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DKA1CJUN2013 View my complete profile There was an error in this gadget What Civil Engineering does « Linkwithin
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Posted by DKA1CJUN2013 at 5:33 PM
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Monday, September 23, 2013
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DEFINISI Ukur aras boleh ditakrifkan sebagai satu kaedah untuk menentukan ketinggian beberapa titik secara relatif di antara satu sama lain dengan merujuk kepada satu datum atau aras rujukan.
Blog Archive t 2013 (6) t September (6) Challenge this! DEFINISI Ukur aras boleh ditakrifkan sebagai sat...
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Cara pasang batu bata glitter-graphics.com The creative use of... What Civil Engineering does About Civil Engineering
Prinsip ukur aras boleh dijelaskan menggunakan analogi kerusi, meja dan siling seperti rajah berikut:
Popular Posts (no title) DEFINISI Ukur aras boleh ditakrifkan sebagai satu kaedah untuk menentukan ketinggian beberapa titik secara relatif di antara satu sama ...
Rajah 1 Ketinggian kerusi dari aras lantai boleh di tentukan dengan menggunakan satu pembaris.(0.450m)
Cara pasang batu bata
Ketinggian meja dari aras lantai juga boleh ditentukan.(0.750m) Ketinggian siling dari aras lantai pula ialah 2.750m. Nilai bagi ketinggian ketiga-tiga objek di atas ditentukan dengan menggunakan aras lantai sebagai datum. Datum merupakan satu aras permukaan yang mana semua pengukuran akan dirujuk. Perbezaan aras ketiga-tiga objek ini boleh juga ditentukan dengan menggunakan cara lain. Jika sebuah aras spirit dipegang pada aras penglihatan mata, katakan 1.500m, dan satah ufuk aras spirit tadi dipanjangkan sehingga meliputi meja, satu satah akan melintasi pembaris yang didirikan di atas meja secara pugak pada ketinggian 0.750m. Berdasarkan analogi ini, prinsip kerja ukur aras dapat dijelaskan. Dalam ukur aras, penggunaan pembaris digantikan dengan staf aras manakala aras spirit pula digantikan dengan sebuah alat ukur yang dinamakan alat aras. Sejenis aras spirit diletakkan dibahagian teropong alat aras yang didirikan secara menegak di atas kaki tiga atau tripod. Rajah 1 tadi boleh digambarkan dengan rajah 2 di mana kedudukan kerusi dan meja tadi digantikan dengan dua titik ukur yang berada atas permukaan bumi.
Rajah 2 Apa yang boleh dilihat ialah ketinggian titik A di atas datum bersamaan dengan 1.500 - 0.750 = 0.750m manakala ketinggian titik C di atas datum ialah 1.500 - 1.050 = 0.450m. Dalam kes ini, datum ialah satu satah ufuk yang merentasi di atas piket di stesen B. Posted by DKA1CJUN2013 at 10:53 AM
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Posted by DKA1CJUN2013 at 10:42 AM
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The creative use of brick bonding in architecture, with or without contrasting or complementary brick colours, can have a dramatic effect on the appearance of a building.In recent times stretcher bond has predominated, mainly because of the speed with which it can be laid in cavity wall construction. There are, however, other traditional methods which can be used to enrich large areas of brickwork, although extra cutting is needed. Flemish Bond Alternate bricks are placed as header and stretcher in every course. Each header is placed centrally between the stretcher immediately above and below. This is not as strong as the English bond at 1 brick thick
Stretcher Bond Originally used for single brick walls, now called 1/2 brick walls it became the obvious choice for cavity walls as less cutting was required.
English Bond Alternative courses of headers and stretchers; one header placed centrally above each stretcher. This is a very strong bond when the wall is 1 brick thick (or thicker)
Quantities One square metre of brickwork, a half brick thick, requires the following number of bricks: #English bond 86 #Flemish bond 77 # Stretcher bond 60 Figures are assuming one header per brick. English and Flemish bonds are attractive for dwarf and retaining walls where only one good face is required. Stretcher bond is the most economical of all. To create a wall which is fairfaced on both sides, two stretcher walls are built side by side with a continuous mortar joint between them, the two walls being bonded together with ties (these are also called collar jointed walls). Snap headers are a simple way of adding variety.
