking partnership was soon developed between Santo André and CHS. It was a partnership that joined the knowledge and research capabilities of an academic institution with the practical knowledge and experience of a municipal government to create a model for adaptive urban watershed management in the Brazilian context. This partnership was established through the initiative of former mayor Celso Daniel5 and was deeply rooted in the commitment of the Worker’s Party (PT) to principles and actions that create a vigorous participatory democracy through all levels of municipal government. The Worker’s Party was elected to municipal government in Santo André in 1996 with the mission to create an economic and social order that stimulates maximum economic efficiency, social justice and equity, and improves the quality of life of the residents of the municipality. These principles formed the legislative and political basis for the development of the CBWM participatory approach to sustainable development in the WPA. Aware of the complex and difficult challenges posed by the responsible development and management of the WPA, the PMSA began to actively seek expertise and resources outside the municipality. At the same time, a group of individuals from academic, political, technical and environmental institutions in the São Paulo region had come together to share their knowledge of the issue of informal settlements in watershed protection areas, and their ideas for potential approaches to dealing with it. 3

Source: IGGE. This number though does not include the favela population, which the IBGE did not count at that time.

4

Source: IBGE – Censo Demografico 200/CSI/SOPP/PMSA

5

The late Celso Daniel was Mayor of Santo André from 1996 until 2002; he was an influential figure within the PT and a respected academic, and left many seminal texts regarding participatory local democracy.

3

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Responding to the opportunities provided by the Canadian International Development Agency’s Canada-Brazil Technology Transfer Fund, UBC and other British Columbia planners and researchers explored with city managers and staff of Santo André and other Brazilians the potential relevance of Canada’s urban watershed experiences to the challenges facing Santo André. Recognizing the possibilities for developing new, locally appropriate solutions by adapting Canadian technologies to the situation in Santo André, they proceeded to develop a proposal to CIDA for a project that would develop institutional capacity for adaptive management of Santo André’s watershed on the basis of both environmental and social principles. The proposal for the project, entitled “Building Capacity for Community Based Watershed Management (CBWM) in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil” was approved by CIDA in October 1998. The Brazilian and Canadian partners were particularly sensitive to the intersecting challenges posed by the need to both protect the watershed’s environmental quality and improve the lives of people living in its informal settlements. At the time of the project’s inception, the predominant Brazilian model for watershed management, which depended heavily on legal statutes and enforcement to maintain control over development and land use, was proving ineffective in addressing either social or environmental issues. The incongruence between development pressures and the complex legal framework intended to govern development, as well as the insufficiency of resources for enforcing laws, made it practically impossible to keep the watershed free from settlement or to minimize the environmental impacts of development. The CBWM project was designed to develop a multi-stakeholder, integrative planning approach to urban governance and watershed management, which offered potential for being more effective than traditional Brazilian regulation-centred models. At the core of the multi-stakeholder approach is the idea that communities can and should work with governments and NGOs in developing ecologically, economically, and culturally integrated solutions. Through collaboration in planning and adaptive management, residents and local governments become stewards of a watershed protection area, as well as co-generators and implementers of ecologically appropriate poverty reduction strategies. Project Partners and Collaborating Institutions The Municipality of Santo André and CHS led the project. collaborated.

Ten other institutions

Municipality of Santo André/ Prefeitura Municipal de Santo André (PMSA) Since 1996, the Worker’s Party (PT) has governed Santo André. The PT has developed an extensive agenda intended to strengthen public participation in municipal decisionmaking through participatory budgeting, health councils, and other initiatives. Santo André’s staff facilitates community participation in planning and decision-making and are committed to creating municipal programs that better meet the needs of residents, particularly marginalized groups such as communities living in informal settlements. The

4

Final Report CBWM project was initially run directly as a special initiative of the Mayor. Later, when the PMSA established a new Secretariat for Regional Action and Economic Development, with a special office for international cooperation, this Secretariat became the management and communication focal point for the CBWM project. Centre for Human Settlements, University of British Columbia Established in 1976, CHS promotes practice-based learning through partnerships with communities and institutions in Canada and other countries. Faculty Associates of CHS bring diverse research interests to bear on development goals of poverty-reduction, sustainability, gender equality, and community development. CHS is a unit within the UBC School of Community and Regional Planning. Collaborating Institutions • • • • • • • • • •

Consórcio dos Municípios da Região ABC (Municipal Consortium of the ABC Region) Cidade e Democracia (City and Democracy, an NGO) Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo) Câmara Regional do ABC (ABC Regional Consortium) Institute for Resources and the Environment, University of British Columbia Institute for Dispute Resolution, University of Victoria Greater Vancouver Regional District City of Vancouver Canada’s National Round Table for the Environment and the Economy Fraser Basin Council

Outline of this Report The balance of this report provides an overview of the CBWM project’s results. It is structured according to the requirements of the CBWM grant agreement between CIDA and CHS. Subsequent chapters present seriatim: • • • •

a summary of project goals and purposes, anticipated results, and activities; an assessment of the overall progress made in achieving the anticipated project results, by comparing expected outcomes and impacts to those actually achieved by the conclusion of the project, including unanticipated project achievements; commentary on the outcomes and impacts that can be anticipated within the next five years; explanation of significant variances between activities planned and implemented;



comments on the main risks and critical assumptions identified in project planning and encountered during project implementation, and on the strategies utilised to manage these risks;



analysis of the main lessons learned in the process of project implementation that had either a positive or negative effect on the outcome of the project; 5

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André •

recommendations to CIDA for similar programming in the future.

A final financial report complements this report on project results.

6

Final Report

Chapter 2 Project Goals and Purposes, Anticipated Results, and Activities PROJECT GOAL AND ANTICIPATED IMPACT The CBWM project goal, as stated in the original proposal to CIDA and maintained throughout the project’s implementation, was:

To make municipal watershed management in Santo André more effective, participatory and responsive to the needs of informal settlements

The commitment to this overarching goal was the “glue” that fused the diverse range of activities under the CBWM umbrella and stimulated and sustained a sense of ownership of the project by municipal and community teams throughout the project’s duration. The expected project impacts related to this goal were stated in the proposal as:

An environmentally sustainable human settlement framework for watershed areas implemented throughout Santo André, which will improve the living conditions of the residents of the WPA, reducing the risk for low-income families living in peri-urban, environmentally sensitive areas.

PURPOSES AND ANTICIPATED OUTCOMES The project purposes and their related anticipated outcomes, as stated in the original proposal, were: 1. To introduce Community-Based Watershed Management (CBWM) methods in Watershed Protection Areas in Santo André, with application to other communities and municipalities Expected Overall Outcome: more integrated and participatory plans, policies and planning processes in Santo André’s Watershed Area and beyond.

7

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Three specific outcomes related to this purpose were anticipated: • A strategy to introduce CBWM methods agreed upon by municipal government, key stakeholders and, particularly, local communities and women’s groups; • A mutually agreed upon process established for regular communication and conflict management between the municipal government and key stakeholders regarding watershed management; • Increased collaboration and consultation among key Brazilian public and private institutions on the promotion of community-based watershed management in the São Paulo region. 2.

To improve the quality and availability of information necessary for municipal decision making related to watershed management Expected Outcome: improvement in the ability of key stakeholders to analyse municipal planning options and their impacts

3.

To expand institutional linkages between Canada and Brazil Expected Outcome: establishment and reinforcement of institutional partnerships between Canadian and Brazilian universities, municipalities, NGOs, and community groups

OVERVIEW OF ACTIVITIES Activities as initially conceived The project proposal identified the following activities as being needed to meet the goal and purposes: • • • • • • • • •

8

Assess training needs Provide introductory training in CBWM Provide training in information management, participatory planning, conflict management, and gender analysis Create an adaptive management system for Santo André Design survey/data collection/analysis for Pilot Projects Formulate a plan for upgrading Pintassilgo Settlement (one of the pilot project areas) Develop a strategy for implementing policy and plans in Santo André Hold a Regional Workshop for dissemination of project results Open communication channels between Canadians and Brazilians

Final Report EVOLUTION OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES Categories of Project Activities Watershed diagnosis. In order to develop a detailed understanding of the watershed within which Santo André is located, diagnoses of the regional Billings Reservoir Basin and the local Rio Grande watershed were conducted. Once the key problems and issues in the watershed were identified, they were integrated into the development of the CBWM strategies. Formulation of CBWM Strategies. Drawing from the outputs of the initial phase, as well as from initial work in pilot project upgrading, four working groups (biophysical analysis and information management, land use and settlement planning, social action and citizenship, and institutional framework) developed recommendations for municipal CBWM strategies. Pilot Projects. This involved the upgrading of two settlements in the WPA – Parque Andreense (illegal subdivisions) and Favela Pintassilgo; the practical implementation of CBWM methods; and later the development of a plan for participatory, pro-poor, ecologically sensitive tourism development in the historic village of Paranapiacaba. Dissemination. In the final year of the project, the CBWM strategy was presented and developed further in various forums involving stakeholders from municipal, state and national levels, as well as universities, NGOs, and community-based organizations (CBOs). Training in CBWM. Training was provided to the Brazilian participants on a continuing basis in order to familiarize them with the integrated watershed approach; hyper-media technology; environmental sensitivity analysis; social impact assessment; gender analysis; community economic development; and other themes relevant to integrated watershed management. Development of Linkages. Throughout the project, Canada-Brazil linkages were developed through the participation of project partner and collaborating institution representatives, and others, in joint workshops and conferences.

In the year after the project’s implementation, the initially planned activities were categorized and sequenced in the following way: The first years of the project focused on diagnosing the initial conditions of the watershed and developing specific CBWM strategies. In the final years, more resources and energy were concentrated on developing and implementing the pilot projects and disseminating the CBWM framework and the lessons learned. From the beginning of the project, four working groups took responsibility for ongoing project planning in the following sectors: (1) biophysical analysis and information management; (2) social action and citizenship; (3) land use and settlement planning; and (4) general coordination. Each group included PMSA staff from relevant departments and the appropriate Canadian partners. Each was responsible for collecting information

9

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André from existing data sources, collecting new primary data; consulting with the residents of the informal settlements, and formulating strategies. The General Coordination Group worked largely to support the work of the other three working groups by examining the institutional implications of their activities. They were responsible for coordinating activities between various agencies and departments, assisting other working groups to overcome barriers to accessing and sharing information, and helping to create synergies and manage conflicts among the different groups. Beyond playing this support role, the General Coordination group organised two workshops towards the end of the project. The first workshop evaluated the institutional context for each of the other working group’s activities. The aim was to identify improvements that might be made to the institutional structures of the municipal government. The second workshop aimed to disseminate the lessons learned from the CBWM project, focusing on the communication of lessons learned about general coordination for community based watershed management to other municipalities and inter-municipal agencies involved in urban watershed management elsewhere in the São Paulo Region. The first annual work plan approved by the project partners laid out a list of activities that would officially begin in April 1999, but in reality were a continuation of work already started during the inception phase. During the first year, extensive information was compiled from a variety of sources to create the first version of the CD ROM hypermedia tool. This tool was then used to conduct an environmentally sensitive area (ESA) assessment and zoning framework. The information compiled on the hypermedia tool also informed other aspects of the CBWM project. Also, during the inception phase and early part of the project’s implementation, several important workshops were held to transfer tools for participatory and watershed planning and management to the PMSA staff. Canadian partners shared their expertise and experience with the Brazilian partners. The techniques transferred to the Brazilian partners helped to make the initial assessments more participatory, which in turn created a stronger collaborative relationship between the PMSA and the WPA communities. The activities for Pilot Projects I and II began with initial situation assessments involving PMSA staff and the residents of the pilot project communities, Parque Andreense and Pintassilgo. These first steps helped to establish trust between the PMSA and the communities. There had been little positive dialogue between them in the past. The initial assessments indicated the resources and capacity that already existed in the communities as well as their specific needs.

PP1 Recovery Project: Stream of Hope

The CBWM team finished most of the initial assessments in the 2000-2001 project year. The ESA and zoning maps were drawn up and the first version of the CD-ROM database was finished. The socio-economic survey of Pilot Project Areas I and II was completed, providing important baseline information for the dialogue between PMSA staff and the

10

Final Report

New Design for a Sidewalk in PP1

communities. PMSA staff increased their understanding and capacity to address gender and youth issues and began to plan activities related to upgrading the settlements. One of the most innovative activities was the implementation of a participatory process for the redesign of a subdivision in Parque Andreense. During this process, the history of the settlement’s formation was recovered, and some features were integrated in the new landscape. (For example, a small lake that had existed in the area previously was reintroduced).

In 2001, the Subprefeitura de Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense (SPPPA) was created by the PMSA to develop and implement social and environmental policies compatible with the WPA characteristics. Its main objectives are: to promote the socio-economic and environmentally sustainable development of the region; institutionalize a decentralized management model for WPAs; improve the lives of the local population while fostering their integration into the municipality; and offer public services efficiently and with quality.

PP2 PP3 PP1

In January 2002, the PMSA bought the Village of Paranapiacaba with its historic residential and railway industry buildings. This pilot project significantly expanded the scope of the larger CBWM project because Paranapiacaba is quite different from Parque Andreense and Favela Pintassilgo, which were the sites of Pilot Projects 1 and II. Paranapiacaba faces unique challenges related to environmental and heritage preservation. The first step in this pilot project was for the PMSA/SPPPA staff to assess the community’s needs and opportunities. Data was needed to (1) establish a strategy aimed at recovering and preserving the architectural, historical, Railway Yard in Paranapiacaba natural and cultural heritage of the village, and (2) foster community economic development activities, including pro-poor eco-tourism. At the same time, work in the other two pilot projects also intensified: the residents began to take more ownership of activities and PMSA/SPPPA staff increasingly built their capacity to effectively work with the residents. The 2002-03 annual work plan, developed at strategic planning meetings between the Brazilian team members and the Canadian co-ordinator, drew on lessons learned from the first few years of the project and set forth measures to improve, change and intensify 11

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André ongoing activities. Particularly noteworthy were new activities related to community economic development (CED), women’s participation, and community empowerment. These activities continued through the 2003-2004 project year. An assessment of the lessons to be learned from the CBWM project was conducted by external consultants in September 2003. The Lessons Learned Symposium, organised by CIDA in Ottawa in October 2003 provided an opportunity to share experiences with principals in other CIDA projects in Brazil. In February of 2004, in Vancouver, a project self-evaluation seminar was held to analyze the implications of the project for future Canadian-Brazilian co-operation. Other important events promoted and supported by the project in 2003-04 included: the “Community Economic Development Workshop – a Regional Approach”; the conference on “Fishing in the ABC-Billings Reservoir: New Approaches for Amateur Fishing”; the “First Youth Municipal Conference”; the exposition entitled “First Small Entrepreneurs Exposition in Pintassilgo,” which was later followed by “Travessa Pintassilgo: Second Small Entrepreneurs Exposition”; the official inauguration of Row of Railway worker Pintassilgo’s Community Cultural Space; the internationally houses in Paranapiacaba attended presentation of “Pintassilgo Amanha” Pintassilgo’s new youth group of Theatre of the Oppressed; the women community leaders CBWM project evaluation day and CBWM Community Quilt kick-off workshop; and the conference on public policies for the promotion of women’s equality, “Verde Lilas.” The CBWM Final Conference was held in Santo André in August 2004. This three-day event aimed to increase public and professional understanding of urban watershed management and the lessons learned from the project. Over 200 participants from Canada and Brazil attended. They represented a variety of government agencies, academic institutions (students and professors) WPA communities, NGOs and the private sector. Panel presentations, visual displays, the premiere of the CBWM video, and field visits to the pilot-project sites, provided information and opportunities to explore the project’s approach to addressing complex changes. Participants were addressed by Brazil’s Federal Minister for Promotion of Racial Equality, Matilde Ribeiro who had worked on the project in its early stages as a PMSA staff member responsible for community economic development and gender, Santo André Mayor João Avamileno, Dean Moura Quayle representing the UBC President’s Office, and by representatives of CIDA, Brazil’s agency for international co-operation (ABC), pilot-project communities, the project’s collaborating institutions and other organizations that had made significant contributions to the project. In addition to organizing discrete events, the CBWM project participants planned activities that were put into operation as continuous programs. These programs included the development of better and more accessible information for watershed planning

12

Final Report through the use of new tools, the production and updating of a number of guidebooks, manuals, etc., and the promotion of CED, environmental education, social inclusion, participatory governance, tenure regularization, and new laws for watershed protection. Additionally, activities supporting adequate housing development, “mutirões,” or community collective Community member receiving entrepreneurship training certificate from Mayor Jõao Avamileno

infrastructure works, and the integration of environmental information systems continue to be undertaken in the Pilot Project communities, with notable advances being made in Pintassilgo.

Over the course of the project, twelve young Canadian women and men, working as interns, added significant and much appreciated human resources to a number of activity areas, particularly those relating to planning for CED, tourism, and community mobilization.

13

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André

14

Final Report

Chapter 3 Assessment of Project Results IMPACT Although it is difficult to assess the long-term impacts of CBWM activities immediately after the project, considerable changes in structural, social, political, and cultural relationships, as well as small changes in the watershed residents’ standard of living, suggest the project has firmly established the groundwork for a watershed management system. The project has demonstrated that such a system, with the potential to create ecologically sustainable human settlements within the WPA as well as to reduce environmental, social, and economic risks for its residents, is likely feasible. One of the most significant project-induced changes having implications for long-term impact is the new positive relationship that has been built between PMSA and SPPPA staff and the residents of the WPA. Councils of Community Representatives have been formed to facilitate ongoing dialogue between residents and municipal staff about the needs of the communities and the adequacy of PMSA services. The positive and empowered dialogue with government has helped build the confidence of residents in their own ability to promote change within their communities. Through the implementation of the pilot projects, residents in Parque Andreense, Pintassilgo, and Paranapiacaba have established new income generating activities, redesigned portions of their communities to be more healthy and ecologically friendly, created environmental monitors to help educate residents about the importance of preserving the natural environment, empowered women and youth, and initiated numerous other activities that are directly contributing to reducing ecological impact and risk for families living in the WPA. The formation of a Solidarity Economy Network (Rede de Economia Solidária) and the Program for Popular Entrepreneurship (Programa do Empreendedor Popular) within the watershed settlements have contributed significantly to providing income generation opportunities for the residents. The initiatives include a sewing co-op, a construction workers co-op, a candy and canapés coop, a community garden, as well as worm raising and fishing ventures. There are also courses for landscaping, gardening, and craftsmanship which provide training for income generation, and community-based initiatives related to pro-poor tourism (for example, bed-and-breakfast facilities and restaurants opened by Paranapiacaba residents) that respect the special environmental characteristics of the watershed area. OUTCOMES The outcomes anticipated for the project were realized. As well, the project had some significant, unanticipated outcomes. In the following sections of this chapter, actual outcomes are described in relation to the five major outcomes that had been anticipated at the start of the project.

15

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Anticipated Outcome 1 •

A strategy to introduce CBWM methods agreed upon by municipal government, key stakeholders and, particularly, local communities and women’s groups Indicator as stated in the proposal: new planning procedures and CBWM processes that involve NGOs and community leadership

Actual Outcomes • • •

CBWM participatory methods have been successfully introduced and integrated into the PMSA planning culture and framework. A Subprefeitura was established to enable the PMSA to respond to community needs and support community organizations in the WPA. Senior levels of government have become supportive of the CBWM approach.

CBWM methods were introduced through a series of workshops and training provided to Brazilian participants in the areas of conflict resolution, participatory planning, multistakeholder management, social impact assessment, gender analysis, environmental sensitivity analysis, regional and inter-municipal approaches to watershed management, hypermedia, and geographic information systems (GIS). Brazilian team members became familiar with Canadian integrated watershed approaches and Canada’s diverse range of experiences in applying these approaches. Training was accomplished through workshops in Santo André and training tours to Vancouver and Ontario. Workshops helped to build the knowledge and capacity of the PMSA and other partners, who then became the implementing agents and disseminators of the CBWM approach and methods. Equally important has been the building of trust and respect among the various parties working on CBWM issues in Santo André. The establishment of trust, however, did not happen quickly or at once, and in fact was an on-going process, especially in the Pilot Projects. Through continuous dialogue and skilful facilitation, participants began to trust the intentions and abilities of the other partners. The significant amount of community development work undertaken in the WPA communities by the Subprefeitura (SPPPA), the Secretary for Social Inclusion, and the Serviço Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental (SEMASA) during the CBWM project contributed to the development of trust by producing tangible results that addressed the immediate needs of the residents. All Brazilian parties involved in the project reported that by the end of the project there was a generally open and respectful relationship between the residents of the WPA communities and Santo André and SPPPA officials. These good relationships were demonstrated, for example, in the enthusiastic response by watershed residents to the workshops put on by the project and municipal agencies outside the aegis of the project.

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Final Report Through the application of new ideas and tools in Pilot Projects I, II and III, the project offered immense opportunities to refocus the nature of watershed management. The depth of community involvement was the key to ensuring that the application of the tools remained relevant to the specific communities in the WPA, and buttressed the role of these communities as full partners in the decision-making process. The CBWM partners envisioned a framework that would implement four distinct types of actions in the Pilot Projects: social and participatory activities; employment and income generation initiatives compatible with the environmentally sensitive area; reduction of infrastructure deficiencies; and regularization of tenure. As the Pilot Projects evolved and the communities became more involved in the planning and implementation of the projects, these categories blurred and it became apparent that some of the most effective activities integrated aspects from multiple categories. These community-driven adaptations gave the strongest indication that residents and municipal staff alike had taken ownership and internalized the CBWM approach and methods, both as individuals and as institutions. In addition to recognizing communities as partners in decision-making, the successful adoption of CBWM methods was aided by a change in perception of the WPA’s importance as an asset. The early emphasis on environmental education and the initiation of a new discourse helped to shift the dominant perception of the WPA from being a “place of problems” to being a “tremendous resource” that needs to be preserved. Making the connection between one’s personal quality of life and the ecological health of the WPA was an important step in this process. Once the WPA was perceived as a resource, it became possible for both residents and PMSA staff to become its stewards (rather than competing interest groups) either working on or living in the WPA. Consequently, as stewards and partners working towards common goals, WPA residents and the PMSA were able to discuss and compromise on their differing priorities and approaches to common problems. An important change that the project instigated was the increase in willingness by all parties to practice adaptive management in the execution of project activities and other aspects of watershed management, i.e., the willingness to monitor, consider new information, and as necessary, redesign processes, programs, and activities, while maintaining core values of participation and integrated decision-making. Community members and municipal staff report that the PMSA has become more responsive to the needs of the residents in the WPA, despite the difficulties that inevitably arise in participatory processes. The feedback mechanisms of participatory monitoring and integrated information systems introduced by the project have helped programs to adapt to changing conditions, needs, community goals, and opportunities. The CBWM project effectively promoted learning-by-doing by taking a learning-bydoing approach itself. Learning-by-doing means that experiential knowledge from preceding actions feeds directly into plans for subsequent actions. Further, through its own collaborative multi-stakeholder approach, the project effectively built Santo André’s capacity to make mutual learning (i.e., different stakeholders learning from each other

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André and jointly discovering solutions to difficult problems) a continuing component of its watershed management. As news about the CBWM project philosophy spread beyond the Pilot Project sites, residents of other communities asked to become part of the CBWM project. In Parque Andreense, the project accordingly expanded to include Gleba 3, and the village of Paranapiacaba was added as a third pilot project. There is no doubt that the prospect of an influx of new resources was a motivating factor for these communities to be involved. However, their enthusiasm also attests to the successful application of the project’s multistakeholder, integrative approach in the initial Pilot Project areas and its relevance to a variety of protected-watershed communities. (It is important to note that, in spite of the impossibility of including all WPA communities as the immediate beneficiaries of investment programs linked to the CBWM project, all WPA community members had access to the workshops and training provided, thereby making them participants and partners in the stewardship goal for the whole watershed.) Women and youth, two key target groups of the project, benefited especially from the planning and implementation of its activities. From the project’s start, capacity building events such as gender analysis training gave municipal staff and community leaders important ideas and tools for increasing the participation of women and youth in planning. As project implementation proceeded, activities were specifically targeted towards the needs of women and youth. Examples include the formation of the Watershed Women’s Group, Forum Fórmula Verde Lilás, and the organization of the First Municipal Youth Conference. A very significant CBWM project outcome (i.e., a change that, in large part, is attributable to the project) was the establishment of the Subprefeitura (SPPPA) for the watershed region. This outcome had not been predicted at the start of the project. The SPPPA has the administrative status of a municipal secretariat. Its mission is to address the environmental, social, economic and physical settlement issues involved in managing the whole of the Santo André WPA. Staff specifically trained in CBWM methods were assigned to this agency. It became the principal implementer of the CBWM framework and actions within Paranapiacaba Village and Parque Andreense. Although the Village has very different characteristics and needs than other communities in the WPA, its inclusion in the planning for the whole watershed was deemed necessary for the building of a communal watershed identity and sense of stewardship. The existence of the SPPPA as an institutional structure that deals directly with the whole WPA, including multiple settlements with varying characteristics, increases the likelihood that resources will continue to be allocated by the PMSA to on-going implementation of programs established by the CBWM project. Various arms of the PMSA have institutionalised in their own activities the multistakeholder, integrative approach introduced by the CBWM project. They are sustaining the funding of these activities either from their own resources or from resources obtained elsewhere. For example, the SPPPA, SEMASA, and the Secretariat for Economic

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Final Report Development and Regional Action (Desenvolvimento Econômico e Ação Regional SDEAR) have initiated, and are implementing, a series of workshops, events, and training courses involving cultural and educational activities drawing on resources obtained from outside the CBWM project. Other municipalities from the ABC region, particularly Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra, are partners in most of these initiatives. The CBWM project’s methods have not only been integrated into the practice and culture of staff and departments in the PMSA. They have also influenced watershed management at the state level. The new state law on the protection of watersheds has given legal weight to CBWM methods because members of the Technical Group responsible for drafting the Law were intimately linked to the CBWM project. This group had an extraordinary opportunity to leverage knowledge gained and created through the CBWM project into discussions of the new law, and to offer information substantiating the importance of legislation that addresses not only the need for clean water in the Billings Reservoir but also the needs of the informal settlements located within the WPA. Another positive indication that the CBWM framework has been successfully integrated into Santo André’s planning culture and structure has been the enthusiasm expressed by Santo André staff for sharing the CBWM approach with other municipalities and higher levels of government. In addition to being agents for dissemination of the CBWM philosophy within the municipality, a number of staff have been actively engaged with teaching and research programs of a number of universities in São Paulo State, while others have moved to higher levels of government (e.g., the federal government’s Secretariat for Racial Equality, and the Ministry of Cities) where CBWM approaches continue to influence their policy making. The extent and depth of the value shifts and increased reflective capacity produced by the project had not been anticipated. Nor was it anticipated that the changes in methods, practice, and values effected by the project would lead to such structural innovations as the establishment of the SPPPA or the Councils of Community Representatives. It was a surprise to see GEPAM (the Portuguese acronym for the CBWM project) become a household word in Santo André’s WPA, as well as in the watershed area as a whole. Moreover, it had not been anticipated that the project would receive as much attention internationally, or at state and federal levels and in other Brazilian municipalities, as it has received. The continuing high profile of the project resulted from, and in turn further promoted, broad participation in the project’s many public forums and workshops, thereby enhancing the dissemination of lessons learned. Anticipated Outcome 2 •

A mutually agreed upon process established for regular communication and conflict management between the municipal government and key stakeholders regarding watershed management

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Indicators as stated in the proposal: support of community groups for the CBWM process; degree of input of marginalized stakeholders into decisionmaking. Actual Outcomes • •

• • •

New civil society organizations, including several women’s groups, have been set up in the WPA. Structures are in place to ensure that WPA communities are actively involved in the planning and implementation of activities through Councils of Community Representatives and other forums. Ongoing dialogue between the Councils of Community Representatives and PMSA/SPPPA staff occurs. Conflict management training was conducted and used in the implementation of other CBWM planning processes and activities. Regular dialogue was established with regional partners and other stakeholders (private sector; urban part of SA) and events organized to promote knowledge about watershed issues outside WPA.

