Contribution of the SISCam Web-based GIS to the seismotectonic study of Campania (Southern Apennines): an example of application to the Sannio-area Natural Hazards April 2008, Volume 45, Issue 1, pp 73–85 | Cite as Rosa Nappi (1) Email author (
[email protected]) Giuliana Alessio (1) Giovanni Bronzino (1) Carlo Terranova (1) Giuseppe Vilardo (1) 1. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano—INGV, Napoli, Italy Original Paper First Online: 09 October 2007 Received: 14 March 2007 Accepted: 22 July 2007 127 Downloads 3 Citations
Abstract In this article the implementation and potential of the Seismotectonic Information System of the Campania Region (SISCam) are described, in particular an application of this Web-based GIS system to the seismotectonic analysis of the Sannio area (Southern Apennines) is performed. WEBGIS technologies greatly contribute to both the environmental monitoring and the disaster management of areas affected by high natural risks. Specifically the SISCam system has been developed with the aim of providing easy access and fast diffusion, through Internet technology, of the most significant geological, geophysical, and territorial data relative to the Campania Region. The Sannio area has been selected as our application example because it is among the most active seismic regions in Italy. This portion of the Southern Apennines which was hit by the June 5, 1688 strong earthquake (M W = 6.7, CPTI 1999) and by some low- and moderate-energy seismic sequences (1990–1992, 1997), is characterized by a complex inherited tectonic setting and low-tectonic deformation rates that hide the seismogenic sources position. Since this case study turned out to be complicated, the use of the SIScam WEB-GIS has become indispensable because it allowed us to visualize, integrate and analyze all the data available, in order to obtain an accurate and direct picture of the seismotectonic setting of the area. Moreover, a different approach of data analysis was necessary, due to the lack of up-to-date neotectonic and structural data; therefore, the operation of this GIS system enabled us to process and generate some original informative layers, through image analysis, such as new structural lineaments represented on a map of the potential active faults of the area, which has been the final result of our application, as a contribution to new knowledge about the local seismic risk parameters.
Keywords Web-based GIS Seismotectonic data Image processing Internet technology This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access
Notes Acknowledgments We would like to thank Prof. V. Schenk for his courtesy and anonymous referees for their reviews and useful suggestions.
References Alessio G, Esposito E, Gorini A, Luongo G, Porfido S (1993) Identification of seismogenic areas in the Southern Apennines, Italy. Ann Geofis 36(1):227–235 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Identification%20of%20seismogenic%20areas%20in%20the%20Southern%20Apennines%2C%20Italy&author=G.%20Alessio&author=E.%2 0Esposito&author=A.%20Gorini&author=G.%20Luongo&author=S.%20Porfido&journal=Ann%20Geofis&volume=36&issue=1&pages=227235&publication_year=1993) Alessio G, Gorini A, Vilardo G, Iannaccone G (1996) Low energy sequences in areas with high seismic potential: Benevento (Southern Apennines), April 1990. In: Schenk V (ed) Earthquakes hazard and risk. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp 3–16 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Low%20energy%20sequences%20in%20areas%20with%20high%20seismic%20potential%3A%20Benevento%20%28Southern%20Apennine s%29%2C%20April%201990&author=G.%20Alessio&author=A.%20Gorini&author=G.%20Vilardo&author=G.