Idea Transcript
Ref. Ares(2018)3598369 - 06/07/2018
European Construction Sector Observatory Country profile Portugal March 2018
European Construction Sector Observatory
In a nutshell The Portuguese construction sector is still suffering from the effects of the economic crisis. The number of companies in the broad construction sector dropped to 147,149 in 2016, 18.9% below the 2010 level, although a slight increase (+0.6%) occurred over 2014-2015. Similarly, production in the construction of buildings and civil engineering fell by 45.0% and 50% over 2010-2016, respectively. Total turnover in 2016 amounted to EUR 32.1 billion, 37.9% lower than 2010, signalling a severe profitability loss. However, this represents a 1.9% increase relative to 2015, highlighting a reversal of the downward trend.
To address these issues, the government introduced several housing schemes to stimulate construction of affordable social housing (Programa Especial de Realojamento), support access to rental housing by young people and low-income households (Porta 65 Jovem and Mercado Social de Arrendamento), as well as measures to improve the rental market and renovation of the existing residential building stock (Reabilitar para Arrendar).
Portugal is very active in the field of sustainable construction and energy efficiency. Initiatives include the Sustainable Habitat Cluster, dedicated to promoting eco-innovation in the built environment, and the Energy Efficiency Fund, which co-finances the energy efficient renovation of dwellings as well as energy efficiency measures in transport infrastructure. The upcoming EUR 100 million scheme Efficient House (Casa Eficiente) will also grant loans to finance energy efficiency interventions on at least 100,000 dwellings.
Residential construction suffered considerably from the crisis, with the number of new dwellings built dropping from a peak of 114,000 in 2001 to a bottom low of 6,785 in 2014. Although it subsequently started to recover, with 11,344 new dwellings completed in 2016, it is still considerably below the 2001 peak. Consequently, housing availability and accessibility have emerged as an important issue, with 58% of young people aged 18-34 still living with their parents and only 2% of the housing stock being rented through social/supported leases.
Portugal is very active in the field of sustainable construction and energy efficiency.
To tackle the declining investment in infrastructure, particularly rail, the government introduced the Strategic Plan for Transport and Infrastructure 2014-2020 (PETI3+), defining priority investments in transport infrastructure for a total of EUR 6.7 billion, as well as the Railway Investment Plan 2016-2020, specific to the railway sector. The latter benefits from EUR 1.1. billion from the Connecting Europe Facility.
EU-funds play an important role in infrastructure investment in Portugal, with EUR 859 million from the ESIF earmarked for transport and energy infrastructure for 2014-2020.
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
1 Key Figures In 20161, there were 147,149 enterprises in the broad construction sector in Portugal, with the construction sub-sector accounting for 51.3% of the total firms (Figure 1). The number of firms in the broad construction sector decreased by 18.9% since 2010 (181,379), although 2015 marked the end of the downward trend, recording a 0.6% increment compared to 2014. Narrow construction experienced the largest drop over 2010-2016 (-29.3%), while the real estate sub-sector increased its companies by 11.8%. Production in the construction of buildings has been dropping continuously between 2010 and 2016 (-45.0%), with the decline being exacerbated by the Portuguese sovereign debt crisis (Figure 2). Similarly, production in civil engineering fell by 50% over the same period, highlighting the fact that the Portuguese construction sector has still not recovered from the effects of the cuts in public spending and low levels of investment following the crisis.
Figure 1: Number of enterprises in the Portugese construction sector between 2010-2016 120,000 100,000 80,000
The total added value2 of the broad construction sector amounted to EUR 9.5 billion in 20163, with the construction sub-sector contributing to 54.8% of the total (EUR 5.2 billion), followed by manufacturing, real estate and architectural and engineering activities (Figure 3). The share of gross value added of the broad construction sector in the GDP reached 16.2% in 2014, in line with the EU28 average of 16.9%, with real estate activities having the largest contribution (Figure 4).
60,000 40,000 20,000 0 2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016 2016
Manufacturing
Construction
Real estate activities
Architectural and engineering activities
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
Figure 2: Volume index of production in the POrtugeese construction sector over 2010-2016 (2010=100) 110.0 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Volume index of production - construction Volume index of production - construction of buildings Volume index of production - construction of civil engineering works
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
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European Construction Sector Observatory
Figure 3: Value added in the Portuguese construction sector in 2016 (EUR m)
Figure 4: Gross value added as a share of GDP in the Portuguese construction sector in 2014 (%)
10,000 9,000
878, 9.2%
8,000
1,472, 15.5%
7,000
10.9 3.6
6,000 5,000 4,000
5,216, 54.8%
1.1 0.5
3,000 2,000 1,000 0
1,947, 20.5%
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Manufacturing
Construction
Real estate activities
Construction
Real estate activities
Architectural and engineering activities
Manufacturing
Architectural and engineering activities
12.0
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
2 Macroeconomic Indicators In 2016, general government expenditure in Portugal accounted for 45.1% of GDP, a continuous decline since 2010 (51.8%). The same year, general government deficit stood at -2.0% of GDP which, though still high, is the lowest recorded since 2000, due to moderate economic recovery and good financing conditions. General government gross debt accounted for 130.4% of GDP, on the increase since 2010 (96.2%) and the third highest public debt level in the euro area. However, it is forecast to fall to 128.9% in 2017 and to 127.1% in 2018, due to primary budget surpluses and continued economic growth. The high government debt, coupled with the forecast increase in healthcare and pension expenditure linked to the ageing population, constitutes a risk for the country’s fiscal sustainability7.
Portugal’s economy has been on the recovery path since 2014, with its GDP amounting to EUR 174.2 billion in 2016, as supported by a rebound in next exports of goods and services. However, this is still 3.2% lower than the 2010 level. In 2016, the potential GDP was EUR 175.3 billion. The resulting slightly negative output gap (-0.6%, comparable to the EU28 average of -0.75%) suggests some underutilisation of resources in the national economy. The inflation
rate has been fluctuating since 2010, dropping at -0.2% in 2014 and recovering to 0.6% in 2016, being forecast to reach 1.4% in 2018 due to higher oil prices4. Employment has been growing over the past few years, primarily driven by stronger demand in the services sector, particularly tourism, and unemployment has been falling. The unemployment rate reached 11.2% in 2016, above the EU-28 average of 8.6% but the lowest since 2010 (12.0%). Similarly, youth unemployment (below the age of 25) was at 28.2% in 2016, above the EU-28 average of 18.7%, but on the decline since 20115.
According to the 2017-2018 Global Competitiveness Report, Portugal ranks 116th out of 137 economies in terms of financial market development, with financing through the local equity market being the worst performing indicator (94th). Indeed, access to finance is considered to be the fifth most problematic factor for doing business8. Nevertheless, there has been a gradual improvement in credit conditions, with only 4% of SMEs that applied for a loan seeing their application rejected in 2016, compared to 11% in 20159.
In terms of demographics, Portugal’s total population reached 10.3 million people in 2016, but is projected to decline to 9.9 million by 2030 (-4.5%) and to 9.1 million by 2050 (-11.8%). In parallel, net migration has been negative since 2011, with 10,453 people leaving the country in 2016. However, this is lower than the peak of 37,338 in 2012, due to the gradually improving labour market conditions. Portugal’s working age population, which made up 65.2% of the total in 2016, will have shrunk to 53.5% by 2050, while people aged 65 or older will make up 35% of the total. Taken together, emigration and the ageing population will constitute a threat to the long-term growth potential.
Moreover, Portugal boasts one of the best performances in the EU in terms of entrepreneurship, with above average scores for early stage entrepreneurial activity, particularly for women, as well as entrepreneurship education10. It ranks 32nd out of 190 economies in terms of starting a business, requiring five procedures to register a firm and taking 4.5 days to complete11.
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European Construction Sector Observatory
3 Key economic drivers of the construction sector This is in line with the steady increase in construction costs since 2010, with the construction cost index experiencing an 8.1% increment over 2010-2016, owing to the increase in both input prices for materials and labour costs.
Productivity Overall, labour productivity in the Portuguese broad construction sector decreased from EUR 21,094 in 2010 to EUR 19,325 in 201412 (-8.4%), being well below the EU28 average of EUR 50,220 (Figure 5). Real estate activities displayed the biggest decrease, falling from EUR 32,600 in 2010 to EUR 28,715 in 201613 (-11.9%). Productivity in narrow construction was the lowest among all sub-sectors, having fallen from EUR 19,100 to EUR 17,820 (-6.7%) over 2010-2016, while manufacturing experienced a 2% increment in productivity.
Figure 6: Construction cost index over 2010-2016 (2010=100)
Figure 5: Labour productivity in the construction sector in Portugal over 2010-2016 (EUR k)
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
Employment In 201616, 470,057 people were employed in the Portuguese broad construction sector. The number of people employed in the sector has dropped by 27.4% since 2010, although 2015 marked a stabilisation. The narrow construction sub-sector employs 62.3% of the total workforce of the broad sector, i.e. 292,732 people, although this declined by 34.8% since 2010 (Figure 7). As for employment by specific occupation, the number of craft and related trade workers in the construction sub-sector fell from 302,600 in 2010 to 179,900 in 2016 (-40.6%), though being the largest occupation, while the number of technicians and associate professionals increased from 21,000 to 22,600 (+7.6%). Similarly, technicians and associate professionals in real estate activities also incremented from 8,900 to 14,900 (+67.4%)
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
Profitability The total turnover of the Portuguese broad construction sector in 201614 amounted to EUR 32.1 billion, 37.9% lower than 2010 (EUR 51.7 billion) but a 1.9% increase relative to 2015. Over half of the total turnover (55.6%) was generated by the construction sub-sector, followed by manufacturing (22.5%), real estate (15.3%) and architectural and engineering activities (6.7%). The gross operating surplus of the broad construction sector amounted to EUR 2.7 billion in 2014, a 47.4% decrease from 2010. The gross operating rate of the broad construction sector15, which gives an indication of the sector’s profitability, was 8.8% in 2014, compared to 9.8% in 2010 and to the EU28 average of 17.9% (Figure 6).