Support for the CBWM project was expressed by community-based organizations (CBOs) and NGOs, local and regional, from the beginning of the project. Support increased as more partners became involved and the positive benefits of the project became apparent. However, Cidade e Democracia, a metropolitan NGO which was involved in the early development stages of the project, found itself unable to continue its involvement because key members moved away from the Santo André area. As part of capacity building in the Pilot Projects, several types of CBOs were formed and fostered. These included women’s groups, environmental monitoring groups, cooperatives, and a youth theatre group. The most significant development, from the standpoint of broad community planning, was the formation of the Councils of Community Representatives. In a sense, these Councils are the project. Their effectiveness is based on open and constant communication with the PMSA/SPPPA. They represent a wide range of community residents including some of the most marginalized of the watershed residents. Women are actively involved in Councils and, as a result, a number of CBWM-sponsored organizations specifically targeted the needs of women. The Councils also ensure that youth, also formerly marginalized, have been increasingly involved in community activities and planning. Clear articulation of CBWM goals and objectives was a central element of the project’s communication and conflict management strategies. Brazilian and Canadian participants in the project extensively discussed the fundamentals of the CBWM approach in relation to the project goal and purposes. Following the inception of the project, much energy and time was spent explaining and clarifying the CBWM goals and purposes with the communities and other stakeholders in the CBWM process. There was little dispute over the relevance of the goal of the project,

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Final Report and once clear to all the partners, it served to keep project partners working towards the same end. Thus, conflicts over strategies, methods, or other objectives could be evaluated by all partners against the overarching goal and purposes of the project. It worked as an axis to maintain the crucial agreement to integrate environmental, social and economic planning, and helped the CBWM partners recognize (1) the complexity of the issues facing the WPA, since direct cause-effect relationships were difficult to identify, and (2) that multiple solutions could be relevant to the issues facing the WPA. Several conflicts arose during the course of the project, but through transparent dialogue and decision-making these conflicts were addressed and mitigated. PMSA staff, trained in conflict management through early workshops delivered by the University of Victoria, Institute for Dispute Resolution, had the skills necessary to manage the conflicts effectively. In one situation, a conflict arose over legal issues regarding tenure, subdivisions, and occupation of environmentally protected land. Many stakeholders, including environmental prosecutors, were entrenched in traditional regulatory approaches to environmental protection that do not take into account social realities; however, through dialogue, the stakeholders became open to adopting an approach that was more conducive to searching for socially just solutions to watershed settlement problems. The decision to accept a higher density for social housing in Pintassilgo, for example, marked an unprecedented legal decision based more on the social reality of the settlement than on legal and regulatory standards. This kind of new legal decision promises not only to sustain the project gains, but also to inform planning in other Brazilian municipalities with similar challenges. A monitoring committee, made up of representatives from various sectors of the PMSA, was initially created to oversee the co-ordination of project activities and advocate for the project within each sector. Later, in order to create a constructive and proactive climate for project implementation, the responsibility for day-to-day co-ordination was handed to PMSA/SPPPA field staff who could quickly identify the communities’ needs, a primary determinant of project activities, and then engage the relevant agencies in planning and implementation activities to meet the needs. Coordination of the actors from different PMSA units (secretariats, agencies, departments for Urban Development, Housing, Citizen Participation, Economic Development, etc., as well as SEMASA and the Subprefeitura) was an essential part of creating a holistic CBWM approach. For example, the project brought together for the first time the technical staff of SEMASA with the social planners from PMSA. In this way, the project has encouraged an open, communicative culture across municipal structures. A particularly notable outcome has been the steady increase in the depth and scope of participation in watershed and settlement planning by a diversity of residents of the Pilot Project communities. This participation culminated in the project’s Final Conference in August 2004. Many community members attended and gave presentations on the CBWM project’s approach and impacts. This event alone showed the success of the

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André project in opening lines of communication and managing conflict. Previously disenfranchised communities now have a voice in the decision-making for their future. Anticipated Outcome 3 •

Increased collaboration and consultation among key Brazilian public and private institutions on the promotion of CBWM in the São Paulo region. Indicators as stated in the proposal: increased cooperation between stakeholders; details of planning process and plans for Santo André’s WPA made available; record of successes and lessons learned from pilot project communities made available

Actual Outcomes •



Knowledge of CBWM methods and lessons learned has been disseminated to other municipalities through the inter-municipal Chamber of the ABC Region and through direct collaboration between Santo André and neighbouring municipalities Extension of the project to include Pilot Project III expanded the influence of the CBWM project in the WPA, and expanded the application of CBWM approaches to settlements with the potential to tap tourism as a CED strategy

The CD ROM Hypermedia system, introduced to the project by the UBC Institute for Resources and the Environment, facilitated the dissemination of information developed and lessons learned through the project. The CD produced by the project contains both quantitative and qualitative information from environmental sensitivity analysis (ESA), socio-economic surveys, and participatory processes (e.g. biomapping and settlement design charrettes). The CD has been distributed widely and has generated international interest in the CBWM project and its approach. Similarly, a bilingual monograph presenting the results of the project’s participatory design “Charrette,” which was organized and led by faculty and staff from UBC’s Department of Landscape Architecture, has been widely distributed in Brazil and requested elsewhere in Latin America. A series of books written in Portuguese by the Santo André team, which compiles the project’s manuals and lessons learned, has been distributed to municipalities and universities throughout Brazil, and beyond through the Mercosul Cities network. The methods and lessons learned in this project have informed discussions on new environmental legislation and watershed management models in the ABC region of metropolitan São Paulo. The ABC Region’s inter-municipal Consortium, which officially joined the project in January 2000, took responsibility for dissemination, replication and scaling-up of the project’s approach. These roles had been intended to be played by EMPLASA, the regional planning agency for the whole of the São Paulo metropolitan area. However, both EMPLASA and Santo André found that differences in mandate and

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Final Report scale were too great to permit effective joint action in a CBWM project of this kind, while ABC’s mandate and scale were found to be well suited. Over the course of the project, CBWM methods became increasingly familiar to Santo André’s neighbours. As a result, the networking of planners in the ABC region has been strengthened though interactions associated with CBWM (e.g., participation in the Billings Sub-Basin Committee). ESA methodology was established as a regional approach and is now being used by other municipalities as well as Santo André. Also, the CBWM partners have been discussing the possibility of implementing similar types of projects with municipalities in other parts of Brazil and other countries. Anticipated Outcome 4: •

Improved ability of key stakeholders to analyze municipal planning options and their impacts Indicators as stated in the proposal: more widespread availability of information about environmental management issues; more effective use of information relevant to watershed management by existing committees and planning structures; effective dissemination of information by the Waterbasin Sub-committee, State Secretariats, as well as State Corporations; new plans formulated that take CBWM into account.

Actual Outcomes •





A systematic planning framework was developed to assist all CBWM partners to participate more effectively in planning and management decision-making and evaluating planning options. Training was conducted for key stakeholders, including PMSA staff, NGOs, and community members, in various methods for collecting and analysing information, decision-making, and evaluating planning options. Techniques successfully applied to planning CBWM activities in Santo André continue to be used in other planning activities of the municipal government and civil society organizations.

Ten principles for formulating and assessing options according to the CBWM approach were developed by the Santo André project leaders. These principles were: Ongoing planning: emphasize planning on an ongoing basis to adapt activities as conditions change and new information is available. Monitoring results: monitor different levels of practical results and knowledge generation. Increasing replicability: increase replicability and dissemination of lessons, and link these to policy and institutional changes. Integrating social, economic, biophysical, and institutional elements in order to move away from defining cause-effect relationships in linear terms.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Organizing activities: activities should encompass substantive planning (land use, physical, socio-economic) and strategies for implementation (financing, regulation, education, management). Understanding that information management and dissemination are key to effective planning processes. Acknowledging unanticipated consequences: shift away from reliance on commonly used legalistic and prescriptive Master Plan methods. Being responsive to local wants and needs: develop an informal settlement upgrading approach that integrates participation at all levels of decision-making. Exploring innovations: explore technical tools (e.g. innovative urban design, hypermedia CD-ROM, gender analysis, conflict management techniques) in order to find the most effective ones. The tools introduced and used during the CBWM planning and implementation processes, when added to Santo André’s pre-existing range of tools, constitute a diverse portfolio of techniques available to the PMSA and other CBWM partners. The most significant of those tools are described below. CD-ROM Hypermedia Database: The introduction of this technology allowed the CBWM partners to better organize numerous types of information (including the compilation of official statistics from various agencies, physical data collected through GIS mapping techniques, survey data, and participatory needs-assessments) in order to manage this information for easy access and planning purposes. Based on a simple GIS platform, the base map of the watershed links to various types of information relevant to a specific geographic area. Information is also organized by topic and type of data, allowing users to get a broad picture of the watershed. The flexible nature of the Toolbook software allows users to add new information as it becomes available and to update old information with relative ease. Once initial complications with software compatibility were overcome, the Toolbook system served as a central data collection system for information about the watershed. The integrated nature of the technology was well adapted for understanding the connections between socio-economic, biophysical, and institutional issues. Several of the PMSA staff now have in-depth knowledge of the Toolbook system and associated GIS technology. The latest version of the CD-ROM was presented at the project’s Final Conference in August 2004. Environmentally Sensitive Area Analysis and Mapping: Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) analysis, a technique widely used in Canada, was introduced to Brazilian partners along with the Toolbook technology. The ESA method takes into account biophysical information of the watershed area and combines it with information about settlements and land use to determine which areas are most vulnerable to ecological degradation. Using GIS technologies, maps showing the biophysical aspects of the WPA are overlaid with land use maps to produce a final ESA map that can then be used to define sensitive-area polygons. This helps determine where the most urgent action needs to be taken in order to protect against ecological degradation. ESA is also a powerful tool for planning land use according to the potential damage caused by human settlements. PMSA technical staff applied this technique to the Rio Grande Arm of the Billings Basin. ESA maps

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Final Report were produced at larger scales as more detailed information was collected; this allowed for more precise understanding of ecological conditions in the WPA. Gender Analysis: At the beginning of the CBWM project the PMSA staff had already been conducting gender-targeted activities through the Municipal Office for Women, but the training activities provided through the CBWM project brought the connections between gender and the environment to the forefront, thus extending the understanding, importance and weight of gender analysis to work in other technical areas. Techniques for analysing how women and men interact with the biophysical environment, and how they are affected differently by biophysical conditions, were used in designing social programs that addressed the environmental issues facing women and men. Gender analysis techniques improved when women were included in assessing their own situation. Involvement in social analysis helped to build trust and confidence among local women and also built their capacity to systemically assess their own situation. The completion of a participatory diagnosis on the living conditions of women in the watershed increased understanding of the complexity of women’s issues, and the Municipal Encounter of Watershed Women, has become an annual event. Social Impact Assessment and Socio-economic Surveying: The CBWM framework required information on, and attention to, land use and settlement forms, social action, aspirations, and the local economies of the WPA communities. Specific information also was needed on which stakeholders to involve, how, when, and through what processes in each community. Social assessment, including survey methods, was initiated as the primary method for developing a broad picture of the socio-economic situation in the WPA communities. The involvement of the community in the assessment led to concrete improvements in the quality and validity of information available to planning processes. As an example, a survey conducted in 2000 of a representative sample of residents of a neighbourhood in Parque Andreense revealed varied perceptions of the neighbourhood’s past, present and future. Data from this survey was then used to inform decisions on the basic types of service delivery and other actions needed by the Parque Andreense community. Participatory research techniques introduced by the project continue to help residents analyze and present the situation in their own communities, and improve their ability to take action themselves that will meet pressing needs. New Settlement Design Process and Participatory Design Charrette: Pilot Project I involved the re-design of a neighbourhood close to the Billings Reservoir in order to reduce the negative environmental impacts of settlement, legalize the subdivision of land, and improve services and infrastructure for the residents. Following a participatory planning process, planners and architects held a series of meetings to design the changes with the community. To reduce the negative environmental impacts of Parque Andreense on the reservoir and their own community, the addition of the following infrastructure changes were approved by municipal and community participants during the process: an open pluvial sewer system, a domestic sewage collection system, narrow streets paved with a permeable material (such as interlock paving stones), new patterns of street trees, bank plantings, stream bed rehabilitation and protection, grading some streets for smoother hills, and closing some extremely steep streets to a pedestrian staircase. To

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André improve the services and infrastructure for the residents, the addition of the following elements was proposed to accommodate the heavy recreational use of the streets in this neighbourhood: a pedestrian overpass for the adjacent highway, a park with playground equipment, a public square, cleaner and more attractive street materials, such as sidewalks, interlock paving stones and street trees. This proposal received preliminary approval from the State Department of Environment under the Environmental Protection Laws for Environmental Management Areas. The activities linked to Pilot Project 1 provided the practical hands-on experience necessary to deal with evolving changes and adaptations. A participatory urban design “charrette” in Pintassilgo (Pilot Project II) was held with the objective of relocating and/or upgrading this settlement to reduce its impact on the watershed. The introduction of the participatory design charrette helped the WPA residents, professional designers and architects, and other PMSA staff, realize that urban design is not the exclusive domain of professionals, and that important ideas and insights can come from inclusion of the community in the design process. It acknowledged that participation helps to reduce the risk of oversights and builds support within the community for particular designs. In addition, conflicts that might arise after a design is finished can be avoided with the participation of various individuals and groups in the design process. Finally, it was learned that the inclusion of the community in their settlement design helps them understand limits and opportunities. Biomapping: Similar in philosophy to the design charrette, biomapping is a technique that stimulates communities to become actively involved in analysing their own situation and their opportunities and constraints. Introduced to Santo André through the CBWM project, biomapping assisted community members in documenting issues facing their communities as well as their existing assets. The mapping technique, in contrast to the charette, is conducive to exploring a variety of perceptions (e.g. of conflict) to ideas (e.g. for future services). Similar to the Toolbook technology, the biomapping process uses a basic physical map of the community as a platform for discussing community issues. However, as a largely hand-drawn, cut-and-paste exercise, biomapping is more conducive to wide participation and requires fewer capital investments. The project’s biomapping workshops presented an opportunity for community members to interact, discuss issues, and build a sense of trust and common purpose. Oral History: Oral histories were introduced by the CBWM project as a way to capture the existing knowledge within the WPA communities and to create a record for residents to share among themselves and with others. Oral histories allow a more in-depth exploration of individual experiences than do the charrette or biomapping techniques. Combining oral histories with photographs of the residents created an interesting and compelling view into the WPA communities. The oral histories also helped others outside the WPA to understand and sympathise with the subtle realities of everyday life in the WPA, thereby fostering deeply human connections between WPA residents and other Santo André residents.

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Final Report Anticipated Outcome 5 •

Institutional partnerships established and augmented between Canadian and Brazilian universities, municipalities, NGOs, and community groups. Indicators as stated in the proposal: transfer of CBWM technology to other Brazilian municipalities; academic exchanges between universities.

Actual Outcome •

Canadian and Brazilian institutions have actively explored possibilities for future collaboration.

The rapport immediately established between the Canadian and Brazilian teams by collaborating on the development of the project proposal and initial work plans was conducive to creating effective working arrangements. The strength of the partnership provided many opportunities for the exchange of ideas and information between the Brazilian and Canadian teams. Furthermore, it provided the basis for mutual understanding of the project’s challenges and a supportive environment for participants to develop the practical hands-on experience necessary to manage future challenges. Strong linkages between the Brazilian and Canadian partners and collaborating institutions have been built through the project. They continue to lead to future opportunities for collaboration. Through missions to Brazil and Canada, Canadians and Brazilians were able to observe first-hand the realities that each face in the management of urban watersheds and to exchange technical expertise through training workshops. One of the important Brazilian-Canadian exchanges in the project occurred when representatives of the ABC Consortium travelled to Ontario and British Columbia to learn how different Canadian municipalities deal with watershed protection and management. This visit had an important impact on the project, strengthening international ties and renewing the commitment to work together on developing models for watershed protection and settlement planning. Relations between the Canadian and Brazilian participants were strengthened through joint participation in: i) the two “Lessons Learned Symposiums” organized by CIDA for its Brazil project principals; ii) the project’s self-evaluation seminar held in Vancouver, February 2004; and iii) the Final CBWM Conference held in Santo André in August 2004 where Canadians from the collaborating institutions who had participated in the early stages of the project were able to see the results of that early collaboration and to reestablish Brazilian ties.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André

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Final Report

Chapter 4 Commentary on Outcomes and Impacts After the closing of the CBWM project, the changes effected in institutions, practices, and relationships in the management system of the WPA, headed by the PMSA, will continue to have significant impacts on the people living within the watershed. This chapter discusses some of the outcomes and impacts anticipated in the five years following the conclusion of the CBWM project. Pintassilgo

At the final CBWM conference in August 2004, the residents had already begun to discuss new ideas to implement next in the WPA, including community kitchens, community gardens, and expansion of the women’s sewing cooperative and other cooperatives. The enthusiasm, sense of empowerment, and tangible skills developed by the residents and community leaders all point to the countless number of possibilities that could be developed in the coming years. It should be pointed out that significant challenges still exist in these communities, but a new sense of possibility, a new vision and a new-found trust in their own capacity are the most significant and long-lasting changes. The PMSA is now well equipped to expand the reach of the methods used in the CBWM project to other communities in WPAs, and to further institutionalise them within the municipal organization. The use of gender analysis and social impact assessment should help improve PMSA projects and programming to better meet the needs of marginal populations. The CD ROM Toolbook system and GIS technologies should prove to be useful tools for collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data from the WPA and other areas within the municipality’s boundaries. The improvement in management of information on the WPA will help the PMSA to disseminate information about issues in the WPA throughout its own structure and to other interested parties. Using the participatory approaches developed through the CBWM project, the PMSA will continue to search for socially just ways to reduce the impact of residents living in environmentally sensitive areas and, when possible, create alternative living arrangements. In the next five years, it will be possible to have a notable reduction in waste from the communities in the reservoir through infrastructure upgrades and education of the residents. The on-going environmental education initiatives have great potential to change attitudes and behaviour over the long run, as residents are already recognizing the impact of environmental damage. New Watershed Law The CBWM project’s processes and activities have influenced the people who are preparing new legislation to guide management of the Billings watershed. These people include staff members of the PMSA and neighbouring municipalities, as well as 29

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André community leaders who are part of the civil society committee that is advising on the drafting of the legislation. The legislation, the “PDPA and Lei Específica da APRM Billings,”6 will affect all waterbasins in the State of São Paulo, and will set an example for waterbasin legislation elsewhere in Brazil. New development in watersheds will be guided by a comprehensive framework that addresses all aspects of settlements. New development will be required to be responsive to the environmental needs of special areas and to the socio-economic needs of people living in them. The impact of the new legislation will be profound. Parque Andreense The self-help movement that was established has motivated the residents of Parque Andreense to begin their own infrastructure upgrading with road repairs, green space development, and other improvements in their community. In addition, the skills that residents have gained through the self-help training program are transferable to paying jobs in landscaping and construction elsewhere. Through CBWM planning and implementation, and through the subsequent negotiations with local residents for the removal of buildings and houses from especially sensitive areas, a subdivision design was created that set an important precedent for joint cooperation in the process of tenure regularization and protection of buffer zones. If this pattern continues, the next five years could yield significant changes in the physical form of Parque Andreense and make important reductions in the community’s impacts on the watershed. Pintassilgo The final decision on the Rodoanel (a proposed new major Ring Road) will have a significant impact on the WPA and especially on the Pintassilgo community, which lies in its path. If the currently proposed route is chosen, then some of the housing in Pintassilgo will have to be moved, and the rest of the community will find itself living very near a major highway. However, the skills and experiences that the members of the Pintassilgo community acquired through the CBWM process have kept them active in discussions about the road and engaged with municipal and state officials. No longer helpless against external decisions affecting their lives, the community now has the ability to express its wants and needs, and the potential to leverage benefits from a road project even in the face of losses.

6

PDPA and Lei Específica da APRM Billings: Plan for Development and Environmental Protection and Specific Law for the Protection and Restoration Area of the Billings Watershed.

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Final Report Pintassilgo faces legal obstacles to its development and legitimatisation. Its community and PMSA advocates have had to overcome the resistance of regulators and municipal departments to invest in this informal settlement. In many cases, for example, in the upgrading of infrastructure, agencies cannot legally put resources towards the community because of its illegality as a settlement. However, since the recognition of the Pintassilgo settlement as a legitimate Santo André neighbourhood, the PMSA and SEMASA--the overseer for infrastructure and environmental education for Pintassilgo--have been working to improve conditions in the settlement and have made inroads with other regulatory agencies. Paranapiacaba The community of Paranapiacaba now has the basic tourism infrastructure (i.e. signage, some lodging and food establishments, trained tour guides, etc.) necessary to begin building a client-based, pro-poor tourism system that can work towards sustaining the community. The community has been positive about the changes that have been made and are looking for ways to build on the energy and optimism developed during the project. For example, an old railway officers’ club is being renovated to become a cultural centre to help attract larger events that could bring more tourists to the village. Paranapiacaba is on the path to creating a sustainable, equitable community tourism industry that will help improve the quality of life of residents as well as responsibly preserve the historical heritage and surrounding environmental patrimony. One of the major challenges that the community faces is to find enough capital to restore many of the historic buildings that are in need of urgent care. The Subprefeitura has identified some possible sources of funding, but whether they are enough to keep pace with the deterioration of the buildings is unclear. On the other hand, several spin-off projects from the CBWM project are already in the planning and development stages and show immense potential to build on the lessons learned in the CBWM project regarding alternatives for income generation based on the potential of the village. Urban Agriculture in Santo André Currently, a pilot Urban Agriculture project is being developed in Santo André and is seeking collaboration with Vancouver’s Food Security Task Force. Pintassilgo has been chosen as one of the test sites because, through the CBWM project, the residents have expressed an interest in urban agriculture and invested in their own capacity to participate in such a project. In its initial (conceptualization) stage, the project will bring together students from UBC, Santo André municipal staff, people from philanthropic foundations, and residents of the WPA to create an urban agriculture system that will help to improve food and income security for residents in the WPA.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Mozambique Project A project is being developed by the CBWM project partners to replicate their experience in the municipality of Maputo, Mozambique. Many of the issues faced by the PMSA in managing the WPA are analogous to the issues faced by the Maputo municipal government. Expertise in the PMSA and other institutions would be shared with Maputo through a joint cooperation project which would include as a partner the University Eduardo Mondlane in Maputo. Currently, a Canadian intern is helping to develop the proposal for this project. Lima Project Several Mayors and technical staff from other Latin American cities have visited Santo André to see first-hand the work of the CBWM project. Metropolitan Lima in Peru has been particularly proactive in asking for direct support to develop a similar project. In accordance with CIDA’s desire to propagate CBWM successes in other parts of Latin America, representatives of PMSA and CHS travelled to Lima in August 2004 to explore possibilities for a trilateral project supported by CIDA. Since Lima is located in a seismically active zone, such a project would have to address pro-active disaster preparedness as part of the framework for community-based watershed management. CHS has expertise in this area. It is expected that other cities threatened by earthquakes would become interested in the project. Participatory Budgeting in Canada Sustained linkages between Brazil and municipalities in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia have been initiated and fostered by the CBWM project. Councillors from Vancouver, Bowen Island, Nanaimo, and Coquitlam, as well as municipal staff, have travelled to Santo André to observe its famed participatory budgeting process in action. The linkages have led to a proposal, developed by CHS in co-operation with B.C. and Ontario municipalities and community organizations, to test the viability of participatory budgeting in Canada. The proposal has been submitted to Canada’s Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. Continental Fisheries of Brazil Project The lessons-learned through the CBWM project have contributed to the development of a CIDA Technology Transfer project being implemented in the middle section of the São Francisco Basin in the central part of Brazil. The lessons learned by CBWM project partners about organizational development, participatory monitoring and evaluation, as well as gender and community economic development, are being brought to this project through consultations and exchanges of experiences.

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Chapter 5 Variances Between Activities Planned and Implemented This chapter discusses the significant variances between the planned activities and those actually implemented. From the project’s conception, the implementation process was never conceived as a strict set of pre-determined activities, but rather as a flexible process for achieving the overarching goal of the project. Through participatory monitoring and other feedback mechanisms, the project continuously responded to the institutional needs of the PMSA and human needs in the WPA communities. As the project progressed, the nature and sequence of activities--including timelines, specific objectives, and responsibilities--changed in response to new information and shifting conditions on the ground. The most significant change to the project was the addition of Pilot Project III, which was included in response to needs expressed by the PMSA and residents of Paranapiacaba. The addition of this Pilot Project extended the duration and geographic scope of the project to include the far eastern area of the WPA located in the Serra do Mar ( the coastal mountains that separate the plateau of the SPMA from the Atlantic Ocean) and a heritage village whose needs and opportunities differed from those of Parque Andreense and Pintassilgo. In the first year of the project, work on the information management component suffered a delay because of the incompatibility of Canadian and Brazilian software. The delays in setting up the information management system did not, however, affect the start of other components of the project. During the project implementation years, municipal elections and legal limitations constrained the implementation of some activities. The first election period, in 2000, involved six months of restricted legal and contractual action; the project team used this period for detailing and revising plans. Following the election (in which Mayor Celso Daniel, the project’s Brazilian director, was re-elected) there was some restructuring in the municipal administration. Some of these changes (such as the creation of the SubPrefeitura) were influenced by, and thus very positive for, the project; however, due to the overwhelming need for experienced personnel in other municipalities where the Workers’ Party won elections for the first time, some staff members left the municipality. As a result, some time was lost after the election as PMSA staff adjusted to new structures, mandates, and responsibilities. In January 2002, the project had to deal with the tragedy of Celso Daniel being murdered. This violent event profoundly shocked and disturbed municipal officials and members of the communities involved in the project, as well as the Canadian partners. The mayor had been the political driving force behind the project, and the loss of his leadership required partners to determine how the void would be filled. After some time of grieving, the project partners committed to making the CBWM project one of Mr. Daniel’s major legacies. It is a testimony to his leadership ability that his team, inspired 33

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André by his life dedicated to participatory democracy and social inclusion, could carry on his work. The São Paulo state-level process of formulating new legislation on watersheds turned out to be slower than had been expected when the project was initiated. However, the delays only indirectly affected most project activities, because most did not depend on legal approval at the state level. In late 2003, with CIDA approval, the project completion date was postponed from January 31, 2004 to June 30, 2004 in order to maximize the effectiveness of project documentation and the dissemination of the lessons learned. Four major factors were considered in the decision to extend the project: •







Dissemination of lessons learned: The lessons being learned in the environmental, social, and, recently, economic aspects of our planning and capacity building for watershed management were richer than originally expected. For example, project workshops led to the identification of new possibilities and alternatives for watershed protection and settlement upgrading in municipalities like Santo André. Documentation of CBWM approaches: There was widespread interest, beyond São Paulo, in high quality documentation of the project’s innovative approaches, such as the documentation that had already been provided in the participatory design charrette booklet and in the CD-ROM. The project partners wished to continue to prepare, update, and increase the potential for disseminating these kinds of materials. Involvement of Brazilian federal ministries: Several ministries in the new federal government of Brazil, such as the Ministry of Cities, the National Secretariat for Promotion of Public Policies for Equality, and the Secretariat for Solidarity Economy, were interested in the lessons learned from the project and in the potential for building on those lessons at the national level. Participation of Brazilian universities: Several universities in the São Paulo region had become interested in helping to build the watershed-management capacity of Santo André and neighbouring municipalities. An extension of time for the project would enable the CBWM partners to capitalize fully on the opportunities offered by the involvement of these institutions.

