Idea Transcript
Chapter 6 Work and Energy Work : Work (W) is the product of a parallel force and a distance. W = Fll x. F ll denotes the component of force F that is parallel to displacement, x. Work may also be defined as the product of a force and a parallel distance. The SI unit for work is Nm called " Joule", and the American unit is " lb-ft. " If the direction of F is parallel to that of x, the work done is simply W = F x as in the following example.
Example 1: In the figure shown, find the work done by force F = 25N in pushing the block from A to B a distplacement of 14m.
If an object placed on a horizontal surface is pushed or pulled by force F as shown below, the component of F that is parallel to x does useful work. The component perpendicular to x does no work.
Example 2: A block is pulled a distance of X = 24m from C to D as shown via force F = 45N that makes angle =
30.0o with the horizontal surface. Calculate the work
done by F.
Solution: For = 30.0o , and F = 45N, F|| = 45N cos(30.0 ) = 39N. W = F|| x ; W = (39N)(24m) = 940 Nm or, W = 940 J.
Example 3: In the figure shown, find (a) the magnitude of F such that the block slides at a constant speed to the right. (b) Find the work done by this force if the displacement is 38m.
Example 4: In Example 3, find the work done by the frictional force, Fk , within the same distance. Solution: Fk acts opposite to x; therefore, it does negative work. In other words, it consumes energy. Wfriction = Fk x ; W = (-45N)(38m) = -1700 J.
Energy: Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy and work are expressed in same units. Typical units are, Joule and lb-ft, as were mentioned above. Other units are: Calorie and kilocalorie (that you will learn in the chapter on heat energy), and electron-volt (that will be discussed under electric energy). The abbreviations for these units are: cal, kcal, and eV. Kilowatt-hour (kwh) is the industrial unit for energy. You buy electric energy from your local electric company in kilowatt-hours (kwh).
Types of Energy: Energy exists in different forms such as mechanical, electric, nuclear, light, chemical, etc... . In this chapter, mechanical energy will be discussed only. Heat energy will be discussed in Chapter 12.
Mechanical Energy: Kinetic energy, Gravitational potential energy, and elastic (spring) potential energy are forms of mechanical energy that will be discussed here.
I) Kinetic Energy: Kinetic energy (K.E.) is the energy that a mass (an object) has because of its motion. As long as an object moves or has some speed, it has kinetic energy. K.E. is proportional to mass M and the square of velocity v2 . Its formula is: (without proof) K.E. = (1/2) Mv2 .
Example 5: Calculate the K.E. of a 2000kg car that is moving (a) at 10.0m/s, (b) 20.0 m/s, and (c) 30.0 m/s. Solution: (a) (K.E.)1 = (1/2)(2000kg)(10.0m/s)2 = 100,000kg (m/s)2 = 100,000J. (b) (K.E.)2 = (1/2)(2000kg)(20.0m/s)2 = 400,000kg (m/s)2 = 400,000J. (c) (K.E.)3 = (1/2)(2000kg)(30.0m/s)2 = 900,000kg (m/s)2 = 900,000J. As can be seen, the car's kinetic energy varies with the square of velocity v2. Note that the unit of each is kg (m/s)2 that we may write as kg(m/s2 )m or Nm or Joule.
II) Gravitational Potential Energy: This energy is the type that an object has due to its elevation with respect to a reference level. This energy is significant when objects are in the vicinity of planets, stars and other heavenly masses. Gravitational P.E. is proportional to the acceleration of gravity g of the planet or star, the mass of the object M and its elevation h from a reference level. Its formula is therefore,
P.E. = Mgh. Example 6: A rock of mass 6.1kg is raised to the top of a building 13m high. Calculate its gravitational P.E. with respect to the ground level. Solution: P.E. = Mgh ; P.E. = (6.1kg)(9.8m/s2 )(13m) = 780 Nm = 780J.