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
Figure 7: Percentage of people employed by construction sub-sector in Portugal in 2016
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
The number of self-employed workers in the construction sub-sector declined from 94,300 in 2010 to 66,900 in 2016 (-29.1%). This represents 11% of the self-employed in the general economy, slightly below the EU28 average of 12.9%. Conversely, self-employed workers in real estate activities grew from 5,300 to 8,200 over the same period (+54.7%).
Although all confidence indicators are still negative, the Portuguese Federation of Construction and Public Works (Federação Portuguesa da Indústria da Construção e Obras Públicas – FEPICOP) forecasts positive prospects for the sector, expecting 2017 to mark the start of a new period of growth, supported by an increase in investments and the improving economic situation17.
Finally, SMEs employ 87.7% of the total workforce in the broad construction sector, slightly above the EU28 average of 85.8%, highlighting their importance in construction employment.
Business confidence The consumer confidence indicator was -11.6 in 2016, considerably better than its bottom low in 2012 (-47.9) and the best value since the early 2000s, although it is still worse than the EU28 average of -6.3. Similarly, the industry confidence indicator reported its best score in 2016, at -0.9, being better than the EU28 average of -2.5. The construction confidence indicator has been in deep negative territory since 2000, although it has been improving since the lowest of -66.8 in 2012, reaching -31.9 in 2016. It is however worse than the EU28 average of -13.9. In parallel, the investment ratio has been declining from 20.5% in 2010 to 15.7% in 2016, below the EU28 average of 19.8%, highlighting the cut in investment over the last years. Conversely, investment per worker has been increasing since 2010, reaching EUR 24,714 in 2014.
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European Construction Sector Observatory
Domestic sales
Export of construction-related products and services
The ranking of the most domestically sold construction products in Portugal experienced some changes during the 2010-2015 period. Namely, “Other structures and parts of structures” and “Readymixed concrete” decreased in value by 70.5% and 54.6%, respectively, being replaced by “Natural cork, debacked or roughly squared or in blocks” and “Articles of natural cork”. The top 5 most domestically sold construction products are presented in Table 1, including a comparison with the top sellers in the EU-28. These represented 47.1% of total domestic construction product sales in 2015.
The structure of exports of construction products has remained relatively stable since 2010, with the exception of “Doors, windows and their frames, etc.”, which replaced “Other structures and parts of structures, etc.” in the ranking. The top 5 most exported construction products in Portugal and in the EU-28 are summarised in Table 2. Together, these made up 54.1% of all construction products exports in 2015.
Table 1: 5 most domestically sold construction products in Portugal and in the
Table 2: 5 most exported construction products in Portugal and in the EU in
EU in 2015
2015 Portugal Value (EUR m)
Share in construction product domestic sales (%)
Doors, windows, etc. (group 251210)
333.6
11.6
Other structures (group 251123)
Prefabricated buildings of metal (group 251110)
310.5
10.8
Doors, windows, etc. (group 251210)
268.8
9.4
Ready-mixed concrete (group 236310)
Product
Natural cork, etc. (group 162921)
Articles of natural cork (group 162922)
Portland cement, aluminous cement, etc. (group 235112)
237.3
200.9
Portugal
EU-28
8.3
7.0
Value (EUR m)
Share in construction product domestic sales (%)
Other structures (group 251123)
413.5
15.9
Articles of natural cork (group 162922)
409.9
15.7
Ceramic tiles and flags (group 233110)
239.0
9.2
Doors, windows, etc. (group 251210)
186.1
7.1
Marble, travertine, etc. (group 237011)
6.3
Doors, windows, etc. (group 251210)
Product
Product
Prefabricated buildings of metal (group 251110) Prefabricated structural components for building, etc. (group 236112)
EU-28
Other worked ornamental or building stone, 163.5 etc. (group 237012)
Source: PRODCOM, 2017.
Product
Ceramic tiles and flags (group 233110) Other structures (group 251123)
Fibreboard of wood or other ligneous materials (group 162114)
Source: PRODCOM, 2017.
Access to finance in the construction sector
In terms of cross-border provision of construction services, Portugal exported EUR 556 million worldwide in 2016, of which EUR 416 million to the EU28 (i.e. 74.8%, well above the EU28 average of 56.7%). The services that Portuguese companies perform abroad include architectural, engineering and other technical services. Furthermore, construction companies hit by the crisis have exported part of their service activity to Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa, as well as Latin America and Brazil in particular18. In parallel, it imported a total of EUR 112 million in construction services in 2016, with EUR 61 million from the EU28 (i.e. 54.5%, below the EU28 average of 71%). Portugal therefore achieved a trade surplus of EUR 444.
Access to finance in the Portuguese construction sector has been a problematic factor since the beginning of the crisis, due to the difficulties experienced by both the banking sector and the public sector following the fiscal consolidation requirements. Furthermore, the construction sector accounts for between 29.5% and 37.5% of bad credit in national banks19. Thus, according to the Portuguese Real Estate Professionals and Brokers Association (Associação dos Profissionais e Empresas de Mediação Imobiliária de Portugal – APEMIP), national banks are only providing about 5% of the credit that was granted to
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
the sector prior to the crisis. At the end of 2012, the credit granted to the construction sector amounted to EUR 19,983 million, whereas this figure dropped to only EUR 11,049 million by the end of 2016, and is currently at a 16-year low20. Moreover, the relative weight of the construction and real estate sectors in the total loans granted by credit institutions to non-financial corporations decreased to 27% in 2016, from 29% at the end of 201521.
2016, (Figure 8), house prices have not yet fully recovered to the 2010 level. The house price index for total dwellings in 2016 was slightly below the 2010 value (-0.2%), while the house price index for new dwellings was 1.8% lower than 2010 (Figure 9). Moreover, outstanding residential loans to households decreased from a peak of EUR 114.5 billion in 2010 to EUR 98.5 billion in 2015 (-14.0%). These indicators show that the Portuguese mortgage market was still experiencing the effects of the crisis in 2016.
Access to finance in the Portuguese construction sector has been a problematic factor since the beginning of the crisis, due to the difficulties experienced by both the banking sector and the public sector following the fiscal consolidation requirements.
Despite the existence of credit lines for SMEs, such as Linhas PME Investe22, the Portuguese Association of Construction Materials Suppliers (Associação Portuguesa dos Comerciantes de Materiais de Construção – APCMC) believes that these can only contribute to alleviating the situation and are not sufficient to fully address the need for credit. Moreover, since these are not specific for construction companies, APCMC recommends the implementation of credit lines for construction, energy efficiency and urban rehabilitation as portrayed in the Plano Estratégico para a Fileira da Construção 2014-202023.
Figure 8: Mortgage rates for loans for over 5 years original maturity (%)
Portuguese real estate developers are being approached by other European banks, especially German and Dutch, interested in financing new real estate projects on the Portuguese market, which had been on a halt due to the lack of credit. Financing from foreign banks is welcomed by Portuguese construction companies, since it provides an alternative to the scarce local bank lending. This interest is being boosted by the rise in tourism, which is increasing the attractiveness of the Portuguese real estate sector24.
Source: ECB MFI Interest Rate Statistics, 2017.
Figure 9: House price index in Slovakia over 2010-2016 (2010=100)
Access to housing The number of households in Portugal reached 4.08 million in 2016, a 3.5% increase since 2010. At the same time, the share of total population living in cities and greater cities was at 65.1% in 2015, stable since 2010. In parallel, the mean equivalised net income has experienced a slight decrease since 2010 (-5.2%), amounting to EUR 10,000 in 2015, well below the EU28 average of EUR 18,463. Although the interest rates on mortgages have been declining from 1.9% in 2010 to 1.2% in
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
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European Construction Sector Observatory
Infrastructure Portugal ranks 18th out of 137 economies in terms of its overall infrastructure quality, according to the 2017-2018 Global Competitiveness Report33. It scores particularly well with respect to the quality of its road infrastructure (8th). Furthermore, it scores 25th in terms of its port infrastructure, 29th for its air transport infrastructure and 31st in terms of the quality of its railroad infrastructure. Railroad development stays on the top of the Portuguese policy agenda. Portugal has already completed 100% of its part of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T)34 for roads and is currently focusing efforts in the maintenance support for road and railroad infrastructure (See TO 1 Investment conditions and volumes).
Residential construction suffered considerably from the effects of the crisis. The number of new dwellings built fell from a peak of 114,000 in 2001 to a bottom low of 6,785 in 2014. However, following the end of the bailout package in 2014, new residential construction started to recover, with 11,344 new dwellings being completed in 2016. This number is still extremely low, in comparison to 2001 levels25.
Portugal ranks 18th out of 137 economies in terms of its overall infrastructure quality, according to the 2017-2018 Global Competitiveness Report35.
Finally, home ownership in Portugal reached 74.8% in 2015, relatively constant since 2010, and above the EU28 average of 69.4%. It increases to 78.5% for the population earning over 60% of the median equivalised income. Moreover, the housing cost overburden rate26 was at 9.1% in 2015, below the EU-28 average of 11.3%. Conversely, the overcrowding rate28 was at 10.3% in 2015, well below the EU28 average of 16.7%, while the severe housing deprivation rate30 reached 4.7% in 2015, in line with the EU-28 average of 4.9%31. Despite the high ownership rate, only 2% of the housing stock is rented through social/supported leases, compared to the EU-28 average of 10.9%. Moreover, 58% of Portuguese aged between 18 and 34 are still living with their parents32. This indicates a lack of affordable solutions for youth, but also households whose income does not allow them to buy a property but is too high to qualify for social housing. In this respect, better availability of affordable housing could help alleviate this situation. To oppose these issues, the government set up several programmes that provide financing for the construction of social rental dwellings (see Policy schemes).