Overall, the variances in project activities had minimal negative effects on the project’s progress and accomplishments. Even those variances that did delay the completion of certain activities had a silver lining: they gave partners the chance to reflect and improve project strategies. The fact that the project experienced some significant challenges and was still able to achieve its stated purposes is a tribute to the effectiveness of the adaptive management framework and participatory approach.

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Chapter 6 Main Risks and Critical Assumptions This chapter discusses the critical assumptions and risks identified during project planning, the challenges that emerged during project implementation, and the strategies employed to manage the risks and challenges. Like other aspects of CBWM project planning and implementation, at the core of the risk management strategy was the adaptive management model and participation of stakeholders in decision-making. Becoming aware, through project monitoring, of emerging barriers and risks was key to their minimization and management. Many of the risks identified in the initial project planning were related to Santo André’s institutional and community support for project initiatives; but, as the project unfolded, it enjoyed in fact wide support within Santo André. Where there was lack of support in the city, it was usually due to time or resource constraints or to inter-institutional conflicts over the coordination and responsibility of project activities, rather than to disagreement over the project’s objectives. One of the major constraints was the unavailability of municipal funding in a quantity large enough to meaningfully implement WPA infrastructure programs. The inter-institutional conflicts were effectively dealt with through dialogue and the conflict-management techniques introduced to the project by the University of Victoria. The financial constraints were first accepted as a fact of life and then addressed by paying increased attention in the latter stages of the project to the possibilities for generating new resources through community economic development. The City of Vancouver and Van-City provided particularly valuable assistance to the project’s CED activities. One threat to the project that did materialise was the lack of support from the São Paulo State government. This was addressed by replacing one of the initial collaborators-EMPLASA, a state agency having responsibility for advising on the regional planning of metropolitan São Paulo--with the ABC Consortium, an institution formed by and representative of the municipalities within the Billings Reservoir Watershed. The Consortium members’ common interest in finding solutions to the challenges posed by watershed settlement made the Consortium a major collaborator in the project. It is expected to continue playing a significant role in promoting the project’s participatory adaptive management approach. The broad support given to the project by the WPA communities created a challenge in responding to the communities’ growing expectations that they would all see tangible, short-term results. Concern grew that if the project and the PMSA could not meet the expectations, the CBWM model would lose credibility and community support. To address this concern, the project partners worked, successfully, to build a more in-depth understanding among community members of the PMSA’s limitations, of the importance for taking a long-term approach, and of the potentials for effecting collective self-help processes and programs.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Another early-identified challenge related to the effectiveness and efficiency of interdepartmental co-ordination within the municipality. In response, one of the initial structures set up by the project was the CBWM monitoring committee, which was responsible for co-ordination within the project and for encouraging committee members to advocate for project activities within their respective agencies or departments. As well, all-party strategic planning meetings were held periodically. These responses later helped Santo André to design a system for better ongoing co-ordination and monitoring of its international projects. CBWM partners were always aware of the possibility that stakeholders might have been overlooked in the design of activities. Efforts were constantly made to scan for omissions and to rectify them so as to achieve the most comprehensive possible participation. It was important to maintain support for the project by all watershed stakeholders. Early expressions of political support from the top, particularly the Mayor, and effective communication about the project’s cumulative successes, ensured that bureaucratic and political support was maintained. PMSA staff who were initially leery of the project were soon encouraged by senior officials and the communities to participate in project workshops. In most cases, this participation led to increased support for the project and its approach. The Pilot Projects were initially challenged by most residents’ limited willingness and capacity to participate. The challenge was met through creative design of early events that stimulated resident participation and helped build the organizational capacity and political understanding necessary for more empowered participation in later stages. In addition, the early events revealed previously untapped resources in the communities (e.g. leadership capacity, local knowledge) that would later be mobilized by the PMSA staff and the communities themselves. Legal and financial barriers posed risks to the successful implementation of the Pilot Projects in Pintassilgo and Paranapiacaba. Basic legal mechanisms were in place to support the Pilot Projects, but sophisticated legal strategies were needed to secure legal ownership by residents of their plots of land. There were no legal precedents for formalizing tenure in informal settlements. Discussions of land ownership issues that were fostered by the CBWM project led to the identification of some encouraging possibilities which found the support of planners, lawyers and the communities involved. In terms of financial requirements, the necessary large scale upgrading and relocation in Pintassilgo and recovery of heritage buildings in Paranapiacaba required capital investment that could not be met through this project or the annual municipal budget. The CBWM project provided tools (policies, plans, methods, and skills) to guide a longterm physical upgrade and/or relocation of favelas and informal settlements in the WPA, as well as the restoration of Paranapiacaba, but the capital investment had to come from other sources. The solution lay in seeing the outputs from the CBWM project (action plans, guidelines, and project designs) as inputs into large-scale funding proposals to

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Final Report agencies such as the Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, the European Community, and other potential funders. One of the critical assumptions in the project design related to the quality and availability of information necessary for municipal decision-making on watershed management. It was assumed that relevant information would be made available by officials of Santo André, other municipalities, and state-level corporations and secretariats. Early resistance to information-sharing in some technical areas was overcome at local government levels through meetings where teams, led by Santo André staff, discussed the holistic approach of the project and the need for a comprehensive development approach that encompassed all technical and social areas. However, the same collegiality could not be achieved with some state agencies. Due to conflicting political agendas, these agencies did not make data readily available to the CBWM team. This resistance resulted in somewhat more work than expected being required by project participants in the initial (diagnostic) phase. In relation to the expansion of institutional linkages between Canada and Brazil, the anticipated risk was that difficulties would arise in establishing links, sharing knowledge and gaining continuous support. Such difficulties did not materialise. The project was easily able to foster and strengthen institutional linkages between the Brazilian and Canadian partners in most of the project’s activities. In fact, Brazilian agencies and Canadian institutions (such as VanCity Credit Union and the CED Centre of Simon Fraser University) that were not initially involved in the project later participated in, and contributed significantly to, certain project activities.

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Chapter 7 Main Lessons Learned and Recommendations to CIDA Throughout all phases of the CBWM project, valuable lessons have been learned by the participants. Lessons drawn from the successes achieved throughout the project have encouraged participants to continue their work in strengthening WPA governance so that it better serves both environmental protection and local people. Lessons about challenges to the successful attainment of intended results have pushed participants to think in new ways, to consider new options and strategies, and to adapt their practices. The learning is itself one of the important project outcomes, and has contributed to other outcomes. This chapter traces the evolving focus of capacity-building within the CBWM project, provides an overview of three levels of learning that took place, then presents details on the learning that took place at the third level: learning about what constitutes effective project design. The chapter concludes by offering recommendations to CIDA for strengthening support of future capacity-building projects in Brazil and other developing countries. Evolution of the Project’s Capacity-building Focus The initial tendency of the project was to build the capacity of existing institutions (especially PMSA and SEMASA) for dealing with the immediate issue of informal settlement in the WPA (e.g., through such measures as zoning of environmentally sensitive areas, monitoring of settlements, and relocation of poorly located settlements). Many participants began with the idea that improving municipal service delivery, information management, and knowledge of the watershed, as well as practical skillupgrading in such areas as participatory planning, conflict resolution, environmental sensitivity analysis, and infrastructure design, would constitute the new regime for watershed management. In the middle stage, concern focussed on building the ongoing capacity of WPA communities and the PMSA to address continuing, broader issues, such as barriers to social inclusion, through new institutional arrangements: new structures (e.g., SPPPA, Council of Community Representatives, community organizations), new procedures for co-operation among professionals in different sectors (e.g. engineering and social worker), and new inter-municipal forums. Toward the end of the project, concern focussed on building community and institutional capacity for sustained capacity building—for example, by linking community members and municipal staff with universities in the region to facilitate participatory actionresearch. The language used in project literature and presentations emphasized less the idea of an operational group of planners implementing a new management model, and

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André more the vision of a dynamic planning team engaging in learning processes not only about changing management structures, but also about learning itself.7 Levels of Learning In the latter stages of the project, participants increasingly realized that a capacitybuilding project can produce learning at three levels. It can produce learning about technical practice, about organization and governance, and, as this very discussion shows, about project design for capacity-building. Technical learning relates to learning about the utility, appropriate application, and needed adaptations of tools (such as the environmental sensitivity analysis, design charrettes, or oral histories introduced to the Santo André area through the project, or further tested through the project). The technical learning achieved through the project was in forms too numerous, diverse, and specific to cover in this final project report. Information on this level of learning can be found in the project’s annual reports which detail each year’s outputs, including who learned what from activities such as training and hands-on workshops. What is important to report here is that in the implementation of the project, participants found some of the technical tools introduced to be effective in the Santo André context, while other tools required considerable adaptation or had unexpected results. Participants became increasingly conscious of the need to approach technology transfer with an active critical eye and to eschew passive technology absorption. Learning about organization and governance includes learning about the ways in which various structures (e.g., a sub-prefeitura, inter-secretariat teams, or a Council of Community Representatives), processes (e.g., strategic planning or CED workshops), and policies (e.g., on settlement relocation or upgrading) are, or are not, effective in managing the system of concern—in this case, managing an urban watershed. Learning about organizations and governance in the CBWM project resulted in deepened understanding of how the complex environmental and social challenges of urban watersheds are best met through management approaches based on collaboration (inter-departmental, intergovernmental, government with civil society) and state-of-the-art information, communication, and participation technologies. The project experience confirmed that collaborative, community-based watershed management: Enhances problem solving by bringing different knowledge and perspectives to bear on the problem. •

7

Resolves conflicts by promoting transparent processes that foster trust and mutual respect and the finding of win-win solutions.

Alison Macnaughton. 2003. “Learning as Leverage for Change in Local Government: A Case Study of Santo André’s GEPAM Project (1998-2003).” UBC Master’s thesis.

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Final Report • •

Builds a constituency and sense of “ownership” for decisions reached, and thus motivation for implementing them. Encourages experimentation and innovation.

Learning about Effective Project-design for Capacity-building Learning about capacity-building includes learning about the effectiveness of alternative designs for capacity-building projects, and about specific capacity-building processes ranging from hands-on technical training, to social learning through trial and error (e.g., trying different CED approaches), to participatory project evaluation, to encouragement of staff to become reflective practitioners. Learning about capacity building in the CBWM project produced the insight that capacity building is synonymous with learning, and that, therefore, capacity-building projects should be structured to facilitate widespread learning at all levels. An important corollary is the insight that the planning and implementation processes for projects that build participation capacity should themselves be collaborative and participatory. Projects should be designed to enable staff and communities to participate in the continuing evaluation and re-formulation of project strategies and activities. The lesson that projects should be designed to be collaborative and participatory was extended to other realms of municipal management in Santo André. In this sense, the CBWM project had an impact not only on watershed management but also on municipal governance more generally. It was realized by the project participants that the CBWM project design facilitated learning because it was based on: i) an experimental, learn-by-doing philosophy, ii) an equal-partnership and mutual learning model; iii) collaboration involving a local government, communities, and Canadian and Brazilian researchers who provided complementary knowledge, mandates, and resources; iv) a common commitment to sustainability, social inclusion, and democratic governance; v) a shared (and unusual) willingness to accept the challenge of approaching environmental problems while taking into account the livelihood needs of populations living in environmentally threatened areas; vi) inter-departmental and government-community teams; vii) openness to involving new participants from within Santo André or beyond; viii) recognition that each collaborating agency and team has its own way of working and that its responsibilities and practices could change over time; ix) an adaptive management model that included continuous project evaluation by participants; x) forthrightness and transparency in managing conflicts; xi) a mission that extended beyond solving Santo André’s problems to generating and disseminating knowledge about CBWM that could be of use regionally and nationally--a mission that thus required constant attention to learning through the project and reflection by staff and community members on its dynamics so that they could report on these in books, videos, and presentations to conferences and visitors.

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Recommendations to CIDA The project partners recommend that CIDA: • •

• • •



Increase financial support for projects in Brazil, a country in which 33.6% of the population is living below US $2.00 a day, and 13% of the population has inadequate access to water.8 Increase support for projects headed by developing-country local governments that are strongly committed to sustainable poverty reduction through democratization of governance--especially for projects linking such local governments with developing-country and Canadian universities supportive of mutual learning, dissemination of project lessons learned, and long-term partnerships. Pro-actively encourage more projects that incorporate the collaborative, multistakeholder, participatory model that the CBWM project found to be highly effective in building capacity. Continue to periodically bring together partners in CIDA-funded projects in Brazil to exchange lessons learned, develop inter-project synergies, and evaluate CIDA’s programming effectiveness. Organize a Brazil-Canada symposium focussed specifically on the role of universities in development. This could include participation by both bilateral and Partnership Branch staff of CIDA, as well as universities in both countries that have been involved in CIDA projects or similar endeavours. In collaboration with universities, explore ways to link research and degree-oriented teaching, the primary mandates of universities, with external capacity-building and other forms of development assistance. Encourge and support Canadian institutions to develop long-term partnerships with overseas institutions through innovative funding mechansisms and new modes of intra-institutional coooperation within CIDA. Innovative funding mechanisms could, for example, provide small amounts of funding over a couple of years before funding-intensive projects start and for several years after they finish. Pre-project funding would enable preparation for project activities; postproject funding could be provided for small-scale cost-effective follow-up activities such as occasional personnel exchanges to assess long-term impacts, deepen and sustain learning from the project experience, and reinforce institutional links.

In conclusion, the partners thank CIDA for providing the financial support that made the CBWM project possible, and for the interest in the project expressed by CIDA officers in Canada and Brazil from the beginnings of proposal development to the end of the final conference.

8

UNDP – Brazil HDR 2003 Report

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Annexes

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ANNEX 1 CBWM Project Brochure – Lessons Learned Symposium, Sponsored By CIDA In Ottawa, October 21-23, 2003 INTRODUCTION At the general level, the CBWM project has been continuously evolving to take an increasingly comprehensive approach to building capacity for watershed management. Comprehensiveness has been increasing in three dimensions: sectoral, geographical, and hierarchical. Sectorally, the project has added economic development to the original focus on environmental and social issues. We have found that to simultaneously protect the natural environment and reduce poverty, there must be income generation in the watershed communities and greater fiscal resources in the municipal government. Geographically, the project has incorporated neighbouring municipalities in selected project activities, such as planning for community economic development. Hierarchically, the project has increasingly included bottom-up activities and perspectives to complement the activities planned by municipal officers. OUTCOMES 1. Establishment of an Innovative Watershed Management Structure: the Subprefeitura The project has played a key role in establishing a new structure for managing the watershed and in shaping its management approach. This structure is the Municipal Subprefeitura of Paranapiacaba and Parque Andreense (SPPPA), whose offices are located in the watershed area, and whose management approach is to work closely with watershed residents. 3.

Stimulation of a Culture of Interdepartmental Cooperation within the Municipality Interdepartmental cooperation was beginning to occur at the time of project implementation in urban favela upgrading and service delivery for specific projects; however, the CBWM project has played a key role in developing this cooperation beyond this stage, and was innovative in introducing the environmental dimension for all the programs. For CBWM, the coordination of actors from different departments was an essential part of creating a holistic approach to managing the watershed protection areas. The teams worked collaboratively to learn and define their values about participation, conflict resolution, environmental education, gender, tenure, income generation, etc. The project has enhanced a very supportive, open, communicative culture between municipal departments by providing an opportunity for all involved to participate and for all views to be equally valued.

4. Building of Trust between Local Government and Watershed Residents The significant amount of community development work that had been done in the CBWM communities by the Subprefeitura (SPPPA), the Municipal Secretary for

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Social Inclusion and the Servico Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental (SEMASAthe public corporation responsible for sewage, water, garbage and environmental monitoring for the whole municipality) throughout the CBWM project has laid a foundation of trust in the communities by producing tangible results that address the immediate needs of the residents. All Brazilian parties involved in the project report that there is a generally open and respectful relationship between the community residents and the Santo André and SPPPA officials. The trust and good relationship are manifested, for example, in the enthusiastic reception by watershed residents of workshops put on by the project and by municipal agencies outside the aegis of the project. 4. Formation of Programs and a Network for Local Economic Development The project has led to formation of a Solidarity Economy Network – Rede de Economia Solidária—and the Program for Popular Entrepreneur – Programa do Empreendedor Popular- within the watershed settlements. The initiatives include a sewing co-op, construction workers co-op, candy and canapés co-op, a community garden, as well as worming raising and fishing ventures. There are also courses for landscaping, gardening, and craftsmanship in order to provide training for income generation. 5. Institutionalization of Institutional and Community Capacity-Building as Ongoing Processes The CBWM project drew on Canadian and Brazilian project-dedicated resources to show the value and potential of developing environmental stewardship while meeting people’s needs. The project also showed some of the possibilities for building community and municipal capacity to productively address complex environmentalsocial-economic-legal problems. Now, various secretariats within the Municipality of Santo André have institutionalized activities modelled on those introduced by the project and are sustainably funding these activities from their own resources. For example, the SPPPA, SEMASA, and the Secretary for Economic Development have initiated and are currently implementing a series of workshops, events, and training courses regarding cultural and educational activities with resources from outside the CBWM project. Other municipalities from the ABC region, particularly Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra, are partners in most of these initiatives. 6. Strengthening of Community Identity and Citizenship By involving the watershed residents in the process of community development and stewarding of the environment, the CBWM project has engendered among watershed residents a sense of “belonging” to the municipality and the construction of an “Andreense” (Santo André) identity. The capacity to decentralize specific environmental services to the Subprefeitura has been an effective method of encouraging the exercise of citizenship – cidadania – by watershed residents. The strengthening of citizenship is a continuation of the high degree of “ownership” felt

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Final Report by watershed residents in relation to the CBWM project itself. The objective of every activity within the project is learning – in the broader sense – in order to define rights and responsibilities. For the watershed, this learning process draws strongly on the nature of the place, i.e., an environmentally sensitive area that is particularly important in the production of water, a natural resource that permeates all citizens’ lives. This is why the project activities and programs have focussed on working with and within the communities and building activities that enable development of a socio-cultural and political identity through collective exploration of forms of selfexpression, all of which incorporate the environmental dimension. 7. Enhancing of Planning Awareness and Skills among Watershed Residents and Municipal Officials The workshops, project meetings, and learn-by-doing pilot projects have enhanced skills regarding environmental awareness of residents, social awareness of municipal technical experts, and the project-planning and strategic planning skills of many who have been involved. 8. Development of an Adaptive Planning Management Framework for Ongoing Community-Based Watershed The seventh outcome is intended to meet the primary project goal, which is the preliminary development of a framework for ongoing community-based watershed through a process of adaptive management. This has been achieved by building on the six outcomes above. The adaptive planning management framework that has been envisioned from the beginning of the project, and which is now taking shape, involves ongoing comprehensive, participatory analysis (environmental, social, and economic) of the watershed and its land use, and participatory planning to create solutions for problems encountered. This is a framework that explicitly recognizes the complexity and uncertainties that are inherent in the management of natural resources and human settlements, and responds by building into the management process continuous feedback and flexible plans. 9. Fostering of a Regional CBWM Approach The ABC Region Consortium is becoming the repository of knowledge being created around watershed issues and has the potential to be the main dissemination mechanism beyond the municipalities that are directly involved with the project activities. Some of the project events are being held in other municipalities in order to further their roles in the dissemination process, as well as to make sure that they are also immediate beneficiaries of the knowledge generated by and within the project. LESSONS LEARNED What we are now learning is that a project such as CBWM can generate the kinds of outcomes described above. As the project progresses towards the final stages of

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André implementation, it is important not only to focus on recent lessons learned, but also to reflect on the cumulative lessons. At the most general level, the lessons learned are in the form of a shared understanding and acknowledgement by all Canadian and Brazilian project participants that: • Community based watershed management issues are complex roles and rules are continuously shifting within agencies and departments of a municipal government • Institutional conflict exists and must be dealt with in transparent way participation by all participants and stakeholders produces good planning. To elaborate on the last point above, we have learned that participatory processes should actively engage significant stakeholders in management processes, collective inquiry, and decision-making. Active participation in management processes and decision making is crucial because it: •

Enhances problem solving because the management process is open to all significant stakeholders, with multiple and reciprocal pathways for information flow.



Resolves conflicts by promoting an open process in which disparate interests and views are considered, and provides more space for ideas and knowledge to be shared and bargaining among the interested parties when there are conflicts.



Strengthens the validity of results and builds a constituency for the decisions based on them, and it helps develop a sense of “ownership” of solutions that erodes initial resistance to change and encourages experimentation and innovation.



Builds and preserves trust and credibility. This is vitally important in uncertain situations, (for example, where the flow of financial resources depends on several variables outside the process) since stakeholders must believe that others are being honest about their biases and limitations and are negotiating openly.

Raising awareness about all the CBWM issues within the watershed area communities is a long-term process that involves many small steps. It is a challenge to gain ongoing support for community involvement in long-term initiatives such as this. Communities can then develop a much stronger capacity to build and expand upon programs that are currently being initiated. More specifically, it is important to foster the personal commitment of community members in project work. Community-based watershed management is only possible when community members collectively identify their personal health and well being as being inseparable from the health of their local environment, and are then in a position to work together for community-environmental health. Environmental stewardship cannot take place unless individuals are motivated. 48

Final Report There is also a need to address demands for planning and development initiatives from communities that share borders with the pilot projects; the strategy developed by the project team has been to offer those communities opportunities for participation in project workshops and planning discussions. Fundamentally we have learned that for an international project to contribute to the resolution to the complex problems associated with urban watershed management, the most effective action that the partners can take is to strengthen the capacity of the managing institutions, such as the municipality, and communities to continuously learn together from experience about solutions that are effective in meeting environmental, social, and economic goals. In short an international project can best contribute by helping to build “lifelong learning institutions” for adaptive management.

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ANNEX 2 Final CBWM Conference Proceedings, August 20049 INTRODUCTION On August 11-13, 2004, the Municipality of Santo André (PMSA) hosted the Final CBWM Lessons Learned Seminar for the CBWM project partners and the public. This three-day event aimed to increase the understanding and appreciation of the lessons learned from the Brazilian-Canadian partnership in Community-Based Watershed Management (CBWM) project through a forum for mutual learning and exploration of the important issues surrounding watershed management in Santo André and the lessons learned through the CBWM project. This report provides an overview of this seminar including the presentations made by presenters, which was held in Santo André at the Fundação Universitária Santo André. Section 2 includes background information on the seminar, its purpose and themes. Section 3 covers the seminar structure and format. Section 4 presents highlights from the panel presentations, which were an opportunity for partners to share practical experiences and lessons learned in community-based watershed management. Each panel was followed by an audience question period. Section 5 summarizes the field visits to the pilot projects. The outcomes of the conference for the PMSA and the CBWM project are outlined in section 6, and section 7 delineates best practices and lessons learned from the project including the seminar itself. The appendices include the seminar agenda, detailed list of the presenters, and a list of all of the seminar participants. BACKGROUND AND THEMES The Final CBWM Lessons Learned Seminar was organized by a highly dedicated steering committee from the PMSA. The group drew on the input and feedback from both the Brazilian and Canadian partners in order to define a set of themes, forums and agendas that would ensure the seminar was informative and would promote dialogue among participants on range of lessons learned through the project. In accord with the broad project purposes, the overall seminar objective was to disseminate lessons learned from the learning-by-doing process of implementation by sharing experiences in understanding and addressing complex watershed issues. The focus questions were:

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How can we deepen our understanding of complex watershed issues through the sharing of experience?



What action needs to be taken to turn dialogue into practice?



What can we learn from CBWM and what recommendations can be made for community-based watershed management in urban areas?

This document was prepared and translated by the staff of Santo André Municipality

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André •

How has international cooperation been a viable method for addressing complex watershed problems, and what is needed to encourage the growth of international cooperation and sharing after projects have ended?

SEMINAR STRUCTURE Over 200 participants from Canada and Brazil attended the seminar representing a variety of government agencies and academic institutions. Both students and professors from various universities, community members from the pilot projects and surrounding areas, planners from the public and private sector, as well as members from the nongovernmental sector and donor organisations attended the seminar. Participants were able to learn more about the complexities and potential solutions surrounding urban watersheds and about the CBWM process as an innovative strategy for protecting environmentally sensitive areas and improving the quality of life for people living in informal settlements. It was also an opportunity for participants to network with other professionals working in the field of participation and community-based watershed management, making connections and creating synergies for the continuation of similar work in Brazil, Canada and in other similar contexts around the world. The Conference had five main components: •

Panel presentations featuring speakers from the participating institutions including representatives from the PMSA, UBC, universities, Federal government and community members,



Question and answer sessions,



Visual displays,



CBWM video film première,



Field visits to watershed communities

The topics for presentation topics as well as the presenters were selected by the seminar organizing group with consulting with community members and project partners who worked closely with community members on a daily basis. Opening remarks were made by representatives from the main Canadian and Brazilian donor organisations (CIDA and ABC), academic institutions (UBC and Fundação Universitária Santo André) and other government representatives (PMSA, Special Secretariat for Racial Equality, ABC Regional Consortium). These organisations and institutions had made significant contributions to the planning and implementation of the CBWM project through funding, knowledge and/or other in-kind resources. DAY 1 AND 2: PANEL PRESENTATIONS The seminar was built around four main panel presentations with 30 presenters from both Canada and Brazil. Panellists were drawn from a diverse group of project partners: donor 52

Final Report representatives, government officials, a diverse cross-section of urban and watershed planners, and community members. The first panel featured presentations on the history, development, and perspectives of the CBWM project. These presentations underlined the importance of international cooperation in relation to technology transfer and the importance of project that foster two-way learning and sharing. Jeroen Klink, Coordinator of CBWM in Brazil gave a brief history of the origin and development of the CBWM project. João Ricardo G. Caetano, the sub-mayor of SPPA, Mayor Maria Inês Freire, from Ribeirão Pires Municipality, president of the ABC Consortium and Minister Matilde Ribeiro, from the Racial Equality National Secretariat commented on their involvement in the implementation of the CBWM project. The next six presenters, including Dr. Moura Quayle, UBC Dean of Agriculture representing UBC’s President, and Canadian collaborating agencies, used case studies from Canada and Brazil to illustrate some similarities and differences between the Santo André experience and other water management projects and approaches. The Mayor of Santo André, João Avamileno, as well as CIDA Brazilian head of aid, Remy Beaulieu and the ABC representative Juliana Basso also spoke about the importance of the international collaboration between Canada and Brazil and the role of the CBWM project in promoting it. Presenters then took questions from the audience. In the third panel session, representatives from the PMSA made presentations on some of the main innovations and techniques that comprised the CBWM approach and the lessons learned through the implementation. The final panel session took an in-depth look at the lessons learned by community members as active participants in the CBWM process. Presenters and participants had the opportunity to reflect together on the CBWM experience, discussing important questions and exploring current and future issues that would face the Santo André Watershed Protection Area. Seminar participants commented on the positive opportunities and the energy that the seminar built towards the continuation and expansion of CBWM activities within and beyond Santo André.