%20Iannaccone&pages=316&publication_year=1996) Amato A, Montone P (1997) Present-day stress field and active tectonics in southern peninsular Italy. Geophys J Int 130:519–534 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb05666.x) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Presentday%20stress%20field%20and%20active%20tectonics%20in%20southern%20peninsular%20Italy&author=A.%20Amato&author=P.%20Montone &journal=Geophys%20J%20Int&volume=130&pages=519-534&publication_year=1997) Bousquet JC, Grellet B, Sauret B (1993) Neotectonic setting of the Benevento area: comparison with the epicentral zone of the Irpinia earthquake. Ann Geofis 36(1):245–251 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Neotectonic%20setting%20of%20the%20Benevento%20area%3A%20comparison%20with%20the%20epicentral%20zone%20of%20the%20I rpinia%20earthquake&author=JC.%20Bousquet&author=B.%20Grellet&author=B.%20Sauret&journal=Ann%20Geofis&volume=36&issue=1&page s=245-251&publication_year=1993) Carrere V (1990) Development of multiple source data processing for structural analysis at a regional scale. Photogram Eng Remote Sens 56(5):587– 595 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Development%20of%20multiple%20source%20data%20processing%20for%20structural%20analysis%20at%20a%20regional%20scale&auth or=V.%20Carrere&journal=Photogram%20Eng%20Remote%20Sens&volume=56&issue=5&pages=587-595&publication_year=1990) Carta Geologica dell’Appennino Meridionale (1988) Dip. Scienze della Terra Univ. Napoli – CNR scala 1:250.000 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dip.%20Scienze%20della%20Terra%20Univ&journal=Napoli%20%E2%80%93%20CNR%20scala&volume=1&pages=250000&publication_ year=1988) Ciaranfi N, Cinque A, Lambiase S, Pieri P, Rapisardi L, Ricchetti G, Sgrosso I, Tortorici L (1981) Proposta di zonazione sismotettonica dell’Italia Meridionale. Rend Soc Geol It 4:493–496 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Proposta%20di%20zonazione%20sismotettonica%20dell%E2%80%99Italia%20Meridionale&author=N.%20Ciaranfi&author=A.%20Cinque &author=S.%20Lambiase&author=P.%20Pieri&author=L.%20Rapisardi&author=G.%20Ricchetti&author=I.%20Sgrosso&author=L.%20Tortorici&j ournal=Rend%20Soc%20Geol%20It&volume=4&pages=493-496&publication_year=1981) Cinque A, Patacca E, Scandone P, Tozzi M (1993) Quarernary kinematic evolution of the Southern Apennins. Relationship between surface geological features and deep lithospheric structures. Ann Geofis 36(2):249–260 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Quarernary%20kinematic%20evolution%20of%20the%20Southern%20Apennins.%20Relationship%20between%20surface%20geological%2 0features%20and%20deep%20lithospheric%20structures&author=A.%20Cinque&author=E.%20Patacca&author=P.%20Scandone&author=M.%20T ozzi&journal=Ann%20Geofis&volume=36&issue=2&pages=249-260&publication_year=1993) CPTI Working Group (ed) (1999) Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani, GNDT-ING-SGA-SSN Bologna, 92 pp Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=CPTI%20Working%20Group%20%28ed%29%20%281999%29%20Catalogo%20Parametrico%20dei%20Terremoti%20Italiani%2C%20GNDTING-SGA-SSN%20Bologna%2C%2092%20pp) Di Bucci D, Massa B, Zuppetta A (2006) Relay ramps in active normal fault zones: a clu to the identification of seismogenic sources (1688 Sannio earthquake, Italy). GSA Bull 118(3/4):430–448 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1130/B25783.1) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Relay%20ramps%20in%20active%20normal%20fault%20zones%3A%20a%20clu%20to%20the%20identification%20of%20seismogenic%2 0sources%20%281688%20Sannio%20earthquake%2C%20Italy%29&author=D.%20Di%20Bucci&author=B.%20Massa&author=A.%20Zuppetta&j ournal=GSA%20Bull&volume=118&issue=3%2F4&pages=430-448&publication_year=2006) Dragicevic S (2004) The potential of Web-based GIS. J Geogr Syst 6:79–81 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0133-4) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=The%20potential%20of%20Webbased%20GIS&author=S.