Introduction to Cultural Anthropology and. Communications. SOC 210. Introduction to Sociology. Social and Cultural Inquiry. 3. Select one of the following: ANTH 300. Ethnography. SOC 330. Social Research. Social Theory. 3. SOC 340. The Development of
half the population were slaves; free citizens regarded manual labour as degrading, and ..... private property, police and magistrates, until the free and good soul ...... Downloaded from: http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/highlights/culture_home. I
No amount of guilt can solve the past, and no amount of anxiety can change the future. Anonymous
Idea Transcript
Writing Phonological Rules 1. Rule format A → B / C ____ D A
=
where
B
=
change
→
=
becomes
C, D /
= =
affected segment context or environment in the environment.
Notes: (a) A, B, C, D are distinctive feature matrices (b) A or B but not both may be null (c) C or D or both may be absent
(d) A consists of only 1 feature column (e) C and D may contain or consist solely of # (word boundary) and + (morpheme boundary) Abbreviations: C
[–syll] segment
V
[+syll, –cons] segment
ø
null
C0
zero or more [–syl] segments
ø → B / C ____ D (insert B) A → ø / C ____ D (delete A) 1.1 By convention the minimal specification possible is given for the affected segment and all and only the features that change are given for the change. E.g., /b d g/ → [β ð ɣ] / V ____ V is written: [–son, +voi] → [+cont] / V ____ V 1.2 Vacuous rule application (see 2.1)
2. Abbreviatory conventions 2.1 Parenthesis notation – optional environments E.g. German umlaut:
V → [–back] / ____ [V,+high, –back] V → [–back] / ____ C0[V,+high, –bck]
collapses to
V → [-back] / ____ (C0)[V,+high, –back] (gast + i → gæsti) Note that by letting this rule apply to segments which are already [–back] (vacuous rule
application) a feature is saved as otherwise it would be necessary to specify the input to the rule as [V, +back] 2.2 Brace notation – shared environments
E.g. in Korean [r] and [n] are in complementary distribution: [r] only occurs when