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
4 Key issues and barriers in the construction sector Company failure
In fact, across all sizes of enterprises, but particularly for SMEs, the balance of accounts payable and accounts receivable as a percentage of turnover was negative38. Trade and agriculture and fishing were the only sectors that obtained net trade credit financing. The construction sector reported the most negative net trade credit of all sectors, standing at -14% in 2014 and -12% in 201539.
The narrow construction sector experienced a decline in both company births and company deaths. The former decreased from 8,725 in 2010 to 8,468 in 2014 (-2.9%), while the latter dropped from 15,915 to 10,875 over the same period (-31.7%). In contrast, company births in real estate activities grew from 2,526 to 3,530 over 20102014 (+39.7%), while company deaths increased from 3,041 to 3,535 (+16.2%). Company births in architectural and engineering activities increased only slightly from 3,673 to 3,748 (+2.0%), while company deaths dropped from 6,064 in 2010 to 4,848 in 2014 (-20.1%).
The construction sector reported the most negative net trade credit of all sectors, standing at -14% in 2014 and -12% in 2015.
Late payment The Late Payment Directive was transposed by the Decree-Law no. 62/2013, which establishes that businesses should be paid within a maximum of 60 calendar days40. Higher payment terms are possible provided they are expressly agreed in the contract and not grossly unfair to the creditor. It is common for companies in Portugal to contractually agree on payment terms higher than 60 days. Indeed, in 2016, only 19.5% of companies in the general economy reported on time payments, compared to an average of 39.1% in Europe, and this share has been worsening over time (21.7% of on time payments in 2007). The number of insolvencies in real estate development and construction of buildings amounted to 987 in 2016, an improvement compared to the previous year (1,141), but higher than 2010 (625)36. Insolvencies in civil engineering amounted to 142 in 2016, lower than 2015 (153) but higher than 2010 (84)37.
The situation is worse in the construction sector specifically, where only 15.1% of payments are carried by due date. The majority of payments (58.8%) in the sector occur with a delay of up to 30 days, while 12.12% of payments have a delay of over 120 days, making the construction industry one of the worst in the general economy in terms of payment behaviour41.
Trade credit Trade credit is not a widespread practice in Portugal, accounting for only for 16% of enterprises’ liabilities in 2015, as the previous year. However, enterprises did not receive net financing through this practice, since credit granted to customers was higher than the credit they obtained from their suppliers.
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European Construction Sector Observatory
Time and cost of obtaining building permits and licenses
152.1 OECD high-income average, and costs 1.3% of the value of the warehouse, compared to the 1.6% OECD high-income average.
According to the World Bank’s Doing Business report, Portugal ranked 35th in 2016 in terms of ‘dealing with construction permits’, 1 position lower than the previous year42. Notably, thwe number of necessary procedures for obtaining a construction permit for a warehouse amounts to 14, more than the OECD high-income average of 12.1 procedures (Table 3). However, the time required to complete the procedures to build a warehouse reached 113 days, well below the
Nevertheless, since Portuguese municipalities have considerable discretionary power in matters related to land use rules, the time needed to obtain licenses varies across municipalities according to their effectiveness and administrative capacity (see TO 4 - Single Market)43.
Table 3: Construction procedures timing and costs in Portugal
The number of job vacancies in the construction sub-sector decreased substantially between 2010 and 2015, from 1,015 to 851 (-16.2%), although it has been on the increase since 2014. Conversely, adult participation in education and training in the construction sub-sector has generally been increasing over the past years, growing from 2.8% in 2010 to 6.0% in 2016, though still below the EU28 average of 9.2%. Nevertheless, tertiary students in engineering, manufacturing and construction, specifically in architecture and building, have been experiencing a steady decline, dropping from 5,170 in 2010 to 3,958 in 2015 (-23.4%).
Time to complete
Associated costs
Obtain approval of project designs from Municipality and other relevant entities
30 days
EUR 348
Obtain building permit and pay fee
30 days
EUR 2,061
1 day
no charge
1 day
no charge
Receive inspection from the Labor Conditions Agency
1 day
no charge
Receive inspection from Municipality
1 day
no charge
Receive inspection from Institute of Construction and Real Estate
1 day
no charge
Apply for occupancy permit and pay fees
1 day
EUR 356
Obtain an occupancy permit
10 days
no charge
Submit application for a water and sewage connection at the Water and Sanitation Authority
30 days
no charge
Receive inspection by Water and Sanitation Authority
1 day
EUR 451
Obtain water and sewerage connection
31 days
EUR 7,751
Register the building with the Real Estate Registry
5 days
EUR 60
Register the building with the Tax Authority
1 days
no charge
Procedure
Inform the Municipality about the beginning of construction
Inform the Labor Conditions Agency about the new construction site
Skills shortage
The Order of Engineers (Ordem dos Engenheiros - OE) warns that only a third of the required graduate civil engineers are leaving universities and entering the job market, thus threatening the realisation of the infrastructural projects foreseen for 2014-2020. Indeed, OE estimates that between 350 and 400 civil engineers would be needed every year, compared to the current numbers of about 150 every two years, and anticipates that foreign skilled workers will have to be employed should the shortage persist44. However, according to the Portuguese Confederation of Construction and Real Estate (Confederação Portuguesa da Construção e do Imobiliário - CPCI), the lack of engineering students is only a temporary phenomenon linked to the crisis in the construction and real estate sectors, and the interest in the sector will improve due to the positive developments in planned infrastructural projects and EU-funds45. Nevertheless, given the recent boom in tourism and the ensuing need to upgrade existing infrastructure and build new residential dwellings, it is estimated that an additional 80,000 workers will be required over the next couple of years.
According to the Association of Civil Engineering and Public Works Professionals (Associação dos Industriais da Construção Civil e Obras Públicas – AICCOPN), it is necessary to create the necessary conditions for the return of the 240,000 construction workers who left Portugal in search of better opportunities abroad. In parallel, there has been a rise in illegal work and ensuing unfair competition from illegal workers from Latin America and Eastern Europe, who are often working longer hours at the minimum wage46.
Source: Doing Business overview for Portugal, Word Bank, 2017.
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
Climate and energy
Nevertheless, given the recent boom in tourism and the ensuing need to upgrade existing infrastructure and build new residential dwellings, it is estimated that an additional 80,000 workers will be required over the next couple of years.
Emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon monoxide and dioxide, methane, nitrous oxides and particulate matter) from activities in the construction and real estate sub-sectors have shown a decreasing trend since 2010, in line with the decline in CDW due to the slowdown of construction activities. Emissions in the construction sub-sector fell from 2,085,293 tonnes in 2010 to 1,120,27 tonnes in 2014 (-46.3%), while emissions from real estate activities declined from 22,380 tonnes to 14,466 tonnes over the same period (-35.4%)
Sector & sub-sector specific issues Material efficiency and waste management In 2013, 1,746,652 tonnes of construction and demolition (C&D) waste were generated in Portugal, down 20.4% compared to 201047. The major decline in C&D waste is mostly associated with a general decrease in construction activity. Waste management, including C&D waste, is governed by the Decree Law 46/2008 of 12 March, as amended by Decree No. 73/2011 of 17 June. Legislation and policy in waste must respect several priorities, namely prevention and reduction, preparation for reuse, recycling and other forms of recovery and disposal. Responsibility for the management of CDW lies with all stakeholders in its life cycle, from the original product to the waste produced and to the extent of their involvement48. The main barriers to meeting the 70% C&D waste recycling targets by 2020 are the lack of compliance with the legislation, lack of enforcement through inspection or audit procedures, restrictive rules on the use of C&D waste, as well as overall limitations of the recycling process, e.g. high costs and lack of comprehensive policy on the use of recycled waste49. Moreover, the geographically dispersed and temporary nature of construction works makes it difficult to control and supervise the environmental performance of the companies in the sector50.
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European Construction Sector Observatory
5 Innovation in the construction sector (-10.6%). On the other hand, there has been an increase in the number of annual construction related patent applications over the period 2010-2016, from 2 in 2010 to a peak of 12 in 2016.
Innovation performance Portugal is ranked as Moderate Innovator according to the European Innovation Scoreboard 2017, with its innovation performance being below the EU average and having declined by 2.4% over 20102016. The country’s relative strengths lie in the dimensions of Innovation-friendly environment, Attractive research systems, and Human resources. Conversely, the areas of Linkages, Sales impacts and Employ-
However, no Portuguese construction-related firm ranks within the top 1,000 EU companies by R&D (industrial sector ICB-3D), according to the 2016 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard54.
ment impacts are the weakest51.
Eco-innovation and digitalisation
This situation is reflected in the construction sector, where business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) has been displaying a decreasing trend since 2010 (Figure 10). After dropping from EUR 9.7 million in 2010 to a bottom low of EUR 5.2 million in 2012, BERD in the construction sub-sector has been increasing, reaching EUR 8.2 million in 2014, though still 16% lower than 2010. Conversely, BERD in professional, scientific and technical activities has been declining continuously since 2010, dropping from EUR 104.8 million to EUR 51.8 million in 2014. BERD in real estate activities has been negligible.
According to the analysis conducted under the project ECOPOL, Portugal shows strong knowledge and innovation capabilities in the field of sustainable construction55. Innovation in sustainable construction has been evolving towards energy efficiency with both large-scale projects as well as solutions targeted at end-users56.
The Sustainable Construction Platform, a non-profit organisation linking businesses, R&D centres, as well as municipalities, manages the Sustainable Habitat Cluster, a broad cluster dedicated to promoting eco-innovation in the built environment57.
Figure 10: Business enterprise R&D expenditure (BERD) per construction sub-sector in Portugal over 2010-201452 (EUR m)
For the period 2014-2020, the Cluster is participating in various EU-funded projects. The “SIG HABITAT - Information and Management System of the Habitat Cluster” project, running from 2016 until 2018 with a budget of EUR 146,181, seeks to promote the competitiveness of the habitat value chain, stimulate cooperation and business matchmaking opportunities between companies and scientific and technological entities and centralise updated information on sustainable construction58. The Portuguese Technological construction platform (PTPC) is an initiative launched in 2004, operating to strengthen the competitiveness and sustainability of the construction sector. The PTPC is composed of 50 members, including SMEs and large business, public bodies, industry associations as well as science and technology entities. It promotes initiatives in research and innovation in the construction sector59.
