Feb. 2016. Vol. 4. No.1
ISSN 2311-2484
International Journal of Research In Earth & Environmental Sciences © 2013- 2016 IJREES & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrees.html
CARRYING CAPACITY OF KOTO PANJANG RESERVOIR’S ECOSYSTEM PROVISIONING SERVICES FOR FLOATING NET CAGE CULTURE (FNC) 1
TRISLA WARNINGSIH, 2 D. DJOKO SETIYANTO, 3 ACHMAD FAHRUDIN, 3LUKY ADRIANTO
1)
Doctoral Candidate of Natural and Environmental Resources Management Study Program of Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia 2) Profesor of Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science of Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia 3) Lecturer of Department of Fisheries Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science of Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia E-mail:
[email protected]
ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to estimate the carrying capacity provisioning service of floating net cage (FNC) cultured in koto panjang resevoir. This research was conducted by using survey method, field experiment, and laboratory analysis. Carrying capacity was estimated based on Phosphorus loads. The results showed several physical and chemical parameters in Koto Panjang Reservoir water were all below threshold value of water quality standard. The estimated carrying capacity of Koto Panjang Reservoir’s ecosystem provisioning services for intensive FNC activities showed that the total acceptable production of the reservoir was 15.668,090 ton·year-1, maximum number of FNC units that meet the water carrying capacity were 2.736 FNC units. The existing utilization level for 1.288 FNC, this indicates that FNC is potential to be developed. Keywords: Provisioning services, Koto Panjang reservoir, Floating net cage, carrying capacity the upper and lower course of the bridge of Kampar Kanan river, around Gulamo bridge Zone, Pongkai Istiqomah village and Batang Mahat which covers 1034,85 acres. The amount of FNC are always increase, in 2008 the amount of FNC were 660 units used in Koto Panjang reservoir, and up to 1.288 FNC in 2012 (Pekanbaru Sector of State Electricity Company 2013)
1. INTRODUCTION Ecosystem service is a direct or indirect benefit gained by people from ecosystem and classified as provisioning service that are products from ecosystem, cultural service; nonmaterial benefit gained by people from ecosystem, regulating service; benefit from ecosystem process regulation, and supporting service that is benefit needed for production all other ecosystem services (de Groot et al. 2002, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003, The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity 2010, Costanza et al. 2011).
At present, floating net cage culture is gathered in the area of 300 m away from buffer zone dam site with 946 floating net cages or 77 % from all floating net cages available. This activity produces non organic by product such as plastic, fish remain, leave over fish food, fish feces which disturb turbine operational. The accumulation of organic wastes in the bottom of the reservoir will begin decomposition process and produce ammonia. The level of oxygen solution will decrease if the ammonia is high whenever up welling is happened. The death of fish is the result. Fish massive death happened in Cirata Reservoir, Jatiluhur Reservoir, Toba Lake, and Singkarak Lake because the carriying capacity of the reservoir was over.
Floating net cage (FNC) culture use ecosystem service to decompose organic substances resulted from feeding activity (White et al. 2013). Based on the zone made by National Electricity Company in 2005, Koto Panjang Reservoir is devided into some zones they are: fish catching, aqua culture, fish conservation, water amusement park, tidewater reservoir, coast boundaries protection, emerge island, and safety. The zone for aqua culture lies on 30
Feb. 2016. Vol. 4. No.1
ISSN 2311-2484
International Journal of Research In Earth & Environmental Sciences © 2013- 2016 IJREES & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrees.html
(Kartamiharja 1995, Nastiti et al. 2001 ) This was a result of a severe decrease of water quality and a massive algae production or because of a certain fish diseases (Hartoto 2002).
research is to calculate carrying capacity of Koto Panjang reservoir’s ecosystem provisioning services for floating net cage (FNC) culture activity.
