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CELLULAR RESPIRATION LAB Nov 11, 2014
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Andy Kim Kyle Shimasaki Ian Zhou Yashar Behnam Cell Respiration Lab Activity #2 Table 1: Condition Room Table 2: Peas Germinating room temperature Non-germinating room temperature Germinating, cool temperature Temperature(C) 24C Rate of Respiration 282.3 ppm/min 81.63 ppm/min 88.69 ppm/min Questions: 1. Do you have evidence that cell respiration occurred in peas? Explain. We have evidence that cellular respiration occurred in the peas. This is because the CO2 levels increased throughout the observation, and CO2 is released as a waste product of respiration. 2. What is the effect of germination on the rate of cell respiration in peas? Based off of the results in the graph, there is a positive correlation between germinating beans and CO2 production. This is because germinating beans need ATP to grow, and ATP is created through cellular respiration. 3. What is the effect of temperature on the rate of cell respiration in peas? Colder environments reduce the rate of reactions. This is because a decrease in temperature causes particles to move slower, which slows down reactions. In our experiment, cold water slowed down the rate at which the germinating peas respirated. 4. Why do germinating peas undergo cell respiration? Germinating peas undergo respiration because the peas are growing. This growth requires the use of ATP, which is created through cellular respiration. 5. Other than temperature, name three other factors that may directly affect the rate of respiration. Three factors that may influence the rate of respiration include the presence of oxygen, the concentration of glucose, and pH levels. The presence of oxygen is important because oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. The concentration of glucose is important as well – glucose is used to create NADH and FADH2, which are key parts of cellular respiration. pH levels can affect rate of respiration too because of the enzymes that function in this process. Enzymes can only function under a specific pH range. 6. 5 Other than measuring changes in the gas level you studied, identify two other factors that might be measured to (/download/link/cellularreveal changes in the rate of respiration? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! Other than measuring changes in the gas All materials on our website are shared by users. If you have any questions about copyright issues, please respiration-lab) level, we could measure the rate of respiration by looking at the amount of water released. This is because at report (/document/report/cellular-respiration-lab) us to resolve them. We are always happy to assist you. the end of respiration, two hydrogen ions bond with an oxygen atom to form a water molecule. An increase in Report (/document/report/cellular-respiration-lab) the water concentration over time indicates that respiration is occurring. Another method of measuring the rate of respiration could be to directly measure ATP production. If ATP is being produced, then cellular respiration is taking place. However, if ATP is not produced, no cellular respiration is occurring. 7. Suppose you repeated the experiment using a small mammal. What data might you expect to observe when comparing respiratory rate at room temperature and respiratory rate 10C. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! If the experiment involved a small mammal rather than germinating seeds, the respiratory rate at room temperature would be lower than the respiratory rate at 10 C. This is because mammals will create more heat to stay warm in colder temperatures, and they do this by increasing the rate of respiration. 8. When the demand for energy increases name at least three changes that are likely to occur in your body that facilitate the demand? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! To facilitate the demand for energy, the body would increase oxygen intake, increase the breakdown of certain compounds (such as glycogen) into glucose, and speed up blood circulation. Oxygen intake would increase because oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, and is needed for respiration to occur in most organisms. Compounds such as glycogen would also be broken down into glucose. This is because glucose is the main substance used for glycolysis and can be used to create a large amount of NADH molecules. These NADH molecules later deposit electrons in the electron transport chain, ultimately causing the production of a large number of ATP molecules. The rate of blood circulation would increase as well because of the higher demand for glucose, oxygen, and other molecules. 9. Why weren’t glass beads needed for this lab like they were for the re spirometer in the virtual lab? Glass beads weren’t needed for this lab because of the equipment used in this activity. In the virtual lab, they were needed to keep the volume of the substances in the three containers constant. However, instead of using a respirometer in this activity, the equipment we used directly measured CO2 concentrations in the air. Activity #3 Table 1: Continuous Grip Time Interval (sec) 0-10s 20-30s 40-50s 60-70s 80-90s Table 2: Repetitive Grip Time Interval (sec) 0-10s 20-30s 40-50s 60-70s 80-90s Table 3 Part I - Continuous gripping Slope -1.604 N/s Maximum Force 314.8 N 226.5 N 185.2 N 185.0 N 147.4 N Δ Maximum Force 88.3 N 41.3 N 0.3 N 37.6 N Maximum Force 291.2 N 212.3 N 154.5 N 119.6 N 130.4 N Δ Maximum Force 78.9 N 57.8 N 34.9 N -10.8 N Part II - Repetitive gripping -0.9983 N/s Data Analysis & Questions 1. Examine your graph and the data in table 1. What conclusion can you draw about the number of individual muscle fibers that are firing in the last 10s compared with the first 10s? In the last 10 seconds of the lab, the muscle fiber’s strength is significantly weaker because there is less oxygen being supplied to the muscle and ATP is being used to strengthen the grip around the Dynamometer. We can conclude that there are less muscle fibers firing in the last 10 seconds than the amount firing in the first 10 seconds of the observation. 