Example 7: In the figure shown, a 95-kg crate is pushed up an incline that is practically frictionless. The incline is 8.0m long and makes a 31o angle with the horizontal floor. Calculate the P.E. of the crate with respect to the floor when it reaches the top of the incline. Solution:
Example 8: A swimming pool is on the top of a hill at an average elevation of 150m from a certain ground level. The pool has the dimensions: (15m)(25m) (2.4m) and is full. The mass density of water is 1000kg/m3 . Determine (a) the P.E. of the water in the pool with respect to that ground level. If the pool is allowed to empty to the ground level, (b) how much energy is at the most available for use? If a generator uses this energy for electricity production, and the overall efficiency is 62% , (c) how much electric energy will become available? Solution: (a) The pool volume is V = w l h; V= 900m 3 ; r is pronounced "rho." Mass density r = M/V; therefore, M = rV; M = 1000kg/m3 (900m3 ) = 900,000kg. P.E. = Mgh ; P.E. = ( 900,000 kg )( 9 .8 m/s2 )(150m) = 1.3 x 109 J. (b) 1.3 X 10 9 J ; (c) 0.62 (1.3 X 10 9 J) = 8.2 X 108 J.
Example 9: A 750-kg car is traveling at a velocity of 72km/h eastward and on a level road. Determine (a) its initial kinetic energy (K.E.)i . If this car is slowed down to a speed of 36km/h, calculate (b) its final (K.E.)f . (c) How much is the change in its kinetic energy and where does this energy go? Solution: (a) (K.E.) i = (1/2)Mvi 2 ; (K.E.)i = (1/2)(750 kg)(20m/s)2 = 150,000 J. (b) (K.E.) f = (1/2)Mvf 2 ; (K.E.)f = (1/2)(750kg)(10m/s)2 = 38,000 J. (c) Δ(K.E.) = (K.E.)f - (K.E.)i ; Δ(K.E.) = 38,000J -150,000J = -112,000 J. This energy is consumed by force of friction that acts opposite to the direction of motion. In fact, it is the work done by force of friction. This energy converts to heat and warms up brake pads as well as rotors when brakes are applied. Friction does negative work.
Example 10: In Example 9, the work done by force of friction is -112,000J. Use the work formula to calculate the force applied by friction if brakes were used within a distance of 56m. Solution: Using Work formula: W = Fk x ; -112,000J = Fk(56m); Fk =-2000N.
III) Elastic Potential Energy: This will be discussed in Chapter 10.
Chapter 6 Test Yourself 1: 1) work is the product of (a) force and displacement (b) force and parallel displacement (c) parallel force and displacement (d) b and c. click here. 2) The usual units for work is (a) Newton (b) Nm & lb-ft (c) kgf. 3) Joule is another name for (a) Nm (b) lb-ft (c) kgm/s2 . click here. 4) In Example 2, if = 40.0o , then the parallel force is (a) F (cos40.0) (b) F (sin 40.0) (c) F (tan40.0). 5) The work done by force F is maximum if the direction of F is (a) normal to displacement (b) opposite to displacement (c) parallel to displacement. click here. 6) The work done by force F through a displacement d is (a) Fd (b) F(dcos) (c) (Fcos)
d (d) b & c.
7) Energy is defined as (a) the ability to apply force (b) the ability of doing work (c) work done per unit of time. 8) Energy is expressed in same units as (a) mass (b) work (c) force. click here. 9) Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object has due to its (a) speed (b) velocity (c) elevation. 10) With respect to the ground, the higher we take an object the greater its (a) mass (b) kinetic energy (c) potential energy becomes. click here. 11) The kinetic energy (K.E.) of an object depends on its (a) elevation (b) its velocity (c) speed (d) b & c. 12) When a car is driven to the top of a hill, there is an increase in its (a) K.E. (b) P.E. (c) weight. 13) Potential energy (P.E.) is equal to (a) Mh (b) Mv2 (c) Mgh. click here. 14) Gravitational potential energy makes more sense when we are (a) in the vicinity of a planet (b) in the outer space (c) neither a, nor b. 15) Kinetic energy (K.E.) is equal to (a) 1/2 MV (b) MV 2 (c) 1/2 MV2 . click here. 16) When an object is lowered, its potential energy (a) increases (b) remains the same (c) decreases. 17) When an object moves at a constant velocity, it K.E. (a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains constant. 18) A car in neutral with a certain initial velocity, can go up a hill by (a) gaining K.E. and losing P.E. (b) gaining P.E. and losing K.E. (c) none of a or b. click here. 19) When the speed of a car is doubled, its K.E. (a) doubles (b) triples (c) quadruples. 20) When the speed of a car is tripled, its K.E. (a) triples (b) 9 folds (c) quadruples.
Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem: This theorem simply states that "the work done by the net force acting on a mass is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of that mass." The mathematical formula for this theorem is : ( F )x = Δ(K.E.).
(
F )x = (K.E.)f - (K.E.)i .
The previous two examples combined show an application of this theorem. In Example 9, the change in the kinetic energy of the car was calculated. In Example 10, the work done by the net force was calculated. The change in the K.E. was set equal to the work done by force of friction from which the force of friction was calculated. This shows that when energy is lost in one form, it appears in another form. One side of this formula calculates the work done by the net force ( F) within a displacement x. The other side calculates ΔK.E. . Both sides are expressed in units of energy, as expected.
Example 11: A 900kg car traveling at 15m/s changes speed to 25m/s in a distance of 50m due to a net force. Calculate (a) the net force, and (b) the engine force if the frictional forces add up to 1400N. Solution: (a) Using Work-K.E. theorem: ( F)·x = (K.E.)f - (K.E.)i ; F(50m) = 1/2(900)(25)2 - 1/2(900)(15)2 ; F=3600N. (b) F = Fe - Ff ; 3600N = Fe - 1400N ; Fe = 5000N.
Example 12: Starting from rest, a boy pushes a 45.0-kg sled (including his friend in it) through a distance of 12.0m with a horizontal and constant force of 165N. The frictional force between the sled and snow is 55.0N. Calculate (a) the work done by the boy on the sled, (b) the work done by the frictional force on the sled, (c) the work done by the net force on the sled, and (d) the speed of the sled at the end of the 12.0m distance. Solution: (a) The work done buy the boy: Wboy = Fll x ; W=165N(12.0m) = 1980J. (b) Wfric.= Fk x ; W = -55.0N(12.0 m) = -660J. (c) Wnet = Fnet x ; Wnet= (F) x = (165N - 55.0N)(12.0 m) = 1320J. (d) (F)x = (K.E.)f - (K.E.)i 1320J = 1/2(45.0kg)Vf2 - 1/2(45.0kg)(0)2 ; V = +/- 7.66 m/s.
The Law of Conservation of Energy: This law states that "Energy is conserved. It is neither created nor destroyed. It only converts from one form to another." Of course, this is true from the Universe point of view. From our point of view, when energy is converted to heat via friction, it is a loss. For example, when we push a heavy crate up a ramp (or incline) onto a truck, we do some work. Part of the work stores as P.E. in the elevated crate, and the remaining work converts to heat due to friction. It is easy to experimentally verify the following energy balance: The work done on the crate = the P.E. stored in it + the work consumed by friction. From our point of view, the work consumed by friction is a loss. From the Universe point of view, the work consumed by friction returns to the Universe in the form of heat and there is no loss.
Conservation of Mechanical Energy: In the absence of frictional energy losses, the total mechanical energy of a system remains constant. We can always write down an energy balance for a system that goes under a certain process during which its mechanical energy changes from one form to another, even if some energy is lost due to friction. The following examples apply the law of conservation of energy to a system or an object. Conservation of energy requires total energy to remain constant.
Example 13: In the figure shown, neglecting friction, find the speed of the 750-kg car at the bottom of the hill. Suppose the car is put in neutral and starts from rest from the hill top. Solution: Conservation of mechanical energy requires that
Total Energy at A = Total Energy at B. (K.E.)A+ (P.E.)A = (K.E.)B+(P.E.)B. 1/2MVA2 + MghA = 1/2MVB2 + MghB.