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OPENING REMARKS - SESSION 1, AUGUST 11, 2004 The first table of speakers of the CBWM seminar gave opening remarks, warms words welcoming participants, and spoke up for a solid confidence about the future, which set a positive tone for learning and sharing for the rest of the seminar. Presenters talked about the significance of the CBWM partnership and the meaning of the project from the perspective of local, national, and international perspectives, as well as from the view of donor organisations and university institutions. The following lists and briefly describes the presentations given by each panellist: Opening Remarks August 11, 2004 Fundação Universitária Santo André – FAECO Auditorium 9:00 – 10:30 a.m. Opening session: Jeroen Klink (Moderator) – Secretary of Regional Action and Development (PMSA) and CBWM Coordinator in Brazil Rémy Beaulieu – Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Representative of the Canadian Embassy in Brasilia, Brazil, Head of Aid Juliana Martins Basso – Representative of the Brazilian Agency for International Cooperation (Agência Brasileira de Cooperação Internacional) Moura Quayle – Dean of Agricultural Sciences & Professor of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of British Columbia Matilde Ribeiro – Minister of Public Policies for Promotion of Racial Equality Vanderlei Siraque – State of São Paulo Member of Legislature, Federal Government of Brazil Odair Bermelho – Rector of Centro Universitário Fundação Santo André João Avamileno – Mayor of Santo André The panel represented a cross-section of key partner institutions and participants that contributed to the planning and implementation of the CBWM project. Jeroen Klink – Prefeitura Municipal Santo Andre, Brazil

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Final Report Opening Remarks and Moderator: “CBWM finishes and doesn’t. The learning process continues. We already know that CBWM has awakened the interests of various local, regional, and international actors, and this seminar is one step towards a new start.’’ Mr. Klink welcomed the panellists and participants, and as Moderator he did not give a formal presentation but he did stress two important points in relation to CBWM: 1) The importance of the seminar, as an organized reflection of CBWM, and in being an opportunity for an integrated evaluation by all project partners and extremely important because often, in project of this kind, systemic evaluations are forgotten; 2) The results of the CBWM project are innovative, and not just solid in terms of attitude changes but also in tangible achievements in terms of urban interventions, as attested by the implementation of pilot projects and training manuals, great samples of results that will continue to be harvested. “CBWM stimulated a dynamic learning process, inspiring and allowing the PMSA to look at the watershed through a different lens, and with much more understanding. As a result, the conceptualization of the watershed changed and it is seen now differently, with a more informed eye. This greater awareness as been one of the greatest lessons learned at the PMSA. Moreover, prior to the project, the watershed was considered a difficult and problematic area in the planning realm; today however, it is considered an area with opportunities and promises. With this change has come a cultural change, marking a beginning, a new way in treating the watershed and those living in it.” Rémy Beaulieu – Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Brazil “This project, much like its Canadian partners, has an excellent reputation at CIDA and I am anxious to know more about the experiences and knowledge generated from this innovative project.’’ The seminar coincided with the beginning of Monsieur Beaulieu’s new tenure in Brazil and as an excellent opportunity to learn about the impressive results and lessons learned from the CBWM project and partnership between the PMSA and the CHS-UBC. He referred to informal settlements as a current reality, one that cannot be ignored and one that will not disappear on their own. He believed that the experience of Santo André, as a holistic and inter-sectoral model, creating synergy, favouring community participation and social inclusion of the most marginalized groups such as women and youth presents an interesting and viable alternative to radical solutions like expulsion, which ignore human needs. Moreover, the importance of solutions, which guarantee the preservation of the environment while including the population of informal settlements, was noted as important and it was affirmed that for these reasons this experience must be shared with the greatest number of Brazilian municipalities possible. “From CIDA’s point of view, this was its first experience directly supporting a municipality; CIDA was impressed with its results and hopes to further pursue this path

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André and to have the opportunity to support other municipalities to confront their development challenges. In relation to this theme and in the spirit of the National Week of Citizenship and Solidarity, participants were invited to view a CIDA publication made available called “Cidadania e Identidade - Uma Visão Brasileira de Desenvolvimento e a Contribuição Canadense”. If interested, contact the Consulate for a copy. The document reviews various experiences that CIDA has supported related to participatory and community development in Brazil.” Juliana Martins Basso – Brazilian Agency for International Cooperation - ABC “Looking at the strong portfolio of projects related to social development, Canadian society certainly has much to contribute.” This presenter spoke of the Brazilian Agency for International Cooperation (ABC), its important role in consolidating international partnerships and in facilitating international cooperation. ABC’s Mission is oriented by Brazilian foreign relations policy, and integrated in the national development priorities defined by the Brazilian Government. International technical cooperation is considered to be of extreme importance for stimulating development within Brazil. Through programs and projects of technical cooperation, partner countries and international organizations can transfer technical knowledge from a diversity of areas. ABC is part of the Ministry of Foreign Relations, and was created in 1987 as an agency of the federal government responsible for negotiating, planning and representing projects for technical cooperation. ABC refers to bilateral cooperation as the operation of programs attending diverse priorities, such as agriculture, industry, environment, health, public administration and development, with important partners from various parts of the world. Annually, ABC coordinates a portfolio of 250 projects and 250 other activities, which manages close to $200 million including securing $100 million in external resources. The program of Technical Cooperation Brazil-Canada is a dynamic and forward thinking partnership, which is continuously evolving. It is a program for strengthening partnerships that bring innovative results from bilateral cooperation. The importance of the programme to learning institutions, such as universities, as well as other institutions is paramount. As a result, a series of partnerships between government and civil society have grown and developed in recent years, contributing to social and economic development and deepening the bilateral relations between Canada and Brazil. Currently, there are close to 10 projects underway in the area of social development, health, education, public administration and the environment. Recently, ABC and CIDA inaugurated a new phase of the program for 2004-2009, where the promotion of social equality continues to be the focus of the bilateral program, with priorities in the following

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Final Report social sectors: public administration, health and employment. Environment, gender equality, and race will be crosscutting themes to be included in all projects and programs. Moura Quayle – University of British Columbia, Canada

UBC’s President, Dr. Martha Piper, sent greetings. She sees a strong role for universities, around global issues and with a research focus. She is particularly interested in ensuring that all UBC’s students become global

Dr. Quayle is the Dean of Faculty of citizens. Her vision for the future of the Agricultural Sciences at UBC and Vicepresident for Research. One of her university includes sustainability and personal interests is how people and equity mandates. communities shape their urban landscapes, what makes community landscapes work, the management of change and the transformation of institutions and ways of doing business. Throughout her career she has been involved in many transformation experiences, much like the CBWM project. These experiences confronted roadblocks along the way, ranging from the culture of conformity and compliance which include watching too much television and/or too much time spent in front of a computer and not enough time talking to each other, fear of change, fear of the unknown, literacy that is only visual, not social or ecological - to the lack of a vision for our cities, universities, and our institutions. She presented a six-pack of ideas to overcome these roadblocks, which promote a process of recapturing community, and becoming members of a community. These are ideas that everyone can start to bring into conversations and spread on to others. A six pack of ideas about how we move forward as members of a community includes: Reviving citizenship and our connection to community – This is re-thinking what it means to be a citizen and a true member of a community, considering the rights and privileges, as well as the responsibilities that go along with these rights and privileges. This involves the cultivation of individual and institutional partnerships. Universities can lead the way in breaking down some of the isolation that faculty members and students might feel in a rigid structure. For example, at the faculty of Agricultural Sciences, there are no longer departments, but rather programmes. This has helped build a community that works together. Land, food and community and how they interact – It is of fundamental importance to integrate these three concepts in education and society. Every university should have a Nutrition 101 course. Sustainable community based food systems depend on the strength of that integration. There is a core of courses at UBC called Land, Food and Community that ensures soil scientists, environmental designers and dieticians all work together on projects that are integrated. Currently there are students from UBC working on the

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André university food system, looking at where the food comes from, how it is packaged, and how it is delivered into the system. Big moves and vision – Big ideas are sometimes scorned, but big ideas are needed to excite us and to allow us to reach out to the idea. In the city of Vancouver, the whole idea around greenways and public ways started in the 90s. It was a big idea and Vancouver is gradually starting to realize that vision. Small moves and incremental changes – It takes small moves and trial offerings, in order to achieve the big ideas. It is best that big ideas happen incrementally, so that course correction can be done along the way. Pilot projects are a way to the ground; to find some successes to celebrate. Modelling nature and bringing nature and beauty into our common vocabulary – It is not often that we talk about beauty. All city chambers all around the world should make decisions based on what would contribute to the experience of beauty and pleasure for humans. Leadership literacy – This refers to all of us as leaders. Literacy in terms of establishing some common understandings using words to explore abstract concepts, like the public interest. Leadership literacy is about understanding principles for effective decisions, and the priority for all of us is about learning, it’s about us a leaders taking on responsibility for continually expanding our capabilities and the ability of our colleagues to understand the complexity of the world that we live in. Leadership is rarely intuitive; it is developed with effort as a learned set of skills. In the CBWM project there was an incredible opportunity to lay the groundwork for communication and for collaboration and to understand the importance of developing a shared vocabulary around our leadership. Next Steps – Canada is very interested in the future of urban areas, and in 2006, Vancouver will hold the World Urban Forum. This will be an opportunity to celebrate the very first HABITAT meeting that happened in 1976 in Vancouver. It will provide a special opportunity to look back on our successes and look forward to anticipated changes and a variety of actions. This meeting will be less formal then regular UN meetings, appropriate people will be brought together to continue the dialogue of how we can improve our urban environments. Many papers have already been developed and will be part of the Forum discussion. They are: the capable city, the ideal city, the liveable city, learning city, and the secure city. Closing words – “All of us are torn in some way of between caring and not caring, between staying and going and in some ways the success of our communities and our neighbourhoods depend on the people who participate in them and who are inspired to care and stay within them and it is this kind of transformational work that this project is about, the community based models that are really trying to ground us.”

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Minister Matilde Ribeiro – Federal Government, Brazil "I opted to suspend my vacation time to be here, and I did so because the experience to work in the CBWM project here in Santo André has contributed a lot to my political and professional life."

Other expressions also caught my attention such as this place is the end of the world. Nothing gets here, the people don’t have access to transportation, methods of participation, access to the life taking place in

The Minister provided a very personal testimony and attributed the city. When they would refer to Santo to her involvement with the project André, they would say, “I am going to the city”, a very important role to her academic and career path. She also as if they were not part of the city. pointed out that, as a Federal Minister, she has been one of the key people to continue on the partnership between Brazilian and Canadian institutions for the spin-off possibilities to enhance the dissemination of Lessons Learned throughout Brazilian cities. “When CBWM was initiated in 1998, I was the Coordinator for the Office for Women’s Rights at the PMSA. In its first stages of the project’s formulation, the project started out with an obstacle – it did not put in the forefront the questions of gender. It did not give enough weight and importance in how to bring together the components of the lives of women, or the importance of bringing the relationships between men and women into a social development project, while considering the environment as the focus. And this was a key point considering this project’s engagement in a municipal and regional perspective. The insertion of this challenge brought reflection to the planners and administrators involved. The women’s office had little previous involvement with the question of the environment, and for me it was my first exposure to this theme from a professional and political view. As such, I was motivated to know more and studied a lot about this question, putting a lot of personal energy into learning. What drew my attention soon after my contact with PP1 were the expressions put forth by the residents. The expressions were loaded with demands. Many of them were demands and needs from the people living there. They expressed that did not feel a part of the city of Santo André, they did not know which city to go to, if it were Santo André, São Bernardo, Ribeirão Pires, where they had to look for their necessities. They did not feel as belonging to any of these places and this drew the attention of the team, to which I added my professional commitment, to understand the reality of this population. Previously, when we visualised the map of Santo André, only the urban centre was considered the city, what really represented the municipality. The other area, the watershed areas, was not included on the map. Throughout the development of this project, this view was transformed and we can see some changes.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André I stopped working directly on this project in 2001, but I continued to dialogue with people involved in the project and through the academia. On my return to Santo André I see that the expressions of the residents are different. Last year, I came to represent the federal government in an activity held by the Rede Globo, the SESI and Global Action. I circulated around the room and suddenly I entered into a room where I saw the Cooperative Vale Verde display table. These were the same women that discussed the impossibility of getting out of that place where they must carry a pail of water on their heads, “The women would say: We don’t where there was dust in the streets. have conditions to leave, there is no It was these women who started to discuss one to share the household duties how they could start to generate a living, and with, and we don’t have an active life what was created after many meetings was the within this municipality, active lives Cooperative Vale Verde. During the conversation that I had with these women, I was surprised to hear that they were thinking about global action, they were thinking about exporting their products. This is an immensurable advance for someone who once said that they were not part of the city of Santo André. Another reference, which is more recent, was on my visit to Paranapiacaba. I saw how much this place had changed, and had been re-invigorated. Now it is so much more beautiful and much more involved with the processes of social and economic development and sustainable development of Santo André. There are two very outstanding themes, which the project addressed, that resulted in breaking barriers to action. First, visible participation of the community in all spaces of political awareness and participation in the city, being in the participatory budget process or the discussion of policies for gender equity, is fundamental. Residents that had the opportunity to follow the project closely will be multipliers in their communities. It is visible that these residents circulate within the entire city and no longer say ‘I am going to the city’; Paranapiacaba, Parque Andreense, and Pintassilgo are all part of the city. This is an immense gain. Another important aspect was the development of a ‘working culture’ where municipal staff started to work together within diverse teams to construct the project using the knowledge and know-how of a large group of diverse planners, both academic and technical. This was a great challenge, which needs to be applied and exercised in public administrations all over Brazil and the world. Each profession and academic area casts a type of thought and for them, it seems like it is the only one valuable. For this reason, we have to ‘put together’ our ways of seeing the world, so that we can formulate projects that encompass diverse visions and perspectives. These dynamics are expressions of what this project brought to us. And it took away false visions and perspectives such as Parque Andreense not being a part of the city. Finally, I agree with Jeroen, when he said: ‘we are ending and starting.’ The dynamic of collective reflection after taking this five-year path shows we have learned various things and discovered that we don’t know a lot of other things.

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Final Report There is a working group reflecting on the idea of nationalizing this experience, formulating these lessons learned together with the federal government. This work group is formed by my Ministry, the Ministry of Cities, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Labour and Employment, and the Ministry of Social Development and Fight Against Hunger. We are discussing how this experience could be a reference for a national project in partnership with the University of British Columbia, with ABC, and Canadian Institutions. This seminar is an important tool, which will help to plan and define the structure of this national project. I believe that the key word for the results that will come out of this seminar in the following days is – persistence. There is no other project that was so filled with obstacles that forced us to identify important lessons in order to continue on the journey.” Vanderlei Siraque – Member of Parliament, Federal Government, Brazil “More than half of the territory of Santo André is a watershed area, so protecting the watershed by taking into consideration the people who live there is the right path.” In the past, there were two common proposals towards informal settlements in the watershed protection areas; one was simply to abandon and the other to expel people living in these areas. Today, as a result of the CBWM project, we have a proposal, which uses discussion and good sense, coupled with the participation of people living in protected areas. Moreover, there have been great advancements made at the federal and municipal levels in Brazil, to continue on the work of CBWM in the years to come. For example, in the last few years the Statute of Cities and the Basin Committees have been discussing the cases of Guarapiranga, Billings, and now the Specific Law, which will address the regulation of these areas at the municipal level. In Santo André, there has been the creation of the Sub-Prefeitura of Parque Andreense and Paranapiacaba, the participatory budget process and now it is time to discuss a participatory budget that will attend to the Statute of Cities. The CBWM project made clear that people did not move to the watershed protected areas because they wished to, but because there was no other option, due to the lack of a settlement and housing policy. Of course, it is important to protect the watershed, but at the same time considering that more than 1 million people in the metropolitan area of São Paulo living there. So, this project has pointed out some paths towards a road to attend demands that were not fulfilled for decades in any metropolitan area of Brazil. It stands as an important, key example. Professor Odair Bermelho – Fundação Universitária Santo André, Brazil Professor Odair Bermelho expressed warm-felt thanks towards the Santo André administration for their close relationship, and support of the University, over the years. For the school, hosting this seminar represents a potential partnership, not only with the City Hall, with which there are already a number of projects underway, but also with the University of British Columbia and CIDA. Moreover, it is important to emphasise that the school is always willing, open to, and supportive of developing partnerships and 61

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André projects with the outstanding goal of improving the quality of life in Santo André, the ABC region, the state and the country. Susan Pereverzoff – Canadian Consulate in São Paulo and CIDA representative “It is now in your hands to take things and move them forward. Congratulations!” Susan is a representative for CIDA in São Paulo and expressed the honour to witness, together with her colleagues from the Embassy, the evolution of the project over the last two and a half years. She has seen many of its positive results, as well as lessons learned throughout the course of the project. Her comments included the following: “At the institutional level, changes were evident in the structure of the PMSA, but we can see changes also in the lives of people. Implementing a participatory process and model in itself has generated much change. The faces of the people, in the photos that were on exhibit in the Casa Amarela, are ‘something which leaves a mark’.” She congratulated the CBWM team and affirmed the happiness and proud feeling felt by CIDA in seeing so much interest evident in the public attendance at the seminar. She saw this as strong indicator that the project would not end here. Mayor João Avamileno – Prefeitura de Santo André, Brazil The Mayor spoke of the importance of reflection as a tool for planning future projects, the important lessons CBWM brought to the PMSA officials, and more specifically, about the function of CBWM in learning about the values and importance of the watershed area, and the importance of exploring new ways to manage the area together with the communities living there. He ended his presentation outlining future prospects for the continuation of the CBWM project in similar contexts in other countries. “Reflecting on the project activities and overall results is not commonly part of a daily work schedule. As such, opportunities are missed to evaluate accomplishments and errors that occur throughout the implementation of any given project. Lessons learned are important and are fundamental when elaborating future projects and programmes. The CBWM seminar was exactly about this, reflecting back on the accomplishments and the lessons learned. The processes of learning brought from this international technology transfer project to the PMSA and to the city of Santo André for the planning of the watershed protection area are pertinent because they are gains that will continue on for a long time yet. The learnings will give impulse for the implementation of new projects for strategic management and participation in the watershed protected areas. For example, CBWM stimulated a re-thinking of the watershed protection areas. Prior to the 90s, the watershed was a forgotten area, ignored for its juxtaposition to informal settlement occupation, the misuse of land, and the legal difficulties to implement economic activities that might generate employment. 62

Final Report The project demonstrated new paths and opportunities for management in these areas through the implementation of pilot projects. Planners at the PMSA and community members from the pilot areas developed a greater consciousness of the problems in the reservoir, the importance of the environmental movements, the importance of and potential of democratization of the management of these areas, as well as the potential for sustainable employment for the local populations. As a result of the project, the PMSA went through structural changes with the creation of the SPPPA, which has its own technical and administrative structure reaching out to the people in the watershed area and setting as its priorities environmental conservation and social inclusion as primary methods of governing. The future of Project CBWM’s lies in initiating a new phase of environmental management, in other parts of Brazil and beyond. The CBWM team is being invited to other cities in countries like Peru and Mozambique, to learn from our experiences here in Santo Andre. This is very encouraging and will bring home more experiences from these new challenges.”

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HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND PERSPECTIVES – SESSION 2 The second set of presentations showcased experiences in watershed management, drawing on a diverse group of academics and planners with experience from Brazil and Canada. The panel featured: Session 2 – CBWM: History, Development and Perspectives Jeroen Klink (Moderator) – Secretary Desenvolvimento e Ação Regional (PSA) e CBWM Coordinator in Brazil João Ricardo G. Caetano – Sub-mayor – Sub-Prefeitura Paranapiacaba and Parque Andreense (SPPPA) Maria Inês Freire – Representative of the Consórcio Intermunicipal do ABC – Mayor of Ribeirão Pires Laura Machado de Mello Bueno – Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas – PUC-CAMP David Marshall - Executive Director, Fraser Basin Council Hugh Kellas and Simon So - Greater Vancouver Regional District Maureen Maloney - Director, Institute for Dispute Resolution, University of Victoria Nathan Edelson - Senior Planner, City of Vancouver Peter Boothroyd - Professor and CBWM Coordinator, University of British Columbia, Centre for Human Settlements – UBC-CHS Jeroen Klink – PMSA, Brazil Mr. Klink provided an outline on the history, development and perspectives of the CBWM project. History “The project started in 1996, when Erika de Castro spoke with Ermínia Maricatto about the possibility of choosing a Brazilian city to receive resources from a Technology Transfer Fund. After the elections, in which Celso Daniel won, project negotiations started, and it was decided that the project would be implanted in Santo André, leading to the development of the concept paper. CIDA works with three steps. There is a concept paper, followed by missions of exploration, if the paper is approved. In this case, Mayor Celso Daniel and a few other secretaries went to Canada with Professor Ermínia Maricatto to explore the Canadian experiences and to evaluate the transferable parts. The Canadian team also made 64

Final Report missions to Brazil to learn the Brazilian watershed experiences, and to finalise the project proposal. The project was approved in 1998, after a final proposal was presented to be funded under the Technology Transfer Fund. Careful examination of proposals and partnerships minimises risk. The project was bold, but there are major points that made this a innovative project: 1) a strong regional context, a trend of the regionalisation of environmental management in Brazil, 2) the focus on building the capacity of local and regional administrators and managers, 3) an element of democratised management through the involvement of various actors, 4) bringing to fore the false dichotomies between the economy and local development and the environment, 5) and the strong support for joining political legitimacy and technical legitimacy, and joining the knowledge of political actors, to create legitimate bottom-up policies. There is also a dimension of institutional sustainability. This was initially seen as a working document with laws, legal direction, new environmental legislation directed towards the watershed, but also with the replicability of the experience in Santo André and, at a regional level.” Changes “So what happens at the end of it all? The flexible character of the project resulted in various changes. There are clear indicators of richness. EMPLASA, which was part of the project initially, was not able to interact in the dynamic way with the actors of the process. So we invited the Consortium to enter into the Project for this reason. The Consortium entered as a real, living entity, responsible for the regional planning in ABC. There are other examples; the PMSA went through various changes. The people that have been working in the PMSA for some time were around when the project was approved in 1998 and it is probable that that they have seen changes in the structure of the PMSA. In fact, we went through various institutional changes, which continue on, leading to and investing in the strategic character of the project. The development of the project resulted in a set of concrete products, tangible outcomes, interventions, training manuals, courses, and a series of capacities, local teams, missions here and there, and missions for knowledge exchanges - to exchange concrete experience in the area of urban management. In addition to the results, and just as important, are those intangible results, most notable the change in the way that the local administrators and local actors saw things, the way they conceptualized the watershed area. The watershed in the 1990s was considered to be ‘up the creek without a paddle’, a big problem, a concentration of problems, because of the illegal occupation of the land, impossibility of improving infrastructure, etc. Change came from CBWM and was fundamental in rupturing this view. Today, the examples of Paranapiacaba, Parque Andreense and Pintassilgo clearly show this, the local administrators and local actors consider the watershed area a stage for opportunities, be it in terms of democratization and/or environmental management, be it in terms of the use of the and occupation of land in a sustainable way.”

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Perspectives “Finally, there are intra-municipal perspectives, regional perspectives, national perspective and international perspectives. Therefore, there are four scales that are the concrete results of that intangible dimension. The perspectives are multi-scale in function with the success of CBWM. In the intra-municipal perspective there was an uncontested process of learning, at the PMSA and SPPPA, in the articulation of multi-sectoral performances, and inter-sectoral performance at the public level. This is a great accomplishment, where the public sector has a very traditional vision. In relation to the environmental dimension and the use of a holistic view and secondly a regional perspective. Today there is a greater consciousness about the importance of regional articulation, and the management of conflict. The environmental dimension by its nature is a regional problem, and in spite of the different politics which exist between the municipalities, an environmental dimension has entered into the regional discussion, and CBWM played and important role in this consciousness raising.” National and International Perspectives “There is an advanced discussion between several Ministries, about the replicability of the CBWM project at a national level, with the participation of the Ministries of Cities, Ministry of Racial Equality, Ministry of Employment from the Secretariat of Economic Solidarity, Ministry of the Environment, and Ministry of National Integration. The ministries are going to work on this question of environmental sustainability in the metropolitan regions using a more holistic perspective. The fourth perspective, in which Santo André is directly involved, is the question of the interest of various cities in other countries in learning about the CBWM process. There are cities that want to know what CBWM was, what the learning process was about, what worked and what did not. They are anxious to know, and the PMSA has received invitations from Lima, cities in Mozambique, among others. Missions are being prepared for these experiences.” João Ricardo G. Caetano – SPPPA, Brazil “The Project CBWM is the accumulation of knowledge, of a praxis based on a collective practice of all professionals and people involved.” João Ricardo is the Sub-Mayor of Paranapiacaba and Parque Andreense. He has been involved in the project’s activities since its inception and talks about how this experience has enriched a process of learning in the PMSA, as well as among the residents in Santo André and planners from other Brazilian cities. “The residents from the communities involved must be lauded for their tolerance and maturity in understanding the process, and in understanding PMSA limitations in resolving some problems, and that certain problems did not depend exclusively on the 66

Final Report PMSA. Today the residents of Santo André know very well the dynamic of communitybased watershed management, and they understand the processes involved. The CBWM project came at a good time because Santo Andre was increasingly under pressure to take up responsibility for environmental management. In Santo André, since around 1997, there has been a Municipal System of Environmental Sanitation and Management, which have been piloted by SEMASA, that proposed a shared management approach to environmental policy, understanding the role of the municipality in environmental management, in planning, and environmental education. The role of the city in environmental management has been increasing as a result of the Brazilian Constitution, which gives cities a greater responsibility in taking care and implementing environmental national policies. The CBWM project was a light in this new responsibility, which dates back to 1998.” Background “The watershed-protected area is a complex territory. It is more than 50% of the territory of the city, and it is of great importance for the municipality, although it was ignored and not included into the social, economic and environmental dynamic of the city. The WPA has a strong connection with the entire Billings Basin, as do the surrounding cities of Ribeirão Pires, Rio Grande da Serra, São Bernardo, Mauá and São Caetano. As such, the implementation of a municipal management policy with dialogue and the participation of the neighbouring municipalities in the same hydrographical basin was a critical aspect attended by the project. At the beginning of the project, managing the watershed area was complex in many ways. Principally, because the existing environmental policies had not worked in the ABC region and/or the metropolitan area of São Paulo. Secondly, as an untouchable area it was extremely difficult to adopt just any environmental policy. Much of the WPA is occupied, and it is not possible to operate in a form that would exclude the presence of human beings. Therefore, a policy was needed that would be compatible with people, the environment, and any social impacts that might result, while at the same time preserving the water. In previous administrations these areas were ignored, and no regulation or planning actions were taken, and it is the people living there that are blamed for the environmental problems, when in fact, the results of today are much more profound. What needs to be done today is to guarantee the protection of some environmental variables, to recoup social liability, allied with environmental liabilities, because the variable to remove the population from those communities does not exist. Rather, the policy was to adjust these places, these neighbourhoods, making them compatible with water production and making them good settlements for the people. The project CBWM assisted in developing strategies and technologies that are used in other places of the world. These methodologies helped to work through some similar problems in Santo André.”