2. Is the change in the number of muscle fibers that contract occurring at a constant rate? The change in the number of muscle fibers that contract is occurring at a relatively constant rate, and decreases constantly over time. 3. Use your knowledge of fast, slow, and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers to hypothesize which fibers are contracting in the first, third, and final 10s intervals. In the first 10 second interval, fast muscle fibers are contracting. These muscle fibers can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, and produce powerful contractions. Over time, in the third 10 second interval, intermediate fibers contract. These fibers contract slightly slower than fast muscle fibers. Lastly, in the final 10s interval, slow fibers contract. Slow muscle fibers take around three times as long to contract after being stimulated. 4. How might you explain the subject’s response to coaching? This should be evident in the last 10s of data for Parts I and II of the exercise. Discuss the possible
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Andy Kim Kyle Shimasaki Ian Zhou Yashar Behnam Cell Respiration Lab Activity #2 Table 1: Condition Room Table 2: Peas Germinating lab.html&p[title]=Cellular Lab - lab.html)lab.html&is_video=false&description=Cellular lab.html&title=Cellular room temperature Non-germinating room temperature Germinating, cool temperature Temperature(C) 24C Rate of Respiration 282.3 ppm/min 81.63 ppm/min 88.69 ppm/min Questions: 1. Do you have evidence that cell respiration occurred in peas? Explain. We have Respiration Documents+https://documents.mx/documents/cellularRespiration Respiration evidence that cellular respiration occurred in the peas. This is because the CO2 levels increased throughout the observation, and CO2 is released as a waste product of respiration. 2. What is the effect of germination on the rate of cell respiration in peas? Based off of the results Lab - respirationLab - Lab in the graph, there is a positive correlation between germinating beans and CO2 production. This is because germinating beans need ATP to grow, and ATP is created through cellular respiration. 3. What is the effect of temperature on the rate of cell respiration in peas? Colder Documents&p[summary]=Andy lab.html) Documents) Documents&source=https://documents.mx/documents/cellularenvironments reduce the rate of reactions. This is because a decrease in temperature causes particles to move slower, which slows down reactions. In our experiment, cold water slowed down the rate at which the germinating peas respirated. 4. Why do germinating peas undergo Kim respirationcell respiration? Germinating peas undergo respiration because the peas are growing. This growth requires the use of ATP, which is created through cellular respiration. 5. Other than temperature, name three other factors that may directly affect the rate of respiration. Three factors Kyle lab.html) that may influence the rate of respiration include the presence of oxygen, the concentration of glucose, and pH levels. The presence of oxygen is important because oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. The concentration of glucose is Shimasaki important as well – glucose is used to create NADH and FADH2, which are key parts of cellular respiration. pH levels can affect rate of respiration too because of the enzymes that function in this process. Enzymes can only function under a specific pH range. 6. Other than Ian measuring changes in the gas level you studied, identify two other factors that might be measured to reveal changes in the rate of respiration? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! Other than measuring changes in the gas level, we could measure the rate of respiration by looking Zhou at the amount of water released. This is because at the end of respiration, two hydrogen ions bond with an oxygen atom to form a water molecule. An increase in the water concentration over time indicates that respiration is occurring. Another method of measuring the rate of Yashar respiration could be to directly measure ATP production. If ATP is being produced, then cellular respiration is taking place. However, if ATP is not produced, no cellular respiration is occurring. 7. Suppose you repeated the experiment using a small mammal. What data might you expect to observe when comparing respiratory rate at room temperature and respiratory rate 10C. EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! If the Behnam experiment involved a small mammal rather than germinating seeds, the respiratory rate at room temperature would be lower than the COMMENTS respiratory rate at 10 C. This is because mammals will create more heat to stay warm in colder temperatures, and they do this by increasing Cell the rate of respiration. 8. When the demand for energy increases name at least three changes that are likely to occur in your body that facilitate the demand? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER! To facilitate the demand for energy, the body would increase oxygen intake, increase the Respiration breakdown of certain compounds (such as glycogen) into glucose, and speed up blood circulation. Oxygen intake would increase because oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain, and is needed for respiration to occur in most organisms. Compounds Lab such as glycogen would also be broken down into glucose. This is because glucose is the main substance used for glycolysis and can be used to create a large amount of NADH molecules. These NADH molecules later deposit electrons in the electron transport chain, ultimately Activity causing the production of a large number of ATP molecules. The rate of blood circulation would increase as well because of the higher demand for glucose, oxygen, and other molecules. 