%20Dragicevic&journal=J%20Geogr%20Syst&volume=6&pages=79-81&publication_year=2004) ESRI, Environmental Systems Research Institute (2000), ArcIMS Architecture http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer00articles/arcims-arch.html (http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/summer00articles/arcims-arch.html) Gonzales RC, Wintz P (1987) Digital image processing, 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 402 p Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Digital%20image%20processing&author=RC.%20Gonzales&author=P.%20Wintz&publication_year=1987) Gruppo di Lavoro sul Rischio Sismico (1998) http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/proclass1998.html (http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it/proclass1998.html) Hippolyte JC, Angelier J, Roure F (1994) A major geodynamic change revealed by Quaternary stress patterns in the Southern Apenninnes (Italy). Tectonophysics 230:199–210 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90135-X) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=A%20major%20geodynamic%20change%20revealed%20by%20Quaternary%20stress%20patterns%20in%20the%20Southern%20Apenninnes %20%28Italy%29&author=JC.%20Hippolyte&author=J.%20Angelier&author=F.%20Roure&journal=Tectonophysics&volume=230&pages=199210&publication_year=1994) Iannaccone G, Improta L, Biella G, Castellano M, Deshamps A, De Franco R, Malagnini L, Mirabile L, Romeo R, Zollo A (1995) A study of local site effects in Benevento (southern Italy) by the analysis of seismic records of explosions. Ann Geofis 38:411–427 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=A%20study%20of%20local%20site%20effects%20in%20Benevento%20%28southern%20Italy%29%20by%20the%20analysis%20of%20seis mic%20records%20of%20explosions&author=G.%20Iannaccone&author=L.%20Improta&author=G.%20Biella&author=M.%20Castellano&author= A.%20Deshamps&author=R.%20Franco&author=L.%20Malagnini&author=L.%20Mirabile&author=R.%20Romeo&author=A.%20Zollo&journal=A nn%20Geofis&volume=38&pages=411-427&publication_year=1995) Jordan G, Meijninger BML, van Hinsbergen DJJ, Meulenkamp JE, van Dijk PM (2005) Extraction of morphotectonic features from DEMs: development and applications for study areas in Hungary and NW Greece. Int J Appl Earth Observ Geoinform 7:163–182 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2005.03.003) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Extraction%20of%20morphotectonic%20features%20from%20DEMs%3A%20development%20and%20applications%20for%20study%20are as%20in%20Hungary%20and%20NW%20Greece&author=G.%20Jordan&author=BML.%20Meijninger&author=DJJ.%20Hinsbergen&author=JE.% 20Meulenkamp&author=PM.%20Dijk&journal=Int%20J%20Appl%20Earth%20Observ%20Geoinform&volume=7&pages=163182&publication_year=2005) Khan SD, Flower MFJ, Sultan MI, Sandvol E (2006) Introduction to TETHYS—an interdisciplinary GIS database for studying continental collisions. J Asian Earth Sci 26:613–625 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.12.001) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Introduction%20to%20TETHYS%E2%80%94an%20interdisciplinary%20GIS%20database%20for%20studying%20continental%20collisions &author=SD.%20Khan&author=MFJ.%20Flower&author=MI.%20Sultan&author=E.%20Sandvol&journal=J%20Asian%20Earth%20Sci&volume=2 6&pages=613-625&publication_year=2006) Lee WHK, Lahr JC (1975) HYPO71 (revised): a computer program for determining hypocenter, magnitude and first motion pattern of local earthquake. US Geol Surv., Open File Rep., pp 1–44 Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=Lee%20WHK%2C%20Lahr%20JC%20%281975%29%20HYPO71%20%28revised%29%3A%20a%20computer%20program%20for%20determi ning%20hypocenter%2C%20magnitude%20and%20first%20motion%20pattern%20of%20local%20earthquake.%20US%20Geol%20Surv.%2C%2 0Open%20File%20Rep.