Accounting For Managers Professor ZHOU Ning SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT BEIHANG UNIVERSITY
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Chapter 6 Cost of Sales and Inventory
The objectives of chapter 6
Inventory costing methods Lower of cost or market Analysis of inventory
6-3
Inventory Issues
What is inventory?
What costs are included in inventory?
How do we separate COGS from Ending
Inventory?
6-4
Inventories Definition
Asset items held for sale in the ordinary course of business or goods that will be
used or consumed in the production of goods to be sold.
6-5
Merchandising Inventories
Merchandising
Sells goods in same form in which they are acquired.
Inventory costs (and costs of goods sold) = acquisition costs.
6-6
Merchandising Inventories
6-7
Relationship of Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Ending inventory Purchase AFS COGS
Beginning inventory
Beginning inventory + net purchases = Goods available for sale
cost of goods sold + ending inventory=Goods available for sale Cost of goods sold =Beg. inventory + net purchases -ending inventory Net purchases = gross purchases-purchase returns and allowances + freight-in
6-8
Discussion problem 6-1 W
X
Y
Z
$2,250
$1,800
$1,350
$2,100
Beginning inventory
300
225
500 ??
300
Plus: Purchases
975
975 ??
850
1,200
Less: Ending inventory
225
300
300
?? 150
1,050 ??
900
1,050 ??
1,350 ??
1,200 ??
900 ??
300 ??
750
300
400
150
?? 800
$ ?? 900
$ ?? 500
$ 150
Sales Cost of goods sold:
Cost of good sold Gross margin Period expenses Net income (Loss)
Ending inventory = Beginning Inventory + Purchase – Shipments (COGS)
$ (50)
6-9
Manufacturing Inventories
Manufacturing company converts raw materials and purchased parts into finished goods.
3 types of inventories;
Materials.
Work-in-process.
Finished goods. 6-10
3 Types of Manufacturing Inventory Accounts
Materials inventory or raw materials.
Work-in-process.
Not yet used in production. Adjusted for returns and freight-in.
Goods started but not yet finished. Materials + conversion costs.
Finished goods
Manufactured but not yet shipped. Materials + conversion costs. 6-11
Manufacturing Inventories
6-12
Manufacturing Companies
Product costs or cost of goods sold = materials and parts used + conversion costs
Conversion costs = production labor + overhead (other costs incurred in manufacturing).
6-13
Product costing systems
Perpetual inventory system for manufacturing companies.
6-14
Product Costs
inventory costs = inventoriable costs. Expensed (COGS) in period when FG sold. GAAP requires full production costing.
Materials cost. Labor costs incurred directly in producing the product. Other production or indirect production or production overhead costs. 6-15
Period Costs
Costs that are expensed in the period incurred.
Much of SG&A (Selling, General & Administrative) Expenses on IS.
6-16
Manufacturing Inventories
6-17
Service Inventories
Service organizations (hotels, beauty parlors, plumbers)
May have materials inventories.
6-18
Professional Service Inventories
Professional service firms (accounting firms, legal firms)
Intangible inventory costs are costs
incurred for client but not yet billed called jobs-in-progress or unbilled costs.
6-19
Inventory Costing Methods (Cost Flow Assumptions)
Specific identification. Average cost. First-in, first-out (FIFO) Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
6-20
Specific identification
Big ticket items: e.g. automobiles, paintings. Uniquely identified items.
8.333 9.467
1,250 1,420
9.889 8
890 720
May offer opportunity to manipulate costs.
6-21
Average Cost
(Beginning inventory amount + purchases) / units available for sale = per unit inventory costs = per unit cost of goods sold
Periodic method.
Computed for the entire period.
Perpetual method.
A new unit cost can be calculated after each purchase. 6-22
Average Cost
6-23
First-in, first-out (FIFO)
Expenses costs of oldest purchases first. Most recently purchased goods are in the ending inventory.
Likely but not necessary to follow actual flow of goods. Ending inventory approximates current cost of goods.
6-24
First-in, first-out (FIFO)
6-25
Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
Assumes most recently purchased goods are sold first Inventory based on costs of oldest purchases.
Cost of goods sold usually does not reflect physical flow. Ending inventory may be cost at amounts of years ago.
Inventory may be well below current costs. 6-26
Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
6-27
LIFO Reserve
FIFO (or average for cost) for internal reporting purposes. LIFO financial reporting.
LIFO reserve = FIFO inventory amount LIFO inventory amount.
6-28
Comparison of Methods
Cost of goods sold
Ending inventory
Total
FIFO
$1,250
$890
$2,140
Average cost
1,338
802
2,140
LIFO
1,420
720
2,140
6-29
Arguments for FIFO
Usually follows physical flow of goods. If prices are based on oldest cost, results in best matching. More accurate balance sheet valuation. Non-theoretical/practical argument:
Results in highest income during periods of rising prices. 6-30
Arguments for LIFO
If prices are based on current costs, results in best matching of revenues and costs and therefore most useful income statement. Closest to reflecting current or replacement costs of goods sold.
However, it is still historical costs and could differ from current costs. 6-31
Arguments for LIFO (con.)
During periods of price increases:
Higher costs of goods sold. Lower taxable income. Lower income taxes. Higher cash flows.
If LIFO for tax purposes than also financial reporting.
6-32
Why not more LIFO?
Most countries do not permit.
Would require a double set of books.
Prices of some items are not increasing. Because of IRS LIFO conformity requirement, lower earnings reported to shareholders.
6-33
Lower of Cost or Market (LCM)
Market price may be below cost due to:
Physical deterioration. Change in consumer tastes. Technological obsolescence.
LCM is a reflection of conservatism concept. Market is defined as replacement cost. 6-34
Analysis of inventory
Inventory turnover Average for period or ending inventory. Measures efficiency of asset usage.
Days’ inventory
Gross margin as % of sales. Ratios differ by industry. 6-35
Summary of Chapter 6
Inventory costing methods Lower of cost or market Analysis of inventory
6-36
Assignments of Chapter 6
Problem 6-3 Problem 6-5 Problem 6-6 Case 6-1
6-37
Thank you
6-38