Posted by DKA1CJUN2013 at 10:36 AM
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Wednesday, September 18, 2013 What Civil Engineering does 1. Understand what a civil engineer does. Basically, this is the side of engineering concerned with designing, building, and maintaining public works.[1] Civil engineers focus on structures and facilities such as transportation routes, features (tunnels, bridges, flyovers), and hubs (such as airports and bus interchanges), water treatment (sewage, dams, pipelines, etc.) government buildings (police and fire stations, major office buildings, etc.), and other structures required on a large public scale. In some countries, such as the United States, civil engineering also involves military engineering.[2] Another way of looking at what a civil engineer does is to see it as a role of reducing complex ideas initiated by policymakers, chief executives, and other such people into concrete reality.[3]
It's a job that pays a reasonably high income due to the level of skills and expertise required, and the ongoing responsibilities to ensure safe, accurate, and enduring engineering outcomes. Civil engineers can work in a variety of work environments, including in the public sector, as contractors, consultants, or even as part of a firm that undertakes work outsourced from municipalities and government.[4] Civil engineers also work with architect firms and construction firms.[5] Throughout the lifetime of a civil engineer career, you might vary your employment circumstances considerably to work around different needs and interests; the good thing is that your qualifications will allow you much flexibility. Within civil engineering there are different roles open to you. For example, in the United Kingdom, you can become an engineering technician, an incorporated engineer, or a chartered engineer.[6] Your personal interest in where to specialize will be something to consider as you pursue your studies and the different options offered through the course, so be sure to ask what's available in your country or region. 2. 2 Assess your skills. Civil engineering requires good mathematics, design, and science skills.[7] [8] In addition, having a "big picture" mentality, creativity, the ability to function as a member of a team, the ability to work without supervision and to handle high levels of responsibility, the ability to clearly and concisely communicate your ideas both verbally, and through the use of writing and images, are all important, wellrounded features to ensure a successful civil engineering career.[9]
If you're still at school, appropriate subjects to focus on most include mathematics, design and technology, information technology, and physics, with economics, geography, and geology also being of help.[10] At school and during university, participate in engineering style competitions with teams, such as model bridge building competitions. These can increase your knowledge of how things work structurally and will give you a taste of how to work as a team. Contact the universities offering civil engineering degrees that interest you to find out what their exact requirements are. The requirements are constantly updated to reflect new technologies and methodologies. If you have already left school and haven't taken the appropriate subjects during school, you may need to undertake bridging courses or aptitude tests to prove that you're able to undertake the subjects offered in a civil engineering degree. 3. 3 Choose a study program. In general, in most countries civil engineering requires a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, which will usually take about four years.[11] Depending on where you study, you may also need to take a formal certification course at the end of the degree, and in some countries, being licensed (licensure) is a prerequisite to being allowed to work or as or call yourself a "civil engineer".[12][13]
Choose a program that has courses in the specific areas you are interested in. These can include design, hydraulics, construction, earthquake engineering, soil mechanics, computer methods, construction management, structural mechanics, etc.[14] Consider whether you want to take some courses outside your own country, to expand your knowledge of what is happening in civil engineering elsewhere, such as in a country that has very different geological concerns from your own. You might need to have proficiency in another language to be able to do this. Find out what's possible by talking with your university course guidance. Ensure that you take courses outside of your intended field. It is possible you will find a different field that you prefer, so try to choose broadly to get a good feel for the different areas open to you within civil engineering. 4. 4 Expect field trips to form a part of your degree. Being given the opportunity to apply the theory to real-life examples will help you to grasp the principles faster and will probably increase your enthusiasm for your chosen career as well.
5. 5 Start thinking about how to specialize as your degree studies move on. From the start, find out all you can about the different types of civil engineering options open to you so that you're alert to what might end up being of most interest to you. Specializations might include coastal engineering, environmental issues, traffic and transportation, structural engineering, highway construction and maintenance, and so forth.[15]
6. 6 Get an internship. While in school, if it at all possible, obtain an internship in the civil field that most interests you. Most engineering firms have some type of internship program. The experience you gain is invaluable not only to helping you establish and clarify your career goals, but also in gaining valuable experience for your resume which will make you a highly desirable entry level engineer. Construction experience (internship) in your field of interest may have as much, if not more, value for your future career as a civil engineer as good results in your degree.
7. 7 If you're in the United States, you'll need to undertake some specific examinations. They are as follows:
During your study (preferably in your junior or senior year): Register for and take the FE/EIT (engineering in training) exam.[16] This exam is an important step in your professional development. It tests on basic knowledge of engineering principles. Additionally, it is typically a prerequisite for the PE Exam (see next). When you have graduated and started working: Ensure that you begin preparation for the PE exam.[17] Regardless of what field of civil engineering you work in, becoming a PE will provide you more opportunities and greatly increase your chances of advancement. Similar external examination, external testing, or licensing is available in other countries. Ask your university or professional engineering association for details early on. 8. 8 Join the relevant professional organization that caters for civil engineers in your country. Once you're working as a civil engineer, belonging to such an organization is the means for staying updated as to new developments, helps with your networking opportunities, and enables you to give back your knowledge to other engineers through seminars, etc., and through teaching in universities.[18] In the United States, the relevant organization is the ASCE, or the American Society of Civil Engineers.[19] Helpful?
Posted by DKA1CJUN2013 at 5:32 PM
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About Civil Engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment. Put simply, civil engineers build bridges, roads, canals, dams, tall buildings, and other large structures. Posted by DKA1CJUN2013 at 5:22 PM
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(no title) glitter-graphics.com The creative use of brick bonding in architecture , with or without contrasting or complementary...
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About Civil Engineering Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the physical and na...
What Civil Engineering does Understand what a civil engineer does . Basically, this is the side of engineering concerned with designing, building, and maintaining pub... Challenge this!
(no title) glitter-graphics.com The creative use of brick bonding in architecture , with or without contrasting or complementary...