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2 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Apparent irregularities Mendel law is a form of crosses that produce different phenotypes ratios o... 3 Polymeric inheritance is intrinsic for many factors of economic value, namely: butterfat yield, egg yield, weight and gr... 4 The ratio 9:3:4 for dihybrid segregation occurs only when one of the types of the generation with a dominant gene cannot... 5 Epistasis-hypostatis occurs due to the interaction between dominant genes located in different locus (non- Homologous do... 6 Remember that epistasis is the interaction between different genes. If one allele or allelic pair masks the expression o... 7 Result: The F1 differed from both parents and two new phenotypes not seen in the parents appeared in the F2. How can thi... 8 In Cryptomery, the influence of dominant genes will appear when they appear at the same time. The crossing between red l... 9 CHAPTER III CONCLUTIONS Apparent irregularities Mendell law is a form of crosses that produce different phenotypes ratio... 10 Reference Anonim, PenyimpanganSemuHukum Mendel. 2013. http://biologimediacentre.com/penyimpangan-semu-hukum-mendel/acce... Upcoming SlideShare Loading in …5 × 1 of 10

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Content 1. 1. 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background situation inpaper made. Mendel's laws discovered and introduced by Gregor Johann Mendel years 1822-1884. With the discovery of Mendel asked as the Father of Genetics. Mendel did his research using pea plants on account of its short, easy to grow, reproduce and flowering much perfect. Although Mendel's laws are the basis of heredity traits, further research found that many genes that do not fit Mendel's laws. If the comparison with F2 phenotype results Monohybrid cross and dihybrid under the laws of Mendel is 3: 1 and 9: 3: 3: 1. In addition, the study also revealed that it is caused by an interaction between genes. This interaction produces aberrant phenotype ratio of Mendel's laws, better known by the apparent deviation Mendel law. Apparent irregularities Mendel's law is a form of crosses that produce different phenotypes ratios with dihybrid basis according to Mendel's laws. Although it looks different from the actual phenotype ratios obtained a modification of the ratio of the sum of the original phenotype of Mendel's laws. In this paper are discussed in more detail about the apparent deviation Mendel law. 1.2Formulation of the problem From the before, the formulation of the problem on this paper : 1. Does the sense Deviations the irregularity of Mendel's Law? 2. What are the characteristics of Mendel's Law irregularity deviation? 3. What kinds of Mendel's Law irregularity deviation? 1.3 Purpose The purpose of this paper : 1. Know the Law Moot Deviations understanding Mendel. 2. Knowing the characteristics of Mendel's Law irregularity deviation. 3. Describe the various deviations Mendel's Law irregularity. 2. 2. 2 CHAPTER II DISCUSSION Apparent irregularities Mendel law is a form of crosses that produce different phenotypes ratios on the basis of Mendel law. Although it looks different from the actual ratio of phenotypes, but this irregularity obtained a modification of the ratio of the sum of the original phenotype Mendel's laws. 2.1 Polymery Segregation in a 15:1 ratio is of general importance because it is connected with the presence of polymeric genes. This type of inheritance determines the inheritance of quantitative characters. In the case of polymery, one can see the combined action of several genes, causing a similar effect. Because these genes influence the same character in an identical way, it is customary to depict them with one latin letter and an index number for different alleles, A1, A2, A3 and so on. Such a polymeric character is demonstrated by the red colour of wheat grains. The inheritance of red colour in wheat grains is shown in Fig.4. It can be seen that 1/16 of all F2 plants have four dominant genes (A1A1A2A2) and have the most intensive grain colour; 4/16 of all grains have three dominant alleles (type A1A1A2a2); 6/16 have two (type A1a1A2a2) and 4/16 have one (type A1a1a2a2); all these genotypes determine grain colour of various intensity. Genotype a1a1a2a2, present in 1/16 of all grains, determines the white colour of grains. Fig.4 shows that the frequencies of the above five classes are expressed in the binominal series: 1+4+6+4+1 = 16, which reflects variability in grain colour, depending on the number of dominant alleles in the genotype. Thus the range of genotypes in the case of polymeric genes can be represented by a binominal curve of variations of a given character. The greater the occurrence of such genes in heterozygous condition, the more combinations of genotypes with various numbers of dominant alleles are obtained in F2. 