Carrying capacity is an important concept for sustainable management, to help to manage the upper limit of environment to produce fish culture so that can prevent accepted changes by the natural ecosystem (Ross et al. 2013). Kenchington (1984) explained that carrying capacity is the amount of maximum quantity of fish which be able to be carried by waterworks in a long period of time, was influenced by flushing time, water sources volume, and wastes amount in the waterworks. Novita (2015) explained that carrying capacity for fish culture activity is a power of a waterwork to keep a specific kind of fish in a specific habitat / surrounding to meet the need of fish population without decrease the quality of the waterwok. Based on the explanation above, the goal of the
2. RESEARCH METHOD 2.1 Location The location of the research is determined purposively that is Koto Panjang reservoir Kampar Regency Riau Province (Figure 1). The location of taking the sample of water quality was in all reservoir segments from the up stream that are: Muara Takus bridge, Rimbo Datar, in the reservoir that are: Kampar Kanan bridge, Gulamo bridge, Batu Bersurat, Tanjung Alai, dam site, and also down stream segment that are: Rantau Berangin bridge. The location for taking the sample of fish farmer are in Kampar Kanan bridge, Gulamo bridge and dam site.
Figure 1 Map of Study Location 2.3 The Analysis of Carrying Capacity
2.2 Kinds and Source of Data
The analysis of carrying capacity of Koto Panjang reservoir’s ecosystem provisioning services for floating net cage (FNC) culture was done by analyzing water quality and calculating the capacity of pollution load in Koto Panjang reservoir for aqua culture activity.
The kinds of data gathered was primary and secondary data. Primary data was gained by using observation and direct measurement in the field and interview methods to the fish farmers of floating net cage (FNC). While the secondary data was obtained from goverment such as official duty of fisheries of Kampar Regency, The office of XIII Koto Kampar District and the office of National Electricity Company.
Parameter of water quality is measured with tools along with the standard as in Methodes for 31
Feb. 2016. Vol. 4. No.1
ISSN 2311-2484
International Journal of Research In Earth & Environmental Sciences © 2013- 2016 IJREES & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrees.html
Examination of Water and Waste Water (America Public Health Association 1992). Data collected then compared with water quality standard refers to goverment regulation number 82 year 2001 about Quality Management and Water Pollution Controlling for Water Quality Classification Grade III.
Next step is determine the total P produce by floating net cage (LFish), the calculation : Determine R for reservoir
The calculation of capacity of pollution load in Koto Panjang reservoir for floating net cage (FNC) activity refer to P total value as said by Beveridge (1984) in Beveridge (2004) suit to regulation from State Ministry of Environmental Number 28 year 2009 about the capacity of pollution load of waters, lake or reservoir. The steps are:
Determine RFish (assumption x = 0,5)
Determine Lfish
Estimation Method of Total-P from fish food into the environment Penv = Pfood - Pfish Note : Penv : Phosphorus release to the environtment because of FNC activity Pfood : Phosphorus contains in fish food Pfish : Phosphorus contains in fish body The value of Pfish in this method is determined by the kinds of cultivated fish. Pfood is determined by the amount of phosphorus contain in the fish food multiply by FCR (Food Convertion Ratio). FCR is the comparison of food used in a certain degree can produce fish production in a certain quantity (Beveridge, 2004)
• Step 4 Determine phosphorus total produced by floating net cage be able to be tolerated by the environment in a year, by using the calculation:
After known the acceptance capacity of aquatic in phosphorus intake, it will be able to estimate fish production which save for long lasting environment by using this calculation :
The Estimation of Maximal Fish Production beared by Environment The method used in this research is Vollenweider model which has modified by Dillon dan Rigler (1974) in Beveridge (2004). In the environment carrying capacity analysis model made by Dillon and Rigler, there are 6 process steps: • Step 1 : The measurement of steady state of phosphate concentration [P]i. This can be determined by the mean of total phosphorus in waters from some samples of total phosphate in the research. • Step 2 : Determine maximum [P] be able to be tolerated by waters [P]f caused by intensive floating net cage culture. Maximum P allowed in waters for tropic area with intensive culture system is 250 mg/m3. • Step 3 : Determine the capacity of aquatic for intensive floating net cage culture in accepting phosphorus (Δ [P]), with the formula : 32
Note: Δ[P]
:
z
:
p Qo
: :
V RFish
: :
LFish
:
x
:
R
:
Capacity of aquatic for floating net cage culture to be able to accept phosphorus intake Koto Panjang Reservoir depth avarage flushing rate = Q o/V Outflow or the avarage water volume flow out from the reservoir Reservoir’s volume The amount of Phosphate produced by fish in floating net cage be able to be endured by sediment Total P produced by fish culture in floating net cage (FNC) The amount of phosphate total endured forever by sediment. Usually the value of x is around 0,45 – 0,55 (in the calculation using 0,5) The proportion of dissolved total phosphate be able to be holdout by the sendiment, this value calculated by the formulation from Larsen and Mercier (1976) research result in Beveridge
Feb. 2016. Vol. 4. No.1
ISSN 2311-2484
International Journal of Research In Earth & Environmental Sciences © 2013- 2016 IJREES & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrees.html
A
:
nitrate around 0,184 – 0,490 mg/l, amonia around 0,004 - 0,142 mg/l and phosphate around 0,012 – 0,043 mg/l. The explanation of Koto panjang reservoir physic and chemistry quality parameter in chronological order in table 1.