%2C%20pp%201%E2%80%9344) Markstrom SL, McCabe G, David O (2002) Web-based distribution of geo-scientific models. Comput Geosci 28:577–581 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00090-5) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Web-based%20distribution%20of%20geoscientific%20models&author=SL.%20Markstrom&author=G.%20McCabe&author=O.%20David&journal=Comput%20Geosci&volume=28&pages= 577-581&publication_year=2002) Math A, Taylor GR, Lennox P, Balia L (1995) Lineament analysis of Landsat Thematic Mapper Images, Northern Territory, Australia. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 61(6):761–773 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Lineament%20analysis%20of%20Landsat%20Thematic%20Mapper%20Images%2C%20Northern%20Territory%2C%20Australia&author=A. %20Math&author=GR.%20Taylor&author=P.%20Lennox&author=L.%20Balia&journal=Photogramm%20Eng%20Remote%20Sens&volume=61&i ssue=6&pages=761-773&publication_year=1995) Mathiyalagan V, Grunwald S, Reddy KR, Bloom SA (2005) A WebGIS and geodatabase for Florida’s wetlands. Comput Electron Agric 47:69–75 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2004.08.003) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=A%20WebGIS%20and%20geodatabase%20for%20Florida%E2%80%99s%20wetlands&author=V.%20Mathiyalagan&author=S.%20Grunwald &author=KR.%20Reddy&author=SA.%20Bloom&journal=Comput%20Electron%20Agric&volume=47&pages=69-75&publication_year=2005) Milano G, Digiovambattista R, Alessio G (1999) Earthquake swarms in the Southern Apennines chain (Italy): the 1997 seismic sequence in the Sannio-Matese mountains. Tectonophysics 306:57–78 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(99)00040-2) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Earthquake%20swarms%20in%20the%20Southern%20Apennines%20chain%20%28Italy%29%3A%20the%201997%20seismic%20sequence %20in%20the%20SannioMatese%20mountains&author=G.%20Milano&author=R.%20Digiovambattista&author=G.%20Alessio&journal=Tectonophysics&volume=306&pa ges=57-78&publication_year=1999) Milano G, Digiovambattista R, Ventura G (2005) The 2001 seismic activity near Isernia (Italy): implications for the seismotectonics of the CentralSouthern Apennines. Tectonophysics 401:167–178 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.03.010) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The%202001%20seismic%20activity%20near%20Isernia%20%28Italy%29%3A%20implications%20for%20the%20seismotectonics%20of% 20the%20CentralSouthern%20Apennines&author=G.%20Milano&author=R.%20Digiovambattista&author=G.%20Ventura&journal=Tectonophysics&volume=401& pages=167-178&publication_year=2005) Mostardini F, Merlini S (1986) Appennino Centro Meridionale: sezioni geologiche e proposta di modello strutturale. Mem Soc Geol Ital 35:177–202 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Appennino%20Centro%20Meridionale%3A%20sezioni%20geologiche%20e%20proposta%20di%20modello%20strutturale&author=F.%20M ostardini&author=S.%20Merlini&journal=Mem%20Soc%20Geol%20Ital&volume=35&pages=177-202&publication_year=1986) Nappi R, Ventura G, Vilardo G (2004) WEB based GIS for seismotectonic risk assessment. Abstract for 32° International Geological Congress, Firenze 20–28 Agosto, 2004 Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=Nappi%20R%2C%20Ventura%20G%2C%20Vilardo%20G%20%282004%29%20WEB%20based%20GIS%20for%20seismotectonic%20risk%2 0assessment.%20Abstract%20for%2032%C2%B0%20International%20Geological%20Congress%2C%20Firenze%2020%E2%80%9328%20Agost o%2C%202004) Nappi R, Alessio G, Bellucci Sessa E, Vilardo G (2006) Analisi integrata di dati geofisici, geomorfologici e morfometrici dell’area sorgente relativa al terremoto del 5 giugno 1688 (Sannio) in ambiente GIS, per l’identificazione delle deformazioni indotte. Atti 25° Convegno Nazionale G.N.G.T.S, Roma 28–30 Novembre, pp 50–51 Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=Nappi%20R%2C%20Alessio%20G%2C%20Bellucci%20Sessa%20E%2C%20Vilardo%20G%20%282006%29%20Analisi%20integrata%20di% 20dati%20geofisici%2C%20geomorfologici%20e%20morfometrici%20dell%E2%80%99area%20sorgente%20relativa%20al%20terremoto%20del %205%20giugno%201688%20%28Sannio%29%20in%20ambiente%20GIS%2C%20per%20l%E2%80%99identificazione%20delle%20deformazi oni%20indotte.