Idea Transcript
Contents .......................................................... Preface xii To the Student
. 1
Revising with a Word Processor Peer Evaluation of Drafts 50
xix
Collaborative
Rhetoric
1 . 4
The Purposes of Writing 3 The Audience for Your Writing 6 The Qualities of Good Writing 9
2
10
Planning and Drafting Your Paper
to Revise
5
34
Sharpening Proofreading
Sentences
and Words
Your Draft
Writing the Introduction Selecting a Title
45
63
43
45 and Conclusion
45
68
Impressions
74
Purpose 75 Sensory Impressions 75 Dominant Impression 77 Vantage Point 78 Selection of Details 79 Arrangement of Details Ethical Issues 80
Strengthening Paragraph Structure and Development 42
60
Events
Description: Presenting
34
the Whole Essay
Relating
Writing a Narrative 67 Example Student Essay of Narration: "The Beach Bum" by Gail Bartlett The Critical Edge 72
33
Your Paper Considering
59
Key Events 64 Dialogue 65 Ethical Issues 66
12
Revising and Editing Preparing
Narration: Purpose 61 Action 61 Conflict 62 Point of View
~Understanding the Assignment 13 Zeroing In on a Topic 13 Gathering Information 21 Organizing the Information 23 Developing a Thesis Statement 26 Writing the First Draft 29 Planning and Drafting with a Word Processor 32
3
57
Maintaining and Reviewing a Portfolio
2
Writing: A First look
Writing and Ethics
Writing
49
80
Writing a Description 81 Example Student Essay of Description: "The Big One" by Rebecca Mutch 83 The Critical Edge 86 v
vi 6
Contents Process Analysis: Explaining How
Organizing a Comparison Using Analogy 124 Ethical Issues 125
88
Kinds of Process Analysis Papers Ethical Issues 91
89
Writing a Comparison 126 Example Student Essay of Comparison: "Different Shifts, Different Actions" by Claire Mutter 128
Writing a Process Analysis 91 Example Student Essay of Process Analysis: "The ABC's of CPR" by Kathy Petroski 95 The Critical Edge 98
7 Illustration: 100
Making Yourself Clear Selecting Appropriate Examples Number of Examples 101 Organizing the Examples 102 Ethical Issues 103 Writing an Illustration
The Critical Edge
8
101
Patterns in Causal Analysis
132 133
Reasoning Errors in Causal Analysis Ethical Issues 137
135
Writing a Causal Analysis 137 Example Student Essay of Cause and Effect: "Why Students Drop Out of College" by Diann Fisher 140
103
The Critical Edge
144
107
Classification: Grouping into Categories
11 109
Writing a Classification 115 Example Student Essay of Classification: "Undesirable Produce Market Customers" by Clarence DeLong 116 The Critical Edge 118
Comparison: Showing Relationships Selecting Items for Comparison 121 Developing a Comparison 122
Definition: Establishing Boundaries Types of Definitions Ethical Issues 151
Selecting Categories 111 Number of Categories 112 Developing Categories 112 Ethical Issues 114
9
130
10 Cause and Effect: ExplainingWhy
Example Student Essay of Illustration: "A Lesson from Nature" by Mike Braendle 105 The Critical Edge
123
120
146
147
Writing an Extended Definition 152 Example Student Essay of Definition: "The Food Chain" by Michael Galayda 154 The Critical Edge 158
12
Argument: Convincing Others The Rational Appeal 161 The Emotional Appeal 170 The Ethical Appeal 171 Ferreting Out Fallacies 172 Ethical Issues 176
160
Contents Writing an Argument
177
18
Example Student Essay of Argument: "The Right to Bear Arms" by Brenda Buehrle 182 The Critical Edge 185
13
The Elements of Literature Ethical Issues 288 Writing a Paper on Literature
19
187
188
195
14 Paragraphs
Characteristics of Effective Paragraphs 195 Paragraphs with Special Functions 211
Effective Sentences Strategies
Toward Clear Diction
17
20
232
235
235
Effect
250
Eliminating
253
Flawed Diction
299 300
Research Guide The library Research Paper
313 .. 315
322
258
The Essay Examination Studying for the Examination Types of Test Questions 259
Preparation for Mailing E-Mail Correspondence Types of Letters 300 Resumes 309
297
Writing Your Research Paper 355 Example Student Research Paper: "House Arrest: An Attractive Alternative to Incarceration" by Keith Jacque 358 Using a Word Processor 373
241
Special Stylistic Techniques
295
Learning About Your Library 316 Choosing a Topic 317 Assembling a Working Bibliography Taking Notes 345 Organizing and Outlining 352 Ethical Issues 354
219
Diction, Tone, Style Toward Rhetorical
.