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
In parallel, the total R&D personnel (full-time equivalents – FTE53) in the construction sub-sector followed a similar trend, amounted to 189 in 2014, lower than the peak in 2011 (244 FTE) but 21.9% higher than 2010 (155 FTE). The professional, scientific and technical activities sub-sector reported 1,198 FTE in 2014, in line with higher levels of BERD. However, this is lower than the 1,340 FTE reported in 2010
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
In terms of the implementation of BIM, Portugal has not yet reached the maturity level of other countries. However, there is a shift in vision in the construction sector, which is now increasingly turning towards a more digital and collaborative approach.
Despite the current lack of official central government support regarding BIM, the Technical Committee for BIM Standardisation (CT197-BIM) was created. The committee is in the process of developing standardisation procedures regarding information classification systems, information modelling, guidelines and processes throughout the life cycle of construction projects. Moreover, its follows closely the developments of the Technical Committee of CEN (the European Committee for Standardisation) regarding BIM standardisation, and has developed a first strategic document for construction 4.0 in Portugal60.
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6 National & Regional Policy & Regulatory Framework below the age of 30, was amended in August 2017, extending the age range of the applicants to 35 years and introducing the possibility to obtain a 15% increase on the monthly allowance in case of households with one dependent member (a 20% increase for two dependants). The amendments will come into force in 201867. Following the last call for application between April and May 2017, 3,815 young beneficiaries will receive support under the programme68.
Policy schemes Up until the early 2000s, housing policy in Portugal was predominantly based on granting subsidies and competitive interest rates on mortgages to support home ownership. Therefore, in order to develop the national rental market as required under the Economic Adjustment Programme of 2011-2014, the government introduced several reforms to the tenancy law, traditionally characterised by rent freezing. The latest one from 2012, the New Urban Lease Regime (Novo Regime do Arrendamento Urbano – NRAU) aims to give more flexibility to landlords, by easing the lease regime, accelerating termination of lease and reducing eviction time to three months, among others61. However, amendments to the NRAU came into force in June 2017 to increase the protection of the tenant by extending the period that landlords need to wait before being able to increase the rents. This period has been brought up to eight years, compared to the initial five years, for lower-income tenants (i.e. with annual incomes below EUR 38,990)62 and to ten years (compared to the initial five) for tenants over 65 or who are over 60% disabled63.
The Porta 65 Jovem is a programme providing financial support to young people for paying their rent. The amendments will come into force in 201869. Following the last call for application between April and May 2017, 3,815 young beneficiaries will receive support under the programme.
The government introduced various programmes to finance the construction of social rental dwellings for vulnerable households.
The programme Social Rental Market (Mercado Social de Arrendamento), established in 2012, targets households with incomes that are too high to make them eligible for social housing, but too low to rent a dwelling at market price. The scheme allows the rental of repossessed properties at a 20-30% lower price than the regular market70.
For instance, the Resettlement Programme (Programa Especial de Realojamento - PER) aims to provide municipalities with resources to dismantle existing shanties, as well as financial support for the construction, acquisition or rental of social dwellings for the resettlement of the affected occupiers. Additionally, the programme includes financial support for the rehabilitation of dwellings and vacant buildings64. Nevertheless, after being in place for 24 years, the programme has not yet housed all of the identified households living in precarious conditions, with about 2,800 families still waiting to be resettled. Moreover, PER has not received any new budgetary allocation since 2009, and is therefore currently in the process of being re-evaluated by the government65.
More recently, a comprehensive National Housing Strategy (Estratégia Nacional para a Habitação - ENH) for the period 2015-2031 was approved in 2015. It encompasses a set of measures under three main pillars, aiming to create a harmonised and operational framework that brings together and implements the various legal regimes already in place. Namely, the three priority areas identified are urban rehabilitation, rental housing and better quality housing71.
The Porta 65 Jovem is a programme providing financial support to young people for paying their rent. Applications can be submitted during one of the four yearly calls, and selected beneficiaries are granted a percentage of the value of the rent as a monthly subsidy, dependent on the income, the number of people in the household and the location of the dwelling66. The programme, initially open to people
In parallel, the new government programme Great Options Plan (Grandes Opções do Plano – GOP) for 2016-2019, approved in 2016, includes numerous measures for housing, construction and rental72. It foresees, among others, the establishment of a High Council of Public Works, amendments to the Municipal Property Tax (IMI), the promo-
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
tion of the rental market, the adaptation of social housing policies to current needs and the creation of programmes to incentivise urban rehabilitation (both of private residential and public buildings)73.
technical and safety rules80.
Building regulations In Portugal, public work contracts are regulated by Decree-Law No. 18/2008, which enforces the Public Contracts Code (Código dos Contratos Públicos - CCP), with subsequent amendments, and Decree-Law No. 214-G/2015, which amends Decree-Law No. 555/1999 on the Legal Regime on Urbanisation and Building (Regime Jurídico da Urbanização e Edificação - RJUE)81. As for private construction works, these are governed by the Civil Code82. Moreover, health and safety regulations in construction of buildings are defined in Decree-Law No. 273/2003, which takes into account the minimum health and safety requirements of Directive 92/57/EEC83.
The new government programme Great Options Plan (Grandes Opções do Plano – GOP) for 2016-2019, approved in 2016, includes numerous measures for housing, construction and rental.
An instance of the programmes set up to address the priority of urban renewal is the Rehabilitate for Rent (Reabilitar para Arrendar), with an initial budget of EUR 50 million from a loan from the European Investment Bank (EIB) to the Instituto da Habitação e Reabilitação Urbana, (IHRU). The interventions foreseen under the programme include the rehabilitation or reconstruction of social dwellings, municipal spaces for public use and public buildings (including student accommodation). Financing of the interventions takes the form of 30-year loans with an interest rate around 3%, which will fund 50% of the total cost74. Since its introduction in 2015, the programme has funded the rehabilitation of 258 buildings, which will lead to 359 new dwellings being put on the rental market at reduced rent75.
Insurance and liability related regulations In Portugal, under Law 31/2009, contractors and sub-contractors are required to be insured for labour accidents, equipment and vehicles (i.e. covering all machinery involved in the construction works, both on-site and in nearby public spaces)76.
Moreover, professionals involved in design, supervision and project management in both public and private construction projects are required to take out insurance covering non-contractual liability, i.e. damages to third parties outside the scope of the construction contract resulting from negligence or omissions when performing their professional duties77. Liability for construction defects is defined by article 1225 of the Civil Code, the Consumer law 24/96, as amended, and Decree 67/2003 (with subsequent amendments)78. Although the general limitation period is 20 years, these set out a legal guarantee for construction, refurbishment or alteration works in buildings lasting for 5 years from handover, implying that claims for defects should be done within five years following the date of completion. The guarantee concerns developers and is applicable in the case of collapse (e.g. due to issues related to soil, construction, faults and repairs) and defects in the building79. Conversely, the guarantee for materials and equipment lasts 2 years. As for architects and engineers, their liability lasts 5 years following the completion of works, but they are only liable in case of breach of
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European Construction Sector Observatory
7 Current Status & National Strategy to meet Construction 2020 Objectives TO 1 - Investment conditions and volumes
further declined in 2016, being 38.2% below the 2010 level (Figure 12). In particular, investment in dwellings decreased by 29.2% over 2010-2016, whereas investment in non-residential construction and civil engineering dropped by 42.2% over the same period. In absolute terms, investment in the construction sector totalled EUR 13 billion in 2014, of which EUR 4.3 billion was invested in dwellings and EUR 8.7 billion in other buildings and structures86.
Total investment by the broad construction sector84 has been declining since 2010 (Figure 11). Namely, investment by the construction sub-sector dropped from EUR 1.1 billion in 2010 to a bottom low of EUR 531.7 million in 2015 (-52.5%). Investment by the real estate sub-sector also experienced a similar trend, decreasing from EUR 7.2 billion to EUR 5.5 billion over the same period (-23.7%), although it has been picking up slightly since 2014. In terms of investment in intangible assets, the construction sub-sector invested EUR 35.1 million in intellectual property products in 2015, compared to EUR 38.7 million in 2010 (-9.3%), whereas the real estate sub-sector invested EUR 14.5 million, above the EUR 11.2 million registered in 2010 (+29.5%).
Figure 12: Investment in the Portuguese broad construction sector between 2010-2016 (2010=100)
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
Figure 11: Investment by the Portuguese broad construction industry between 2010-2015 (EUR m)
Source: Eurostat, 2017.
Total inland infrastructure investment as a share of GDP dropped considerably following the crisis, from 1.1% in 2010 to 0.2% in 2014. In particular, investments in rail infrastructure have dropped from EUR 403 million to EUR 120 million over 2010-2014 (-70.2%), while investments in road infrastructure decreased from EUR 1.5 billion in 2010 to EUR 211 million in 2013 (-86%)87. Conversely, investment in road infrastructure maintenance grew from EUR 102 million in 2010 to EUR 174 million in 201388. This reflects that the country’s greater spending priority is maintaining the existing road infrastructure rather than constructing new. This could be explained by the fact that Portugal’s road network already boasts a good density (33 km/km2) and therefore primarily requires upgrade and maintenance, as opposed to further expansion. However, Portugal’s rail density (28 km/km2) is one of the lowest in the EU89, highlighting the need for investments in the development of the road network and construction of new tracks. In this context, the
Total investment in construction85 has been declining continuously between 2010 and 2014 and although it started to recover in 2015, it
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
Strategic Plan for Transport and Infrastructure 2014-2020 (Plano
For infrastructure in particular, EUR 859 million from the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) is earmarked for network infrastructures in transport and energy for 2014-2020.
