CONTENTS [PDF]

CONTENTS Preface

xiii

1.

Introduction to Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 1.1  Introduction  1 1.2  Microprocessor  3 1.3  Microcomputer  4 1.4  Architecture of Microprocessors  6 1.5  History of Microprocessors  8 1.6  Evolution of Microprocessors  9 1.7  Microprocessor Applications  12 1.8  Evolution of Microcontrollers  13 1.9  Applications of Microcontrollers  15 Summary  16 Multiple-Choice Questions  16 Short-Answer-Type Questions  17 Review Questions  17 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  17

1

2.

Architecture of the 8085 Microprocessor 2.1  Introduction  18 2.2  Block Diagram of the 8085 Microprocessor  18 2.3  Pin Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor  28 Summary  33 Multiple-Choice Questions  34 Short-Answer-Type Questions  35 Review Questions  35 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  36

18

3.

Instruction Set and Addressing Modes of 8085 Microprocessor 3.1  Introduction  37 3.2  Addressing Modes  37 3.3  Instruction Set  40 3.4  Instruction and Data Formats  43 3.4  Symbols and Abbreviations  45 3.5  8085 Instructions  46 3.6  Instruction Timing Diagram  63 3.7  Timing Diagram  66

37

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Summary  77 Multiple-Choice Questions  77 Short-Answer-Type Questions  79 Review Questions  79 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  80

4.

Assembly – Language Programs of the 8085 Microprocessor 4.1  Introduction   81 4.2  Machine Language  82 4.3  Assembly Language  82 4.4  High-Level Language  83 4.5  Stack  87 4.6  Subroutines  89 4.7  Time-Delay Loops  91 4.8  Modular Programming  94 4.9  Macro  95 4.10  Instruction Format  96 4.11  Assembly-Language Programs  97 Summary  142 Multiple-Choice Questions  142 Short-Answer-Type Questions  144 Review Questions  145 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  146

5.

Architecture of 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors 5.1  Introduction  147 5.2  Architecture of 8086  149 5.3  Registers  152 5.4  Logical And Physical Address  156 5.5  Address Bus, Data Bus, Control Bus  158 5.6  Memory Segmentation  158 5.7  8086 Memory Addressing  160 5.8  Pin Description of 8086  164 5.9  Memory Read and Write Bus Cycle of 8086  170 5.10  Intel 8088 Processor  176 5.11  Demultiplexing of the System Bus in 8086 and 8088 Microprocessors  180 5.12  Some Important ICs: 8284A, 8286/8287, 8282/8283, and 8288  183 Summary  189 Multiple-Choice Questions  190 Short-Answer-Type Questions  190 Review Questions   191 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  191

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ix

6.

Instruction Set and Addressing Modes of the 8086 Microprocessor 6.1  Introduction  192 6.2  Addressing Modes  192 6.3  8086 Instruction Set  203 Summary  239 Multiple-Choice Questions  240 Short-Answer-Type Questions  241 Review Questions  241 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  242

192

7.

Assembly-Language Programs of the 8086 Microprocessor and 8087, 80287 and 80387 Numeric Data Processors 7.1  Introduction  243 7.2  Assembly-Language Commands  246 7.3  Assembly Language Programs  255 7.4  8087, 80287 And 80387 Numeric Data Processors   289 7.5  8087 Numeric Data Processor   289 7.6  80287 Numeric Data Processor  303 7.7  80387 Numeric Data Processor  307 Summary  308 Multiple-Choice Questions  308 Short-Answer-Type Questions  310 Review Questions  310 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  312

8.

I/O and Memory Interfacing Using 8085/8086 8.1  Introduction  313 8.2  Memory Interfacing  313 8.3  Interrupts of the 8085 Microprocessor  335 8.4  Interrupts of 8086/8088 Microprocessor  348 8.5  8259A Programmable Interrupt Controller  355 8.6  Programmable Peripheral Interface, 8255  368 8.7  8253 Programmable Counter/Interval Timer  382 Summary  397 Multiple-Choice Questions  398 Short-Answer Type Questions  399 Review Questions  400 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  403

313

9.

Communication and Bus Interfacing with the 8085/8086 Microprocessor 9.1  Introduction   404 9.2  Serial Communication Interface 8251  404 9.3  Direct Memory Access (Dma) Controller 8257  417 9.4  8279—Programmable Keyboard And Display I/O Interface   430

404

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9.5  8275 Crt Controller   441 9.6  Analog-to-Digital Converter Interfacing  445 9.7  Digital-to-Analog Converter Interfacing  458 9.8  Bus Interface  467 9.9  8250 Uart  480 9.10  16550 Uart  485 9.11  8089 I/O Processor  487 Summary  493 Multiple Choice Questions  493 Short-Answer Type Questions  495 Review Questions  496 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  498

10.