218
Beyond the Single Sentence
16
288
Business letters and Resumes Letter Language 295 Parts of the Business Letter
Example Essay Using Several Writing Strategies: "Eating Alone in Restaurants" by BruceJay Friedman 190 The Critical Edge 193
Sentence
267
187
Why and How to Mix Strategies Ethical Issues 188
15
266
Writing About literature
Example Student Essay on Literature: "Scratchy Wilson: No Cardboard Character" by Wendell Stone 291
Mixing the Writing Strategies
Problem/Solution Report Evaluation Report 189
vii
258
Preparing to Write 259 Writing the Examination Answer
260
21
Documenting Sources Preparing Proper MLA and APA Bibliographic References 376 Handling In-Text Citations 391
376
viii
Contents Handling Quotations
397
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436 "Momma's
AvoidingPlagiarism 400
Encounter"
by Maya Angelou
439
"For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443
22 Additional Research Strategies: Interviews, Questionnaires, Direct Observations The Value of Primary Research
Description
403
403
General Principles for Primary Research 404 Ethical Issues Interviews
405
406
Example Student Interview Report: "Budget Cuts Mfect State Police: An Interview Report with Officer Robert Timmons" Holly Swain 409 Questionnaires
Example Student Questionnaire Report: "Fipdings from Smoking Questionnaire Distributed to Bartram College Students" by Kelly Reetz 416 Direct Observations 417
Illustration
425
.
427
Following an Effective Reading Strategy 427 "The Appeal of the Androgynous by Amy Gross 430 Reading as a Writer
Man"
Classification
488
"What Are Friends For?" by Marion Winik 488 "The Men We Carry in Our Minds" by ScottRussellSanders 491 "The Myth of the Latin Woman: IJust Met a Girl Named Maria" by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494 "Which Stooge Are You?" by Ron Geraci 499
432
Comparison
Rhetorical Table of Contents Narration
474
"Binge Drinking, A Campus Killer" by SabrinaRubin Erdely 474 "Rambos of the Road" by Martin Gottfried 478 "Going for Broke" by Matea Goldand David Ferrell 481 "The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485
Example Student Observation Report: "Observations of an Inner-City Apartment Building" by Caleb Thomas 421
Strategies for Successful Reading
461
"Fast Track to Perfection" by Ian Dunbar 461 From "The Spider and the Wasp" by AlexanderPetrunkevitch 465 "Let's Get Vertical!" by Beth Wald 467 "The Knife"by RichardSelzer 470
by
410
Reader
"When the Full Moon Shines Its Magic over Monument Valley" byJohn V Young 446 "In the Jungle" by Annie Dillard 448 "Assembly Line Adventure" by LesleyHazleton 452 "Once More to the Lake" by E. B. White 456 Process Analysis
Example Student Questionnaire: "Survey on Public Smoking" by Kelly Reetz 413
.