Since VA = 0 and also hB = 0, we get: Mg hA = 1/2 MVB2. M's cancel: g hA = 1/2 VB2 ; 2g hA = VB2 ; VB = 30 m/s.
Example 14: In the figure shown, if 120,000J of energy is consumed by frictional forces, find the speed of the 750-kg car at the bottom of the hill. Suppose the car is put in neutral and starts from rest from the hill top. Solution: Conservation of mechanical energy requires that
K.E.A+ P.E.A - Wfric.= K.E.B+ P.E.B 1/2MVA
2 + Mgh
In this case, part of the available energy at A is be wasted by frictional forces.
2 A - 120,000J = 1/2MVB + MghB.
Since VA = 0 and also hB = 0, we get : Mg hA -120,000J = 1/2MVB2. Not every term has M; therefore, M's do not cancel. 750(9.8)(45)J - 120,000J = 0.5(750kg)VB2.
562(m/s)2 = VB2 ; VB = 24 m/s.
Example 15: In the figure shown, for the 750kg car in neutral, find (a) the energy consumed by the 300N frictional force on the car as it coasts down the hill a distance of 400m, and (b) its speed at the bottom of the hill. Solution:
(a) The work of friction is Wfric.= Fk x = -300N(400m) = -120,000J. (b) Conservation of mechanical energy requires Total Energy at A - Wfric.= Total Energy at B. (K.E.)A+(P.E.)A-Wfric. = (K.E.)B+(P.E.) B. 1/2MVA2 + MghA -120,000J =
1/2MVB2 + MghB.
(750)(9.8)(45)J - 120,000J = 0.5(750)VB2
Since VA = 0 and also hB = 0, we get :
562(m/s)2 = VB2 ; VB = 24 m/s.
Mg hA - 120,000J = 1/2MVB2. Õ
A Good Link to Try: http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/physical/giambattista/roller/roller_coaster.html .
Power:
Example 16: An electric motor is capable of delivering 7.2 Million Joules of work in one hour and and 400. seconds . Find the power of the motor in watts, kilowatts, and hp. Solution: P = W/t ; P = 7.2 x106 J /4000s = 1800 J/s = 1800 watts. P = 1.8 kilowatts (kw) ; P = (1800/746) hp ; P = 2.4 hp.
Example 17: Calculate the amount of work or energy that a 4.50hp electric motor can deliver in 10.0 hours. Solution: P = 4.5hp = (4.50)(746 watts) = 3360 watts. P = W/t ; W = Pt ; W = 3360J/s (36,000s) = 1.21 x 108 J.
Efficiency: When a device receives power from a source, it does not deliver all of it in the intended form and converts a portion of it to other undesired forms. This makes a device to be less than 100 percent efficient. For example, a typical car receives chemical energy in the form of gasoline. The purpose is to convert it to kinetic energy. The efficiency of this conversion is way below 100 percent. A good portion of the original combustion of gasoline in the cylinders coverts to undesirable heat that has to be transferred to the ambient. Only in the winter time part of it is used to heat up the interior of the car. Electric motors have much better efficiencies. They normally return more than 90% of the electric power delivered to them in useful power. However, the generation of electricity itself is not very efficient. Most power plants have efficiencies of under 50 percent. A good nuclear power plant is about 45% efficient. Early coal plants were hardly 20% efficient. Efficiency of a device is defined as the ratio of power output to the power input for that device. Eff = Pout / Pin.
Example 18: A 1.25hp electric pump with an efficiency of 92.5% is used to perform 1.40 Mega Joules of work. (a) How long does it take for the electric pump to do the job? (b) If the pump is ideally 100% efficient, how long does it take? Solution: A 1.25hp electric pump means it draws 1.25hp of electric power from the source. It generally cannot give back all of it. Make sure that you write the formulas with horizontal fraction bars. Eff = Pout / Pin ; 0.925 = Pout /1.25hp ; Pout = 0.925(1.25hp) = 1.16hp. (a) P = W/t ; t = W/P ; t = 1.40x106 J /(1.16 x 746 watts) = 1620 sec. (b) P = W/t ; t = W/P ; t = 1.40x106 J /(1.25 x 746 watts) = 1500 sec.