Estratégico dos Transportes e Infraestruturas - PETI3+) defines a series of reforms and outlines priority investments in transport infrastructure projects (road, rail, air and maritime), namely in the corridors of the National Plan for Spatial Planning and the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T)90. Priority projects in road infrastructure amount to a total investment of EUR 898 million, about two thirds of which can be financed through private funds and the rest through EU funds. Of note are the TEN-T projects related to the Marão Tunnel, the IP3 corridor Coimbra-Viseu, and the rehabilitation of IC33 between Relvas Verdes and Grândola, among others91. Out of the PETI3+ total foreseen investments of EUR 6.7 billion, EUR 2.8 billion (i.e. 42%) will be devoted to railway (e.g. construction and maintenance, electrification, interoperability, sustainability) to address the need for better infrastructure in this segment92. Based on the PETI3+, the Railway Investment Plan 20162020 (Plano de Investimentos Ferroviários)93 was introduced to implement the strategy specifically in the railway infrastructure segment.
The EU R&D framework programme (Horizon 2020) and the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) also contribute to investment. Namely, the CEF contributes EUR 1.1 billion for railway investments under the Railway Investment Plan, while the R&D framework programmes contribute to research projects in the field of sustainable construction materials100,101. However, the allocation of EU funds for the new programming period 2014-2016 was still at its first stages in 2016, potentially explaining the decline in investments observe in 2016.
TO 2 – Skills
Portugal’s rail density (28 km/km2) is one of the lowest in the EU94, highlighting the need for investments in the development of the road network and construction of new tracks.
In Portugal, participation in VET in 2015 was at 45.8%, below EU average of 48.9%. Adult participation in lifelong learning has remained stable over the past few years, at 9.7%, but slightly below the EU average of 10.7% in 2015. However, despite the below average participation in VET, there are signs that the reforms made over the last years to improve the national VET system are proving successful. Indeed, the employment rate of recent graduates has increased from 67.5% in 2012 to 72.2% in 2015. Moreover, the share of early leavers from education and training declined from 20.5% in 2012 to 13.7% in 2015102.
The 2017 State Budget for Planning and Infrastructure sets four main priorities, namely accelerating public investment in schools, cultural heritage and city rehabilitation through the use of EU funds; carry out the investments foreseen in the Railway Investment Plan, such as for the Covilhã-Guarda section of the Beira Baixa Line and the start of the electrification works on the Minho Line; the development of a National Mobility Plan 2030 as a new strategic planning instrument for mobility and transport infrastructure; and a plan for the development of a future airport in the Lisbon metropolitan area95.
Notably, the flagship short cycle higher technical courses, the Professional Technical Superior Courses - CTeSP (Cursos Técnicos Superiores Profissionais), were launched in the academic year 2014/2015. These courses are provided by polytechnic institutes for a period of four semesters, offering technical and vocational education at upper-secondary school level, including on-the-job training. The goal of CTeSP is to increase the collaboration with industry and regional businesses103.
EU funds have been contributing to 71% of total public investment for 2014-201796. For infrastructure in particular, EUR 859 million from the European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIF) is earmarked for network infrastructures in transport and energy for 2014-202097. In addition, under the umbrella of the European Fund for Strategic Investments (EFSI), the Lisbon Urban Renewal Housing Climate Framework Loan has been approved providing EUR 250 million in EIB financing98. The loan will finance the upgrading of public infrastructures in Lisbon to enhance flood prevention, promote sustainable mobility, modernise social housing and other public infrastructure. By the end of 2016, the total approved financing under EFSI amounted to EUR 1 billion99.
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TO 3 - Resource efficiency / Sustainable construction
Up until now, over 7,900 companies, mainly small businesses, have offered more than 19,500 internships. Furthermore, the number of CTeSPs offered by public or private institutions has grown from 92 in 2014 to 539 in 2016, involving a total of 16,771 students. The CTeSPs that have recorded the highest share of students are business administration (24%), engineering (16%) and ITC (12%)104.
Household renovation spending has seen a slightly declining trend since 2010. It went from EUR 176.5 million in 2010 to EUR 175.4 million in 2015 (-0.6%), accounting for 0.1% of household disposable income and being below the EU28 average of 0.8%.
In addition, in order to better align market needs with the skills provided by the education system, the National Agency for Qualification and Vocational Education and Training developed a tool called
The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2016 (Plano Nacional de Ação para a Eficiência Energética – PNAEE), implementing the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/UE), defines actions and targets to be met by 2016 in order to achieve the 2020 energy saving goals. It includes 10 programmes covering six areas (including Residential and Services) and integrating a series of measures to improve energy efficiency. Namely, for Residential and Services, the energy saving goals are 836,277 ton oil equivalent (toe) for 2016 and 1,098,072 toe for 2020111. The implementation of the PNAEE is based on regulatory measures, tax incentives as well as financial support to fund energy efficiency programmes.
Sistema de Antecipação de Necessidades de Qualificações (System for the anticipation of qualification needs)105. This system is meant to make predictions about the qualifications needed in the country, thus allowing a response by educational institutions. According to the survey conducted, masons will be most needed in the category of construction and civil engineering106.
A number of trainings are offered in the field of sustainable construction in light of reinforcing skills in energy-efficient and sustainable construction, such as under the BUILD UP Skills Foresee Initiative.
An instance is the Energy Efficiency Fund (Fundo de Eficiência Energética – FEE), a financial instrument to finance programmes under the PNAEE. With regard to residential buildings, FEE supports the energy efficient renovation of dwellings (namely thermal insulation of roofs and facades) built prior to 1991 and with low energy classes. Through a total allocation of EUR 1 million, it co-finances up to 50% of the cost of the insulation interventions, up to a maximum of EUR 1,500 for roofs and EUR 3,000 for facades112. The applications received under this call are currently under analysis. In May 2017, a new round for applications under the call ‘Energy efficiency in transport infrastructure’ was launched. The call will finance investments in concrete measures that aim to improve the energy efficiency of transport infrastructure, such as the replacement of existing equipment or installation of devices that monitor the consumption of energy. The financing of the project takes the form of subsidies from the FEE of up to 45% for public applicants, and 15% for private entities, up to a maximum amount of EUR 180,000. The total budget of the call is EUR 1.6 million113.
A number of trainings are offered in the field of sustainable construction in light of reinforcing skills in energy-efficient and sustainable construction, such as under the BUILD UP Skills Foresee Initiative107. Furthermore, the Portal of Sustainable Construction (Portal da Construção Sustentável - PCS) is dedicated to promoting sustainable ways including through trainings and consulting108. Indeed, it is taking part in the project ‘LEAN.CO - Continuing V.E.T. Training Programme in Lean Construction’, an EU-funded initiative with a budget of EUR 154,630, running from 2016 until 2018. The project aims to develop and implement a new continuing VET Training Programme in lean construction for construction professionals to provide them with the required knowledge and specific skills. Ultimately, the programme seeks to strengthen the competitiveness of construction companies and improve the productivity of the sector109. Finally, the National Energy Agency (Agência para a Energia – ADENE) manages the ADENE Academy (Academia ADENE), which offers training modules for construction professionals focusing on energy efficiency skills. The Academy introduced an online platform that allows users to quickly and effectively access the available courses and select the ones that are in line with their needs. The training offer includes energy certification of buildings, energy auditing, installation of renewable energy systems, as well as other skills such as project management110.
To further support the energy efficiency upgrade of the housing stock, the government is in the process of introducing a new scheme known as Efficient House (Casa Eficiente), consisting of a system of financial incentives. With a budget of EUR 100 million, the programme is predicted to leverage investments of up to EUR 200 million, which beneficiaries will be able to access in the form of loans. Such loans can be used to finance energy efficiency interventions such as replacement of windows and roofs, thermal insulation, installation of solar panels, as well as deep renovation. The programme was recently included in
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
the EIB’s list of projects to be approved114. At least 100,000 dwellings should be involved in the programme’s initial phase115.
tion of contracts awarded without information about the value) score below the average. Moreover, performance in Infringements is poor, with the number of pending cases and compliance with court rulings faring worse than the EU average119.
Efficient House (Casa Eficiente), consisting of a
The country’s administrative and regulatory framework for construction services is one of the most restrictive in the EU, constituting a main barrier for foreign service providers wishing to operate in the Portuguese market. Horizontal authorisation schemes, namely company registration schemes to allow entry into the Portuguese market, are in place, imposing financial and economic capacity requirements (e.g. 10% of equity is necessary depending on the value of the works), technical and professional requirements, as well as insurance requirements. Fees imposed on construction service providers for initial registration and subsequent renewal are also complex and higher than in other EU countries120. Although mutual recognition for insurance requirements is foreseen, it is not operational. In addition, it does not include technical/professional and financial requirements, thus creating an administrative burden. The authorisation procedure for temporary cross-border service providers requires nearly the same number of documents as for permanent service providers121.
system of financial incentives. It has a budget of EUR 100 million, the programme is predicted to leverage investments of up to EUR 200 million, which beneficiaries will be able to access in the form of loans.
Moreover, the energy certification of buildings was made compulsory in 2013 thorough the Decree-Law No. 118/2013 for buildings to be placed on the market for sale or rental. In addition, the fees payable for the issuance of energy certificates for residential and commercial buildings were reduced as of March 2016, aiming to promote energy efficiency among households with a reduced income as well as SMEs, by making certificates more affordable116.
The country’s administrative and regulatory framework for construction services is one of the most restrictive in the EU, constituting a main barrier for foreign service providers wishing to operate in the Portuguese market.
Finally, with regard to the assessment of the environmental performance and sustainability of buildings, Portugal has developed two voluntary systems to support sustainable construction. The first, LiderA (Leadership for the Environment for sustainable construction Liderar pelo Ambiente para a construção sustentável), assigns a performance class from G up to A+++, with E being the reference and A corresponding to a performance of 50% above E. The evaluation is based on six principles of good environmental performance (including use of resources, environmental comfort and sustainable use), translated into 22 areas and 43 criteria117. The second, SBToolPt (Sustainable Building Tool Portugal), is based on an international tool and is structured into three dimensions (environmental, social and economic), covering 9 categories and 30 parameters. The evaluation results in a classification from E to A+, with D being the conventional practice and A/A+ the best practice118.
