Concentrated acids, bases and ammonia [PDF]

Concentrated acids, bases and ammonia ¹ This page provides info on how to dilute and prepare 1 molar (1M) stock solutions of acids, bases, and ammonia. Quantities used are approximate and acceptable for practical qualitative analysis. (hygroscopic, volatile, and adsorption sites on container)

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Related link : Preparation of laboratory reagents CONCENTRATED ACIDS Acids

Molarity

Percent

S.G.

To make 1M soln

Acetic acid MW=60.05

17.4M

99%

1.05

58 mls / liter

HCl MW=36.46

11.6M

36%

1.18

Use 86 mls / lliter

Nitric acid MW=63.01

16.4M

69%

1.42

61 mls / liter

H2 SO4 MW=98.07

17.6M 36N

95%

1.84

56 mls / liter(1M) 28 mls / liter (1N)

Ammonia soln MW=35.05

14.5M

28%

0.88

69 mls / liter (1M) Use 71 mls / liter (1M)

Hydrobromic acid

9 N

48%

1.49

111 mls /liter (1M)

Hydrofluoric acid MW=20.01

27M

48%

1.29

37 mls /liter (1M)

Hydriodic acid

7M

57%

1.70

143 mls /liter (1M)

Perchloric acid MW=100.46

11.7M 9.5M

70% 61%

1.71 1.66

85.5mls /liter (1M) 106 mls /liter (1M)

Phosphoric acid MW=97.99

45N 15M

88%

1.69

22.5 mls /liter (1N) 68 mls /liter (1M)

DILUTE ACIDS

Acetic Acid Dilute 116 mls.of the concentrated acid to 1 litre of water. (2M) Hydrochloric Acid Dilute 172 mls. of the concentrated acid to 1 litre with water.(2M) Nitric Acid Dilute 122mls. of the concentrated acid to 1 liter with water. (2M) Sulphuric Acid Pour 56 mls.of the concentrated acid slowly and with constant stirring into about 500mls. of water, cool, and dilute to 1 litre. (1M) Sulphurous Acid Prepare a saturated solution of SO2 in water. 6-7% by weght. DILUTE BASES

Ammonia solution conc. The commercial product, S.G. 0.88 contains about 28% NH3 . (15N) Ammonia solution dilute Dilute 335 ml of the commercial solution to 1 liter (5N) Barium hydroxide Shake 70 gms. of crystalised salt in 1 liter of water. Filter or siphon off the liquid , and protect from CO2 of the air 0.2M Calcium hydroxide Shake 2-3 gms. of calcium hydroxide with 1 liter of water. Filter or siphon off liquid, and protest from CO2 of the air. 0.02M Potassium hydroxide Dissolve 112 gms. of KOH pellets in water , and dilute to 1 liter. (2M) Sodium hydroxide Dissolve 200 gm pellets in water and dilute to 1 liter. (5M)

CONCCENTRATED BASES ²

Concentrated bases or alkalis are sold as w/w % solutions and labelled Concentrated Reagent. Table below give info on three commonly used bases.

Concentrated Reagent

Molarity

Percent

S.G.

To make 1M soln

Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) MW=35.05

14.5M

28% NH3

0.88

69.0 mls / liter

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) MW=40

19.4M

50%

1.54

51.5 mls / lliter

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) MW=56.12

11.7M

45%

1.46

85.5 mls / liter

References: 1. A.I. Vogel "Textbook of Inorganic Quantitatiuve Analysis" 3rd. Ed., Longman (1961). (Appendix) 2. J. T. Baker Chemical Company.

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