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Results “Firstly, a great result was to give power to and empower the people. This project planted in society a medium by which diverse types of community participation were effectively created and implemented. For example, there is the Council of Representatives with a large representation by residents that are directly elected by the population. Other councils exist, which have determined interests, such as education, health, transportation, etc. that are also important interlocutors between the community and the PMSA. Now it is much more difficult for the PMSA to make a decision without opening up the discussion and negotiations with the diverse councils. This happens in various areas, in areas of construction, planning, etc. The existence of these councils makes any changes in municipal policy much more responsive to the communities’ needs. Society is now more accustomed and adapted to the new forms of managing the protected areas, and people will hold their government accountable, the municipal government today and others that come to govern the city in the future. These basic democratic practices and negotiation methods to resolve conflicts and avoid confrontation are part of the landscape and will continue as such. Secondly, where there is a permanent tension in the relationship between the PMSA and the residents, the Councils have established a dialogue, but it is undeniable that conflict still exists. A greater openness and access to information enables residents that might not agree with the PMSA to understand that the PMSA is doing what they have to do and what they can do. There is a channel of communication and clarity about the complexity of problems in the watershed areas which did not exist before. When the PMSA entered into the area, the first contact was made with teachers and educators; this is how it was realized that the environment and the water was not a preoccupation for the teachers or the students. This was not a question that was part of the everyday lives of the people, and it wasn’t passed onto the students or discussed in the schools. The people lived in a special neighbourhood in special environmental situation and this was not their day-today comprehension. This is no longer true because the practices used to open up dialogue have lead to the environmental question to become part of the day-to-day of the people. The biomaps are a good example of this dialogue. They clearly demonstrate the preoccupation that the people have concerning the quality of the environment they live in. The people know that they live in a place that produces water. Luckily the focus of tension is changing. It is moving away from the PMSA and the residents. For example, in the situation of the regularisation of land the process is against the original landowners and not the misinformed home owners fighting against the municipality. Third, the CBWM project was able to make an environmental programme that was not exclusively for the technical environmental planner. One cannot do environmental management, especially in an area with environmental and social sensitivity, if one does not integrate environmental policies on various scales, and with a policy of popular participation. We couldn’t have achieved things that we tested out in the pilot areas such as paving alternatives, drainage, arborisation, etc. if we hadn’t had communication and help from the community to help us produce and implement this project. This idea of twoway communication is fundamental and has been rooted into the practice of the PMSA.

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Final Report Of course, it was impossible to do everything that was ecologically perfect. For example, It is estimated that close to 18% of streets were paved, and this is not the population of Greater ABC ecologically ideal but a minimal area was resides in an area of protection and paved to guarantee that residents have an infrastructure with which they can live with. recuperation of the watershed, about, People living in cities ask for a good 420,000 habitants out of a total infrastructure and want sophisticated urban designs. What we put in the watershed areas 2,350,000 residents, representing a will never be the same as what can be built in big part of the regional population the urban centres because the watershed that lack social and urban areas are key to the production of water and they must guarantee some environmental infrastructure and public services, not infrastructure that protect the water and to mention being part of the territory ensure its continued production, for example, with the highest rate of demographic with maximum soil permeability. During the next four years of administration, we will test growth. these works and interventions, not anymore exclusively within the CBWM areas, but taking this urbanisation model to other areas of the city with similar environmental conditions. The actions of environmental recuperation have shown the potential to occupy the watershed with urban designs that satisfy the population, while causing a minor environmental impact. Fourth, the CBWM project enabled us to prepare the future, not only through the exercise of implementing the pilot projects but in relation to the Specific Law for the Billings Basin. This is not a municipal law, but a law that will involve many municipalities and social actors, and as such, Santo André has incorporated the new knowledge and learnings to prepare a proposal for a law that will be fundamental for the Billings Region, and not a proposal based on the reproduction of experiences from other basins, such as the Guarapiranga basin that has never been adjusted. Today we have a basic technical knowledge to make informed proposals for regional laws that will be adequate and which we did not have before. Before, the tendency was to reproduce similar laws that had been applied in other locales. We have also outputs that guarantee replicability of this Project. There are manuals, a video, brochures, and a book, which will serve other cities. I want to finish by disagreeing with Jeroen who said that this is a seminar to conclude CBWM. I don’t believe that this is the conclusion of CBWM. I think that this seminar concludes a phase of knowledge and production of CBWM. Why? The methodology and the techniques that we learned during CBWM is something that is incorporated into the public administration, it will be incorporated into the next administration of Mayor Avamileno, and will be part of the way municipal officials work. The challenge is that if an administrator comes five years from now and says to the residents “look, the administration no longer has a council of representatives, we no longer have dialogue with the residents. Let’s do projects how we want them done”. This will no longer be 69

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André possible, there will be no political conditions for this. If it is very difficult to make negotiations and give power, to empower the population, to make the population assume part of the responsibility for their destiny, this is very difficult, but it is much more difficult to take this away. I think that this is the greatest result of CBWM. Maybe in three or four years we will have to organize another seminar to evaluate the more profound results of CBWM, but I think that this Project does not end.” Maria Inês Freire – PMRP, Brazil The Mayor of Riberão Pires, Maria Inês Freire discussed the importance of regional action in natural resource management and described the ways that CBWM has strengthened a base to deal with complex watershed management issues for regional management in the Greater ABC region. Regional Action in ABC “Regional action is pertinent to the Greater ABC region because it is not possible to imagine environmental management, management of water resources through the view of just one city. There are no limits or boundaries between the waters of the reservoir or between the trees of Atlantic Forest region. Therefore, a regional approach to watershed management is of extreme importance. The introduction of a new regional management model in Greater ABC demands the dedication of all diverse actors from the public area as well as the participation of civil society. This process of alternative regional development was first initiated in 1990 with the creation of the Intermunicipal Consortium ABC in response, not only to the economic crisis in Brazil, but also to traditional top-down planning models which failed to address complex watershed management problems. In order to solve ABC’s problems required the implementation of a new model of participatory development that would be sustainable and democratic, and utilize the support of academic activities, and scientific and technological advances.” The CBWM Project “The initiative of the CBWM Project represented for the Consórcio Intermunicipal of Greater ABC an opportunity to learn about new experiences and initiatives that would bring Municipal officials closer to achieving the practical results demanded by the citizens, while constructing new instruments of management relevant to the current situation and the hydrographical resource demands. The fact that 50% of the regional territory is within an area of protection has represented an enormous challenge, since the 1970s, to promote qualitative changes in the process of regional development with the objective to unite economic development and socioenvironmentally sustainable growth. It is important to point out that there are few analogous experiences of success in this country that could be utilized as references for regional articulation because of the unique complexity of the metropolitan region of São Paulo and of the Billings Reservoir. 70

Final Report he growing environmental degradation, a growing population around the water bodies, and the anachronistic state legislation, made almost impossible the already difficult task of involving the State government in the local discussions. Dealing with such complexities was overwhelming; however, learning through this project, together with the Canadian team, other municipalities and community members, proved to be a fruitful experience.” Learning through Knowledge Sharing and Exchange “During the course of this partnership there was a mission to Canada in 2000, where we visited similar local and regional work. We visited a project that included 21 municipalities, which maintains a structure for regional planning in the area of watershed management, sanitation, transportation, solid residuals, water, habitation, and drainage, always using a partnership between the community and the public administration. Seeing this experience first hand gave us the assurance that the work in ABC was on the right track and was feasible. Great moments of exchange also happened between the municipalities and communities during the community economic development workshops held in 2003. The workshops enabled an important exchange of concrete experiences, where members of the community and the some of the cities involved, highlighted the importance of strengthening community structures in terms social capital, human capital, and financial capital. Also, a seminar which was held in Ribeirão Pires about Fishing Strategies in the Greater ABC with participation of professionals from CIDA and the University of British Columbia, made possible advances in important discussions on fishing activities, in terms of regulation and leisure, and environmental protection. However, in spite of these advancements, the Intermunicipal Consortium of the Greater ABC has not yet full participation in all planning actions, and has been working towards increasing the participation of the various municipalities in diverse activities’ programs; the lack of participation can make a bit more difficult the strengthening of regional institutional capacity in relation to participatory management in the watershed protected areas. This regional cooperation is fundamental to the process by which the Specific Law of the Billings Basin is being discussed. Greater regional participation could and can represent a more relevant role with the regional community in the implementation of new regulation in the watershed protected area, or in the process of the elaboration of the Specific Law and in the development of the Protection Plan and Environmental Development, which after its implementation will give the Greater ABC autonomy in planning, management, regulation, and the preservation of the watershed. These are instruments that have been similarly applied in Canada. Though we face different limitations, the cited experience encourages us to continue our regional work and to move forward, so we have established partnerships with civil society, permitting the involvement of a growing number of students, business people, professionals and environmental in the formation of new concepts around the watershed management, sustainable development and environmental preservation. Overall, there is a general

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André consensus that the involvement of the Intermunicipal Consortium of the Greater ABC, congregating diverse municipalities in projects of participatory management in the watershed, made possible the consolidation of new ideas and concepts that, compared with our pre-existing practices, are helping us to construct a region which is more democratic, participatory, and socially just.” Laura Machado de Mello Bueno – PUC-CAMP, Brazil Ms. Bueno is from PUC-Campinas where she works on stewardship and environmental protection issues in the architecture department. She provided background information on the University and the importance of partnership between academic institutions and government. Background information on PUC-Campinas ‘The educational organization PUC-Campinas was created in 1941, in 1955 it was recognized as a University and in 1970 it was recognized by the Catholic Church. Today there are more then 20,000 graduates from the Campinas campus. The school has grown and is organized into five university centres consisting of: Exact Sciences, Environmental Sciences and Technology, Economics and Administration, Language and Communication, Human Sciences and Applied Sciences. There is also the Centre for Life Sciences which has a Maternity Hospital, one of the most important hospitals in the region of Campinas in terms of services for low- income people. There are 40 bachelor’s courses and 25 post-graduate courses. In order to expand the post graduation programme we are encouraging and cultivating interaction between the university with the practical experiences in applied projects, the mix of empirical research with practice. The library is considered an important reference. The CBWM collection of training manual, and the CD-Rom will be valuable additions. We have research groups, which have been expanding and today there are 380 researchers in our University, and there are people that in addition to lecturing, have on-going research projects in diverse areas of knowledge. The CBWM resources will be beneficial to their research. Today the PUC participates in close to 50 councils – municipal, regional, and state councils similar to the hydro graphic basin committees, councils related to children and youth. Our participation includes input into public policy and policy formation, which brings together the quality of life, the environment, and the aesthetic quality of the city. This is important to us also in the types of graduates we produce. We believe, as does the University of British Columbia, in the idea presented by Professor Boothroyd a couple years ago about the necessity to form a new type or professional with knows how to address poverty. International Cooperation “PUC tries to educate a professional who is sensitive to social questions, but does not lose their grounding in the scientific exploration. There is a scientific and technological base to fight for equity. We have realized that the relationship with British Columbia, which was strengthened through the CBWM project, has been very beneficial. We participate extensively in meetings about the role of the university in international

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Final Report cooperation projects promoted in Brazil. A group of professors from PUC took a course on managing the hydrographical basins, offered by the IRE from UBC. It is a course recommended to all, and turned out to be very practical as a distance-learning course. We had a professor that was participating in research on Canadian watersheds including forms of regulation and wastewater management in Vancouver, with help from CIDA. We are in the process of implementing exchange opportunities for our students. There is the proposal to sign such agreement before the end of the year. The connection with British Columbia was the seed and CBWM was the root for this initiative. We were called to participate, initially through USP, to bring in other professors to participate in many CBWM activities. This was a very rich process and it gave us the opportunity to expand and foment the connection with UBC and the PMSA. We have a master’s program in urban planning which has a line of research on urban management and there is a student doing his dissertation in this area documenting the process in Santo André and comparing it with the other case study from other Brazilian city, a watershed management project which has been privatized. To add, PUC has participated in the publishing of two books documenting the CBWM experience, by providing the operational support for this material. Looking to the future, PUC would like to consolidate a stronger partnership with Santo Andre and UBC. PUC would like to implement a new project over the long term in which the replicability from the GEPAM project could be better defined and adapted the Brazil’s diverse realities - environmental, social and institutional. A team of 17 PUC researchers is being mobilized, including professors and students, who will define the diverse themes related to a major proposal that aims to have each group doing a specific research while integrating it into the major project. During this process, training courses or post-graduate distance learning should be developed, with publications and other forms of dissemination explored, making it easier to replicate the results of the research. A major problem in Brazil is documentation and evaluation of experiences. It is fundamental that universities assume this role. By connecting with other universities in the region this process can be integrated and become more efficient.” David Marshall – Fraser Basin Council, Canada David Marshall, the Executive Director of the Fraser River Basin Council (FBC), was invited to present on the unique experience that FBC has had in community based watershed management in the Fraser River Basin. “The Fraser River System is located in British Columbia. It occupies 1/3 of British Columbia and is about 240, 000 square km. It is home to 2.7 million people, located mostly in the Southwest corner of Greater Vancouver. This area is the largest salmon basin river in the world and is also used for logging, fishing, tourism, agriculture, ranching, etc.” Origins of the Fraser Basin Council “The Fraser Basin confronted a series of challenges, for example, salmon started to disappear at extreme rates in the late 1980s, there were unacceptable pulp mill effluents,

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André limited sewage treatment and lack of coordination between the various institutions. As a result, the federal, provincial and municipal government came together and introduced an environmental agenda. Cities all along the river got together and formed a coalition in 1997 called the Fraser Basin Council. It is an NGO, but includes government as part of its management structure. It is a very unique model of collaborative governance and was formed to implement a strategic plan called the Charter for Sustainability, which includes signatures from all of the different partners. Council decisions are made by consensus, environmental, social and economic dimensions are integrated into the decisions made. The Council recognizes institutional accountability and institutional sustainability; the importance of managing uncertainty and recognizing that transition will take time. The council consists of a partnership of federal, provincial, municipal interests, indigenous people governance, private sector, NGOs and civil society. Federal and provincial government has three representatives, there are 65 villages, towns and cities in the watershed they have 8 representatives, there are 50,000 first nations people, which speak eight different languages and they each have a representative, then there are 10 regional representatives from civil society, one from each of the dimensions of sustainability: environmental, social and economic, and there is an impartial chair, who brings all of the interests together to try to find common ground and reach consensus. The Council functions as a problem There were 1000s of young salmon solver, but in doing so is a catalyst - it does not duplicate what others have a being killed daily. There was an acid mandate to do, but brings them together to drain mine problem and the river could find a common ground. It is very important in resolving complex issues and not cleanse itself. The interests of acts as an impartial convener, solving community, the federal government, inter-jurisdictional problems. To do this provincial government, municipal there are a number of pre-requisites for effective collaboration. First, all government and First Nations were disciplines and interests must come brought together to find a solution to together and existing competencies and this issue. strengths of the various interests that come around the table must be capitalised on. Solutions must be found that are sustainable – long lasting and effective for quite some time. Second, conflict must be reduced and harmonious community promoted to ensure that we get public trust. To do this all parties must have a willingness to come together early in the process. Our position must be replaced with informed perspectives, working in the best interest of the watershed. We look for common ground, and there must be a commitment from working with the outcomes from the process. Lastly, it is essential to work with win-win situations, this can be done by moving from debate situations to dialogue and collaborative decision-making. Dialogue means trying to work with others and understand what others are trying to say, and putting yourself in the other person’s situation; doing this you have a better chance of finding that common ground. Moreover, it is being innovative, trying to think of new ways of solving problems. 74

Final Report There is a two-part mandate in the watershed. One is to try to solve problems and the other one is to measure progress towards achieving healthy watersheds, so community indicators have been introduced, as well as some basin wide indicators, not environmental indicators, but sustainability indicators. Environmental, social and economic dimensions as considerations have been integrated into the watershed to actively and effectively report on the overall health of the watershed.”

Case Study “There is a place called Squamish, north of Vancouver, where there were many years of conflict with traditional industries and no innovation in the community to look forward to. So in strengthening community dialogue we came up with a big multi-stakeholder process and an educational process that would bring in international and national considerations to help to establish a better future for that community. Numerous public consultations were held and workshops were facilitated and using the charette process, coming up with a solution in a rather short period of time, that everybody bought into and had some ownership over. What was of extreme interest was that traditional interests in the municipality decided that they should start looking forward and looking at new ways of regenerating their waterfront. In closing, we can point to some lessons learned in community-based watershed management. 1 – It is really important to establish a collaborative process, though it takes time and commitment. You have to work with the various players and get them to understand that it is in their best interest and in the interest of the entire watershed community to work together. 2- Interests must be involved at the earliest possible stages in the decision-making process. We have found out that when we haven’t done that, people have tried to stop what we wanted to do because they did not really understand, or simply weren’t involved in the process. We believe that it is really important that multi-interest processes establish a form to effectively enable us to deal with community-based watershed management. 3- Funding is important so make sure that the various players can bring to the table whatever resources they are able to. 4- Collaboration and cooperation are absolutely essential. We need a buy in from all the groups – business community, government, civil society. Dynamic leadership is one that we constantly underestimate. We need community leaders, champions, people who will lead us and make sure that we do find a common ground. 5- A commitment to establish and maintain beneficial partnerships that are long lasting.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André 6- Clear vision, mission and goal statements to ensure we know exactly what we want to do and achieve. 7- We need a track record, one of the things that helped us to convince people that we were for real is by showing them active and tangible resources.” Hugh Kellas and Simon So – GVRD, Canada ‘‘The videos that we produce in Vancouver are incredibly boring and we have to put some Brazilian life into the next one that we make.’’ Hugh Kellas is responsible for regional planning, transportation, and air quality in Greater Vancouver Regional District. He has participated in CBWM’s workshops since 1999, exploring what there was to be accomplished by the project, and what actions were to be involved. He has followed the project’s development ever since. This presentation covers: Overview of Greater Vancouver Governance system and working together to achieve consensus Current watershed management problems Observations from our perspective on the CBWM project Greater Vancouver “Located at the mouth of the Fraser River, with mountains to the North and the U.S. border coming along the South. The region is all cut up by rivers and inlets and many environmentally sensitive areas. Millions of migrating birds every year travel up and down the Pacific Flyway using the marshes, and this area has some of the best farmland in Canada, which is important to protect. However, it is a very difficult area to develop a city in. There are a lot of watershed issues that need to be addressed, in order to have a high quality of life. The region holds about 2 million people with a million jobs. It is a relatively small city compared to Brazilian cities. About 1/3 of the population are immigrants from overseas, and about 1/3 come from some place else in Canada. So it is a place where people have chosen to be, they have brought their culture and it is very cosmopolitan. A large number of people live in multi family housing, which is uncommon for a North American city where most people live in single-family housing. A large part of our land base is called the green zone and cannot be developed for urban purposes – this includes many of the watersheds. The Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) is made up of 21 municipalities, each with their own particular objectives. We provide the local government services. Cooperation among organisations is often driven by some need to do something, to solve a problem together rather than separately, and that is how the region is developed. There has been inter-municipal cooperation in Greater Vancouver since 1914, when a number 76

Final Report of municipalities got together to develop a common sewage treatment system. By 1926, the water system was shared among municipalities and was consolidated as a formal organisation in 1967. There is a board of 35 members, derived from the municipal board, so people elect councillors and mayors to the municipality and the local municipal council chooses its members to come to the regional board. There are a number of functions at the regional district, one is regional planning, regional growth management and air quality planning. We also borrow money on behalf of the municipalities and do labour negotiations for the municipality. We operate on a series of principles, which suggest that the interest of the individual municipality should prevail unless there is some uncommon overriding interest in which the regional interest should prevail, and often in watersheds because these are things that span municipalities, these are where the regional interests should prevail. However, it is important to come to a consensus on these particular issues, through a series of mechanisms that have been set up over the years, as well as institutions and processes. It is important to involve the public in the decisions that are made, that is difficult to do on a regional wide basis but for individual projects involving the local public to define the issues and how the particular project should be undertaken is easier. There are also a range of inter-municipal committees and structures set up where we bring together the interests of the various participants – municipalities, public and the NGO sector, in order to talk through the issues in an extensive way. There is a council of councils, where all municipal councillors in the region (about 150) come together to talk about a particular issue. No decisions are made here but everyone has the same access to the information and the issue, and can take it back to their particular municipality or organisation to help make the decision. Finally, GVRD strives to use new technologies to find better solutions. Around institutional development, new forms of institutions are being tried to address problems and involve people in new ways to coordinate government departments and our work with other organisations, in order to work more effectively with the public. What works well is the involvement of many different people and organisations in and around the watershed to bring all of the interests to bear there. A parallel in Santo Andre is the creation of new institutions such as the Sub-prefeitura and the local councils that were established to focus more attention and energy and focus around what happens in the watershed. In relation to international cooperation, while the problems are different in their substance they are the same in their structure, reflecting and thinking about how someone else has addressed a particular problem is helpful and helps reflect on how GVRD addresses issues in Greater Vancouver. To end, one of the most important lessons learned has been that difficult problems really don’t get solved without dialogue – dialogue among organisations and people. It all starts with dialogue and with dialogue everything is possible.” Simon So is responsible for utility construction and for sewer and water, and matters of drainage. He talked about two watershed management experiences: 1) The Mountain watershed and 2) Urban drainage watershed, managed by GVRD.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André “The challenges faced by the PMSA and GVRD might be different, but there is some common ground faced by both, that is environmental protection, involving the public and citizens in the decision-making process, and doing this in a way that is most effective and sustainable. There are three watersheds in the Greater Vancouver area, the Capilano, Seymour and Shackle watersheds. These three watersheds include 600 km2 of completely protected lands. They form part of the Pacific Coast Mountain Ranges and 88% of the land is leased from the province, of which GVRD owns 12%. There are dams and lakes, where water is stored for drinking purposes. A watershed management plan was adopted in 2002, and its goal is that the watersheds provide clean and safe drinking water that are managed and protected as natural asset of the highest importance.” Principles that identify the plan are: -safe and clean drinking water -commitment to environmental stewardship and protection of those lands and their biological diversity -minimum intervention to achieve these objectives -turn the areas that have been disturbed by human activities to as close as possible to their previous state -decision-making process will be open and transparent Activities: “Water monitoring and forecasting – we have a network of geometric stations in our lakes and rivers that monitor the geological information, as well as weather information. We regularly monitor the condition of our snow packs so we can estimate when the snow melts how much water will be available in the spring and summer, to replenish the reservoir. Fire management, forest fires are a real threat to the watersheds and our staff is trained in fire fighting in the event of a forest fire. In the event that the fire occurs in an area that is not accessible by foot, helicopters will be sent. Natural landslides threaten the natural water quality of our drinking water. We have to employ a range of stabilization methods to stabilise those landslide areas. The ranges of methods used include geotextile fabric, and bio-engineering or revegetation, which stabilises the area. Watershed security – these watersheds are of the very few in the Pacific Northwest that is completely secured. That means the public cannot gain access into the watershed and this is the single most important strategy to ensure that the watersheds continue to provide clean and safe drinking water to customers. 78

Final Report Five-year implementation plans are developed to provide the necessary guidance to ensure effective implementation of the management plan. Annual reports are written, which are like report cards to show how well GVRD has performed on the previous year, and to provide a basis for improvement for the following year.” Case Study “As part of the Seymour watershed, there is an area called the lower Seymour Conservation Reserve. This reserve was first opened to the public in 1987, and in 2002 a LSCR management plan was developed, forming the basis of its management. An extensive participatory process was used. Interest groups, residents, academics, advisory groups, and the members of the public all participated. They were invited to participate in open houses and workshops, where they could provide their input in the development of a vision. The goal for the LSDR is to maintain this area as a future watershed for longterm water supply purposes and to continue wildlife and forest management. This area serves as a living laboratory for research and demonstration projects, pertaining to ecology, resource management, cultural heritage and recreation. Post-secondary institutions and numerous agencies use this area extensively for these purposes. It is also used as an outdoor classroom for schools and the public, to educate on the stewardship of the ecosystem and forest management and research, in order to give the public a higher level of appreciation and knowledge of these particular assets that are in the region. Schools regularly conduct field trips to the area to learn more about forest and watershed management. Another goal is to use a planning process to create a new land steward approach that builds on a high level of public involvement. We have established a working group and a number of stewardship forums are held every year to facilitate on going dialogues with stakeholders and members of the public on stewardship activities and implementation of the management plan.” Urban Watershed Management “The GVRD urban drainage watersheds operate under different levels of government regulation, federal, provincial, regional and municipal. The main reason that they come under the federal and regional is because the drainage areas usually support fish populations and this is under provincial and federal regulation. Urban drainage is managed under the Greater Vancouver Sewage and Drainage Distribution Act. At the request of municipalities, drainage areas are established and approved by the board and then the GVRD starts to operate and maintain these areas.” Steel Creek Grant River Watershed “This is the largest watershed managed by GVRD. It has an area of 73 km2 of area that is both residential and industrial and it has a history of very large capital projects, such as stomp sewer, construction, building new channels, etc. This drainage area used to support a very large fish population but because of environmental degradation, the fish population completely disappeared 20-30 years ago. With the hard work of some of the local stewardship groups, the GVRD started to rehabilitate a lot of the environmentally sensitive areas. At the moment 500-1000 salmon come back to spawn yearly. To protect

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André from landslides GVRD has started to use bio-engineering or channel habitat complexing to stabilise, as this is done additional fish habitat and fish breeding areas are created. There is a dam, which is a point feature in the area – it regulates the level of the lake. This dam has a fish ladder that allows the fish to migrate from the river up to the lake, and through the fish ladder we are able to count rough numbers of fish that manage to come back and spawn in this area. Brunette Basin Watershed Management Plan - is the first high-level multi-jurisdictional watershed plan in the region. The goal is to protect and enhance the integrity of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem and the human population that it supports in a manner that accommodates both growth and development. This plan was adopted in 2002, by the four municipalities that this drainage area lies within. Recently a watershed based integrated storm water management plan has been developed, which is mandated by the province, and the essential process for this is the integration of engineering and planning, and involves areas that would have direct impact on the watershed such as land use, recreation, transportation, and also the environment. This plan is being developed through the involvement of inter- agency liaison groups and stakeholder participation, which includes municipalities, local regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and local stewardship communities. Open houses are held to provide forum for the public to bring issues and to help to develop visions and goals through an open and participatory process. Regular newsletters are sent out to the public and stakeholders, and it is posted on the GVRD website to let people know of GVRD’s initiatives. We try to keep a dialogue going with the public and let them know of the progress that we are making. The goal of this integrative storm water management plan is so that on going urban growth can be facilitated and environmental integrity maintained.” Maureen Maloney – IDR, Canada Maureen Maloney is the Director for the Institute of Dispute Resolution, a research centre, which also does applied work with respect to public policy dispute resolution, including in the environmental field. The Institute is linked to the University of Victoria, B.C., Canada, and has worked in several issues with the Canadian government as well as with international governments, such as China, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Guatemala, and others. In her presentation, Maureen Maloney focused on an important aspect, common to Brazil, Canada and other countries, that is of having the great privilege to live in beautiful countries where there are both great watersheds and incredible environmental degradation taking place within them. Governments are realizing that to say to people that they cannot live within that area, work within that area, or do any activities in that area, is impossible. Governments in Brazil and Canada have become more active and are seeking ways to deal with these seemingly complex disputes that don’t have any easy answers. “Governments used to use the “control method of governance”, whereby governments say we know best and this is how it is going to happen. When people started to riot and demonstrate, government needed to change and decided to consult people. Governments

