2017 2nd International Conference on Humanities Science, Management and Education Technology (HSMET 2017) ISBN: 978-1-60595-494-3
Calibration and Analysis on the Norm of 16PF for Female College Orienteering Players in Guangdong Province Xiaokun Li1,a, Lei Wu2,b and Xitang Zhao3,c,* 1.2.3
PE and Health Department of Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, 526061 a
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected]
Keyword: orienteering; 16PF; personality.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to establish the 16PF norm for elite female college orienteering athletes and analyze their characters. By using Cattell 6PF, we surveyed 61 elite female college orienteering athletes and 79 college students in Guangdong Province. The result showed that: 1) 16PF norm for college female orienteering players was built; 2) comparing with college students of Guangdong Province, college orienteering players had 6 personality factors which were significantly different from the college students. Such a result implies that the orienteering players have special characters. The college female orienteering players scored higher in factor C, E, F, H and lower in factor B and Q2. 1. Introduction A famous educator Mr. Cai Yuanpei pointed out that "the perfect personality is built in sports". Previous studies examining effects of physical exercise on the personality of the participants have made beneficial explorations which confirmed positive effects on shaping students’ personality. For example, routine practice in yoga[1], aerobics[2], dancing[3], martial arts [4] and basketball[5] has a positive impact on high school students' personality. Findings from Zhao Hongpeng[6], and Yutao Zhong & Liu Chunming[7] reached an agreement that participating in sports actively improved the healthy personality of college students. Orienteering is a new sport in comparison with traditional sports such as soccer, basketball, etc. Students engaging in the sport will acquire an opportunity to build desirable personalities. To date, only one study, adopting the big seven personality questionnaire, discussed the influence of orienteering on personality. The article indicated that female college orienteering athletes had a higher score in outgoing, easygoing and rigorous aspects than counterparts without orienteering experience. Male orienteering athletes outperform the counterparts by exhibiting a higher tendency of developing active, outgoing, easygoing and rigorous characters. Dew studies discussed the relationship that the orienteering sport would impact on college students’ personality in the past few years. Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) has many advantages, thus being widely used to study in personal characters[8]. Another research pointed out that many schools adopt 16PF and SCL-90 to measure the students’ psychological health in China[9]. So this study chose 16PF as a tool to discuss the influence of orienteering in the character of college students in Guangdong province. 2. Participants and Methods 2.1 Participants 67 Elite female orienteering athletes and 79 female students from 5 colleges in Guangdong province completed the 16PF questionnaire. All athletic subjects have been actively engaging in orienteering over 3 years.
387
2.2 Methods The Cattell 16PF was translated into Chinese in 1988 by Dai & Zhu. The questionnaire includes 187 questions with three grade scores. It divides into 16 basic kinds of independent factors to evaluate the personalities, including warmth(A), intelligence(B), stability(C), dominance(E), excitability(F), perseverance(G), courage(H), sensitivity(I), suspicion(L), fantasy(M), sophistication(N), anxiety(O), experimental(Q1), independence(Q2), self-discipline(Q3), and tension(Q4). The translated questionnaire has been proved reliable (average correlation coefficient of each factor between 0.61-0.64[10]) and valid [8,10,11]. The test is based on the East China Normal University 16PF revision manual to get the original score of each scale and then calculate standard score of each factor (the method will be discussed later). T-test was used to analyze the scores between the college students and elite college orienteering athletes. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1
16PF Calibrating norm of female college orienteering athletes