446
434
"The Perfect Picture" byJamesAlexander Thom 434
"Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts" by Bruce Catton 504 "Conversational Ballgames" by Nancy MastersonSakamoto 507 "Then and Now" by Mary PiPher 510
504
ix
Contents
Thematic Table of Contents
"Private Language, Public Language" by Richard Rodriguez 520 "Coming Home" by MarjorieWaters 525
Life's Changes
527
Cause and Effect "Old Father Time Becomes a Terror" by Richard Tomkins 527 "Gender Gap in Cyberspace" by DeborahTannen 531 "Why Marriages Fail" by Anne RoiPhe 533 "Black Men and Public Space" by BrentStaPles 536
540
Definition
"The Sweet Smell of Success Isn't All That Sweet" by Laurence Shames 540 "The Power of Play" by Hara Estroff Marano 542 "The Insufficiency of Honesty" by StePhenL. Carter 547 "When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
560
Argument "Death and Justice" by Edward 1. Koch 560 "Execution" by Anna Quindlen 564 "Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at Universities" by Marilyn Gaye Piety "Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated"
566
by Gretchen Morgenson 571 "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King,Jr. "AJournalist's View of Black Economics" by William RasPberry 580 "Close the Borders to All Newcomers"
576
by Daniel James 586 "Give Us Your Best, Your Brightest" by StePhen Moore 590
Mixing the Writing Strategies "Blur: Cheetahs. Ranchers. Hope." by Susan Zimmerman 595 "She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D." by PerriKlass 601 "The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
595
"The PerfectPicture" byJamesAlexanderThom 434 "Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436 "Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439 "For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443 "Once More to the Lake" by E. B. White 456 "The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485 "Then and Now" by Mary PiPher 510 "Private Language, Public Language" by RichardRodriguez 520 "Coming Home" by MarjorieWaters 525 "Old Father Time Becomes a Terror" by Richard Tomkins 527 "Why Marriages Fail" by Anne Roiphe 533 "Black Men and Public Space" by Brent StaPles 536
Who We Are "The Appeal of the Androgynous Man" by Amy Gross 430 "Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436 "Assembly Line Adventure" by LesleyHadeton 452 "Binge Drinking, A Campus Killer" by SabrinaRubin Erdely 474 "Rambos of the Road" by Martin Gottfried 478 "Going for Broke" by Metea Goldand David Ferrell 481 'The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485 "What Are Friends For?" by Marion Winik 488 "The Men We Carry in Our Minds" by ScottRussellSanders 491 "The Myth of the Latin Woman" by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494 "Which Stooge Are You?" by Ron Geraci 499 "Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts" by Bruce Catton 504 "Then and Now" by Mary Pipher 510 "Gender Gap in Cyberspace" by DeborahTannen 531 . "Why Marriages Fail" by Anne RoiPhe 533 "The Sweet Smell of Success Isn't All That Sweet" by Laurence Shames
540
x
Contents
"The Power of Play" by Hara EstroffMarano 542 "The Insufficiency of Honesty" by StephenL. Carter 547 "The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
"Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566 "Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated" by GretchenMorgenson 571
Our Relationship to Nature
Diversity in Our Lives "Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439 "For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443 "The Myth of the Latin Woman" by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494 "Conversational Ballgames" by Nancy MastersonSakamoto 507 "Private Language, Public Language" by Richard Rodriguez 520 "Gender Gap in Cyberspace" by DeborahTannen 531 "Black Men and Public Space" by BrentStaples 536 "Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566 "Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated" by GretchenMorgenson 571 "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King,Jr. 576 "AJournalist's View of Black Economics" by William RasPberry 580 "Close the Borders to All Newcomers" by DanielJames 586 "Give Us Your Best, Your Brightest" by StephenMoore 590 "The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