3. 3. 3 Polymeric inheritance is intrinsic for many factors of economic value, namely: butterfat yield, egg yield, weight and growth of domestic animals, fertility and maturation rate, spike length, cob length, sugar content in the root crop of sugarbeets, etc. The skin pigmentation of man is also inherited through polymeric factors. In conclusion it must be said that polymeric inheritance is extremely complicated, and, to date, the theory of polymeric genes provides the best explanation of the nature of inheritance of quantitative characters. 2.2 Complementary genes The ratio 9:7 in the case of dihybrid segregation in F2 is observed when an individual gene cannot act separately, but a certain character is developed in the simultaneous presence of both complimentary genes. On crossing plants with white flowers (AAbb) × (aaBB), plants F1 were produced with red flowers. In generation F2 segregation was observed in the ratio of 9 red : 7 white. Thus for the development of red colour, the presence of both dominating genes was necessary, as in F1 (AaBb) and in 9/16 of plants F2. Three other classes of the generation, developed in typical dihybrid segregation, produced only one type of plant, with white flowers. That can be explained with the help of the formula for dihybrid segregation, in which all the red plants are underlined: 4. 4. 4 The ratio 9:3:4 for dihybrid segregation occurs only when one of the types of the generation with a dominant gene cannot be distinguished from the double recessive. The following example of crossing mice (Muridae) illustrates this. The crossing of a black mouse (CCaa) and an albino (ccAA) yielded F1 bearing both dominant genes, having genotype CcAa and hair colour of the wild type, the so-called aguti. On inter-crossing such hybrids, the following picture of segregation is received: 9 aguti : 3 black : 4 white. 2.3 EpistasisHipostatis the interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype. The two dominant genes influence each other and some of the dominant genes cover up other dominant genes. Fig. 1The inheritance of corolla colour and shape in Antirrhinum majus at incomplete domination in one pair of characters Fig.2 Inheritance of seed colour in Triticum at the interaction of two pairs of genes (polymery) 5. 5. 5 Epistasis-hypostatis occurs due to the interaction between dominant genes located in different locus (non- Homologous dominant gene). Dominant gene that covers up other dominant genes Is called epistasis gene, while dominant gene that is suppressed is called hypostasis’ gene. The interactions of the two genes which control comb type was revealed because we could identify and recognize the 9:3:3:1. Other genetic interactions were identified because the results of crossing two dihybrids produced a modified Mendelian ratio. All of the results are modifications of the 9:3:3:1 ratio. Example : 12:3:1 Ratio Phenotype: Fruit Color in Squash With this interaction, color is recessive to no color at one allelic pair. This recessive allele must be expressed before the specific color allele at a second locus is expressed. At the first gene white colored squash is dominant to colored squash, and the gene symbols are W=white andw=colored. At the second gene yellow is dominant to green, and the symbols used are G=yellow, g=green. If the dihybrid is selfed, three phenotypes are produced in a 12:3:1 ratio. The following table explains how this ratio is obtained. Genotype Fruit Color Gene Actions 9 W_G_ White Dominant white allele negates effect of G allele 3 W_gg White Dominant white allele negates effect of G allele 3 wwG_ Yellow Recessive color allele allows yellow allele expression 1 wwgg Green Recessive color allele allows green allele expression Because the presence of the dominant W allele masks the effects of either the G or g allele, this type of interaction is called dominant epistasis. 6. 6. 