Example 19: Calculate (a) the necessary power to empty a swimming pool with dimensions (12m)(25m)(2.4m) by pumping its water to an average height of 3.5m in 2.5hrs. The mass density of water is 1000kg/m3 . (Hint: The power you calculate is the power that the electric pump has to deliver to water) . If the efficiency of the electric pump used is 88%, calculate (b) the electric power that the electric motor draws from the power source. Solution: The formula for the volume of a rectangular pool is V = w l h. Here, V = 720m3 . Mass density r = M/V ; M = rV ; M = (1000 kg/m3 )(720 m3) = 720,000kg. (a) P = W/t where W = Fx. The pump force F that lifts the pool water equals the weight of water w ; therefore, F = w = Mg, and x is the height that the water must be lifted to. P = Fx/t ; P = Mgx/t ; P = 720,000kg(9.8m/s2 )(3.5m)/(2.5x3600s) = 2700 watts. P = 2.7kw ; P = (2700/746) hp = 3.6 hp. (b) Eff. = Pout / Pin ; 0.88 = 2700watts /Pin ; Pin = 2700watts/0.88 = 3100 watts.
Another Version of The Power Formula: The formula P = W/t can be written as P = Fx/t because W = Fx. As we know x/t is just velocity v; therefore,
P = F v This means that power is equal to force times velocity (if both of force and velocity are in the same direction). This concept is very familiar. Suppose you want to drive your car at a constant rpm of 3000. If you are driving up a hill with the engine at 3000rpm, you must gear down and drive at a lower velocity because you need a greater pushing force between the tires and the ground. If you are driving on a flat and horizontal road, 3000rpm can give your vehicle a higher velocity because a smaller pushing force is needed between the tires and the road on a horizontal road. As you see the product of velocity and force is a constant if a constant power is available or to be used. When P is constant, the product P = F v is constant. When a greater F is needed, a smaller v is attainable and vice versa.
Example 20: A car is using 56hp of its total power. When it is going up a steep hill, a force of 4200N is needed for constant velocity motion of it up that hill. When it is traveling along a level and horizontal road, a force of 1200N is needed for its constant velocity motion. Find the speed of the car in each case. Solution: P = 56hp = 56(746watts) = 42000watts. (a) P = F v ; v = P/F ; v = 42000watts /4200N = 10m/s. (Convert to km/h & mi/h). (b) P = F v ; v = P/F ; v = 42000watts /1200N = 35m/s. (Convert to km/h & mi/h).
Chapter 6 Test Yourself 2: 1) According to Work-K.E. theorem, the work done on mass M by a net force within a distance x is equal to (a) the change in the K.E. of mass M (b) the change in the P.E. of mass M (c) change in the elevation of mass M. 2) A car moving at velocity V1 uses an engine force Fe in a distance x to change its velocity to V2 . The work done by the engine force is (a) Fex (b) V2 2 V1 2 (c) 1/2 MV2 2 . click here. 3) In Question 2, if the friction force acting on the car is Ff , the work done by the friction force on the car is (a) V2 2 - V1 2 (b) 1/2 MV2 2 (c) - Ff x. click here. 4) The work done by the net force acting on the car in Question 2 is (a) [Fe - Ff ] x (b) MV2 (c) both a & b. 5) The K.E. change in Question 2 is (a) 1/2 MV2 2 - 1/2 MV1 2 (b) 1/2 M[V2 2 - V1 2 ] (c) both a & b.
Problem: A 1250-kg car is moving at 15.0m/s along the positive x-axis. The driver speeds it up to 25.0m/s within a distance of 125m. The frictional forces add up to 2800N. Use the Work-K.E. theorem to answer the following questions: 6) The change in the K.E. of the car is (a) 6250J (b) 250,kJ (c) 500,kJ. click here. 7) The work done on the truck by the net force acting on it is (a) 0 (b) Ma (c) 250kJ. 8) The net force acting on the truck in the x-direction is (a)5000N (b)2000N (c)Mg. 9) The engine force is (a) 4800N (b) 800N (c) 5880N. click here.
