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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
Name _______________________ Period ___________
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function Concept 40.1 Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of organization 1.
Animals need to exchange materials with their environment. This process occurs as substances dissolved in an aqueous medium move across the plasma membrane of each cell. For each of the following organisms, explain how this is possible: amoeba hydra tapeworm whale
2.
What is interstitial fluid?
3.
What is a tissue?
4.
There are four types of tissues. For each, give examples, the general function, and where you would find each type. Tissue Type
Epithelial
Examples
General Function
Locations
cuboidal simple columnar simple squamous stratified squamous
Connective
cartilage adipose blood bone fibrous connective loose connective
Muscle
skeletal smooth cardiac
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw Nervous Cell types:
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
neurons glial cells Concept 40.2 Feedback control loops maintain the internal environment in many animals 5.
Explain the difference between animals that are regulators and those that are conformers.
6.
The example in the text is related to temperature regulation. Would ectotherms be regulators or conformers?
7.
Throughout the text, a common theme has been regulation of homeostasis by feedback loops. We discuss feedback loops again as we look at hormone levels. What is meant by a set point?
8.
Describe an example of a negative feedback loop. Clearly identify the set point, the stimulus, and the response.
9.
We sometimes say that in negative feedback “more gets you less,” and in positive feedback “more gets you more.” Describe an example of a positive feedback loop.
Concept 40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior 10.
What is thermoregulation?
11.
Describe the difference between endothermy and ectothermy, and give an animal that exhibits each.
Property Endothermy
Description
Example
Exothermy
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
12.
What are the four processes by which heat is exchanged with the environment? Use this figure to name and explain each process.
13.
Discuss how each of the following are involved in thermoregulation: fur/feathers
adipose tissue
goose bumps
vasodilation/vasoconstriction
panting/sweating
burrowing/sunning
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
14.
Heat loss in extremities is reduced by countercurrent exchange. Use this figure to explain how countercurrent exchange works.
15.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation?
Concept 40.4 Energy requirements are related to animal size, activity, and environment 16.
What is the metabolic rate? In what units is it usually measured?
17.
What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
18. What is the relationship between BMR and body mass?
19.
What are the evolutionary advantages of torpor and hibernation?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 20.
Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
If a mouse and a small lizard of the same mass (both at rest) were placed in experimental chambers under identical environmental conditions, which animal would consume oxygen at a higher rate? Explain.
Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1._________ 2._________ 3._________ 4._________ 5._________ 6.__________
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
Name___________________________ Period___________
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior Overview 1.
How is behavior defined?
Concept 51.1 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors 2.
What is ethology?
3.
What is the difference between proximate and ultimate causation?
4.
Using red-crowned cranes, what is an example of a proximate causation question and an example of an ultimate causation question?
5.
Who are the three ethologists who shared in a Nobel Prize for their work in 1973? We will look at work by each of them.
6.
What is a fixed action pattern (FAP)? Give an example.
7.
What is a sign stimulus? Give at least examples of sign stimuli.
8.
Nicholas Tinbergen’s work with the stickleback fish is a classic study. Explain what he found. Use the terms fixed action pattern and sign stimulus in your response.
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 9.
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
Define these behavior terms: Definition
Example
kinesis taxis
10.
Explain what is meant by a circadian clock and circadian rhythms. Identify two behaviors, either plant or animal, that demonstrate a circadian rhythm. (You may need to refer to Chapter 49 or Chapter 36 for examples.)
11.
Discuss two navigational strategies used by birds to migrate.
12.
Animals communicate in various ways. Discuss at least three specific examples using different organisms.
13.
Notice the pictures that show fruit fly courtship behavior (see AP Biology Lab 11B, “Reproductive Behavior in Fruit Flies”). What different modes of communication are used by the fruit fly?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
14.
Karl von Frisch studied European honeybees. What are the two types of dances that a returning worker bee does, and what information does each dance convey? Use a labeled sketch to describe each dance.
15.
What are pheromones? Give three specific types of information that can be transmitted through pheromones.
Concept 51.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior 16.
What is the difference between innate and learned behavior? Give an example of each.
17.
What is meant by fitness? How can habituation increase fitness?
18.
Describe the process of imprinting, and explain what is meant by sensitive or critical period.
19.
Describe the classic study of parental imprinting done by Konrad Lorenz.
20.
What special challenges did researchers face in order to return whooping cranes to the wild? What would you have to wear if you worked with hatchlings? Why?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
21.
There are several types of learning. What occurs in spatial learning?
22.
What are two types of associative learning? Which type did Ivan Pavlov use to get a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell?
23.
What occurs in operant conditioning?
24.
What is cognition? Give three examples of cognition in animal species; include at least one bird behavior.
25.
Many bird songs are learned during a critical period. What will happen if a white-crowned sparrow does not hear the song of its species during this time?
Concept 51.3 Both genetic makeup and environment contribute to the development of behaviors 26.
Based on cross-fostering and human twin studies, what are the two factors that contribute significantly to behavior?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw 27.