6 Remember that epistasis is the interaction between different genes. If one allele or allelic pair masks the expression of an allele at the second gene, that allele or allelic pair is epistatic to the second gene. 2.4 Gene Interactions The genes of an individual do not operate isolated from one another, but obviously are functioning in a common cellular environment. Thus, it is expected interactions between genes would occur. Bateson and Punnett performed a classical experiment that demonstrated genetic interactions. They analyzed the three comb types of chicken known to exist at that time: Chicken Varieties Phenotype Rose Pea Single Walnut 7. 7. 7 Result: The F1 differed from both parents and two new phenotypes not seen in the parents appeared in the F2. How can this result be explained? The first clue is the F2ratio. We have seen this ratio before when the F1 from a dihybrid cross is selfed (or intermated). This observation suggests that two genes may control the phenotype of the comb. The gene interactions and genotypes were determined by performing the appropriate testcrosses. A series of experiments demonstrated that the genotypes controlling the various comb phenotypes are as follows. Phenotypes Genotypes Frequency Walnut R_P_ 9/16 Rose R_pp 3/16 Pea rrP_ 3/16 Single rrpp 1/16 It was later shown that the genotypes of the initial parents were: Rose = RRpp Pea = rrPP 2.5 CryptomereCryptomere are the non-allele dominant genes that seem hidden when They stand alone and the influence will appear after dominant genes appear At the same time. Cyptomere can be found in the formation of linaria flower (Linariamar occana). 8. 8. 8 In Cryptomery, the influence of dominant genes will appear when they appear at the same time. The crossing between red linaria and white linaria produces purple linaria as the F1. If the offsprings are crossed each other, the phenotypic ratio of F2 generation produced is 9 purple : 3 red :4 white. The ratio can be declined into 9 : 3 : (3+1). In advanced

experiment it was found two Determiner factors of the color formation in linaria flower, which are the presence or absence of antocyanin pigment and pH condition in cell plasma The gene forming antocyanin is dominant, while the one that acts as acid environmental determiner is recessive. Based on picture In Cryptomery, the influence of dominant genes will appear when they appear at the same time ,It is known that purple color is the hidden color. The color will appear if two dominant genes appear at the same time. The genotype possibilities for red flower are Aabb and. Aabb those for purple flower are AABB, AABb, AaBB, and, AaBb and those for white flower are aaBb. aaBb, and, aabb. 9. 9. 9 CHAPTER III CONCLUTIONS Apparent irregularities Mendell law is a form of crosses that produce different phenotypes ratios on the basis of dihybrid legally Mendell. 3.1 Polimery is a phenomenon where there are many alleles of genes not but affect the character / nature of the same. Polimeri have characteristics: the more dominant gene, then the nature of the character stronger. Phenotype Ratio F2 red : white = 15 : 1 3.2 Chryptomery is an event in which a factor is not visible effect by itself, but a new look effect if there are other factors that accompany it. Has properties there are new characters appear when there are two dominant gene alleles are not together. Example : the cross of Linaria maroccana Phenotype ratio F2 purple : red : white = 9 : 3 : 4 3.3 Epistasis-Hypostatsis is event in which dominant genes cover effect from other dominan genes which not same allel. Genes which covers called epistasis and genes which covered by other genes called hypostatsis 3.4 Complementery is coorperation form between two dominant genes which complete each other to show character. Example : the marriage two people who are deaf-mute Phenotype ration F2 normal : deaf-mute = 9 : 7 3.5 Allel interaction is event which appear character because interaction between dominant genes and resesif genes. Example on wattle / comb in chickens. Walnut F2 phenotypic ratio: Ros: Pea: Single = 9: 3: 3: 1 10. 10. 10 Reference Anonim, PenyimpanganSemuHukum Mendel. 2013. http://biologimediacentre.com/penyimpangan-semu-hukum-mendel/accesed on November, 30 2014 Anonim. Non-Mendelian In Heritanc : Epistasis, Hypostsis, Polygenic And Criptomere.2014. http://newsciencebiology.blogspot.com/2014/03/epistasis- hypostsis-polygenic-and.htmlaccesed on November, 30 2014 Demin, Y.S.Mendel’s law.2013. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/b3310e/b3310e03.htmaccesed on November, 30 2014 McClean, Philip. Gene Interaction. 2000. 2http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/~mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel6.htmacces ed on November, 30 2014

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