Problem: A 750-kg car traveling at an initial speed of Vi in the positive x-direction is brought to stop in a distance of 50.0m by applying brakes. The magnitude of the brakes force is 7500N. Note that when brakes are applied, usually the engine force drops to zero (gas pedal is released). Use the WorkK.E. theorem to answer the following questions: 10) The net horizontal force acting on the car is (a) 7500N (b) -7500N (c) Mg. 11) The work done by the net force is (a) 375000J (b) 750000J (c) -375000J. 12) The change in the K.E. of the car is (a) 1/2 (750)[ 02 - Vi2 ] (b) 1/2 (750)[Vi2 - 02] (c) -375 Vi2 (d) a & c. 13) Applying the Work-K.E. theorem results in the equality of -375000J = -375 Vi2 . (a) True (b) False 14) The calculated value for Vi is (a) 100 m/s (b) 10 m/s (c) 31.6 m/s. click here. 15) According to the law of conservation of energy, when we leave lights on without any use no energy is wasted (a) from our point of view (b) from the Universe point of view (c) neither a, nor b. 16) When you use brakes to stop your car, the energy that appears as heat in the brakes is (a) completely wasted and it is hard for us to get it back (b) not really wasted when viewing it from a Universal perspective (c) both a and b. 17) Conservation of Mechanical Energy involves (a) K.E. only (b) K.E. & Gravitational P.E. only (c) the energies in (b) plus Elastic (Spring) P.E. as well. click here.
Problem: Suppose you are driving along a straight and horizontal highway in a 650-kg car (including your own mass) and your speed is 30.0m/s. The road becomes uphill and you suddenly become curious as to how high up the hill your car might go if you put it in neutral and let it come to stop on its own. Suppose that you have a good estimate of energy loss due to frictional forces and that is 85500J. Answer the following questions: 18) Before starting the uphill and with respect to the horizontal road, your car has (a) P.E. only (b) K.E. only (c) both P.E. and K.E. click here. 19) As your car goes up the hill it (a) loses P.E. and gains K.E. (b) loses K.E. and gains elastic energy (c) loses K.E. and gains P.E.. 20) In the absence of friction, at any intermediate point before your car comes to stop, the total energy (P.E. + K.E.) of your car would be (a) constant (b) increasing (c) decreasing. click here. 21) In the absence of energy loss due to friction, the P.E. of your car at the highest point it can go, will be equal to (a) its K.E. halfway up the hill (b) its K.E. at the starting point (c) neither a, nor b. 22) The car's K.E. at the start of the hill is 292500J. (a) True (b) False 23) The P.E. at the top of the hill and in the absence of friction would be 292500J. (a) True (b) False 24) The actual P.E. of your car at the highest point it can reach is (a) 292500J (b) zero (c) 207000J. 25) The formula that calculates P.E. is (a) P.E. = (1/2)Mgh (b) P.E. = Mg (c) P.E. = Mgh. click here. 26) From 24 and 25, we may calculate the highest elevation your car reaches as (a) 45.9m (b) 32.5m (c) 318.5m. 27) In the absence of friction, the highest elevation it could reach would be (a) 45.9m (b) 318.5 (c) 400m. 28) Power is defined as (a) the rate of doing work (b) the work done per unit of time (c) the energy generation per unit of time (d) a, b, and c. click here. 29) The power of a motor that lifts 4500N of weight to a height of 25m in 15s is (a)7500 watts (b)7.5 kilowatt (c) both a & b (d) 8.0kilowatt. 30) One hp is equal to (a) 746 watts (b) 550 (lb-ft)/s (c) both a & b.