9. Why weren’t glass beads needed for this lab like they were for the re spirometer in the #2 virtual lab? Glass beads weren’t needed for this lab because of the equipment used in this activity. In the virtual lab, they were needed to Copyright © 2017 Powered By Documents.mx - All Rights Reserved About (/about.html) / Terms (/info/terms.html) / DMCA (/info/dmca.html) / keep the volume of the substances in the three containers constant. However, instead of using a respirometer in this activity, the equipment Table Contact (/contacts.html) we used directly measured CO2 concentrations in the air. Activity #3 Table 1: Continuous Grip Time Interval (sec) 0-10s 20-30s 40-50s 6070s 80-90s Table 2: Repetitive Grip Time Interval (sec) 0-10s 20-30s 40-50s 60-70s 80-90s Table 3 Part I - Continuous gripping Slope -1.604 1: N/s Maximum Force 314.8 N 226.5 N 185.2 N 185.0 N 147.4 N Δ Maximum Force 88.3 N 41.3 N 0.3 N 37.6 N Maximum Force 291.2 N 212.3 N 154.5 N 119.6 N 130.4 N Δ Maximum Force 78.9 N 57.8 N 34.9 N -10.8 N Part II - Repetitive gripping -0.9983 N/s Data Analysis & Condition Questions 1. Examine your graph and the data in table 1. What conclusion can you draw about the number of individual muscle fibers that are firing in the last 10s compared with the first 10s? In the last 10 seconds of the lab, the muscle fiber’s strength is significantly weaker Room because there is less oxygen being supplied to the muscle and ATP is being used to strengthen the grip around the Dynamometer. We can conclude that there are less muscle fibers firing in the last 10 seconds than the amount firing in the first 10 seconds of the observation. 2. Is the change in the number of muscle fibers that contract occurring at a constant rate? The change in the number of muscle fibers that Table contract is occurring at a relatively constant rate, and decreases constantly over time. 3. Use your knowledge of fast, slow, and intermediate skeletal muscle fibers to hypothesize which fibers are contracting in the first, third, and final 10s intervals. In the first 10 second interval, fast 2: muscle fibers are contracting. These muscle fibers can contract in 0.01 seconds after stimulation, and produce powerful contractions. Over time, in the third 10 second interval, intermediate fibers contract. These fibers contract slightly slower than fast muscle fibers. Lastly, in the Peas final 10s interval, slow fibers contract. Slow muscle fibers take around three times as long to contract after being stimulated. 4. How might you explain the subject’s response to coaching? This should be evident in the last 10s of data for Parts I and II of the exercise. Discuss the Germinating possible involvement of the central nervous system, in addition to the muscle fibers. Coaching caused a significant increase in the amount of pressure applied to the grip. The subject’s nervous system forced the muscles to work much harder than they should have, resulting in a room large increase in the amount of force applied for an extremely short period of time. 5. Compare the slopes recorded in table 3. Give a possible explanation for the difference, if any, in muscle fatigue rates seen in continuous versus repetitive gripping. The slope of the temperature continuous gripping data was steeper than the repetitive gripping data. This is because the subject must constantly apply the maximum amount of pressure possible, which results in muscle fatigue much quicker. On the other hand, repetitive gripping allows for short periods of Nonresting time in between. 6. Using what you know about cellular respiration, explain why soreness develops or strength in muscles is lost as a consequence of extended usage. One of the key components of cellular respiration is the presence of oxygen. Muscles that are constantly germinating being used require a large amount of ATP. As these muscles are being used, oxygen is used up to create the ATP needed for this action. Soreness soon develops because of insufficient amounts of oxygen – there isn’t enough oxygen present to produce the amount of ATP room needed to grip the device with maximum strength. 7. What three systems in the body work together to insure appropriate delivery of glucose and oxygen to the muscles? Three body systems that insure appropriate delivery of glucose and oxygen to the muscles are the respiratory system, circulatory system, and digestive system. The respiratory system is important because it provides the oxygen needed for muscle temperature… cells to undergo cellular respiration. The circulatory system is necessary to deliver these oxygen molecules as well as other molecules, such as glucose, to various parts of the body. The digestive system is important in breaking down complex carbohydrates into simple sugars, &p[images[0]=https://documents.mx/public/others/images/default.png) such as glucose. 8. Write a balanced summary equation of Aerobic Respiration. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy 9. How does conditioning enable an athlete to perform in their sport for longer periods of time without experiencing muscle fatigue? Conditioning enables an athlete to perform in their sport for longer periods of time without experiencing muscle fatigue because it improves the efficiency of their circulatory system in transporting oxygen. Conditioning also leads to a larger amount of mitochondria being produced in the cells of the muscles that are constantly being used. This increase in mitochondria amount also increases ATP production. 10. What is myoglobin? Which muscles in the body are likely to have higher concentrations of this protein? Myoglobin is an iron and oxygen binding protein similar to the protein hemoglobin. Myoglobin functions as an oxygen-storage protein, and can transport oxygen to cells. Myoglobin is most common in muscles that are used often in strenuous exercises. These muscles include both the biceps and the triceps. 11. Why are cramps and muscle spasms less likely to occur when a person walks for several minutes following the completion of strenuous exercise. Cramps and muscle spasms are more likely to occur when a person doesn’t walks for several minutes following the completion of strenuous exercise