Applications of 8085/8086 Microprocessors 10.1  Introduction   499 10.2  Seven-Segment Display  500 10.3  Measurement of Electrical Quantities  504 10.4  Measurement of Physical Quantities  528 10.5  Microprocessor-Based Protection  549 10.6  Microprocessor-Based Traffic Control  552 10.7  Microprocessor-Based Firing Circuit of A Thyristor  558 10.8  Speed Control of DC Motor  562 10.9  Stepper Motor  569 Summary  575 Multiple-Choice Questions  575 Short Answer Questions  576 Review Questions  576 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  578

499

11.

80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 Microprocessors 11.1  Introduction  579 11.2  80186 Microprocessor Architecture  579 11.3  Pin Description of 80186  594 11.4  Addressing Modes of 80186  598 11.5  Data Types of 80186  598 11.6  Instruction Set of 80186  599 11.7  Comparison Between 8086 and 80186  601 11.8  Introduction to 80286  601 11.9  Architecture of 80286  602 11.10  Pin Diagram of 80286  606 11.11  Addressing Modes of 80286  609 11.12  Data Types of 80286  610 11.13  80286 Instruction Set  610

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11.14  80286 Addressing Mode  614 11.15  Comparison Between 8086 and 80286  620 11.16  Comparison Between 80186 and 80286  621 11.17  Introduction to 80386  622 11.18  Architecture of 80386  623 11.19  Registers of 80386  624 11.20  Pin Functions of 80386  628 11.21  Addressing Modes of 80386  630 11.22  Data Types of 80386  631 11.23  Operating Mode of 80386  631 11.24  Instruction Set  638 11.25  Comparison Between 80286 And 80386  639 11.26  Introduction to 80486  640 11.27  Architecture of 80486  640 11.28  Pin Descriptions of 80486  643 11.29  Comparison Between 80386 And 80486  648 Summary  648 Multiple-Choice Questions  649 Short-Answer Questions  650 Review Questions  650 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  652

12.

Pentium and RISC Processors 12.1  Introduction  653 12.2  Pentium Internal Architecture   653 12.3  Pentium Operating Modes  662 12.4  Segmentation  665 12.5  Physical, Linear and Logical Address   666 12.6  Virtual 8086 Mode  670 12.7  Pin Description of Pentium Processor   673 12.8  Addressing Modes of The Pentium Processor  676 12.9  Pentium Bus Interfacing  677 12.10  System Management Mode (SMM) of the Pentium Processor  684 12.11  Cache Memories  686 12.12  Pentium MMX  697 12.13  Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III: P6 Family Processors  698 12.14  Comparison of Pentium and Pentium-Pro Processor  704 12.15  Pentium 4 Processor  705 12.15  Comparison of Pentium III and Pentium 4 Processors  713 12.16  Risc Processors  713 12.17  Core Processor  717 Summary  718

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Multiple-Choice Questions  719 Short-Answer Questions   720 Review Questions  720 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  721

13.

Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller 13.1  Introduction   722 13.2  Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller  13.3  Memory Organization  730 13.4  Pin Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller  735 13.5  Timers/Counters  744 13.6  Serial Communication  749 13.7  Interrupts  756 Summary  760 Multiple-Choice Questions  760 Short-Answer Questions  761 Review Questions  761 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  762

722

14.

Instruction Set and Programming of the 8051 Microcontroller 14.1  Introduction  763 14.2  Addressing Modes  763 14.3  8051 Instruction Set  767 14.4  Simple Examples in Assembly-Language Programs of 8051 Microcontroller  792 14.5  Assembly-Language Programs  795 14.6  Applications of Microcontrollers  807 Summary  827 Multiple-Choice Questions  827 Short-Answer/Viva-Voce Questions  828 Review Questions  828 Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions  829

763

Appendix A - OPCODE of the 8085 Instruction Set Appendix B - Some Important Tables for 8051 Appendix C - Some Important Tables for 8085 Appendix D - Some Important Tables for 8086

830 833 838 842

Model Question Paper - 1 Model Question Paper - 2 Model Question Paper - 3

856 860 863

Index

867