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Final Report sent out bureaucrats to go and speak to people and elicit their opinions about what they thought should happen in a certain area and then governments would make their own decision. As a result, people often thought that they had been used, that government hadn’t listened or government hadn’t listened correctly to what was being said, or they had only consulted certain types of people who had been affected or would have been affected by the certain types of people. However, there are forward-looking governments moving towards collaborative community based decision-making. It definitely takes a great more deal of work, effort, frustration, but ultimately, as seen in the Santo André project it yields tremendous results, in the decisions made and in fostering relationships for an on going process of engagement and dialogue as long as we live together in a community.” Santo André: A Success Story “There are six main challenges that face any large complex dispute resolution process, and particularly one that is collaboratively based. Santo André met all of these challenges. Of course, Santo André did not solve them all, but they were addressed. They are as follows: 1. Among people there are always fundamental differences in values and in culture, and culture here includes gender, race ethnicity and/or origin, as well as socio- and economic class, where we are brought up, the type of environment in which we live, the type of environment in which we are nurtured, and this is all important because we become informed about the world because of these factors, and these factors change the way we perceive the world and the way we understand meaning and knowledge of the world. Therefore, it is very important to recognise that when you meet someone else who is not from your world because they might have a different race or socio-economic grouping, etc., that you may not be communicating in the same language. Therefore, to build understanding and respect for people you have to start thinking of ways and devising ways in which people try to understand the other. The idea of exploring fundamental ideological values and differences is to increase that gulf of understanding that exists between all of us by trying to really listen and hear what people are saying, so that when you do enter into a conversation or dispute you do understand why people take certain positions. This project really took this to heart and did that quite enormously with the biomapping and oral history project. 2. Institutional resistance to change – Bureaucracy finds it very difficult to change. There are reasons of inertia, or fear, not knowing where you will be at the end of the day, or too difficult to think about. Therefore, entering into collaborative processes requires collaboration on the part of the government or institution that is trying to enter into the process in the first place. It is very important to pay attention to the interdepartmental relationships and degrees of change. This project really paid attention to this by holding a number of different workshops that looked at conflict resolution skills, entrepreneurship, stakeholder management, and etc. People from different departments came together and learned new skills. They strategized and thought about ideas to start breaking down those barriers, in order to start encouraging people in a non-threatening

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André way to start working together, so that they might in fact just make their job easier because there are other resources and other people that one can draw on. 3. Power differentials between people. It is important to recognise that when people come into a collaborative decision-making process, people do not have equal power, and they don’t have equal power for a number of reasons, because just by the nature of the structure in which gender is viewed, women in most societies tend to have less power and influence than men in these societies and therefore are at a disadvantages when they come into a debate and a discussion. This also holds true for a lower socio economic class, if you are a different colour skin or if you have a different Northshore of False Creek in downtown language type. It is very important Vancouver is an example of where former that throughout the process there is a very good facilitator, who constantly industrial lands right out to waters edge were tries to change some of those power transformed in to a new community. differentials, and this can be done on three different levels: economic, Industrial land can be transformed in many social and psychological/emotional. ways, into something that people want to be In this process, addressing the power near to. By doing so we may attract other differentials will not change structural society overnight, but it is kinds of investment around these newly important to at least respect people developed areas. As such a new process of and try to understand their economic working together has been developed where and social problem and how you work together to bring economic we start with planning principles and try to employment to that group. For get those to be as shared as possible example that has happened in the creation of the sewing coop, the between the various parts, working through garden, the entrepreneurs club – a various layers of specificity to get to the variety of different economic point where building permits can be issued measures where people work together collaboratively to put a start towards and construction can take place. saying economies are very important and its not just about land its also about people’s right to have an economic living. And with regards to the social and the emotional, it is important not to privilege technical expertise, but to recognise that we all bring very different expertise to the table that are equally valuable, such as the experience of living in a watershed, which is an invaluable experience. The bio mapping that took place enabled people to understood the experiential value of understanding how the people live within the watershed, what was most important, how the presence of the watershed could actually help protect the environment. The oral history project was also extremely important, obviously for historical record and to allow people to pass onto their grandchildren and great grandchildren their records, and because it validates and gives credence to people’s experience celebrating important emotional and psychological events that took place. 4. Innovative and varied communication techniques - It is very important to think who we are communicating with, why, what they need to know, if feedback is required, and if 82

Final Report so how will that take place and what method of communication am I going to use given the questions that I have now answered. Usually, there will be a variety of communications. In this project there were various - the video, quilt making, bio mapping, the CD-Rom, etc. These are all extremely important communication methods, which provide a message and feedback. 5. Extending the circles of involvement in sharing information at all levels. By the circles of involvement there are usually very intent processes, and fewer people tend to get involved as time goes on because everybody is busy. So if the circle gets smaller how do we continue to reach out to people who need to know what is going on? When the next decision will be made? How do we keep moving the circles of involvement to become increasingly wider as you go through the process? It is a matter of paying attention to that detail and not simply doing it at the beginning of the process or at the end, but it is something that must run through it. No matter how good your process, how many people you have involved at different times – people may not know what is happening, and this project was very good at communicating throughout the process. 6. Transparency - Continuous transparency is the way that governments show respect with its citizenship and the many publics that they have to interact with. This process starts with being transparent. The reason why the PMSA was able to meet the challenges are as follows: First, there was strong leadership. Strong leadership has to take place at a political level, a bureaucratic level and in the community with strong community leaders. When there is a wane in the process, there needs to be people to pick up the baton and move things forward.. Second, there needs to be legislative action – if need be – and a speedy process. Some actions need legislative action, and sometimes it can impede progress in a way that is not helpful for a collaborative process. So it is important for people to think about how that might take place, and how one might get speedy action if one needed to. Third, there needs to be sufficient resources. It takes enormous amount of staff time, resident time, people time, and money. As so it is very important that sufficient resources are provided to ensure that that can take place, and this means resources for the government, but also for the communities in the form of travel, day care, etc. . Fourth, a community is needed that is willing to be engaged, and often the engagement level will depend on trying to meet some of the factors that I spoke of above – the big challenges, as to how engaged communities will be and how they will stay engaged and again it will depend on mutual respect and tolerance. Fifth, usually when people have a dispute they think that there is going to be a winner and a loser. It is very important to pay attention, especially to the people who might be losing from the decisions that have been made that you try and create a no losers policy. This doesn’t mean that everyone gets exactly what they want, but it is a focus on trying to ameliorate the consequences of people. 83

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Lastly, is to remember that it takes a long time. Difficult issues usually have taken decades if not longer to actually arise and become a crisis that needs to be dealt with. These processes take years so the focus is on what can be done now, during this period here and now? How can we mover the process forward and keep working on the tremendously difficult issues that we will face for many decades and generations to come. To conclude, a quote that is attributed to a famous North American Indigenous Chief (Chief Yako) - he said – ‘Let us never forget that we do not inherit the earth to own and possess but we inherit the earth as guardians to pass on to the next generations.’” Nathan Edelson – City of Vancouver, Canada “This has been a very exciting project for us. The video is particularly exciting for me, it will give me a chance to bring this back to Vancouver where there is a number of staff who are really interested in the project because they have worked on it directly or indirectly, and because it is one of the best examples of what sustainable communitybased development really means.” Mr. Edelson spoke about public amenities funded through private development in Vancouver. He also discussed the Vancouver City Plan Program as an innovation in urban planning. “The City Plan program looks at the technology being used in many Vancouver communities and the way that relevant and consistent background data is used in public processes to try to perform a common vision within each of the local areas within Vancouver. An important technology for some communities is developing a vision, bringing the community together, testing that with public surveys and then working on implementation of that basic vision.” Important principles used in Vancouver, which are relevant to Santo André are: -Transforming industrial lands to large-scale complete communities. -Transforming some unused office or commercial capacity in the downtown core to residential development and places where people can live and work. -Revitalising our historic core in a way that is protective of its low-income population. The notion of social inclusion is becoming a very powerful one within the city of Vancouver. -Community based economic development. Developing relationships with the private sector “A key part of our work in Vancouver has to do with the building new kind of relationship. When major developers want to construct in our downtown area and were going to make considerable profits from doing so, we work out over time a way of trying to balance the private sector interest to channel some of that towards things that the 84

Final Report public require. A lot of things that the community needed like public day care, parks, the new community centres, low-income housing, and mixed housing. These things were achieved by integrating these projects within the general planning that we are doing. Moreover, there is a growing agreement that we have to work together in order to create the kind of liveable city that is needed in the context of the global economy. We did this by sitting down together to brainstorm and think of ideas together. We came up with very practical things, some using legislation, some using our development permitting and zoning power and others just innovative ideas, which the private sector is willing to give in to. Therefore, there was a negotiation in trying to build a new kind of culture of cooperation between the two sectors.” Key Lessons Learned: “1) All of the relevant city departments have to be involved in the process. This has been a real challenge for the city of Vancouver, where we used to work in separate jurisdictions, getting staff at the technical level to work together has been an tremendous challenge for us but it works in many ways. 2) Department heads have to work together, must have a way for resolving conflict between the technical staff and must set a common direction. When they can’t do that then it goes to our City Council. So the City Council sets the general direction, they are involved when there are significant options or differences of opinion, as long as we are checking back with the general public this has really helped us work on significant projects and created a downtown which now has about 100,000 people living in it, and it is the most rapidly growing downtown population in all of North America. 3) We have really tried to integrate the new development within the grid and context of the city. Rather than create a separate enclave, try to make this and other major projects part of the way the city functions. Street level is important because these buildings can encourage public activity through commercial development or through townhouses. 4) It is important to develop strong neighbourhood centres. A key opportunity for mutual learning has to do with local-based business improvement associations, and looking at ways that local business people can play important leadership roles within their community, working with the municipality as well as residents in their areas to develop strong centres. 5) Integrative service schemes provides opportunities for information sharing on this aspect of our work where staff from various departments work together to address issues that are sometimes difficult to address in these various neighbourhoods and breaking down the barriers between the departments to ensure innovative ways to solve city problems such as the street crime issues, some of the beautification issues and other things that our residents are concerned about. This has been an important type of technology for the city of Vancouver and has resulted in a dramatic shift in our work culture, in terms of new forms of collaboration, an emerging culture where people don’t feel that they work for one part of the public sector and that is all they do. They are part

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André of a community that includes the private sector and the residential community, and trying to make the community liveable for as many people as possible. 6) Creating opportunities for diverse communities means creating opportunities for lowincome housing throughout the city. It’s a real challenge, but we are striving work on new ways of doing this through funds from senior governments. 7) It is important to try to keep the fabric of existing neighbourhoods and make small incremental changes to make a real difference. The legalisation of apartments and single family homes, the encouragement of small-scale retail development, of commercial livework opportunities, allow our citizens and our residents to adapt to a changing economy and to develop stronger communities. 8) Safe and effective public realm – this is one of the essential things, in terms of public safety and public realm that is where the different people in our community live and work together and our goal is to make our public space safe for children and comfortable for our diverse communities. 9) Vancouver’s historic core is a place where the low income population lives and it’s the one part of Vancouver which has suffered tremendously, economically, and has been for a number of years taken over by the illegal drug trade. The problems were so serious, both in terms of the economy and health issues, the three levels of government came together to form what is called the Vancouver Agreement with the city, province and federal government working in very close collaboration to coordinate their funding and their initiatives to take on challenges that are impossible for any one of the governments to take on alone, and then involving the community and public sector department. The goal is revitalise without displacement. The historic core can be revitalised but in a way that benefits its existing population and allows others to live and work in the area. There are four primary areas that the agreement works on. It includes affordable housing, policing, and health care – especially for the people addicted to drugs, and communitybased economic development. Each of these have been carefully designed to try to avoid what has happened in many North America cities and cities elsewhere in the world, where areas have been revitalised and then displaced the many people living there, this is a common theme shared with the work being done in Santo André in the watershed. 10) Community economic development issues are very important. In this area there is a lot of work being done to support the non-profit organisation and the business improvement associations that are involved in their own communities. Of particular interest are procurement strategies – this is using the purchasing power of the government and the larger private sector firms to create business opportunities, small business opportunities and jobs for low income residents, and that is tied to a very strong training program where the university and the various community-based training organisations work together to create a different way of training so people are trained to do real jobs. There are other things worth developing in terms of business incubation, to support new business and attract new business to the area.

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Final Report 11) Looking at an institution as a municipality for all the ways we can support community economic development. This is basically rethinking the way we do government, in the way we provide housing, health care, community policing and other initiatives that provide jobs, opportunities, and training for our low-income residents for this community and elsewhere. My experience in Santo Andre has been a wonderful opportunity. Santo André is a fabulous city and a wonderful region. The rapid transit systems, some of the green spaces such as the Celso Daniel Park are fabulous achievements. There are many things that we have to learn from, such as the locally-based tourism, the participatory processes, and the many example of social enterprise, innovations and the redevelopment of some of the favelas. These are things that we in Vancouver hopefully can learn from, in what will hopefully be an on-going partnership. There are a number of challenges and opportunities, I am sure you are aware of them. There are some that we might be able to help with, and one that is very interesting to me is the un-gating of communities, in a sense of safety, where the children, women and others can walk safely in our communities. How we can do that is to develop stronger neighbourhood centres, encouraging local commerce in different parts of the city as well as mixed income housing? These are the kinds of things that we hope there can be further discussion on. Finally, there are various ways we can work on and learn from each other about governing. At the local level we can develop strong partnerships with other municipalities. We have done this through the Greater Vancouver Regional District and the Vancouver Agreement, which links us to the senior government. International relations are another form. The fact that so much of the decision-making and so many of the tough problems are right at the municipal level, urban region level, we need to work directly with one another, there is a tremendous opportunity to work and learn together.” Peter Boothroyd – UBC-CHS, Canada “CBWM is making a modest but significant contribution to human learning about how to live together in large, complex urban regions, and we have learned much of what has been learned about watersheds, watershed management, and about specific technologies.” Peter Boothroyd talked about three fundamental types of learning that occurred in the CBWM project amongst the Brazilian and Canadian teams. “Brazilian partners learning from Canadian partners – There are three kinds of learning that have been identified through this project. It was known at the beginning of the project that there was going to be some kind of learning process going on in the PMSA and in the communities of Santo Andre, as new ideas were brought into the project from the Canadian experiences. The CBWM project falls under the heading of Technology Transfer, the name applied by CIDA. In the minds of the Canadians, when the project started, it was thought that the Canadians had a lot of experience that was relevant and interesting to our Brazilian friends. The Canadians would transfer some of these

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André technologies through workshops, such as bio mapping, ESA, community economic development, conflict resolution techniques and so on. Canadian partners learning from Brazilian partners - When the project first started, as the leader of the delegation at that time I remember saying “we are here to help,” however, we were not just here to help but also to learn. Nobody knew what it was that the Canadians would learn, but over the six years, the Canadian team has identified many ways in which we have learned from Brazilians. In the first place, a number of students from Canada and interns have had the privilege of coming to Brazil, being well received from our Santo Andre friends and being looked after. Upon their return to Canada, they have come back with a lot of new ideas and knowledge, which they have exposed to other Canadians. Canadian students, as a result of their experience here have written theses. In addition, Canadian colleagues have pointed out that the experiences of this project have helped them to think about different ways they do their work. Canadians have learned a lot about participation and participation theory from Brazilians. Of course, the name Paulo Freire is famous with many Canadians, and it has been for twenty years are more, but we didn’t know about participatory budgeting and we didn’t know much about involved youth and Theatre of the Oppressed. In fact, in the City of Vancouver, there is a new project proposal being developed to try participatory budgeting in some Canadian cities. A grant has been received to do action research on participatory budgeting. We have learned from you, as well as we hope that we have contributed towards your learning. Third type of learning - The most important type of learning, is working together to try to solve a problem – in this case how to manage a complex watershed, we have together created new knowledge. We didn’t learn what the Brazilians already knew or what the Canadians already knew, together the teams created a new knowledge, what is called today a model of how community-based watershed management is perceived. The movie is one example of how that model can be used to tell other people and that was a knowledge by working together in a kind of mutual learning, not just an exchange of existing knowledge, it was discovery of new knowledge, and so through universities and others who are becoming involved in this kind of project, we can try and institutionalise this knowledge. Universities can play a role by working together internationally and we have learned from this project that we can transfer knowledge each way, but together we can create new knowledge if we take a long-term partnership approach and we start with a position and we go from there.”

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Questions and Answers – Dialogue between the Presenters and Participants Question: Marcelo – a student of Environmental Technology from SENAI - São Bernardo do Campo – How can one participate in this Project? As a student and having a NGO, which is still in the formation stage, how could I engage in this group so that I can work, help and learn with you? Response: João Ricardo – There is not an internship opportunity right now. This is the end of the CBWM programme, but all of the technology learned will be the focus, in the regional discussion for the elaboration of the Specific Law for the Billings Basin and also for the plan of protection and environmental development. A base of knowledge has been acquired and we have already applied this to Santo André where it will be used to continue the work towards a regional management law for the use of the land in the Reservoir Billings. Question: Simone – CIDA, the Canadian Embassy in Brasilia. – Little has been said about the first two years of the project, the technical part of identifying those areas that could be occupied definitively, partially, or not at all. This seems like would be the base of all decisions that were taken afterwards, and for that reason are very important. Also, in relation to the group in Brasilia, discussing the replication of this project on a national scale, how would the technical part be. Is there confidence that this part could be transferred? Response: João Ricardo – There does exist a part of the project that is more technologically based. A presentation will be made following this, bringing together a collection of information about the physical and how we worked with this information, crossing it with social information and data, in order to obtain a social and physical diagnosis, so that we would know how to respond and make proposals about future occupations in this area. Erika de Castro – There is a division within the Ministry of Cities that is already involved in the part about the definition of sensitive areas, people from the staff from the Ministry of the Environment already have a group that is learning the technology. They are trying to implement Local Agenda 21, but do not have the tools to do it. Brazilian legislation states that by 2006 all cities in Brazil (with a population of 20,000 or more) have to have a Master Plan. A specific condition is that these plans must follow the principles of environmental protection and these technologies are fundamental in this aspect. Therefore, if we can start this project next year, we could

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André work with the Ministry of the Environment and the Ministry of Cities, helping all cities in Brazil implement their Master Plan in this essential task. Question: Vanessa – PMSA – Can you please talk about the process of regularisation in Ribeirão Pires? Response: Max Bandini - the Chief of Cabinet, PMRP – In Ribeirão Pires, a diagnosis was done on the various degraded areas in the Jardim Serrano. This was a plot of irregular public land, which lacked infrastructure in the areas of transition between watershed and urban areas in the Tamanduatei Basin in Mauá. After the diagnosis was completed, this area was included as a priority for recuperation, and went through all of the legal proceedings of the State government for an area of subdivision of 90.000 m². Now infrastructure is being implemented and the consolidation of the plots together with the entire infrastructure that is being implemented. Even so, there are still many stages to go through, such as the consolidation of the adjacent area, which will be the future site of the urban park. What is certain is that partnership is essential to this work. Question: Jean - Council Member, Participatory Budgeting – The principal problem is water, and that the already established city is threatening the protection and preservation of the watershed. But they were initially the destroyers of the existing watershed as in São Paulo, the valley of Anhangabaú was a watershed and it disappeared. The poorer population was thrown into these distant areas finding refuge in the watershed; there they found water to consume. Now, this is a great problem, why don’t we urgently attack the treatment of sewage? We could bring to an end all of these problems. Why don’t we attack basic sanitation and the treatment of water and sewage? The volume of water is decreasing everyday and I believe that the government must take action. We are going to arrive at a moment when we no longer have water to drink. What are we going to live off? Response: João Ricardo – There are problems in the region in relation to the treatment of water. These problems are being resolved in a series of ways. In Santo André a sewage treatment station is being constructed. There is also a big project being done with resources from the federal government, which is a big collector that will catch the effluents from Ribeirão Pires and Rio Grande da Serra. These treatments are considered more conventional, however they will not solve the situation alone. The occupations in these areas need to be organized. To do this we need to establish communication with the community, a relationship where we could be able to teach the importance of conserving these areas. The scope of this project never excluded conventional treatments. One of the presenters showed images of 90

Final Report Canada where the watersheds are not occupied. About 80% of these areas in Vancouver, are the property of the public administration and are isolated, away from the population. Santo André does not have the time or resources to adopt this strategy in Brazil.

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INNOVATIONS IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT – SESSION 3 This session provided an opportunity for planners and community members to examine and discuss the implementation of CBWM project, to share lessons learned from technologies transferred, their experience in project activities in relation to the participatory tools used throughout the project, and the distinct project outcomes for each pilot area. The presentations were based in observed practice and included many personal testimonies, yet they also reflected a broader view of the community members and planners who were most deeply involved in the project. The presentations helped stimulate reflection and thought into the lessons learned at an individual, community, and institutional level. The group explored ways for participation to facilitate dialogue between planners, between planners and community members and how this project has empowered marginalised groups to express their views to decisionmakers and to influence policies that affect their lives, through political and community action. Session 3 – Innovations in Watershed Management August 12, 2004 9:00 – 10:30 Ney Vaz – Superintendent of SEMASA Patrícia Lorenz Vicente – Environmental Sensitivity Analysis/Biomapping, Noé Cazetta – Community Economic Development Sarah Bryce – Oral History Silmara Conchão – Gender Issues Silvia Costa – Tourism for Social Inclusion Patrícia Lorenz Vicente – SPPPA, Brazil Environmental Sensitivity Analysis/Bio map Patrícia Lorenz is an engineer at the SPPPA and she took part in mapping environmentally sensitive analysis of the Rio Grande Basin, a basin in the Billings Reservoir. The environmentally sensitive areas indicate regions that need special care, due to their physical, biological and cultural characteristics. She discussed how the area was mapped and the major lessons learned from this process. Following this, she presented on the bio mapping process – how it was implemented and lessons learned.

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Final Report Mapping the Rio Grande Basin “The mapping process took into consideration areas that must be preserved due to their specific characteristics, or based on the risks they are subject to. The map was created by a technical team consisting of members from the PMSA and SEMASA. In total, there were seven maps completed for the area. Maps of declivity, soil, geomorphology, units of conservation, areas of permanent preservation, gallery forest areas close to the water, and mountaintops. The team worked with three categories of environmental sensitivity: AS-I, II and II. AS-I being the least sensitive area, AS-II of medium sensitivity, and AS-III being the areas most sensitive, areas which need to be preserved. AS-II and AS-I areas have fewer restrictions and might be suitable for occupation. To determine sensitivity each map was divided into determined categories, which were separate for each map. For example: - The declivity was represented with the following levels of declivity: 0 to 12 as AS-I, from 12 to 30 as AS-II, from 30 to 47 or more as AS-III however, on the final map it is only AS-I, AS-III, AS-III which are noted. The declivity map served as a reference by which all other sensitive categories were removed from in order to produce a map with all useable areas. Other areas marked as sensitive and removed from the map were a) sites with historical and cultural value (the Vila of Paranapiacaba is included in this category because of its historical importance); b) flood prone areas; and c) mountain top areas that cannot be occupied because they are protected by environmental legislation and/or should be used for vegetation purposes. The declivity map, with all areas that needed to be protected taken out, was ready to be overlaid with the land-use map. The land-use map was represented with greens. Dark green being the forested areas, green the sports field and agriculture, and light green, for areas that are already occupied and no longer have vegetation. From this map, the forested areas, which are protected by existing legislation, were removed. To complete the ESA, GIS Geomedia software was used. The final ESA for the Basin joined together all areas with declivity above 47%, tops of mountains, flood prone areas, and courses of water. These areas were put together and crossed with the use of soil map giving us a final map.” Lessons Learned “1. It is important to group detailed data into a methodology, which provides a good overall methodology of facts and problems of a mapped area. This brought to planners who participated in the process a greater understanding of the basin and also indicated that around 50% of the area is graphed as an area of high environmental sensitivity. Greater awareness of the basin is fundamental to the planning of the area. 2. A better understanding of the existing problems in the basin area presents the planners with an important tool for structuring a dialogue on resettlement issues.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André 3. A base of digital information on the hydrographical basin, which is part of four municipalities, provides the Consortium with a basis for dialogue and discussion on watershed management issues. The digital process was difficult because São Bernardo had a base of information from 1998, Santo André from 1992, Ribeirão Pires from 1997 and Rio Grande da Serra did not have detailed information that could be utilised in this project. Therefore, it was recognized that keeping this information centralised in one base was very important, in order to take regional action on watershed management issues. Today the Consortium is working on maintaining a regional information base and there is a Project underway, geoprocessing together with FEHIDRO - Fundo Estadual de Recursos Hídricos, so that from now on things will be easier.” Next steps “Decrease the scale that is We are currently in the elaboration phase of the being used from 1:25.000 to one of 1:10 000. The Specific Law of the Reservoir Billings, and this current scale does not allow information scared us a bit. When we think in the the visualization of residences that are within planning of the Basin we must take this information this specific spot of into consideration. preservation and therefore cannot identify who must be moved. The closer the airplane can get to a region to photograph it, the more detailed the information will be. To be able to identify the residential units a scale of 1:5 000 or 1:10 000 is needed. The PMSA is working towards structuring a watershed regional map of 1:5.000, in order to better understand the territory, as well as have a better planning tool at the municipal and regional level.” Biomap “They are maps that are done using the knowledge of the community members from a specific area. The way this is done is an area is chosen and people from that area are called to participate in the mapping of the area. For example, mapping the vegetation, the trails, the areas they most like, the fauna, etc. The people sit down and start to manipulate the map. It is difficult for the community to understand how it works in the very beginning, but once the information starts to be put on paper, they start to understand that they do in fact know the area well. This was interesting for the planners also. We were able to realise through this process that the knowledge of the community adds a lot to the technical knowledge gathered from the planners, and even fills in a lot of gaps were satellite images could not gather the same information. This process values human knowledge, the sensibility and the capacity of observation that we have. It is not always that technical information that brings the exact information of a territory. Many times people living in the locale observe things that cannot be seen in cartography or in scientific information.”

