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Description Chapter 39. Plant Responses to Internal & External Signals. Tropism. A plant growth response from hormones that results in the plant growing either toward or away from a stimulus Hormones – chemical messengers that coordinate the different parts of a multicellular organism Types of tropisms:
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Chapter 39 Plant Responses to Internal & External Signals Tropism A plant growth response from hormones that results in the plant growing either toward or away from a stimulus Hormones – chemical messengers that coordinate the different parts of a multicellular organism Types of tropisms: Phototropism – growth toward or away from light Gravitropism – growth toward or away from a gravitational source Thigmotropism – growth toward or away from a touch Vines grow toward a support and then grow toward (around) that support Phototropism video Gravitropism Video Thigmotropism Video Positive v. Negative Tropisms Positive is growth toward a stimulus Positive Phototropism – growth toward light Positive Gravitropism – growth toward a gravitational source Positive Thigmotropism – growth toward a tactile stimulus Negative is growth away from a stimulus Replace the above terms’ “Positive” with “Negative” and then replace “toward” with “away” Hormones Auxins Stimulate cell elongation (remember that zone?) Cause proton pumps to activate Lower pH weakening of cell wall turgor pressure expands & elongates cell wall High concentrations of synthetic auxins KILL certain plants, usually weeds Synthetically produced auxins in high concentration = Herbicides How do you make a …? Cytokinins Stimulate cell division or cytokinesis Proper ratio of auxins & cytokinins cell division & differentiation Gibberellins Work with auxins to stimulate stem elongation Loosen cell walls allowing cellular expansion stem expansion Signal the seed to cease dormancy and germinate Many dwarf plant varieties have non-functional gibberellins Hormones (Page 3) Abscisic acid SLOWS Growth Young's Modulus (/search/young+39+s+modulus) Antagonistic to previously mentioned hormones Promotes seed dormancy, but gibberellins cease it Cronbach's Alpha (/search/cronbach+39+s+alpha) Causes stomata to close to conserve water Ethylene Gulliver's Travels (/search/gulliver+39+s+travels) Qur'an (/search/qur+39+an) Gas Standard & Poor's (/search/standard+poor+39+s) Plays crucial role in programmed cell death (apoptosis) Promotes ripening of fruit Parkinson's Disease (/search/parkinson+39+s+disease) Ripening in one fruit ripening in other fruits Positive feedback mechanism = rapid ripening of fruit Alzheimer's Disease (/search/alzheimer+39+s+disease) One bad apple does spoil the lot. Plants respond to Light Workers' Compensation (/search/workers+39+compensation) Plants can detect presence, direction, intensity, and wavelength of light Red & Blue wavelengths are most important Attorney's Fee (/search/attorney+39+s+fee) Red light is sensed by phytoreceptors Blue light is most important for phototropisms and light-induced opening of stomata Maxwell's Equations (/search/maxwell+39+s+equations) Sensed by photoreceptors Phytochromes Photoreceptors for red light (mainly) Exist in 2 isomer forms which can switch forms depending on wavelength available Phytochrome form triggers plant’s developmental responses to light Responsible for Circadian Rhythms 24 hour cycle & not paced by environmental variables Chickens & Summer in Nome, Alaska Photoperiodism Physiological response to a photoperiod (relative lengths of day and night) Night is always the more important of the 2!! But we (humans) focus on the daylight, we’re dumb. Controls Flowering Short-day plants Require a period of continuous darkness exceeding a critical measure in order to flower Early Spring or Fall flowering Music Televison Channel;s (/music-televison-channel-s) AP Biology students call them “Long-Night” plants Besides Short-Day plants, Long-Day Plants Flower only if a period of continuous darkness is less than a critical value Flower in Late Spring or early Summer Considered “short-night” plants
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