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
This concept looks at some very interesting ways that genetic changes affect behavior. Several important case studies that show a genetic component to behavior are presented. Take time to read and enjoy them. The study of voles and their mating behaviors is often discussed in other science articles. To return to fruit fly mating, a single gene called fru controls male mating behavior. If males lack a functional fru gene (short for fruitless), what happens?
And what occurs if females are genetically manipulated to express this gene?
Concept 51.4 Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain most behaviors 28.
What is foraging behavior?
29.
What is proposed by the optimal foraging theory? Explain it in terms of cost and benefit, and cite two examples from your text.
30.
To demonstrate that you understand the principle of optimal foraging, describe a food source that you would not be likely to exploit.
31.
Explain each of these mating systems: promiscuity monogamy polygamy polygyny polyandry
32.
Explain two factors that may be important in determining the evolution of these systems, and apply each factor to a particular species.
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
33.
Let’s return to an earlier idea. What is sexual selection? (Chapter 23)
34.
There are two types of sexual selection. Explain each of them. intersexual selection intrasexual selection
35.
What is agonistic behavior? Give one example of this behavior that is not in your book.
Concept 51.5 Inclusive fitness can account for the evolution of altruistic social behavior 36.
What is altruism?
37.
Explain the evolutionary advantage to a population of having members who exhibit altruistic behavior.
38.
Altruism may reduce the fitness of an individual—for example, by making that individual more obvious to a predator. Explain this behavior using the concept of inclusive fitness.
39.
Explain the logic behind geneticist J.B.S. Haldane’s comment that he would lay down his life for two brothers or eight cousins.
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
40.
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
Contrast kin selection and reciprocal altruism.
Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1._______ 2._______ 3.________ 4._______ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Name________________________________ Period___________
Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere Overview 1.
What is ecology?
2.
Study Figure 52.2. It shows the different levels of the biological hierarchy studied by ecologists. Notice also the different types of questions that might be studied by an ecologist at each level of study. Use this figure to define or explain the following terms: organismal ecology population population ecology community community ecology ecosystem ecosystem ecology landscape ecology biosphere global ecology
Concept 52.1 Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making
3.
Contrast the terms ecology and environmentalism. How does ecology relate to environmentalism?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
4.
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
What environmental issue was targeted in Rachel Carson’s book, Silent Spring? What was the outcome of her efforts?
Concept 52.2 Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species 5.
6.
What is biogeography? What factors determine the distribution of organisms?
Read this section carefully to understand different types of experiments and observations that help explain the distribution of species. As you conclude this section, list and describe five examples of biotic factors. Biotic Factor
7.
Example and Description
List five abiotic factors. Include an example and description of each factor’s influence on living organisms. Abiotic Factor
Example and Description
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
8.
What is climate? What abiotic factors are its components?
9.
Study Figure 52.10, which summarizes Earth’s climate patterns and how they are formed. Explain how Earth’s curvature and axis of rotation influence the amount of sunlight reaching a given area, and how these factors influence the temperature and precipitation in that area.
10.
Let’s look at factors that affect climate on a smaller scale. Begin by studying Figure 52.11. Why is the Pacific Northwest so rainy? What causes the Mediterranean climate?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
11.
Explain the “rain shadow” effect.
12.
What effect does elevation have on climate? Why do we say that hiking from Gatlinburg, Tennessee, at 393 meters of elevation in the Smoky Mountains region, to the top of Mount LeConte, at 2010 meters, is like traveling to Canada?
Concept 52.3 Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth 13.
What is a biome?
14.
What is the largest marine biome, and how much of Earth’s surface does it cover?
15.
As you read this section and study Figure 52.18, you will encounter a number of new terms. Distinguish between each of the following pairs of terms: photic/aphotic
benthic/pelagic
oligotrophic/eutrophic
littoral zone/limnetic zone
zooplankton/phytoplankton
neritic/abyssal
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
16.
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
The aquatic biomes are listed in the chart. Give a description of the biome below its name, and then complete the other parts of the chart. Aquatic Biome
Typical Autotrophs
Typical Heterotrophs
Human Impact
Lakes
Wetlands
Streams and rivers
Estuaries
Intertidal
Oceanic pelagic
Concept 52.4 The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
17.
Figure 52.20 shows a climograph for some major biomes in North America. What two abiotic factors shown here are most important in determining the distribution of the biome?
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
18.
Label the axes of this figure, and identify each biome shown here. Try to do this based on your understanding of the figure, and then use the text to check your answers. You will use these biomes: temperate grassland, temperate broadleaf forest, tropical forest, northern coniferous forest, desert, tundra.
19.
Describe each major terrestrial biome as to rainfall, temperature, location, and representative flora and fauna. tropical forest
desert
savanna Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
chaparral
temperate grassland
northern coniferous forest/taiga
temperate broadleaf forest
tundra
Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1.______ 2.______ 3._______ 4.______ 5._______ 6._______ 7._______ 8.______ 9._______
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