"When the Full Moon Shines Its Magic over Monument Valley" byJohn V Young 446 "In the Jungle" by Annie Dillard 448 "Once More to the Lake" by E. B. White 456 From "The Spider and the Wasp" by AlexanderPetrunkevitch 465 "Let's Get Vertical!" by Beth Wald 467 "The Knife" by RichardSelzer 470 "The Power of Play" by Hara EstroffMarano 542 "Blur: Cheetahs. Ranchers. Hope." by Susan Zimmerman 595
Health "Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436 "The Knife" by RichardSelzer 470 "Binge Drinking, A Campus Killer" by SabrinaRubin Erdely 474 "Rambos of the Road" by Martin Gottfried 478 "Going for Broke" by Matea Cold and David Ferrell 481 "The Company Man" by Ellen Goodman 485 "Old Father Time Becomes a Terror" by Richard Tomkins 527 "The Power of Play" by Hara Estroff Marano 542 "She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D," by PerriKlass 601
Contemporary Issues Women's Issues "The Appeal of the Androgynous Man" by Amy Gross 430 "The Men We Carry in Our Minds" by ScottRussell Sanders 491 "The Myth of the Latin Woman" by Judith Ortiz Cofer 494 "Then and Now" by Mary Pipher 510 "Gender Gap in Cyberspace" by DeborahTannen 531 "When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552
Crime and Punishment "When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552 "Death and Justice" by Edward I. Koch 560 "Execution" by Anna Quindlen 564 "Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566 "Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated" by GretchenMorgenson 571
language
Use and Abuse
"Sound and Fury" by Dan Greenburg 436 "Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439 "For My Indian Daughter" by Lewis Sawaquat 443 "Fast Track to Perfection" by Ian Dunbar 461 "The Knife" by RichardSelzer 470 "The Myth of the Latin Woman" byJudith Ortiz Cofer 494
xi
Contents "Conversational Ballgames" by Nancy MastersonSakamoto 507 "Private Language, Public Language" by Richard Rodriguez 520 "When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552 "Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated" by GretchenMorgenson 571 "She's Your Basic L.O.L. in N.A.D." by PerriKlass 601 "The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices Subject-Verb Agreement 645
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement 648 Avoiding Faulty Pronoun Reference 651 Avoiding Unwarranted Shifts in Person 653 Using the Right Pronoun Case
"The Perfect Picture" byJamesAlexanderThom 434 "Momma's Encounter" by Maya Angelou 439 "Black Men and Public Space" by BrentStaples 536 "The Sweet Smell of Success" by LaurenceShames 540 "The Insufficiency of Honesty" by StephenL. Carter 547 "When Is It Rape?" by Nancy Gibbs 552 "Death and Justice" by Edward1. Koch 560 "Execution" by Anna Quindlen 564 "Sexual Harassment Is a Serious Problem at Universities" by Marilyn GayePiety 566 "Sexual Harassment Is Overestimated" by GretchenMorgenson 571 "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King,Jr.' 576 "Close the Borders to All Newcomers" by DanielJames 586 "Give Us Your Best, Your Brightest" by StephenMoore 590 "The Uses of a Word" by GloriaNaylor 604
Handbook
607
Sentence Elements
609
Subjects and Predicates Complements Appositives
655
Avoiding Inconsistency in Showing Time 658 Avoiding Misuse of Adjectives and Adverbs 660 Avoiding Misplaced Modifiers 662
Struggling with Ethical Issues
.
643
609
610
.
Avoiding Dangling Modifiers 664 Avoiding Nonparallelism 665 Avoiding Faulty Comparisons 666
Editing to Correct Faulty Punctuation and Mechanics 669 Apostrophes 669 Commas 672 Semicolons 677 Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points 679 Colons, Dashes, Parentheses, and Brackets
681
Quotation Marks 685 Hyphens 687 Capitalization 689 Abbreviations 692 Numbers 693 Italics 695
Spelling
698
Spelling Rules 698 Helpful Spelling Tips 700 List of Troublesome Words 701
611
Parts of Speech 612 Phrases and Clauses 634
Editing to Correct Sentence Errors 641 Sentence Fragments
641
Glossary of Word Usage
705
Acknowledgments
729
Subject Index
734