Similarly, regarding access to regulated professions, the level of restrictiveness in Portugal is higher than the EU average for professionals such as civil engineers, architects and accountants. Moreover, due to the considerable power that municipalities have in terms of land use rules, the time needed to obtain licenses varies across municipalities depending on their effectiveness and administrative capacity122. Portuguese authorities are trying to simplify and speed up procedures for obtaining a construction permit, for instance by approving the revised System for a Responsible Industry (SIR) for exploitation of an industrial property, and the Single Environmental Licensing (LUA), which streamlines environmental legislation123.
TO 4 - Single Market Portugal’s performance with regard to the metrics of the EU Single Market Scoreboard has worsened compared to last year, mainly due to a poorer score in terms of Transposition of Law, linked to the increase in the number of directives to be transposed.
To address the issue of regulatory burden, the government launched the new SIMPLEX programme, known as SIMPLEX+2016, in May 2016. It includes 255 measures for legislative and administrative simplification, 6 of which directly concern the construction and real estate markets and will therefore be implemented by the Institute of Public Markets, Real Estate and Construction (Instituto dos Mercados Públicos, do Imobiliário e da Construção – IMPIC)124.
The country continues to perform moderately well with respect to Internal Market Information System and its trade integration in the single market for goods and services is slightly above the EU average. Performance in Public Procurement is in line with the EU average, although cooperative procurement (i.e. the proportion of procedures with more than one public buyer) and missing values (i.e. the propor-
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European Construction Sector Observatory
measures. These include several credit lines, such as Credits to Support Portuguese Exports (Créditos ao Importador para Apoio à Exportação Portuguesa), credit insurance and agreements, such as the Portugal-Angola Convention, aiming to establish effective cooperation in construction and real estate regulation between the two countries, and promote business, technical and scientific cooperation130.
These will aim to accelerate and simplify the lengthy and complex licencing process, enhance SME participation in public tenders, reduce the complexity and costs associated with public contracts, and foster the use of online portals for issuing licences and permits. Moreover, to improve transparency and competition particularly in the construction and real estate sectors, the Public Procurement Code (Código dos Contratos Públicos – CCP) was amended in May 2017. One of the amendments introduced is the change to the rule that sets abnormally low prices, which were previously set to be those with a value that was 40% or more below the base price defined by the developer. The modification gives contracting authorities the task of setting the rules defining the abnormally low prices, thus abolishing the reference to the base price. According to the Portuguese Confederation of Construction and Real Estate (Confederação Portuguesa da Construção e do Imobiliário - CPCI), this measure is a step forward towards greater transparency and competition125.
Finally, the Association of Civil Engineering and Public Works Professionals (AICCOPN) plays an important role in supporting the internationalisation of the construction sector. It promotes the project International Portuguese Construction Network, with the support of EU funds under the operation programme COMPETE 2020. The project aims to qualify Portuguese construction companies for internationalisation by allowing access to and sharing of market knowledge. Furthermore, the project entails the promotion of Portuguese companies by setting up a support network abroad and creating the Global Portuguese Construction (GPC) collective brand131. The brand will seek to promote Portuguese construction companies particularly in markets such as Spain, France, UK, Colombia, Peru and Cuba, to diversify their geographical reach, which is currently too focused on the African (and especially Angolan) market.
Regarding the implementation of Eurocodes, Portugal has published all Parts as National Standards. However, National Annexes have been published only to 19 Parts. Upon publication of all Annexes, the government will issue a Decree-Law to adopt Standards and Annexes, establish the timeframe for the parallel use of Eurocodes and national regulations for structural design, and enforce the use of Eurocodes in public procurement126.
Moreover, under the project, several business missions to these markets are organised132.
TO 5 - International competitiveness Portugal ranks 42nd out of 137 economies in the 2017-2018 Global Competitiveness Index, 4 positions above the previous year127. It performs in line with the EU average in terms of internationalisation of its SMEs, with the time and cost required to export and import being below the EU average. In particular, the cost of documentary compliance for exporting is negligible, compared to the EU average of USD 16.4 (EUR 14), taking 1 hour (against the EU average of 1.4)128. Portugal performs in line with the EU average in terms of internationalisation of its SMEs, with the time and cost required to export and import being below the EU average. In order to support the internationalisation of construction and real estate companies (particularly SMEs), IMPIC and the Portuguese Agency for Investment and Foreign Trade (Agência para o Investimento e Comércio Externo de Portugal – AICEP) signed a cooperation agreement with the aim of facilitating the exchange of information and promote knowledge of available measures fostering internationalisation and foreign market access129. Namely, AICEP provides access to its global network of contacts, information on high-growth potential markets (such as Morocco, Angola, Mozambique and the Mercosur countries), regulatory frameworks, and available financial support
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Country Fact Sheet Portugal
8 Outlook The Portuguese economy was severely affected by the crisis and began its recovery in 2014. The economic outlook for the country points at a continuation of its revival, with GDP being predicted to grow by 1.8% in 2017 and by 1.6% in 2018, reaching EUR 177.4 billion and EUR 180.2 billion, respectively. The construction sector is expected to join in this growth, being forecast to experience an increase of 3% in 2017, 4.5% in 2018 and 5% in 2019. However, since the sector is recovering from a very deep recession, its performance is expected to remain well below the pre-crisis level133.
rehabilitation works, which will see a 5.8% increase in 2017, spurred by the substantial financial support foreseen through initiatives such as the Energy Efficiency Fund and the upcoming Efficient House (see TO 3 - Resource efficiency / Sustainable construction). New residential construction is also expected to grow, although at a slower pace, being forecast to increase by 1.4% in 2017, in line with the government’s focus on increasing the number of affordable houses via social housing programmes134. The housing market is also set to continue along its recovery path, with a 30% increase in sales being expected in 2017, fuelled by rising interest from foreign buyers coupled with falling mortgage interest rates135. Similarly, good prospects can be expected in the non-residential construction segment, which is predicted to grow by 3.1% in 2017. This will mainly be driven by the 5% increase in production in the public non-residential sector, spurred by a planned increase in public investment. For instance, the government announced 200 planned interventions on school buildings, for a value of EUR 320 million, to be carried out by 2020. The private non-residential construction sector is also expected to grow, though at the slower pace of 2%136. Of note are the 100,000 m2 of new retail spaces currently under construction and scheduled to open in 2017. The renovation and expansion of existing shopping centres is also foreseen over the next few years, together with the increase in hotel construction spurred by growing tourism, which will see the construction of 70 new hotels over 2017-2018137.
The number of people employed in the broad construction sector is expected to grow moderately from 2016 levels, reaching 473,897 people in 2017 (+0.8%) and 477,361 in 2018 (+1.6% relative to 2016). Similarly, the number of companies in the broad construction sector is predicted to experience a positive trend, reaching 149,673 in 2017 (+1.7% relative to 2016 levels) and 152,131 in 2018 (+3.4% compared to 2016). In line with growth and employment forecasts, turnover is predicted to increase by 1.1% in 2017 relative to 2016, amounting to EUR 32.5 billion, and by 2.2% in 2018 (relative to 2016) to EUR 32.8 billion. The value added of the broad construction sector is also forecast to increase by 1.2% in 2017 compared to 2016, reaching EUR 9.6 billion, and by 2.4% in 2018 (relative to 2016), to EUR 9.7 billion.
Civil engineering is set to be the less dynamic segment sof the Portuguese construction sector, with a moderate growth of 2% being expected for 2017. This will be linked to rising public investments in infrastructural projects, owing to the increase in public works contracts awarded during 2016 (+16% compared to 2015)138.
In conclusion, the Portuguese construction sector is foreseen to enjoy encouraging growth over the coming years. However, its recovery will primarily depend on the consolidation of private investment in the real estate sector, both in the residential and non-residential segments, as well as the expansion of the portfolio of contracts secured abroad. Positive developments are expected in the residential construction segment, which is forecast to experience a 3% growth in 2017. In particular, this growth will primarily be driven by renovation and
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European Construction Sector Observatory
References 1
Please note that this 2016 data is a nowcast - please refer to the methodology notes for further details.
2
Please note that the share of each sub-sector in the value added of the broad construction sector should not be compared to the shares of the Gross Value Added in the GDP, since the GDP also includes taxes and excludes subsidies.
3
Please note that this 2016 data is a nowcast - please refer to the methodology notes for further details.
4
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugalen.pdf
5
Eurostat, Unemployment rate by sex and age, annual average. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=une_rt_a&lang=en
6
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugalen.pdf
7
Ibidem.
8
World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/ TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf
9
European Commission, SAFE Report 2016. July 2017. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/24385
10
European Commission, 2016 SBA Fact Sheet Portugal. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/22382/attachments/28/translations/en/renditions/native
11
World Bank Group, Doing Business 2017, Portugal. http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/portugal#starting-a-business
12
No data available for subsequent years for the productivity in the broad construction sector.
13
Please note that this 2016 data is a nowcast - please refer to the methodology notes for further details.
14
Please note that this 2016 data is a nowcast - please refer to the methodology notes for further details.
15
The gross operating rate is the ratio of Gross Operating Surplus to Turnover, and is an indicator of profitability.
16
Please note that this 2016 data is a nowcast - please refer to the methodology notes for further details.