(2004) Reservoir’s width
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Water Quality
Physic and chemistry parameter in Koto Panjang reservoir compare with quality standard grade III for fisheries is in good condition. If compare with other aquatic such as: Cirata Reservoir at West Java which had eutrof in 2002 and the avarage nitrate 2,11 mg/L (Garno 2002) and increase into hipereutrof in 2013 (Soegesty 2013) the aquatic condition is still in good condition., higher than the avarage nitrate and phosphate in Koto Panjang reservoir, 0,319 dan 0,032 mg/L.
The measurement of water quality parameter in this research covers physic and chemistry parameter that are: temperature, TDS, TSS, pH, DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, nitrit, amonia dan phosphate total. The result of water quality measurement parameter at Koto Panjang reservoir during the research is: temperature around 26,96 – 28,5 0C, TDS around 11,5-23,00 mg/l, TSS around 19,05 - 69,5, pH around 7,25 – 8, DO around 6,10 – 6,70 mg/l, BOD around 5,62-15,20 mg/l, COD around 14,58-51,70,
Table 1 Water Quality Parameter of Koto Panjang Reservoir Paramater A. Physic Temperature
0
Avarage
Station
Unit I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
27,50
27,30
27,25
27,30
28,15
28,50
27,49
C
27,00
26,95
TDS
mg/L
12,65
11,80
23,00
14,50
12,00
11,50
14,75
11,75
13,99
TSS
mg/L
31,50
33,50
69,50a
21,50
26,50
19,50
34,00
19,05
31,88
PH
-
7,35
7,30
7,35
7,55
7,25
7,44
8,00
7,50
7,46
DO
mg/L
6,70
6,30
6,60
6,20
6,10
6,50
6,10
6,00
6,31
BOD
mg/L
11,20a
5,94
8,50a
12,70b
5,62
6,03
13,20b
15,20b
9,80
a
32,73
B. Chemistry
COD
mg/L
39,4
25,36
28,5
38,9
18,03
14,58
45,4
51,70
Nitrate
mg/L
0,219
0,485
0,184
0,241
0,490
0,451
0,261
0,224
0,319
Nitrit
mg/L
0,008
0,007
0,010
0,007
0,006
0,003
0,011
0,011
0,008
Amonia
mg/L
0,074
0,081
0,069
0,051
0,006
0,004
0,142
0,083
0,064
Total Phosphate mg/L 0,012 0,035 0,023 0,037 0,034 0,040 0,043 0,035 0,032 Note : a passed water quality standard grade III; b passed water quality standard grade IV; I: Muara Takus bridge; II: Rimbo Datar; III: Kampar Kanan bridge; IV: Gulamo bridge; V: Batu bersurat; VI: Tanjung Alai; VII: dam site; VIII: Rantau Berangin bridge; as many as 22.684 fish with the weight around 250 g. The total weight of the fish harvested in a year is 5.670,69 kg·FNC-1·year-1. The number of FNC in Koto Panjang reservoir is 1.288 FNC so the total fish weight is 7.304.248 kg·year-1. The food used by the farmers in Koto Panjang reservoir is commercial food such as star fish, Malindo, Bintang 888-S, super and comfeed. The amount of food used for 1 FNC·year-1 is 9.272,72 kg. The amount of food for all FNC is 11.943.263 kg/year. For FCR value is 1,62 means that in Koto Panjang reservoir ecosystem by using 1,62 tons of food can produce 1 ton fish. From the research done in IPB livestock food Nutrient Laboratory, the amount of p in commercial food mostly 0,89% so that
3.2 Carrying Capacity of Pollution Load In Koto Panjang Reservoir For Floating Net Cage (FNC) The location of FNC centralize in three locations they are, around Kampar Kanan bridge 94 FNC, around Gulamo bridge 248 FBC and dam site 946 FNC. The total of FNC in Koto Panjang reservoir are 1.288 FNC. In general the size of FNC are 6×6×3 m3, the compact spread for one FNC 28.355 fish·FNC-1·year-1. Raising period for Gold fish in FNC is 3-4 months so that in 1 year farmers can harvest 3 times. The survival rate of Gold fish is 80 % from compact spread so the live and healthy fish 33
Feb. 2016. Vol. 4. No.1
ISSN 2311-2484
International Journal of Research In Earth & Environmental Sciences © 2013- 2016 IJREES & K.A.J. All rights reserved http://www.ijsk.org/ijrees.html
phosphorous value damped from fish to aquatic (Penv) is 14,42 kg in 1 ton fish production. The result of load capacity calculation P for fish culture
FNC in Koto Panjang reservoir can be seen in Table2.