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Final Report Lessons Learned “1. Bio maps facilitate the participation of the community in a dialogue with the PMSA about urban planning. A difficulty that we had was to take the question of urban planning to the community. When we did not have this tool, we did not know how to dialogue so we took a map of the environmentally sensitive areas but did not create conditions to exchange information. The bio map addressed this. The community did the mapping, and we all started to better understand the area, and this also opened up a channel for dialogue with the community. 2. The community is empowered through the bio map process. The community started to understand the area that they lived in, and the amount of information that they had about the area gave them power. The participants no longer look only at their place of residence, but they can see the bigger picture. This brings empowerment, which encourages people to fight for their resources, secure their rights, to demand planning that is more adequate. Once the information is made available, the way the map works is easily understood. To understand the information that is on the map gives strength to the people that is very important in the process of a discussion with government.” Noé Cazetta – PMSA, Brazil Community Economic Development Mr. Cazetta was involved in the implementation of community economic development activities of the CBWM project in the pilot projects. “Economic development was a key component of all the pilot projects since the beginning of the project. The need for programs for income generation was early detected as a very important issue for the watershed residents. Initially, these programs were referred to as social economic development, and later they were called community economic development programs and activities. In PP1 there was a strong focus on cooperativism, but also strengthening of some individual economic activities. In PP2, an in-depth research study involving community members as the researchers, was conducted on the enterprising activities that were currently underway; at that point no data existed about what could be the potential of the neighbourhood. Findings from this survey provided the basis for a brainstorming session, where the community constructed a local perspective on an enterprising model that would bring together the energies and skills of the community members, leading to the realisation of a Talent Fair. Both PP1 and PP2 are good examples of how successful popular enterprises can be, when a person harness her/his own enterprising energy and take action, making it her/his responsibility to advertise and divulge her/his product. This kind of development normally occurs over a minimum period of time, about five to ten years, but it has already started to happen here, in the pilot areas.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Lessons learned 1. Working through a community process requires much more involved. To initiate such a process and work through it to the end, it is necessary publicizing the existing actions of the community and maintaining the energy going. 2. Researching the realities of the community is an educational process, a way to work with values that can be conflicting; only by addressing these conflicts in the social, human, economic, political and cultural realms can the community and the individuals find their own paths. 3. The theme of solidarity is key and requires that participants in the process, especially those facilitating the process, recognise the fundamental role of women in this process and the overall perspective of sustainable development and sustainable economic development. Economic solidarity happens when people are being subject to their own “creation”, their own story from the construction of small businesses or self managed enterprises. This represents an important formative and educational process for public administrators. 4. One should aim to learn about the existing knowledge in the community, the “social” technologies, and explore these with the community. This way the members realise that they have talents, enterprising talents, valued talents. 5. Empowering people to see their potential towards enterprise requires outside support. An important question was put to the community – What is it to be an entrepreneur? The community must understand their capacity as individuals, and that s/he has the potential to use the enterprising ability to survive; however, support is needed from government, universities and NGOs. Support is necessary to integrate these “social” technologies within the process of consolidation of enterprises, for the sustainability and success of small enterprises. 6. The community brings with it a fundamental capacity to solve their common problems. There are times when city officials and academics will come with a solution, even though it is supposed to be a collective process. But respect is key to the process of supporting communities in their path towards self-development, and this practice, of imposing a solution - independently of the knowledge and experience of the external advisor - must be avoided at any cost. Next Steps An important question for the public administration refers to the capacity that the PMSA has to bring when dealing with participatory community economic processes, and what should be the role of universities and NGOs. What is the capacity of municipal agencies, both financial and in terms of legislation, to make economic development sustainable in these areas? It is necessary the permanent making of another kind of economy, an inclusive economy, based on solidarity economy, an economy that does not allow any citizen to be excluded 96

Final Report from society. This is a task that is being addressed in a series of specific cases and in which people are working, but there is still so much to be done. In conclusion, when community economic development is stimulated it affects everybody’s life. Entrepreneurial activities are projects that affect individual lives and community life, and when they are unsuccessful they affect people’s self-esteem. Being unsuccessful in work puts one in an economy of exclusion and defines a person as unsuccessful, not capable of doing something viable; so it is very important to consider that the viability of one enterprise can affect various community dimensions - social, economic, environmental, political and cultural. If the CED process is stimulated and success does not occur, certainly the participants will feel low self-esteem and will become scared with so many difficulties. Therefore, we have a task of helping in making another economy possible, an inclusive economy. Until we construct this economy we are hostages of a process that excludes most citizens, because the reality of these people is that they have not been prepared for a kind of capitalist economy that requires different skills that the ones they have; they have been pushed from the city and from the “formal” economy.” Sarah Bryce – UBC-CHS, Canada Oral History “Here in Pintassilgo there is a lot of stories to be told.” —Resident from Pintassilgo Sarah Bryce came to Santo André as a CIDA intern and was very involved with the Oral History project in Pintassilgo. She provided a summary of the Oral History projects implemented in both Parque Andreense and Pintassilgo, explaining what an Oral History is, how it was adapted for each pilot area and the lessons learned from the process. What is an Oral History “Oral History is a way of looking at the past using interviews, and testimonies about one’s life experiences. There are various formats and techniques used. It might be an interview asking about ones life history or of the history of a group of people using a theme; however, this is by no way general. Oral History – Two distinct approaches In the CBWM Project, an Oral History process was carried out to better understand the history of neighbourhood. In Parque Andreense it was necessary for the team to learn more about the area, to meet and know the people, better understand their life conditions, and from here start to plan the actions. In Núcleo Pintassilgo, the process was used as a participatory evaluation tool. The interviews incorporated questions evaluating the last two years of the project. Through this, people started telling stories of their lives, how they came to live in the Núcleo until 97

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André they got to a point where they were asked to reflect on the last two years, and in particular what had changed as a result of CBWM? Oral History is always an educational process for the person being interviewed and the person interviewing. A space is created for reflection, as well as time is “opened” to think about how that person got to be where she/he is now. Another adaptation made in the two pilot areas was the use of group interviews, of women, men and youth. The dynamic was interesting and a quote from Frei Beto explains the result well, “one thing that everyone knows is their history, but when you tell a story listening, hearing the story, you understand the History.” This means that each person can have an opportunity to understand the history of others, how Making a CBWM Quilt this history unfolded, how these stories are similar or not to others, but to To evaluate the work of CBWM over the understand that each story is part of a last six years women were invited from the larger story, of a large group – that is three pilot areas to the PMSA to watch a History.” Lessons Learned “1. Making a connection between the past, present and future is a question of speaking of the past but also about visioning the future and including one’s dreams for the community and as an individual person.

film to inspire the women to make a quilt with the feelings, testimonies and lessons from the project. After the film each women made her own piece of the quilt and then the pieces were sewn together. The quilt is a reminder of the CBWM experience and is a symbol of its the history in the public

2. Pintassilgo is an informal settlement administration in Santo André. within a park. Therefore, the environment is always an important focus. As such, to capture the memory of the community means recapturing it as an environmental memory by asking things like: when you got here, what was the nature like? What animals did you see? This way people reflect on what has happened since, how things have change, how nature and the environment have changed. This information is valuable for recapturing the history of the place as well as for planning purposes. 3. Residents have certain information that cannot be gathered through technical methods and can only be told from those actually living in the area. This could be a greater focus for planning the watershed areas in the future. 4. It is very important to reflect on environmental education, or to make a connection with environmental education; this must be mapped, because it is possible that very specific information will be received and the biomap technique works well in mapping this information.

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Final Report 5. The Oral History reinforces the importance of integrated work. The teams were big, with people from many departments. Oral History involves a lot of work and requires a large team. Therefore, before embarking on this process, make sure that there are the necessary resources to do so. It is a very serious project, and to do it well resources are needed. The interviewees really open up and deserve to be involved in a process that has a defined end. Also, the interviewers listen and experience the story through the interviewee; therefore, it is a process that requires a lot of care. For example, a Council Member from Pintassilgo shared her learnings over the last couple of years. She talked about things that she normally does not share. In that moment the interviewer and the interviewee created an important connection.” Silmara Conchão – PMSA, Brazil Gender The Santo André Women’s Office, created in 1989, was the first in Brazil, and the first time that a local government had considered inequality between men and women as a governmental issue. Silmara is the Women’s Office third Coordinator, as well as the Coordinator for the Program on Gender, Citizenship and Environment in the Watershed at the PMSA. In her presentation she talks about this Program and the lessons learned from CBWM. “The Program on Gender, Citizenship and Environment is an innovative program; one common difficulty is to bring gender into the planning realm. This happens because there is confusion around the concept of gender. In order to make a plan which attends to the necessities of men and women we must all understand the concept of “gender’, not only those working in the Women’s Office. The concept of gender relates to the social organisation between men and women. This is different to the biological question, which also exists. We have social differences, we live in ways that are not equal, and for this reason it is necessary to reconsider and reformulate a plan of action in formulating public policy. This program takes a socio-educational approach with communities and this is a type of work that is much less visible, and only becomes visible when conferences are organized. This is done with both men and women but we reach more women, and are more successful with them in strengthening citizenship. Men do participate, and there have been activities around masculinity especially for men, in order for them to better their lives, but they are more difficult to be attracted to workshops dealing with gender roles. There have been many results from this project, but it is the lessons learned that are fundamental. They are what stay with us and are the things that no one can take away, they are our knowledge.” Lessons Learned “- Public policies must attend to the demands and needs of women and at the same time alter relations of power. Policies need to be specific, so that they attend to the necessities of women and benefit them in the areas of health, education and urbanisation. 99

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André - Public policies must act to alter power relations. Serious issues of domestic violence must continue to be addressed. Unequal power relations still exist on a very large scale, among all social classes, and in all corners of the city, all over Brazil and the world. - We need to know better our communities and be able to identify which communities are the most excluded, vulnerable and have the greatest difficulties. Within these communities there are men and women that are black and white, which have specific problems and this is something that needs to be addressed through specific policies. Therefore, when we invest in communities we must be aware of the different ways in which men and women live and how they interact with their specific type of exclusion. - The practices and lessons learned from projects such as CBWM, Best Practices, etc., which integrate gender planning must be integrated into all of our policies. - It is necessary to invest in the capacity of administrators and managers in relation to policies that promote gender equality. We have to learn more, and the managers must be incorporated into the language of these actions; this cannot be an objective only of the Women’s Office. - The organisation of regional actions is fundamental. The CED dynamic helped cities to talk, to look at the watershed areas together with other municipalities. As a result of the CED dynamic, we planned together with other cities and launched the ABC Regional Plan for the promotion of gender equality and race, which includes fighting violence against women. - During a workshop it was said that – empowerment must mean the empowerment that we search for and the one we speak of. We must know exactly what we are talking about when we talk about, empowerment must include as many personal changes as it does changes in the social, economic and political environments. The empowerment that we are looking for refers to self-esteem. We have done this with women in the community where participation is key for empowerment. To work with this question of self-esteem, is to develop not only on the personal level but also a socio-economic and political level, to be subject to social transformation. - It is necessary to promote and work with universal political policies with affirmative actions and investment for a society that is more equal. This is because universal policies provide rights to everyone considering that, each person is different and therefore some require a greater investment. - Social and political structures promote a submissive mind-set and the exploration of the women as a mechanism, because this serves the needs of some. This is a legacy from the colonial period, and considered natural. We reproduce this, but this is not natural. We can change this culture the moment that we recognise the situation, and we can intervene in a way that contributes to this change. We are all protagonists of a transformative praxis. People that believe in this, believe in a better life for men and women and can contribute in their own way.

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Final Report None of this the PMSA can do alone. Through social movements, the Centre for Education and Health, the Municipal Chamber, the Consortium Intermunicipal, all the agencies – coupled with the work and technology of CBWM, the question of where we want to get to is much more clearer.” Silvia Costa – SPPPA, Brazil Tourism for Social Inclusion “This is not the end of Project CBWM, we are closing one stage, but the modifications and the methodology will stay with each one of us from the PMSA. We have been able to develop the work and think about the future next steps.” Silvia presented on tourism in Paranapiacaba – PP3, and the innovative way tourism was used as a form of social inclusion and as an instrument for community economic development in Paranapiacaba. She explains how the work was structured, how this work was institutionalized at the SPPPA, the lessons learned from the CBWM process, and the next steps for the future. “The project around tourism was structured in three main stages. The first based on building awareness amongst the local community members. The people live in an environmentally sensitive area, which has a cultural heritage that is protected. It is very different from the urban centre of Santo André, and thus must be treated differently, and the residents need to understand that they cannot live the same way. At the second stage, the CBWM team worked with the question of economic development, which has to be treated carefully due to the limitations put on by environmental sensitiveness and heritage areas, which need to be considered at all times. The third stage was public participation. The community needed to be involved. Channels of communication were set up through Councils of Representatives, with members of the community and from the SPPPA to create a dialogue. Using these steps Paranapiacaba was transformed into a tourist destination, which is architecturally interesting, environmentally aware, and engages human responsibly. It is a tourism that is responsible to the environment, the heritage, and the people living in the area. The work developed brought modifications on the traditional ways of dealing with CED, and what was learned was institutionalized into the work and structure of the SPPPA, and was used in actions taken for social inclusion. Of course, it is difficult to incorporate these lessons onto the day-to-day making of the economy. But in everything that we do, we must always consider the importance of social inclusion, the inclusion of women, children, and youth, especially in this community.” Lessons Learned “1. The SPPPA and PMSA must formulate employment policies based on the reality of the local, taking into consideration the capacity of the residents, their stories, and the place where they live in.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André 2. The public administration, together with the community, is able to transform the lives of people and create a better quality of life for the people living in the area. 3. The strategy of economic development should consider the environmentally sensitiveness existing in the region, including the eventual lack of specific knowledge of the officials. This was important to many administrators, which did not have a strong connection to environment and heritage policy. Therefore, together we had to develop another way of seeing things. 4. The model of decentralization for administrative management that was adopted, that is the creation of the SPPPA, helped to improve the geographic difficulties in relation to Paranapiacaba and the PMSA centre of Santo André. The distance between the two did not permit its economic, cultural and social integration. Today, we have overcome some of these obstacles. This is also important for the integration of the community into the dynamic of the city. Paranapiacaba is part of Santo André, Santo André is part of Paranapiacaba. This is an important lesson for all of Santo André. 5. The management model permitted the administration to articulate five important dimensions, which are: administrative autonomy and budget; the geographic dimension and its specificities; the environmental dimension that percolates all decisions; public participation processes for decision making; and strategic planning for all activities. These are the five dimensions that we have learned about through CBWM.” Next steps “These lessons have been learned and were put into words and published into manuals. This was an important exercise, by doing so one realised how much one has really learned. We must be sensible about what can be achieved by tourism policies. We have to understand that tourism is not the answer to all of the problems and to everything that is bad in the Vila of Paranapiacaba, but that it can be an important instrument, especially for social inclusion and local development. Also, it is necessary to think strategically about the limits of any potential investors. Today in the Vila there are some small, private investors. The relationship with these entrepreneurs must be articulated together with the local community: thinking about investments’ limitation, where will investments go, how they can be articulated for the maximum benefit of the community as a whole. We must also stimulated more the organisation of the community for common enterprises, strengthening their entrepreneurship’s skills because they have lived in the area for a long time, in a place that is very different from the city, and they may know many different ways to develop interesting ideas for tourism, to attract people interested in knowing more about the special place that is Paranapiacaba. The PMSA and SPPPA must continue to encourage and recognise the historical, environmental and cultural value of the Vila, because it is unique and it is recognised nationally and internationally. The population should be proud of where they live and understand that to live there is to live in a place that is very different.”

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Final Report Questions and answers – Dialogue between the Presenters and Participants Question: Jean – Council Member – Participatory Budgeting – at is the rule for legalization of small enterprises in the WPAs? It exists a complaint that everyone needs to be clandestine, because there is no possibility for legalization. If this is the case, how can we transform Parque Andreense into a tourist area, with small businesses? How can we create something for the community members, and not just small cooperatives, which go through great difficulties that don’t manage to develop as a result of the area’s limitations? If we want to create a space for small business development we have to see the channels by which this can be done and negotiate the possibilities. Responses: Noe – To answer this question is not just a matter of pointing out legislations and rules that are applicable to the WPAs. There are many questions to consider and there is a process to be followed. First, the process starts with information and formation. The community needs information about their employment abilities, and then these abilities can be formed into enterprising opportunities. It is fundamental that a community have information, be aware of its possibilities and then to define a strategy for in\come generation. This is a process of constructing a new local economy, a process that should come from the community. Second, there is the question of insertion into the market, which excludes many of the informal economy alternatives. In order to survive within a local sphere, one has to have an enterprising skill that is in demand and that can be sustained at the local level. Then, there is the process of sustainability and self-sufficiency. The self–sufficiency and sustainability of these places are in a process of construction, for the people and for their life projects. Integrating economic development into our city is a process of learning-by- doing. The project, the tools, the formulation of public policy, this is the process that we are in. Patricia – Santo André has a gap in legislation in relation to the WPAs. There is no law, which disciplines the use and occupation of land in these areas, although this is being discussed at this moment at the State level. In addition to this, a dialogue has been opened up with business owners to discuss the possibility of the regularisation of these enterprises. However, it needs to be a commercial initiative, done by the business owner, without it an economic activity cannot be legalized. We depend on the state laws, because the watershed protection laws are state laws. First, a person has to be approved in the ambit of the state, in order to get municipal approval. To date, some businesses have already been legalized. Opening up a dialogue clarified this legalization process, the documents needed, etc. Also important is that Santo André is the first municipality to sign an agreement with the Secretariat of the Environment, at the state level. We are starting to license businesses from an environmental point of view, those businesses which offer a local environmental benefit. The city of Santo André is initiating these processes

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André and the municipality is going to go through the licensing of construction works in the watershed areas. This agreement will be an important tool in the municipal administration in the process of the regularization of small business. Finally, we have to recognise that there is a gap in the legislation and that it exists a difficulty in licensing businesses in WPAs, but they should continue functioning because the community depends on these places. Question: Professor Luis César – Escola EPUSP- Engenharia Hidráulica e Ambiental – What have been the concerns that this group has had in the sense of promoting selfsufficiency in these communities? Development must integrate the people in the communities to maintain the environmental integrity of their territory. In terms of social, economic, and the political integrity. What has been thought about for these communities to be self-sufficient, so that they don’t remain dependant on this group and the PMSA? What has the PMSA done, politically and administratively, to preserve groups such as these formed from these great projects? Responses: Silmara – First, there are directors here who are multiplying agents, passing on their knowledge as educators, discussing the issues and making them the objects of learning. Second, in the local administration, there are various mechanisms for participation and leadership development, which guarantees involvement in the process of change; they are also becoming agents of social transformation through exercising their citizenship rights. Third, Agenda 21 brings important recommendations; one of them is the participation of women in the decision-making process. There are school councils, councils or representatives, a women’s forum, women’s meetings, and the participatory budget, the Plano Director, which foster active participation in the improvement of the city. In these fora, women’s participation into the decisionmaking process is important. Women decide together, are listened to, given space to speak out their needs, their relationship with the environment and within the community. Fourth, the difference between men and women cannot allow inequality of treatment. In order to continue to build gender equality awareness it is necessary to work continuously with women and men, in order to guarantee sustainable development. Ney – We can talk specifically about how CBWM processes can be continued. What has been done by CBWM, is that it has touched many PMSA officials, as it has community members. This means that the administration of the PMSA will 104

Final Report guarantee the continuation of many of the processes, the instruments that the PMSA has learned. If the Project has involved the population, the people will hold the government accountable in the case that it is not fulfilling its duties. This is one of the ways that continuity of public policy is guaranteed, and it doesn’t matter what party is in power, people will still hold any party accountable. Question: Marcondes – Coordinator of Programa de Jovens da Reserva de Biosfera em Guarulhos – About tourism, we may find that the public objective might not be the same as the kind of tourism that is taking place at some particular moment. What kinds of tourists are being brought to the area? Responses: Silvia – When we arrived in the Vila de Paranapiacaba we found a very disorganised tourism, due to the lack of rules. The first thing we did was to invest in human development, mainly in education related to tourism, so that the residents could understand the dimension of the questions around tourism, and then help fostering adequate local rules around tourism in the village and surroundings. Creating rules together with the community enabled us to attract another kind of tourist, which aggregated more value for the area. It is this tourist that we look for, the one that appreciates the environmental and architectural value of the area. We have an approach that is pro-active. The public administration tries to attract senior citizens, schools, etc., without excluding in terms of economic class, but considering that these groups can have a good relation with the village. Question: Regina – In relation to the technology transfer brought from Canadian to Brazilian planners, the civil servants are not necessarily responsible for the management. One does not have to believe the policies of the part, if, he is a public servant, he has a job to do, and he does not have to think in a transformative way. How did CBWM manage this reality, which exists in Brazil? Responses: Sara – I did not participate in the Project from the beginning; my participation started only this year. So I am not the right person to respond to this question. But, within the idea of CBWM, there is what is called a technology transfer component, which is implemented in the form of workshops. These workshops were facilitated by Canadian professionals, which also exchanged information, ideas and experiences. These were organized for the PMSA officials. The idea is to capacitate the PMSA officials so that they can make these transformations happen.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Amauri – Professor of Gestão Ambiental do Centro Universitário UniABC de Santo André – I would like to draws attention to Silmara’s presentation, and I would like to draw attention the question of the application of Agenda 21. As a professor, we try to teach our students how to put Agenda 21 into practice. This has been done in a really practical way

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LESSONS LEARNED: COMMUNITY AND CITY HALL OFFICIALS – SESSION 4 Session 4 –Lessons Learned: Community and City Hall Officials August 12, 2004 11:00 – 12:20 João Ricardo G. Caetano (Moderator) – Sub-mayor – Sub-Prefeitura Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense Elena Rezende – PMSA -Council of Representatives from the Núcleo Pintassilgo Sara Juarez Sales – SPPPA -Council of Representatives from Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense Jefferson Sidney da Silva – The Biosphere Reserve Youth Program Maria do Carmo Souza Pascoal – Community Representative from PP1 – Parque Andreense Andreia de Jesus Souza Cardoso – Community Representative Pintassilgo

PP2 – Núcleo

Eduardo Pin – Communtiy Representative PP3 – Paranapiacaba Elena Rezende – PMSA, Brazil Council of Representatives from the Núcleo Pintassilgo “It is through current change that we build the future and construct another possible world.” The presentation by Elena Rezende spoke about a very successful example of community organisation - the Council of Representatives experience in Pintassilgo – PP2. Elena talked about the important meaning of councils as a force in building citizenship and the lessons learned from the community members and the PMSA officials throughout the development and consolidation of the Council of Representatives in Pintassilgo. “The Council of Representatives experience in the Núcleo Pintassilgo was an important landmark because it helped to understand and contemplate this neighbourhood where people live, this favela, with the importance that it deserves – its complexity, problems and potential solutions. The significance of the Council of Representatives in relation to social inclusion is the process of recapturing the rights of the residents living in the watershed to the city.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André The PMSA talks about the “the right to the city”, which was an important benchmark of the government in the first administration of Celso Daniel because many communities, similar to Pintassilgo did not have a guaranteed right to the city. The councils represent this rescue, this right to the city, meaning that the government admits that they can learn with and from the knowledge of the communities, and with their social segments such as gender, colour, and age to be more democratic and just in their actions and in the socioenvironmental programs. Moreover, governments often think that they are the only ones that have the solutions to problems and do not consider opening up a dialogue. Therefore, the government to admit that they learn from the community is very important to a community. By doing so management strategies are changed and informal settlements are integrated in the public agenda. The Council demands a lot from the PMSA teams. Thus, a mechanism must be consolidated for citizen participation as a process of learning that can and should evolve every local reality. Santo André has a lot of experience in citizen participation, in public participation, many thematic councils, health, education, and habitation. To have a Council like this in the watershed area is an innovative experience in the way that it is being constituted. This Council is organized in a more specific way, due to its situation in a watershed protected area. The participatory process requires a strategic planning process and various plans of action. This is very important because it is not all the time that there is internal cohesion, it is very complicated when you go and speak to the community and their own government has some difficulties in understanding some situations. Making plans of action with the community facilitates dialogue. Having an integrated and interdisciplinary management capacity is very important because it makes people listen to different visions and ways of understanding the complexities related to a settlement in an area that is sensitive in all forms: socially, environmentally and economically.” Lessons Learned “Human resources are as fundamental as any infrastructure; people, cars, dialogue materials, and everything else is needed. The Council and community are big so the PMSA needs a team that is equipped to carry out dialogue. The participatory process requires the government to democratize project information. This aspect is vital, especially in Pintassilgo where there has been an occupation for about 25 years and where the PMSA has had minimal contact. Traditionally, the community has not been well informed, so information was divulged through information pamphlets, which helped to minimize some of the rumours and distortions of information that were causing insecurities. Transparency and constant evaluations of services require a lot from the government. The dialogue in the meetings and the language must be clear. Many times people think that a simple and clear language is to speak wrong. This is not so. It is to explain the origin of the words, so that the population can appropriate these terms.

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Final Report We understand that the Council mechanism of co-management needs time to mature. Participation is not only to communicate with the community, but also to incorporate it into this educational process, to have the responsibility and determination. The Council of Representative counts on a technical team, which tries to coordinate the main decisions and necessary orientations for the community. A parallel – the government always looked to find better technical solutions to contemplate the environmental recuperation for families in the informal settlements. For the community, the worry was always around urbanisation, and solving the problems related to health and the social and economic vulnerabilities. This caused a tense relationship between community and government because there was a social demand that was very strong in that community, which was not being met. The municipal government has learned that each community has its own rhythm of learning and participating. Many people don’t know how to participate in the meetings, so it takes time and it needs persistence. Participatory processes can bring valuable information for environmental and urban planning; however, the higher the level of social exclusion the higher the level of conflict will be around relocations and the way the governments addresses these conflict is important.” Sara Juarez Sales – SPPPA, Brazil Council of Representatives from Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense Sara Juarez works at the Sub-Prefeitura de Paranapiacaba e Parque Andreense. She presented on the Council of Representatives experience in Parque Andreense and Paranapiacaba. “The Councils of Representatives are very distinct, and have very different characteristics. The Council in PP2 is better suited for a concentrated area, whereas the council format in Parque Andreense and Paranapiacaba is better for an extensive region with a dispersed population. The Council of Representative was created in 2001, with the intention to integrate residents into the municipality, meaning the integration of the discussions from the community with the discussions taking place in the centre of the city. In addition, the council needed to respond to environmental legislation issues. A part of the Council is directly elected and the other part indirectly elected. This is because there are representatives, who pair up and then end up choosing a representative among them. There are also those members who are indicated from municipal councils, which also participate in the Council, to discuss important questions, such as transportation. The council represents four regions: Parque Andreense with 2,997 people, Paranapiacaba 1,575 people, and region 3 and 4 with 1,827 people. In order to get equal representation one Councillor is elected directly from each region, and one substitute. In addition to this there are representatives from different interest groups

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André and areas, they are extremely important because they discuss the development of the region. In turn, the Council holds a seat on municipal council in Santo André as well as, in the municipal Council for Management and Environmental Sanitation.” Lesson Learned “1) In the beginning, when the Council of Representatives was being implemented, it was thought that community members needed to be enabled to participate in the council, as well as the internal discussion within the regions and in everything else applicable. This was not a successful approach, although interesting because the SPPPA learned quickly that in actual fact is was both the SPPPA officials and the Council members, which needed to learn how to dialogue. We needed to enable ourselves before we could do this for anyone else, and this is a very long process, learned overtime. 2) The goal was to have two technical chambers. The first council meetings ended up being conflicting; we were not able to enter into a deeper discussion about environmental management and the creation of technical chambers. Rather, it was the immediate demands that the community wanted to resolve in this sphere. The technical chambers are coordinated by the SPPPA with team members who are chosen specifically to discuss with community members, what the community indicates. The breakdown of resistance was very important, that of the institution and of the administrators. Opening up channels, also meant learning how to listen, to discuss and at the same time see what problems need to be solved. These were simple things that the SPPPA officials could not see, but were identified in these forums. 3) The Council is a space of social control of public management, but it ended up being transformed into an instrument to evaluate the efficiency of the work of the SPPPA and PMSA. The Council helps identify what is being done wrong, as well as how efficient administrators really are being with the community. Next Steps In the future, the Council should aim for a better-informed membership in order to increase the level of positive and efficient participation by all, both the community and the Public Administration. Public administrators should be are as mature as the Council of Representatives; in this manner, the quality of the discussions will be improved. Greater value has to been given to leaders and council members. They need to be valued and trusted by community members so that when they pass on information to the community it is received with confidence. The SPPPA needs to facilitate a process where the councillors are really considered councillors by the community members and valued for their role in the community. Today we are much more open to new ways of participating with the community. Performance evaluations have been carried out to improve the functioning of the Council. Overall, the following needs to improve: increase the communication between 110

Final Report the councils and the community; make available information on deadlines, meetings discussions. These are things that the SPPPA can improve. What works well is the desire to participate, especially on the part of the Technical Chambers.” Jefferson Sidney da Silva – The Biosphere Reserve Youth Program Mr. Sidney da Silva is an environmental monitor in the Vila of Paranapiacaba and part of the Programa de Jovens – Youth Program. He spoke briefly on the youth programme experience in Paranapiacaba. “In São Paulo there is a green belt, remnants of the Atlantic Forest Region and in various cities where this green belt exists there are youth programs called The Youth Program for the Biosphere Reserve. The program builds capacity around activities in the eco-market, so that youth can learn ways to be place in an employment market that is more ecologically correct. In Paranapiacaba, the youth program has been a positive experience for the youth. Today there are 10 youth involved in the programme and more than 25 people in the second nucleus. This experience demonstrated the importance of the Atlantic Forest region, which includes Paranapiacaba, to people’s well-being. The monitors in the programme pass this onto other youth and people that they work with in Paranapiacaba.” Maria do Carmo Souza Pascoal – Community Representative from PP1 – Parque Andreense “Thanks to God everything is going well, but it was not easy. To get to this point was not easy. If it weren’t for the help of the community, the CBWM Project, and the PMSA, we would not be here today. However, we still have a long way to go to get where we want to be.”