17
Portuguese Federation of Construction and Public Works, Construção recuperou no final de 2016, criando boas perspetivas para 2017. March 2017. http://www. fepicop.pt/getfile.php?xp=2&src=file323_pt&ext=pdf
18
OECD, Boosting Export Performance in Portugal Economics Department Working Papers No. 1257, August 2015. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/ publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ECO/WKP(2015)75&docLanguage=En
19
Jornal Económico, Construção: sem o apoio da banca vão disparar falências. April 2017. http://www.jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/construcao-sem-o-apoioda-banca-vao-disparar-falencias-143807
20
DN, Bancos estrangeiros entram no negócio das casas. May 2017. http://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/interior/bancos-estrangeiros-entram-no-negocio-das-casas-8492639. html
21
Banco de Portugal, Relatorio de estabilidade financeira. June 2017. https://www.bportugal.pt/sites/default/files/anexos/pdf-boletim/ref_06_2017_pt.pdf
22
PME Investimentos, http://www.pmeinvestimentos.pt/en/
23
Associação Portuguesa dos Comerciantes de Materiais de Construção, Plano Estratégico para a Fileira da Construção 2014-2020. 2014. http://www.exponor.pt/ documentos/feiras/2015/estudo_fileira_construcao.pdf
24
DN, Bancos estrangeiros entram no negócio das casas. May 2017. http://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/interior/bancos-estrangeiros-entram-no-negocio-das-casas-8492639. html
25
Ibidem.
26
The housing cost overburden rate is the percentage of the population living in households where the total housing costs represent more than 40 % of disposable income.
27
Eurostat, Housing cost overburden rate by age, sex and poverty status - EU-SILC survey. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_ lvho07a&lang=en
28
The overcrowding rate is defined as the percentage of the population living in an overcrowded household.
29
Eurostat, Overcrowding rate. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=ilc_lvho05a&language=en&mode=view
30
Eurostat, Severe housing deprivation rate is defined as the percentage of population living in the dwelling which is considered as overcrowded, while also exhibiting at least one of the housing deprivation measures. Housing deprivation is a measure of poor amenities and is calculated by referring to those households with a leaking roof, no bath/shower and no indoor toilet, or a dwelling considered too dark.
31
Eurostat, Severe housing deprivation rate by age, sex and poverty status - EU-SILC survey. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/product?code=ilc_ mdho06a&language=en&mode=view
32
Housing Europe, The State of Housing in the EU – 2015. http://www.housingeurope.eu/file/306/download
33
World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/ TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf
34
TEN-T is an infrastructure policy of the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/infrastructure/ten-t-guidelines/index_en.htm
24
Country Fact Sheet Portugal
35
World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/ TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf
36
Racius, Estatísticas de Empresas - Ano 2010/ Insolvências/Promoção imobiliária. https://www.racius.com/observatorio/ filtrar/?ano=2010&estado=insolvencias&distrito=0&cae=41
37
Racius, Estatísticas de Empresas - Ano 2016 / Insolvências / Engenharia civil. https://www.racius.com/observatorio/ filtrar/?ano=2016&estado=insolvencias&distrito=0&cae=42
38
Banco de Portugal, Sectoral analysis of non-financial corporations in Portugal 2011-2016, November 2016, https://www.bportugal.pt/sites/default/files/anexos/pdfboletim/study_cb_26_2016_en.pdf
39
Cribis, PAYMENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR: DENMARK IS THE TOP PERFORMER WITH HIGHEST PERCENTAGE OF PROMPT PAYMENTS, PHILIPPINES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE RANKING, May 2016. https://www.cribis.com/en/news/payments-in-the-construction-sector-denmark-is-the-top-performer-with-highestpercentage-of-prompt-payments-philippines-at-the-bottom-of-the-ranking/
40
Euler Hermes, Collection Profile Portugal. http://www.eulerhermes.com/mediacenter/Lists/mediacenter-documents/portugal-collection-profile.pdf
41
CRIBIS, Payment Study 2017. https://www.bisnode.si/storage/doc/201705/payment-study-2017light.pdf
42
World Bank Group, Doing Business 2017, Portugal, http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/portugal/#dealing-with-construction-permits
43
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugalen.pdf
44
Rádio Renascença, Portugal vai precisar de engenheiros civis e não os tem. March 2015. http://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=25&did=181150
45
Rádio Renascença, Sector da construção nega falta de engenheiros portugueses, March 2015, http://rr.sapo.pt/informacao_detalhe.aspx?fid=1&did=181285
46
DN, Construção precisa de 80 mil operários nos próximos anos. June 2017. http://www.dn.pt/dinheiro/interior/construcao-precisa-de-80-mil-operarios-nosproximos-anos-8561195.html
47
BIO by Deloitte et al., Construction and Demolition Waste management in Portugal, September 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/deliverables/ CDW_Portugal_Final.pdf
48
Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento Regional do Centro, Resíduos de construção e demolição. http://www.ccdrc.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=604:r esiduos-de-construcao-e-demolicao&catid=663&Itemid=281
49
BIO by Deloitte et al., Construction and Demolition Waste management in Portugal, September 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/deliverables/ CDW_Portugal_Final.pdf
50
Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, Resíduos de Construção e Demolição. https://www.apambiente.pt/index.php?ref=16&subref=84&sub2ref=197&sub3ref=283
51
European Commission, European Innovation Scoreboard 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/24829/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native
52
Data for Real estate activities is incomplete.
53
A full-time equivalent (FTE) is a unit to measure employed persons in a way that makes them comparable, although they may work a different number of hours per week. The unit is obtained by comparing an employee’s average number of hours worked to the average number of hours of a full-time worker. A full-time person is therefore counted as one FTE, while a part-time worker gets a score in proportion to the hours worked.
54
The 2016 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard, http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/documents/10180/1030082/EU%201000%20companies%20ranked%20by%20RD
55
ECOPOL, Catalogue of Portuguese eco-innovation competencies, November 2012.
56
Eco-innovation Observatory, Eco-innovation in Portugal, EIO Country Profile, 2013. http://www.eco-innovation.eu/images/stories/Reports/EIO_Country_Brief_2013_ Portugal.pdf
57
Centro Habitat Sustentavel, http://www.centrohabitat.net/en
58
Centro Habitat Sustentavel, SIG HABITAT. http://www.centrohabitat.net/en/projecto/sig-habitat
59
Institute of Public Markets, Real Estate and Construction (IMPIC), Portuguese Technological construction platform (PTPC), http://www.impic.pt/impic/pt-pt/ iniciativas-estrategicas/plataforma-tecnologica-portuguesa-da-construcao-ptpc
60
BIM Plus, CONSTRUCTION 4.0 In Portugal. December 2016. http://www.bimplus.co.uk/people/con2st6ruction-40-portu5gal/
61
Portal da Habitação, Apresentação. March 2016. https://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/nrau/home/apresentacao_nnrau.html
62
Jornal Economico, Começa hoje o Novo Regime do Arrendamento Urbano. Saiba o que muda. June 2017. http://www.jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/comecahoje-o-novo-regime-do-arrendamento-urbano-saiba-o-que-muda-171805
63
Diario de Notícias, Conheça as alterações ao Novo Regime do Arrendamento Urbano que entram hoje em vigor. June 2017. http://www.dnoticias.pt/pais/conhecaas-alteracoes-ao-novo-regime-do-arrendamento-urbano-que-entram-hoje-em-vigor-FD1555052
64
Portal da Habitação, Programa Especial de Realojamento (PER). https://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/habitacao/programasapoio/per.html
65
Publico, Programa Especial de Realojamento tem cerca de 2800 famílias à espera de casa. April 2017. https://www.publico.pt/2017/04/15/sociedade/noticia/ programa-especial-de-realojamento-tem-cerca-de-2800-familias-a-espera-de-casa-1768866
66
Portal da Habitação, Porta 65 Jovem. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/opencms/export/sites/porta65j2/pt/porta65j/docs_porta65/brochura_porta65_20101115.pdf
67
Portal da Habitação, Alargamento do Programa Porta 65-Jovem publicado em Diário da República. August 2017. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/ noticias/noticia1097.html
68
Portal da Habitação, Programa Porta 65-Jovem apoia 3.815 jovens. August 2017. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/noticias/noticia1095.html
69
Portal da Habitação, Alargamento do Programa Porta 65-Jovem publicado em Diário da República. August 2017. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/ noticias/noticia1097.html
25
European Construction Sector Observatory
70
Mercado Social de Arrendamento, Mercado Social de Arrendamento. http://www.mercadosocialarrendamento.msss.pt/mercado_social_arrendamento.jsp
71
Portal da Habitação, Estratégia Nacional para a Habitação. May 2015. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/opencms/export/sites/portal/pt/portal/habitacao/ EstNacHabitacao/Apresentacao_1.pdf
72
Base de Dados Juridica, Lei nº 7-B/2016 de 31-03-2016 - ANEXO - GRANDES OPÇÕES DO PLANO PARA 2016-2019. March 2016. http://bdjur.almedina.net/item. php?field=node_id&value=2101633
73
Millennium bcp, Medidas do Programa do Governo dedicadas ao setor do imobiliário. December 2015. http://ind.millenniumbcp.pt/pt/geral/fiscalidade/Pages/ atualidades_legais/2015/dez/Medidas-do-Programa-do-Governo.aspx
74
Portal da Habitação, Reabilitar para arrendar. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/reabilitacao/reabilitarparaarrendar/reabilitarparaarrendar.html
75
Idealista, “Reabilitar para Arrendar”: 359 houses with conditioned rentals come to the market. March 2017. https://www.idealista.pt/news/imobiliario/ habitacao/2017/03/14/32983-programa-reabilitar-para-arrendar-coloca-no-mercado-359-casas-apos-investimento-de-13
76
DLA Piper, Insurances. http://www.dlapiperrealworld.com/law/index.html?t=construction&s=forms-of-contract-procurement-methods&q=insurances&c=PT
77
ELIOS, Liability and insurance regimes in the construction sector: national schemes and guidelines to stimulate innovation and sustainability. April 2010. http:// www.elios-ec.eu/sites/default/files/pdf/Eliosspecialreporton27MemberStates.pdf
78
Ibidem.