%20Atti%2025%C2%B0%20Convegno%20Nazionale%20G.N.G.T.S%2C%20Roma%2028%E2%80%9330%20Novembre%2C%2 0pp%2050%E2%80%9351) Pondrelli S, Morelli A, Ekström G, Mazza S, Boschi E, Dziewonski AM (2002) European-Mediterranean regional centroid-moment tensors: 1997– 2000. Phys Earth Planet Interior 130:71–101 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9201(01)00312-0) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=European-Mediterranean%20regional%20centroidmoment%20tensors%3A%201997%E2%80%932000&author=S.%20Pondrelli&author=A.%20Morelli&author=G.%20Ekstr%C3%B6m&author=S. %20Mazza&author=E.%20Boschi&author=AM.%20Dziewonski&journal=Phys%20Earth%20Planet%20Interior&volume=130&pages=71101&publication_year=2002) Sander P, Chesley MM, Minor TB (1996) Groundwater assessment using Remote Sensing and GIS in a rural groundwater project in Ghana: lessons learned. Hydrol J 4(3):40–49 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Groundwater%20assessment%20using%20Remote%20Sensing%20and%20GIS%20in%20a%20rural%20groundwater%20project%20in%20G hana%3A%20lessons%20learned&author=P.%20Sander&author=MM.%20Chesley&author=TB.%20Minor&journal=Hydrol%20J&volume=4&issu e=3&pages=40-49&publication_year=1996) Scarano I (2005) Evoluzioni Spazio-Temporali delle sequenze sismiche (1990–1992, e 1997) a bassa energia nell’area del Sannio e correlazioni con i lineamenti strutturali preesistenti, in ambiente GIS. Degree Thesis, University of Naples “Federico II” Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Scarano%20I%20%282005%29%20Evoluzioni%20SpazioTemporali%20delle%20sequenze%20sismiche%20%281990%E2%80%931992%2C%20e%201997%29%20a%20bassa%20energia%20nell%E2% 80%99area%20del%20Sannio%20e%20correlazioni%20con%20i%20lineamenti%20strutturali%20preesistenti%2C%20in%20ambiente%20GIS.% 20Degree%20Thesis%2C%20University%20of%20Naples%20%E2%80%9CFederico%20II%E2%80%9D) Serva L (1981) Il terremoto del 1688 nel Sannio. Proc. Meeting of Progetto Finalizzato Geodinamica on Sismicità dell’Italia: stato delle conoscenze scientifiche e qualità della normativa sismica, Udine 12–14 May 1981, pp 1–105 Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=Serva%20L%20%281981%29%20Il%20terremoto%20del%201688%20nel%20Sannio.%20Proc.%20Meeting%20of%20Progetto%20Finalizzato %20Geodinamica%20on%20Sismicit%C3%A0%20dell%E2%80%99Italia%3A%20stato%20delle%20conoscenze%20scientifiche%20e%20qualit %C3%A0%20della%20normativa%20sismica%2C%20Udine%2012%E2%80%9314%20May%201981%2C%20pp%201%E2%80%93105) Tsou MH (2004) Integrative Web-based GIS and image processing tools for environmental monitoring and natural resource management. J Geogr Syst 6:155–174 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10109-004-0131-6) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Integrative%20Webbased%20GIS%20and%20image%20processing%20tools%20for%20environmental%20monitoring%20and%20natural%20resource%20manageme nt&author=MH.%20Tsou&journal=J%20Geogr%20Syst&volume=6&pages=155-174&publication_year=2004) Valensise G, Pantosti D (ed) (2001a) Database of potential sources for earthquakes larger than 5.5 in Italy. Ann Geofis, supplement to vol. 44 (4), 180 pp. with CD-ROM Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=Valensise%20G%2C%20Pantosti%20D%20%28ed%29%20%282001a%29%20Database%20of%20potential%20sources%20for%20earthquakes %20larger%20than%205.5%20in%20Italy.%20Ann%20Geofis%2C%20supplement%20to%20vol.%2044%20%284%29%2C%20180%20pp.%20 with%20CD-ROM) Valensise G., Pantosti D (2001b) The investigation of potential earthquake sources in peninsular Italy: a review. J Seismol 5(3):287–306 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1023/A%3A1011463223440) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The%20investigation%20of%20potential%20earthquake%20sources%20in%20peninsular%20Italy%3A%20a%20review&author=G..