“The six of us call ourselves stubborn and audacious and for this reason we continued on.”

Maria do Carmo is a resident from the Parque Andreense community. She has been an active member of the women’s sewing cooperative and was invited to talk about the Coop Vale Verde experience – its creation, difficulties, triumphs and future prospects. “Vale Verde is a creation, which grew out of the CBWM Project. The CBWM Project worked with women, considering a gender perspective together with citizenship and environment. In 1998 the Women’s Office started to organize the population around participatory management and one of the desires of the women population, which came out was the opportunity to work and earn a living. A discussion of alternatives began, and one of the products was the formation of the sewing cooperative called Vale Verde, which originally started with 23 women, all of which went through a training about the principles of cooperativism and solidarity 111

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André economy. Solidarity Economy is talked a lot about today, but more needs to be invested in this area so that more people understand what solidarity economy really is. The Women’s Office worked in the area until 2002, when the Sub-Prefeitura of Paranapiacaba and Parque Andreense was created. The women’s group that was formed persists until now, but with the participation of six women. The growth of these women, as individuals and as a collective, has been immense, as a result of the investment from the CBWM Project and the Women’s Office. Their support has made possible the participation of a Vale Verde group leader, in a national forum in Brasília. Currently, they are organizing for the second national forum, and this time another member of the coop will go and represent, Vale Verde, and Parque Andreense in Brasília. Vale Verde does a lot of different works. They receive many orders for bags such as the National Forum for Women, the coop made 4.100 bags. This week, the coop will negotiate with CUTE once again the possibility of making 5000 bags for another event. It is a difficult path, but the women believe in what they are doing and feel that they are we are going to get there. This experience, within the CBWM project, shows the importance and the necessity to implement the thematic of gender and the environment for the participation and organisation, and individual and collective growth. Today I feel very involved in solidarity economy. Solidarity is very different from what people think. Solidarity is not to get a food basket and give it to your neighbour; it is not to donate your clothes to your neighbour. Solidarity is to understand, to know how to form and create a work group because it is work that brings dignity. It is not only food and clothes that bring dignity. Dignity is work. That being said, it is good to know that another kind of economy is possible. ” Andréa de Jesus Souza Cardoso – Community Representative Pintassilgo

PP2 – Núcleo

Andréia is a representative from Pintassilgo and a member of the Council of Representatives. In her presentation she spoke about the lessons learned from the project, and the next steps and personal dreams for the future of her community. Lessons Learned 1. A major lesson learned from a large majority of community members was an increased awareness and knowledge of the environment, enabling members to properly evaluate their community. Today, someone from SEMASA teaches the community how to recycle, and other ways to take care of the environment so that we can live in greater harmony with our community and with the environment. However, there is still a lot to learn. 2. The Council facilitates a process of community learning by encouraging and providing the opportunity to participate in the community, in a more ample form. Before, residents did not participate in the meetings. I would personally invite everyone by going door to door, and I was always very sad because only half a dozen people would show up. At this

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Final Report year’s election more people showed up than I had ever hoped for. After the election, some people came to look for me and asked if they could help me. A group of community members suggested that we always set a meeting one week before the Council Meetings held with the PMSA, so that we could discuss the issues and potential solutions, and in turn I could pass them onto the PMSA. They asked that I keep a log where I keep track of all of the names of the people that participated in the pre Council meetings. This is because many people like to make complaints but no one likes to participate in the meetings. Therefore, a participant’s book has been created, and as such when someone wants to complain I look at the list, and if that person’s name is not there they do not have the right to complain. People must participate to complain. 3. The dialogue between the PMSA and the community members is a lot better. In the beginning it was terrible because people only wanted to know about sewage, asphalt, and street lighting. The PMSA tried other techniques to reach the community like the Theatre of the Oppressed. At first people would say – “oh you just want to shut our eyes by doing theatre.” It is important that we take advantage of everything that comes and then try for more. Theatre, the training on popular enterprise, which included the participation of nine women and one man, was not asphalt, but still wonderful for the community. We have learned a lot from these activities and now have a dream to develop a coop and earn money.” Next Steps “We need/want to plant a community garden with medicinal plants and vegetables. This way we could earn a small income. There is also a course being offered to youth and it will consist of lectures and workshops to discover what youth have to teach to their community and what they can learn from their community. From this course some of the youth will be trained to work in Parque do Pedroso as tourist guides, trail guides, and how to market their products in the Talent Fair. We held a Talent Fair and discovered that we have a lot of talent here. We discovered this among adults and now we want to see what the youth in the community have to offer, so that they too can find work in the neighbourhood.” Dreams “During the winter months children have less to eat. They don’t have a hot soup to eat. With the garden and with help from the PMSA I would like to make a community soup during the winter months. I will prepare it. There is a group of women, thinking about making natural cold syrups with herbs that we are going to plant, we will make the cold syrup and give it to the children so that they do not get sick. 113

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André These are symbolic dreams, but I also have dreams about employment for the area. I will also fight for this, a bakery with aromatic breads from selected herbs from the community garden.” Eduardo Pin – Community Representative PP3 – Paranapiacaba Eduardo has lived in Paranapiacaba for four years and participates in an organized residents association called AMA Paranapiacaba. He highlights the changes that have taken place in the village since its purchase in 2001 from the PMSA. Background “Paranapiacaba is a historic village built around the construction of the railway. Geographically the village is far from the city and it has been difficult to integrate the isolated population into the activities of the centre, creating a feeling of non-citizenship. This was made more complicated because the village was in fact the property of the railway until recently, when it was bought by the PMSA. Until the SPPPA was constituted, links with the government had been minimal. When Paranapiacaba was bought by the PMSA, things started to change. There was an involvement with the population, which enabled things to move forward. There was a natural rejection of the PMSA. However, building trust began with a process of recapturing citizenship in order to work with the question of self value and value for the area. In this process many lessons have been learned by individual community members and as a community as a whole.” Lessons Learned “Developing citizenship l. The bio map was a participatory instrument used to identify the knowledge of the area held by the community. Community members listed the heritage sites, their importance from the view of the community and the importance to visitors to the community. There are many attractions noted that were not included in the official tourist information, but today these are tourist attractions enjoyed by the visitors. 2. The Importance of a Local Government that is physically present The creation of the SPPPA, provides residents a place to file complaints. Having such an outlet is a great benefit. As a small community, which occupies a large space within the city, it was important to be heard and participate in the policies, not only in our area, but also in the entire city. What is important in our experience is this co-management, it is not merely the democratization of information, but the doing together, exchanging ideas and experiences. This is an important difference. Next Steps:

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Final Report “SEBRAE is implanting a council of managers so that this experience can be extended to all levels of the local public administration. There is a lot of patrimony to restore but we cannot and do not depend only on the resources of the PMSA, it is important to look to private initiatives as well. The City Hall has an important role in attending to an economic development that is focused on the wider citizen base, to think of other mechanisms and other formats to manage patrimony and the development of tourism does not need to necessarily be the role of the Public Administration, but can also involve foundations and NGOs. Access to the SPPPA helps build selfknowledge because the SPPPA can give solutions that are personalized, which help residents to understand how to resolve their own problem. Now residents do not look for a department when there is a problem but for people. Once this process takes place we can start to talk about other questions such as heritage and environmental education. 3. Co-management

There are the Rio Grand springs, and preserved Forest. It was through a capacity building course for environmental monitors that some residents started to have contact with these areas and learn that palmito palm trees do not need to be cut down. Rather than extracting the palmito, show it.

The community has a relationship of comanagement with the PMSA. There is no formal written agreement, but the way we have related with the Management of Natural Resources that administers the conservation of the Parque Natural das Nascentes is a form of co-management. Problems are solved to together, as are visits. Paranapiacaba has potential to become an important place for environmental education. We are working together to make this happen, doing this together has made all of the difference. 4. Sustainability Government, administrations will change, but we have learned, what is a guaranteed to us. If we don’t learn, and don’t develop an activity of compatible quality with sustainable tourism, there are thousands of tourist operators and agencies that can take the place that we, residents must preserve for our survival and continuity in this place. We must not lose sight of the fact that tourism, while generous, can also be cruel, because in Paranapiacaba construction is not permitted, it is an area of total environmental preservation. Surrounding the village is a reserve, national park, and municipal park. So this requires creativity, responsibility, control and participation of the population. Today environmental tourism is done by AMA; however, there are residents that do not participate in the organisation but that participate in the work that AMA does. There are some monitors that don’t have formal work, and they just come to do monitor activities. It is important to say that we understand that tourism is only a chain of services. There are

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André also residents that provide other services such as accommodations, food services. The important fact is that all of us have to work under the same premises of preserving the heritage and the environment, and in the meantime, earning an income.” Questions and answers – dialogue between the presenters and participants Question: Jean - Council Member, Participatory Budget – I was indicated and elected as the representative of Paranapiacaba. I would like to know if I am attending to my obligations as a Councillor. I received an invitation from our Sub-Prefeito to attend a meeting, I participated and now I have the joy of being here. In relation to the Cooperative, two years ago you were going through difficult times with production. I would like to know if you have steady contract, which you can depend on? Responses: Sara Juarez Sales – You are a representative of the Participatory Budget Council. So, you are already receiving information and is being prepared to participate. Maria do Carmo Souza Pascoal – CUT holds many social movements and thus, requires bags for events held however, this is not always enough. At times we have to borrow to buy material. We also have other products that we sell at fairs and other types of events, such as the Winter Festival in Paranapiacaba. Legally, we are not allowed to enter into the formal economy because we are not registered. We are in the process of writing up the necessary documents. We have our CNPJ and are doing the paperwork at the state level. We need to be registered at both the state and municipal level. Without this, it is difficult to put our goods on the market. Question: Fernanda – student of Environmental Engineering – In relation to the Ring Road, I would like to know if there is any type of local community intervention and what the position of CBWM is on its construction through the watershed area? Responses: Ney Vaz – The ring-road is a state project. This highway passes right through the watershed areas in Santo André. There was a first design offered by the state, and the participation of the community was very important. There were many public audiences involved in this period. The Pintassilgo community was well represented in these meetings. The PMSA provided the transportation of these members of the community, in order to facilitate their participation.

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Final Report Question: Carlos – My question is about participation. For two years, I have had extreme difficulty to participate in this project. I sent, various times, a proposal called “Pequeno Ambientalista”, and I never received a response. So what is the correct way to participate? As the name of the seminar is Participatory Management, I would like to know the right channel for participating. Responses: João Ricardo Guimarães Caetano –CBWM is neither an administrative organ nor an institution. It is a project, involving diverse organs, departments and instances of participation. However, as it is incorporated into the practices of the administration it is incorporated into the practice of society, therefore it will continue. You do not need to sign-up to participate in CBWM. In whatever form, the PMSA is rich in instruments for participation. For example, if you have an Environmental NGO, there is a Municipal Council of Environmental Sanitation and Management, which has monthly meetings, where there is space for discussion and information is made more accessible here. We are open to participation, voluntary work in our projects is always open. Question: Celso – I would like Maria do Carmo to comment about her vision of economic solidarity. Responses: Maria do Carmo – About solidarity.economy. The formation of cooperatives today is a possible form to generate a livelihood because the market does not have enough work. We know that is difficult, small businesses are failing, so workers need to unite. For example, in those businesses that are going bankrupt, the employees can unite and maintain the business in the form of a cooperative. It is not because they were subordinate to the boss that they were not capable of managing the business. There are some examples of this happening, and today these coops are very successful. Uniforia is a good example. This is a new kind of economy that is possible, but we have to work on it because to work in a cooperative, it is necessary to understand this form of working together. People are used to work and at the end of the month receive their pay. However, today there is a different design. You do not have to be university educated to run a business. It is necessary to believe that it is possible.

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André

COMMUNITY VISITS Visits were organized to the three pilot project areas: PP1 – Parque Andreense, PP2 – Pintassilgo, PP3 – Paranapiacaba. All seminar participants were invited, and participation was great, both among the Canadians and the community members experiencing the other pilot areas, and having the opportunity to present their own community. The tour included a visit to the cooperative Vale Verde, the community garden, and to the playgrounds and neighbourhood squares in Parque Andreense. In Pintassilgo, the visitors were invited to the inauguration of the new Council of Representatives, and in Paranapiacaba, the visitors were taken on a historic tour of the houses, streets and the old market. The visits were a nice end to the seminar. OUTCOMES OF THE CBWM PROJECT Training Manuals The manuals document the content and know-how of the technologies transferred from Canada to Brazil, how these technologies were applied in Brazil, the way it was transformed to fit the Santo André context and lessons learned from the process. The manuals are an important tool for governments, NGOs, planners, communities, and academics to utilize in their work, apply to their relevant contexts, so these technologies continue to be transferred for years to come. The manuals include: -Environmental Education and Participatory Management and Youth – This outlines a set of activities developed with the youth, with a focus on environmental education. -Gender - The manual on gender was produced by a team highly dedicated and very involved in policies on gender. This manual was written using as its focus local planning with women. -Environmentally Sensitive Areas– Developed with a team of planners from SEMASA and the Secretariat of Urban Development, PMSA, this is a work in geographic formation using as a reference the ESA map of the territory and the process of plot regularisation. The manual discusses how this process is being developed. -Community Economic Development and Tourism for Social Inclusion – This manual discusses the viability for economic development potential in the WPAs, citing ways to promote economic development in areas that are farther away from the city, areas that are excluded from the centre of the city, demonstrating that the residents of these areas are able to develop a business, and a market for their product or service. This manual treats heritage and historical sites as places that include the people who live in these areas to be part of these places. The message here is a strong one - people do not just occupy this space, they have a right to it, and this right has been confirmed through tourism.

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Final Report -Oral History – This manual outlines two adaptations of the Oral History process used in PP1 and PP2. It provides information on the process used in the two areas as well as the testimonies from the participants. -Charette This manual provides and in-depth look into a group of four teams put to the task of designing an urbanization plan for PP2. Two groups were to envision the area with the ring road. Video The video portrays the fundamental changes that have taken place in the communities and at the PMSA, amongst the residents and planners, enabling all who watch to relate to the urgency and vital importance that a project like this has in our own lives, our personal survival and the survival of all human beings. This is not a technical work, but a everyday demonstration of the people’s lives. Like the CBWM project, the video is developed around the changes taking place within individual people, who has been touched in some way by this experience of community-based watershed management. The story of CBWM is told by the actors of the process, representative stakeholders. Each testimony, image and songs were chosen to specifically represent CBWM and the diversity of perspectives about the project. Rather than have a narrator to tell the CBWM history, participants use their own words, tone of voice, expressions, feelings and understanding of what CBWM has been, what it has been to them and what it will be in the future. CD-Rom The CBWM CD-Rom is a vast library of project information and data in digital form. The CD-Rom is an integrated system of figures, graphics, images, and maps – all digital material produced from five years of CBWM. There are 2 versions of the CD, each representing the important stages of the project’s development. The most recent version is a complete compilation of the CBWM project from the project’s beginning up to June 2004. The CD-Rom is an innovative tool to be used for advocacy and education purposes. It facilitates access to the vast amounts of information, with easy to follow visuals. The CD is a compendium of the project data and includes information on: •

Participating institutions



Explanation of themes, objectives and goals,



An outline of the project phases



Project locations



Pilot projects



Activities



Diagnostic of the entire Reservoir Billings

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André •

A chronogram of events



Technology transfer workshops



Billings’s legislation



Billings Basin data and analysis from the PMSA, CETESB, EMPLASA, NGOs, and universities



Study of the Rio Grande Sub-basin, the environmentally sensitive areas



Environmental Sensitivity Analysis and maps



Conclusions of the project, the technology transfer courses and the conclusions of the project.

The CD-Rom is a practical instrument, which can be brought to the community, and schools, as well as be used in debates, or as parts of a related discussion. BEST PRACTICES AND LESSONS LEARNED The seminar organizers reflected on the best practises and lessons learned from the organisation of this event to improve the logistics of this seminar and to build on its strengths. Outlined below are problems encountered along the way, what worked well and recommendations for the future. There was a greater demand for the seminar material, specifically the CBWM manuals then previously predicted. Manuals were earmarked and sent to information institutions, such as libraries and resources centres where the books will be made accessible to a wider public. There were less information packages then there were participants. The seminar was held soon after the July holidays, therefore the call for speakers was difficult until very close to the seminar date. As such, until the seminar speakers were announced, registration levels were low. The sound equipment from the FAECO auditorium was not good quality and on the first morning of the seminar, it was difficult for participants to hear the speakers. It was necessary to rent sound equipment from an external business, which had quality speakers, sound table microphones, etc. Best Practices The CBWM video was a stimulating way to introduce the project and it various facets; Promoting the seminar via e-mail was low cost and reached a large number of people; Regardless of initial difficulties, registration was within the numbers expected. The coffee and lunch breaks were conducive to great participant interaction and communication. Participants were able to ask questions that were not covered in the question and answer session and continue their learning; The coffee break location was made accessible to participants and also a great opportunity for socialising and

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Final Report networking; photographic and audio video display was set up, showcasing the oral history conducted in Pilot Project 2 – Núcleo Pintassilgo. The photographic exhibit represented the use of a participatory tool used to gather history and knowledge of an area from the perspective of the community members living there. The exhibit showed the people living in the area, as well as their hopes and dreams for the future. Lessons Learned and Future Recommendations: A space was not provided for participants to display their organisation's information. Participants attended from various non-governmental organisations, educational institutions and funding institutions. In the future this space will be provided. The sound system should always be tested prior to the event, even if it is said that it works; Do not choose a seminar date, which is so close to the holidays, it is difficult to anticipate the numbers of participants and the seminar agenda.

LIST OF SIGNED PARTICIPANTS Name

Affiliation

City

Joane D’oro do Adão

Feira de Artesenato

Santo André, SP

Marcos A. Albuquerque

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Regiane Almeida

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Sueli Alves Andrade

Santo André, SP

Sonia Maria F. Andrade

Santo André, SP

Carlinhos Augusto

Câmara Municipal – SA

Santo André, SP

Cristiano R. de Assis

UNIA

SBC, SP

Ângela Balder

FSA

Santo André, SP

Alexandre Balthazar

PUC-Campinas

Simone Barros

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Rafael Bassetto

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Silvia Regina Bazan

Emeief Chico Mendes

Santo André, SP

Giovanna M. Biosi

Fundação

Santo André, SP

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Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Sergio Bombachini

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Peter Boothroyd

CHS-UBC

Vancouver, B.C.

Juscelio F. Brito

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Cibele Broiato

PMSA – DDU

Santo André, SP

Sarah Bryce

CIDA-DEHAB

Santo André, SP

Roxane E. Campos

OAB-Comissão Meio Ambiente

Santo André, SP

Edilão Cândido

Diário ABC

Santo André, SP

Maria Aparecida Batista Canito

Projeto Feira Artesanato

Santo André, SP

Suzenele R. Carlis

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Erica Rodrigues Carneiro

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Érika de Castro

CHS-UBC

Vancouver, B.C.

Adriana Carvalho

PMSA

Santo André, SP

A.R. Carvalho

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Sergio Clinston

Arte Pau D’arco

Santo André, SP

Silmara Conchão

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Solange Constante

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Marcelo G. Copan

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Reginalda Corrga

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Fabiano Rodrigues Costa

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Silvia Regina Costa

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Pierre Coudry

Speak Easy

Campinas

Ruth Koch M. Croque

Emeief Parque Miami

Santo André, SP

Enivaldo B. Cruz Rosalene Dias

122

Santo André, SP SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Final Report Marcelo Dosnelos

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Ramiro Garcia Drigo

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Marci des G. Duarte

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Nathan Edelson

City of Vancouver

Vancouver, B.C.

Jason Emmert

UBC

Tres Marias, MG

Marcio Fabri

Ciências Contabeis

Santo André, SP

Luciana Ferrara

USP

São Paulo, SP

Antonio Ferreira

Santo André, SP

Fernanda L. Ferreira

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Flávia Ferreira

FSA

Santo André, SP

Sérgio Ferreira

Parque Maíra

Vanessa G. Bello Figueiredo

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Valter Rosa Figueiredo

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Luiz Afonso V. Figueiredo

FSA

Santo André, SP

Robson J.L. Fonseca

Volkswagon

SBC, SP

Felipe Perez Fortuoso

UNIA

SBC, SP

Elisia G

Fundação ABC

Santo André, SP

Hugo Gunam

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Reginaldo Gomes

Casas Bahia

Riberão Pires, SP

Newton J.B. Gonçalves

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Rosmare Ap. Gonzaga

Santo André, SP

Ingo Grantsau

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Elizabete Satie Henna

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Toshiro Hirama

Hospital Campo Limpo

São Paulo, SP

123

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Márcia Regina Hodel

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Tânia Regina M. Hotsumi

Dir II-SES-SA

Santo André, SP

Marcio R. Inácio

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Mariana Akiko Iwanaga

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Maria Socorro Jesus

Santo André, SP

Recilete Delgada Jóia

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Elias Rozenato Julio

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Maria de Lourdes Jovaneli

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Mario Shirosi Tajoda Junior

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Tabajara F. Kaiser

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Hugh Kellas

GVRD

Vancouver, B.C.

Fabiano Kelleros

SABESP

São Paulo, SP

Terumi F. Kikuire

F. Artesanato e Flora Parque

Santo André, SP

Andreense Satoshi Kikuire

F. Artesanato e Flora Parque

Santo André, SP

Andreense Rita Simone Knoop

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Daiane D. Kozyiski

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Adriana Mayinu Kubota

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Clunice Kwan

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Ivanilda de Oliveira Leite

F. Artesanato e Flora Parque

Santo André, SP

Andreense Marcelo Liochi

EARTH (ONG)

Riberão Pires, SP

Ivonese da Silva Lima

Conselho de Representante

Santo André, SP

Adelson Dionísio Lopes

Fedeção –M.G.

Três Marias, MG

124

Final Report Raquel I. Lopes

FSA

SBC, SP

Ricardo Luis

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Eriane Justo Luiz

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Alison Macnaughton

World Fisheries Trust

Tres Marias, MG

Thais Fernanda Leite Madeira

UFSCar

São Carlos, SP

Maureen Maloney

Institute for Dispute Resolution

Victoria, B.C.

Roberto Marcondes

PMGuarulhos

Guarulhos, SP

Giuliano Maron

USP

São Paulo, SP

Raimundo F. Marques

Federação dos Pescadores

Três Marias, MG

Vanessa N. Martims

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Leandro G. Matias

FAG

Santo André, SP

Denis Maudrreti

PMSBC

SBC, SP

Olga Ferreira Mendes

Clube da Família do Parque

Santo André, SP

Maurílio N. Mendes

PSA-DEHAB

Santo André, SP

Sheila Meres

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Carlo Minini

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Regina Azevedo Miquel

Atelier Arte Pau-D’arco

Santo André, SP

Ester F. da Silva Moises

Santo André, SP

Marcela Morgan

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Olinda Y. Morinishi

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Michele Mouina

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Ivan C. Nascimento

Ciências Contabeis

Diadema, SP

Ercílio Neto

COFAD

Santo André, SP

Ivair J. Neto

Extra

Santo André, SP

125

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Débora Adão Nogueira

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Carlos Henrique A. Oaveira

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Celso F. Oliveira

PSA

Santo André, SP

Anna Maria Orlando

Santo André, SP

Maria Helena de SCP

Santo André, SP

Luciana Lessa S. P

Santo André, SP

Domingos Paura

Santo André, SP

Maria do Carmo Pascoal

Vale Verde

Santo André, SP

F. Passos

Ernia

SBC, SP

Andréia R. A. Peres

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Daniel Prates Pereira

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Silmara Pereira

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Eduardo Pin

AMA-Paranapiacaba

Santo André, SP

Daniela Pin

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Moura Quayle

UBC

Vancouver, B.C.

David Ramalho

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Ruth Ferreira Ramos

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Laura Ravier

FSA

Santo André, SP

Karina Rega

PMGuarulhos

Guarulhos, SP

Elena Maria Rezende

DDDC, PMSA

Santo André, SP

Carolina G. Rocha

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Sergio Roberto Rabecca

Senai

SBC, SP

Sergio Roberto Rodrigues

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Maria G. Rodriguez

126

SBC, SP

Final Report Cleber M. Romero

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Cristiane M. Romero

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Marta Virgínia Sanseverino

DIR II – Secretaria Estado da

Santo André, SP

Saúde Cristina de Marco Santiago

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Alexandre A. Santos

OAB

Santo André, SP

Anna Claudia A. Santos

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Marílza A. Santos

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Christiane Santos

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Solange Duarte Santos

PMGuarulhos

Guarulhos, SP

Fernando G. Santos

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Mirella Suraci Santos

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Michele Ap. dos Santos

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Flavia E. dos Santos

FSA

Santo André, SP

Edinilson Ferreira dos Santos

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Jean Marie Albert Serôdio

Conselheiro OP

Santo André, SP

Daniela Silva

Ciências Contabeis

Diadema, SP

Joana Silva

Santo André, SP

Tereza Angélica P. Silva

Vale Verde

Santo André, SP

Danilo Rotando Silva

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Ednice R. Silva

Santo André, SP

João Apolinário da Silva

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Elisangela C. da Silva

Conselho de Representante

Santo André, SP

Jacqueline da Silva

Fundação

Santo André, SP

127

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André Rosangela C. da Silva

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Roseli Costa da Silva

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Elaine Cristina da Silva

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Aline Ferreira da Silva

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Cynthia F. da Silva

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Jefferson de J. da Silva

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Maria Hercília da Silva

USP

São Paulo, SP

Jéssica Ap. S. da Silva

FSA

Santo André, SP

Francisco M. Silva

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Wellington F. Silva

DAWA-NAKATA

Diadema, SP

Danilo Rotondo Silva

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Simone Vieira Silva

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Joana M.C. Siquera

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Simon So

GVRD

Vancouver, B.C.

Lígia Reina Sonagere

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Giovana Rosa da Silva

Joelita Souza

Santo André, SP

Maria Carmelia Souza

Vale Verde

Santo André, SP

Tais Grespan Souza

Câmara Santo André

Santo André, SP

José Milton B. Souza

UNIA

Santo André, SP

Guilherme M. Souza

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

Andréia de Jesus Souza

Conselho de Representante

Santo André, SP

Tom Antonio de Souza

FSA

Santo André, SP

Patrícia Lescura Paz de Souza

PM de Mauá

Mauá, SP

128

Final Report Ariane Stonji Souza

Fundação

Santo André, SP

Cristina Tamasiunas

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Felipe S.F. de Toledo

SPPPA

Santo André, SP

Luciana Toma

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Flavio Urra

ADM-PGCMA

Santo André, SP

Sebastião Nay Vaz

SEMASA

Santo André, SP

Marcos Roberta Vital

Conselho do ONGs

Santo André, SP

Celia C. Wada

Camara Multidisciplinar de

São Paulo, SP

Qualidade de Vida Daniel Wada

FAECO

Santo André, SP

Heather Willard

UBC

Vancouver, BC

Tim Wooldridge

Speak Easy

Campinas, SP

Andréia Roberta A. Zanuto

PMSA

Santo André, SP

Rosa Zanini

Santo André, SP

Fernando Prado Zanotti

PSA-FAENG

Santo André, SP

Karen Zeller

CHS-UBC

Vancouver, B.C.

João Gabriel Ziquinato

FSA

Santo André, SP

129

Community Based Watershed Management in Santo André

130

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