79
DLA Piper, Limitation period. http://www.dlapiperrealworld.com/law/index.html?t=construction&s=liability&q=limitation-period&c=PT
80
DLA Piper, Other liability to end user. http://www.dlapiperrealworld.com/law/index.html?t=construction&s=liability&q=other-liability-to-end-user&c=PT
81
Portal da Habitação, Publicada a décima quarta alteração ao Regime Jurídico da Urbanização e Edificação. October 2015. https://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/ portal/noticias/noticia955.html
82
DLA Piper, General construction law. http://www.dlapiperrealworld.com/law/index.html?t=construction&s=legal-framework&q=general-construction-law&c=PT
83
DLA Piper, Health and safety. http://www.dlapiperrealworld.com/law/index.html?t=construction&s=legal-framework&q=health-and-safety&c=PT
84
This includes total investment by the construction and real estate sub-sectors, defined as gross fixed capital formation, i.e. acquisitions minus disposal, of total fixed assets (e.g. machinery and equipment, vehicles, dwellings and other buildings).
85
This includes total investment (i.e. gross fixed capital formation) in dwellings and non-residential construction and civil engineering by investors in the general economy (e.g. industry, financial and non-financial services, households, agricultural sector, etc.).
86
The indicator gross fixed capital formation in non-residential and civil engineering refers to the Eurostat indicator «Other buildings and structures»
87
Data for subsequent years unavailable.
88
Data for rail infrastructure maintenance unavailable.
89
European Commission, European Semester Thematic Fiche – Transport. May 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/themes/2016/transport_201605.pdf
90
Ministry of Economy, Plano Estratégico dos Transportes e Infraestruturas - Horizonte 2014-2020. April 2014. http://www.portugal.gov.pt/media/1385664/PETI3.pdf
91
Infraestruturas de Portugal, Plano de Investimentos 15-20. http://www.infraestruturasdeportugal.pt/rede/rodoviaria/desenvolvimento-da-rede/plano-deinvestimentos-15-20
92
Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer (UIC), Portugal: The Strategic Plan for Transport and Infrastructure foresees investments of 2.8 billion euros in the railway sector up to 2020. October 2014. http://www.uic.org/com/uic-e-news/420/article/portugal-the-strategic-plan-for?page=thickbox_enews
93
Infraestructuras de Portugal, Plano de investimentos em infraestruturas Ferrovia 2020. February 2016. http://www.portugal.gov.pt/media/18615773/20160212-mpiie-investimentos-ferrovia.pdf
94
European Commission, European Semester Thematic Fiche – Transport. May 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/themes/2016/transport_201605.pdf
95
Orçamento do Estado 2017, Planeamento e Infraestruturas. https://www.oe2017.gov.pt/planeamento-e-infraestruturas/
96
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugalen.pdf
97
European Commission, European Structural and Investment Funds – Country Data for Portugal. https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/countries/PT
98
EIB, Lisbon Urban Regeneration Climate Housing FL, June 106. http://www.eib.org/projects/pipeline/2016/20160209
99
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugalen.pdf
100
Infraestructuras de Portugal, Plano de investimentos em infraestruturas Ferrovia 2020. February 2016. http://www.portugal.gov.pt/media/18615773/20160212-mpiie-investimentos-ferrovia.pdf
101
Horizon 2020, Country profile and featured projects for Portugal, http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/index_en.cfm?pg=country-profilesdetail&ctry=portugal
102
European Commission, Education and Training Monitor 2016, Portugal. https://ec.europa.eu/education/sites/education/files/monitor2016-pt_en.pdf
103
OECD, OECD Skills Strategy Diagnostic Report, Portugal 2015. http://www.oecd.org/skills/nationalskillsstrategies/Diagnostic-report-Portugal.pdf
104
European Commission, Education and Training Monitor 2016, Portugal. https://ec.europa.eu/education/sites/education/files/monitor2016-pt_en.pdf
105
European Commission, Education and Training Monitor 2015, Portugal. http://ec.europa.eu/education/tools/docs/2015/monitor2015-portugal_en.pdf
106
Sistema de Antecipação de Necessidades de Qualificações, Survey of Qualifications by Activity Area, http://sanq.anqep.gov.pt/docs/Qualificacoes_por_area.pdf
107
ADENE - Agência para a Energia, BUILD UP Skills FORESEE. http://www.adene.pt/iniciativa/build-skills-foresee
108
Portal da Construção Sustentável (PCS), http://www.csustentavel.com/servicos/
109
CentroHabitat, LEAN.CO. http://www.centrohabitat.net/en/projecto/leanco
26
Country Fact Sheet Portugal
110
Academia ADENE, Cursos. https://www.academiaadene.pt/pt
111
Plano Nacional de Ação para a Eficiência Energética, http://www.pnaee.pt/pnaee
112
Portal da Habitação, Abertas candidaturas aos apoios do Fundo de Eficiência Energética (FEE). November 2015. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/noticias/ noticia962.html
113
PNAEE, Aviso 23 – Eficiência Energética nas Infraestruturas de Transportes. http://www.pnaee.pt/avisos-fee/aviso-23
114
Publico, Programa Casa Eficiente já foi assumido pelo BEI. June 2017. https://www.publico.pt/2017/06/02/economia/noticia/programa-casa-eficiente-ja-foi-assumido-pelo-bei-1774337
115
Jornal economico, Casa Eficiente: Financiamento funciona até junho. http://www.jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/casa-eficiente-financiamento-funciona-ate-junho-129549
116
Portal da Habitação, Novas taxas de certificação energética já se encontram em vigor. March 2016. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/noticias/noticia994. html
117
LiderA, Principais Princípios do LiderA. http://www.lidera.info/?p=MenuPage&MenuId=29
118
Portal da Habitação, Construção Sustentável. February 2016. http://www.portaldahabitacao.pt/pt/portal/habitacao/construcao/construcaosustentavel.html
119
European Commission, EU Single Market Scoreboard. Portugal. http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/scoreboard/performance_by_member_state/portugal/index_ en.htm
120
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugal-en. pdf
121
European Commission, Simplification and mutual recognition in the construction sector under the Services Directive. November 2015. http://bookshop.europa. eu/en/simplification-and-mutual-recognition-in-the-construction-sector-under-the-services-directive-pbET0116073/;pgid=Iq1Ekni0.1lSR0OOK4MycO9B0000ImInipsk;sid=egc3ESImSpk3EHSUXQyptkADN2QpY4DlBlc=?CatalogCategoryID=9cQKABstREYAAAEjKJEY4e5L
122
European Commission, Country Report Portugal 2017. February 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/2017-european-semester-country-report-portugal-en. pdf
123
European Commission, Commission Staff Working Document – Country Report Portugal 2016. February 2016. http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/csr2016/cr2016_ portugal_en.pdf
124
Instituto dos Mercados Públicos, do Imobiliário e da Construção, Programa SIMPLEX +. http://www.impic.pt/impic/pt-pt/iniciativas-estrategicas/simplex-_2
125
DN, Novo Código Contratos Públicos remete para adjudicantes fixação de preços anorrmalmente baixos. May 2017. http://www.dn.pt/lusa/interior/novo-codigo-contratos-publicos-remete-para-adjudicantes-fixacao-de-precos-anorrmalmente-baixos-8489775.html
126
JRC Report EUR 27511 EN, State of implementation of the Eurocodes in the European Union. 2015. http://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/showpublication.php?id=537
127
World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GCR2017-2018/05FullReport/TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2017%E2%80%932018.pdf
128
European Commission, 2016 SBA Fact Sheet Portugal. http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/22382/attachments/28/translations/en/renditions/native
129
Instituto dos Mercados Públicos, do Imobiliário e da Construção, Apoio à Internacionalização das Empresas do Setor da Construção e do Imobiliário. http://www. impic.pt/impic/pt-pt/iniciativas-estrategicas/apoio-a-internacionalizacao-das-empresas-do-setor-da-construcao-e-do-imobiliario
130
Portugal Global, Apoios Financeiros à Internacionalização. http://www.portugalglobal.pt/PT/Internacionalizar/GuiaPraticoApoiosFinanceirosInternacionalizacao/ Paginas/ApoiosFinanceirosInternacionalizacao.aspx
131
Global Portuguese Construction, http://global.aiccopn.pt/
132
Publico, Construção cria marca colectiva para promover sector. May 2016. https://www.publico.pt/2016/05/03/economia/noticia/construcao-cria-marca-colectiva-para-promover-sector-1730873
133
Euroconstruct, 83rd EUROCONSTRUCT Conference. June 2017. http://www.euroconstruct.org/jart/prj3/wifo/data/uploads/euroconstruct/press/2017_83%20-%20Press-Release%20 Amsterdam.pdf
134
Construir, FEPICOP ESTIMA CRESCIMENTO DE 2,6% DA PRODUÇÃO NA CONSTRUÇÃO EM 2017. February 2017. http://www.construir.pt/2017/02/15/fepicop-estima-crescimento-de-26-da-producao-na-construcao-em-2017/
135
Property Wire, Recovery in Portugal set to continue with sales forecast to rise by 30% in 2017. June 2017. http://www.propertywire.com/news/europe/recovery-portugal-set-continue-sales-forecast-rise-30-2017/
136
Construir, FEPICOP ESTIMA CRESCIMENTO DE 2,6% DA PRODUÇÃO NA CONSTRUÇÃO EM 2017. February 2017. http://www.construir.pt/2017/02/15/fepicop-estima-crescimento-de-26-da-producao-na-construcao-em-2017/
137
Cushman & Wakefield, Marketbeat Portugal. February 2017. http://www.cushmanwakefield.com/~/media/reports/portugal/Marketbeat%20Portugal%20fev17%20eng. pdf
138
Construir, FEPICOP ESTIMA CRESCIMENTO DE 2,6% DA PRODUÇÃO NA CONSTRUÇÃO EM 2017. February 2017. http://www.construir.pt/2017/02/15/fepicop-estima-crescimento-de-26-da-producao-na-construcao-em-2017/
27