Table 2 The Load Capacity of P Burden For Aqua Culture in Koto Panjang Reservoir Parameter Measurement Value Load Capacity of P-fish waste total in the reservoir (tonP·year-1) 225.933,851 Fish Production in FNC (ton·year-1) 15.668,090 Fish Food FNC (ton·year-1) 25.382,305 floating net cage culture can be estimated with the From table 2 above the total load capacity P- carrying capacity value from the calculation and the total Gold fish waste in reservoir aquatic as much range of goldfish price. The range of goldfish price as 225.933,851 ton·year-1 means that the capacity at Koto Panjang Reservoir was Rp. 21.193,55/ Kg. of Koto Panjang reservoir in holding phosphorus Using the acceptable production value of waste maximum 225.933,851 ton in a year. The 1.836.999,226 ton/year, the economic carrying value of ecology carrying capacity to produce gold capacity was Rp. 38.932.531.991.639,00-. fish is 15.668,090 ton·year-1. While the carrying capacity for food was 25.382,305 ton·year -1. The result of research by Davis (2015) showed that the value of load capacity P-Nila fish waste total in 4. CONCLUSION reservoir aquatic was 125.030.000 g·year-1. The In general, the quality of Koto Panjang reservoir ecology carrying capacity to produce fish was aquatic is still in a normal limit based on quality 5.800.000 ton·year-1. Based on the research finding standard. The value of carrying capacity P-fish of Mhlanga (2013) in Karibia lake the carrying waste total was 225.933,851 ton·year-1. The value capacity to produce fish was 33.200 ton·year-1. And of ecology carrying capacity to produce fish was the total actual production was 7.000 ton·year-1. 15.668,090 ton·year-1. While carrying capacity for -1 The actual condition of Koto Panjang reservoir food was 25.382,305 ton·year . The number of at present, has active FNC as many as 1.288 units FNC in Koto Panjang reservoir below the carrying with an avarage production 5.727,25 kg·year-1 in capacity so that it still be able to be developed. one square so, the actual production in FNC in Koto Panjang reservoir was 7.376.698 kg·year-1 or 7.376,70 ton·year-1. The comparation between the calculation of carrying capacity 15.668,090 ton·year-1 and the actual condition 7.376,698 ton·year-1 showed that FNC production in Koto panjang reservoir has not yet over its carrying capacity.
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2.
The number of active and save FNC units for Koto Panjang aquatic can be estimated through the value of carrying capacity has gotten before and the estimate fish production known from interview. The amount of fish production of floating net cage farmers in Koto Panjang reservoir was 5.727,25 kg·FNC-1·year-1 so if a save production was 15.668,090 ton/year, the result is the number of aquatic-save FNC was 2.736 units. That why the active actual FNC was 1.288 units in Koto Panjang reservoir was not yet over its carrying activity. Siagian (2010) said the number of FNC units which can be exposed in the reservoir are 19,599 – 33,515. units. The existing utilization level for 900 FNC is actually about 2.7-4.6 % of the capacity.
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