Problem: The normal power that a car can generate is 120kw (120,000 watts). 31) At normal power, in going up a hill, a force of 15000N must be delivered to the tires to maintain a constant velocity. The constant velocity at which the car goes up the hill is (a) 8.0m/s (b) 12m/s (c) 16m/s. click here. 32) What is the constant speed of going up a milder slope if the necessary force applied to the tires is 12000N? (a) 20m/s (b)18m/c (c) 10m/s. 33) What is the constant speed of going up a more milder slope if the necessary force applied to the tires is 6000N? (a)25m/s (b)20m/c (c) 30m/s. 34) On a horizontal road where the necessary force applied to or by the tires is 3000N, the cars speed at normal power usage is (a) 50m/s (b) 60m/s (c) 40m/s. click here. 35) The necessary power that an electric pump must deliver to water is 2700 watts. The pump is 90% efficient. The electric power that it pulls from the electric socket is (a) 2430 watts (b) 3000watts (c) neither a, nor b.
Problems: 1) A constant net force has done 3460J of work in pushing a 30.0-kg block on a uniform horizontal floor through a distance of 26.4m. Find (a) the net force, (b) the friction force if µk = 0 .425, and (c) the applied force. 2) A truck that weighs 23520N is moving east on a straight and horizontal road at a constant speed of 13.5m/s. Find (a) its mass, and (b) the net force acting on it. Its driver decides to accelerate the truck and therefore changes the net force to 4480N. If this net force is kept constant for a distance of 125m, find (c) the final speed of the truck. If the coefficient of road friction is µ k = 0 .0961, calculate (d) the friction force of the road. If air resistance is 1260N, find (e) the engine force during the acceleration period. g = 9.80m/s2 . 3) What horizontal force can push a 40.0-kg block placed on a horizontal floor (a) at constant velocity to the right, and (b) at an acceleration of 1.65m/s2 to the right? (c) For each case, calculate the work done by the pushing force within a distance of 12.0m. Let µk = 0.275 and g = 9.81m/s2 . 4) A 1680-kg spacecraft is traveling at a speed of 72,000 km/h along a straight path in outer space. Calculate (a) its kinetic energy, (b) its potential energy, and (c) the net force acting on it. Its rockets are then turned on for a distance of 2450km and as a result it receives a constant thrust of 25.0kN within this distance. Calculate (d) the net work done by the rockets, and (e) its final speed.
5) Neglecting friction, determine how far up the hill will
the 862-kg car go due to its initial speed at A, if its engine is turned off at A and put in neutral.
6) If 76,300J of energy is used up by friction from A to
B, determine how far up the hill will the 862-kg car go due to its initial speed at A, if its engine is turned off at A and put in neutral. 7) In the figure shown, the effective force of friction for
the 862kg car along the uphill is 3000N. Determine (a) the energy loss of the car due to friction. (b) How far, x, up the hill will the car go due to its initial speed at A taking into account the energy loss due to friction?
8) How long does it take for a 3.00-hp electric pump to empty a (14.0m)(25.0m)(2.00m) swimming pool, if its water is to be pumped to an average height of 5.00m if it is 90.0% efficient ? 1hp = 746 watts. g = 9.81m/s2 . 9) The power delivered by a car at 3000 rpm is 36.2 hp. The needed pushing force in the tires of this car is 1350N on a horizontal road, 1800N on a road with a mild slope, and 2700N on a road with a steeper slope. Calculate, the speed at which this car travels along each of these roads, respectively, if its power is kept constant. 10) A 90.0% efficient electric motor delivers 2.70 hp of effective power to a device. Find (a) the power it draws from the electric outlet (a) in hp, (b) in watts, and (c) in kilowatts. If this motor is used for 15.0 hours, (d) how much electric energy (in kwh) does it consume? (e) If the price of electric energy is $0.0725/kwh, calculate the cost.
Answers: 1) 131N, 125N, 256N 2) 2400kg, 0, 25.5m/s, 2260N, 8000N 3) 108N, 174N, 13 00J, 2090J 4) 3.36x1011 J, 0, 0, 6.125x1010 J, 78,300km/h 5) 35.8m 6) 26.8m 7) 126000J, 41.9m 8) 4h, 44min. 9) 20.0m/s, 15.0m/s, 10.0m/s 10) 3.00hp, 2240watts, 2.24kw, 33.6kwh, $2.44