The score distribution of personality factors of big sample cases should be consistent with the normal distribution, so Cartell divided each factor’s score into 10 standard scores ( X =5.5, S=2), according to the distribution theory, Cartell showed the standard normal distribution of the standard score (see Table 1). Table 1. Cartell Standard scores and its probability distribution. [12] Standard scores Probability distribution (%) Cumulative proportion (%)
PP=L+（
1 2.3 2.3
2 4.4 6.7
3 9.2 15.9
P N fL
4 15.0 30.9
5 19.1 50.0
6 19.1 69.1
7 15.0 84.1
8 9.2 93.3
9 4.4 97.7
10 2.3 100.0
(Equation 1)[12]
）×i
fp In the above model, L represents the lower limit of the group; P is the percentage of the corresponding position P percentile, N is the number of sample; f L is the cumulative frequency before L, fp represents the frequency of the percentile of the group, I is the spacing between groups. According to table 1 and the equation 1, original scores of elite female college orienteering athletes were calculated into the standard scores. The specific conversion is processed in accordance with following procedures. First, calculate the frequency distribution of original score in each factor. Second, combine equation 1 to get the standard score of each factor. Third, the 16PF standard scores table of the elite female college students orienteering athletes were built as table 2. Taking A (sociality) as an example, the full original score of this factor is 20 points. If an orienteering athletes’ original score was 11, according to table 2, the standards score of the athlete of factor A would be 6 points. Table 2. 16PF Calibration Norm for elite female college orienteering athletes (N=61). Standard score 16PF A B C E F G H
1 0-3 0-3 0-9 0-8 0-7 0-6 0-3
2 4-7 4 10 9 8 7 4-6
3 8 5 11 10 9 8-9 7-9
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9 6 12 11 10-11 10 10-12
10 7 13-14 12 12-13 11-12 13-14
11 8 15-16 13 14-15 13 15-16
12 9 17-19 14-15 16-17 14-15 17-20
13-14 10 20-22 16-17 18-20 16 21-22
15-16 11 23-24 18-19 21-23 17-18 23-24
17-20 12-13 25-26 20-26 24-26 19-20 25-26
388
I L M N O Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
0-4 0-1 0-6 0-5 0-3 0-5 0-5 0-5 0-6
5-6 2-3 7-10 6 4-5 6 6 6 7-8
7 4 11 7 6-7 7-8 7 7-8 9
8 5-6 12 8 8-9 9 8-9 9-10 10-11
9-10 7-8 13 9 10-11 10 10 11-12 12
11-12 9-10 14 10-11 12 11 11 13 13-14
13-14 11 15 12-13 13 12 12 14-15 15-16
15 12 16 14 14 13-14 13-14 16-17 17
16-17 13 17-18 15-16 15 15-16 15-16 18 18-19
18-20 14-20 19-26 17-20 16-26 17-20 17-20 19-20 20-26
3.2 The influence of orienteering on the characters of college students The participations were elite female orienteering athletes from deferent universities during the ninth sports match in Guangdong province. That was because some researches showed that 16PF test during different time, different regions, the results might be very different [10,13]. Some articles had clearly pointed out that different regions should establish their own regional 16PF norm [14]. In order to test the influences of orienteering on the characters of college students accurately, the control group of this study tested normal college students from the same universities in Guangdong Province during the same period. The scores of both groups were tested by T-test, and the results were shown in table 3. Table 3. T-test results between two groups. 16PF A B C E F G H I L M N O Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Orienteering athlete (N=61) 10.33±2.47 6.97±2.13 15.39±3.78 12.89±2.81 13.25±3.22 11.38±2.37 13.84±4.18 9.84±2.78 8.74±3.38 13.10±2.53 9.95±2.70 11.26±2.86 10.23±2.14 9.90±2.63 12.30±3.12 12.67±3.01
college students (N=79) 10.23±3.74 8.53±2.51 13.54±4.13 11.46±3.86 11.85±4.34 11.54±3.36 10.00±4.61 10.61±3.22 8.65±3.08 13.63±3.24 9.10±2.80 11.37±3.77 10.08±2.49 11.67±3.26 11.71±3.60 13.20±4.13
T 0.180 -3.902 2.756 2.436 2.188 -0.330 5.147 -1.519 0.166 -1.095 1.815 -0.187 0.391 -3.459 1.032 -0.845
P 0.857 0.000 0.007 0.016 0.030 0.742 0.000 0.131 0.868 0.276 0.073 0.852 0.696 0.001 0.304 0.400
From table 3, the differences of personality characteristics between female college students and elite female orienteering college student athletes were mainly in the following six factors, dominance(E), excitability(F), intelligence(B), stability(C), courage(H) and independence(Q2). There were significant differences between the two groups in E and F, P