%20Val ensise&author=D.%20Pantosti&journal=J%20Seismol&volume=5&issue=3&pages=287-306&publication_year=2001) Valensise G, Pantosti D, D’Addezio G, Cinti F, Cucci L (1993) L’identificazione e la caratterizzazione di faglie sismogenetiche nell’Appennino Centrp-Meridionale e nell’arco Calabro: nuovi risultati e ipotesi interpretative. Atti 12° Convegno Annuale G.N.G.T.S., pp 331–342 Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=Valensise%20G%2C%20Pantosti%20D%2C%20D%E2%80%99Addezio%20G%2C%20Cinti%20F%2C%20Cucci%20L%20%281993%29%20 L%E2%80%99identificazione%20e%20la%20caratterizzazione%20di%20faglie%20sismogenetiche%20nell%E2%80%99Appennino%20CentrpMeridionale%20e%20nell%E2%80%99arco%20Calabro%3A%20nuovi%20risultati%20e%20ipotesi%20interpretative.%20Atti%2012%C2%B0% 20Convegno%20Annuale%20G.N.G.T.S.%2C%20pp%20331%E2%80%93342) Ventura G, Vilardo G (1998) Applicazione di geotecnologie per la definizione dell’assetto morfostrutturale dell’area vesuviana. Atti 2 a Conferenza Nazionale ASITA 2:413–417 Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Applicazione%20di%20geotecnologie%20per%20la%20definizione%20dell%E2%80%99assetto%20morfostrutturale%20dell%E2%80%99ar ea%20vesuviana&author=G.%20Ventura&author=G.%20Vilardo&journal=Atti%202a%20Conferenza%20Nazionale%20ASITA&volume=2&pages =413-417&publication_year=1998) Vilardo G, Terranova C, Bronzino G, Giordano S, Ventura G, Alessio G, Gabriele M, Mainolfi R, Pagliuca E, Veneruso M (2001) SISCam: Sistema Informativo Sismotettonico della Regione Campania, http://ipf.ov.ingv.it/lgc/progetti_gb.asp (http://ipf.ov.ingv.it/lgc/progetti_gb.asp) Vilardo G, Nappi R, Petti P, Ventura G (2003) Fault geometries from the space distribution of the 1990–1997 Sannio-Benevento earthquakes: inferences on the active deformation in Southern Apennines. Tectonophysics 363(3–4):259–271 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00042-8) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Fault%20geometries%20from%20the%20space%20distribution%20of%20the%201990%E2%80%931997%20SannioBenevento%20earthquakes%3A%20inferences%20on%20the%20active%20deformation%20in%20Southern%20Apennines&author=G.%20Vilardo &author=R.%20Nappi&author=P.%20Petti&author=G.%20Ventura&journal=Tectonophysics&volume=363&issue=3%E2%80%934&pages=259271&publication_year=2003) Virieux J, Farra V, Madariaga R (1988) Ray-tracing for earthquake location in laterally heterogeneous media. J Geophys Res 93:6585–6599 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB06p06585) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Raytracing%20for%20earthquake%20location%20in%20laterally%20heterogeneous%20media&author=J.%20Virieux&author=V.%20Farra&author=R. %20Madariaga&journal=J%20Geophys%20Res&volume=93&pages=6585-6599&publication_year=1988) Westaway R (1993) Quaternary uplift of Southern Italy. J Geophys Res 98(B12):21741–21772 CrossRef (https://doi.org/10.1029/93JB01566) Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Quaternary%20uplift%20of%20Southern%20Italy&author=R.%20Westaway&journal=J%20Geophys%20Res&volume=98&issue=B12&pages =21741-21772&publication_year=1993)
Copyright information © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007
About this article Cite this article as: Nappi, R., Alessio, G., Bronzino, G. et al. Nat Hazards (2008) 45: 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9170-x DOI (Digital Object Identifier) https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9170-x Publisher Name Springer Netherlands Print ISSN 0921-030X Online ISSN 1573-0840 About this journal Reprints and Permissions
Personalised recommendations
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG. Part of Springer Nature. Not logged in Not affiliated 185.191.229.108