Idea Transcript
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON BAMBOO
Dunstan Kanyan ak Latit
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 2009/2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS Judul:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON BAMBOO
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya
DUNSTAN KANYAN ANAK LATIT (HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: MELATAI SATU JALAN SELIRIK
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DR. SININ HAMDAN Nama Penyelia
96800 KAPIT SARAWAK Tarikh:
CATATAN
Tarikh:
* **
Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report, which entitled “Mechanical Properties on Bamboo”, was prepared by Dunstan Kanyan anak Latit as a partial fulfillment for the Bachelor’s Degree of Engineering with Honours (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) is hereby read and approved by:
_______________________________
__________________
Associate Professor Dr. Sinin Hamdan
Date
Project Supervisor Faculty of Engineering University Malaysia Sarawak
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ON BAMBOO
DUNSTAN KANYAN AK LATIT
Thesis is submitted to Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering With Honours (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 2009/2010
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to give my sincere acknowledgement to all parties and individuals that provides me time and knowledge throughout the periods of completing my final year project.
I would like to express my great appreciation to my project supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. Sinin Hamdan, who had willingly share the valuable guidance and opinion in making this project successful till the end. Special thanks also goes to En. Saiful Islam for sharing their honest and humble thoughts and opinions.
Besides that, I would also like to express gratitude to University Malaysia Sarawak, all lectures from Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, supporting staffs and to all my friends who had also helped me either directly or indirectly in gathering information and opinion provision. I would also express special thanks to Mr. Sabariman who has been willing to cooperate fully and providing all the assistance.
Lastly, I am deeply grateful with the support given by my family members who wholeheartedly help with their encouragement during the difficult times in doing this project.
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ABSTRAK
Buluh boleh dikategorikan sebagai tumbuhan yang paling keras yang ada di muka bumi berdasarkan modulus spesifikasi, kekuatan yang tinggi dan kekuatan mampatan yang tinggi. Dalam kajian ini, spesimen buluh diresapi dengan polivinil alkohol (PVA) dan Natrium Hidroxida (NaOH) untuk proses kimia. Tekanan Vakum telah digunakan untuk mencampurkan sampel tersebut. Peresapan buluh dikarakterisasi menggunakan Spektroskopi Transformasi Inframerah Fourier (FTIR). Ujian mampatan dilakukan pada buluh yang telah diresapi dengan pelbagai jenis buluh mengikut ketinggian. Modulus spesifikasi dan tegangan lentur diukur. Peresapan pada sampel buluh disahkan melalui FTIR. Terdapat juga keja yang berkaitan dengan penyerapan air. Berdasarkan keputusan, peresapan buluh mempunyai modulus spesifikasi yang tinggi dan kadar penyerapan air yang lebih rendah.
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ABSTRACT
Bamboo can be categorized as the strongest growing woody plant on earth due to the high specific modulus, higher strength and higher compressive strength. In this work, bamboo specimens were impregnated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for the chemical treatment. The vacuum-pressure has been used to impregnate the sample. Bamboo treatment was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. Compression bending test is conducted on bamboo treated with different type of bamboo based on the direction. Young’s modulus and flexural stress are measured. Impregnation of bamboo sample was confirmed through FTIR. The work also deals with water absorption. Based on the results, the bamboo treated has higher Young’s modulus and low rate water absorption.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
ABSTRAK
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF TABLES
xi
NOMENCLATURE
xii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1
Background of Study
1
1.2
Objectives
2
1.3
Project Scope
2
1.4
Outline of Project Report
3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1
Introduction
5
2.2
Bamboo
6
v
2.3
2.4
Bending
7
2.3.1
Fracture
8
2.3.2
Tensile Strength
8
Compression Test 2.4.1
2.5
10
Calculation for Young’s Modulus
10
Three Point Bending
11
2.5.1
11
Calculation
2.6
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
13
2.7
Water Absorption Test
13
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3.1
Introduction
14
3.2
Specimen
15
3.3
Apparatus
15
3.3.1
Universal Testing Machine
16
3.3.2
Grinding Machines
17
3.3.3
Vacuum Chamber
17
3.3.4
High Performance Vacuum Pump
18
3.3.5
Oven
18
3.3.6
Digital Electronic Scale
19
3.3.7
Software
20
3.3.7.1 Trapezium 2
20
vi
3.4
Method
21
3.4.1
Chemical Treatment Method
21
3.4.1.1 Treated with Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
21
3.4.1.2 Treated with NaOH and PVA
23
3.4.2
Compression Test
25
3.4.3
Three Point Bending Test
26
3.4.4
Water Absorption Test
27
3.4.5
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
28
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1
Introduction
31
4.2
Three Point Bending
32
4.2.1
32
Modulus of Elasticity
4.3
Compression Test
34
4.4
Modulus of Rupture
37
4.4.1
37
Three Point Bending
4.5
Water Absorption
39
4.6
FTIR
41
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1
Conclusions
43
5.2
Recommendation
44
vii
REFERENCES
45
APPENDIX A
49
APPENDIX B
61
APPENDIX C
73
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
2.1
Simply supported beam
7
2.2
Bending under a distributed lateral
7
3.1
Bamboo
16
3.2
Universal testing machine
17
3.3
Vacuum chamber
18
3.4
High Performance Vacuum Pump
19
3.5
Oven
19
3.6
Digital electronic scale
20
3.7
Trapezium 2
21
3.8
PVA treatment
22
3.9
Flow process of PVA treatment
23
3.10 Treated with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
24
3.11 Flow process of treatment NaOH+PVA
25
3.12 Compression Test
26
3.13 Three Point Bending Test
27
3.14 Water Absorption
28
3.15 FTIR
29
3.16 Mold preparation tools
30
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3.17 Pressure Gauge
31
3.18 Mold sample
31
4.1
Modulus of elasticity corresponding to type of treatment
34
4.2
Young’s Modulus corresponding to type of treatment
36
4.3
Modulus of rupture corresponding to type of treatment
39
4.4
Water absorption
41
4.5
FTIR of untreated bamboo, treated bamboo and black KBr
42
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
1 Three Point Bending MOE for untreated and treated bamboo
33
2 Compression Young’s Modulus for untreated and treated bamboo
35
3 Modulus of rupture for untreated and treated bamboo
38
4 Water absorption
40
xi
NOMENCLATURE
b
–
Width or breath
t
–
Thickness
–
Length
L
–
Half length of the specimen
P
–
Axial load
A
–
Bending strength
E
–
Young’s modulus
K(p)
–
The perfect elliptical integral of the first kind
E(p)
–
The perfect elliptical of the second kind
–
Angle of deflection at the loading point
σf
–
Stress in outer fibers at mid-point
εf
–
Strain in the outer surface
Eb
–
Modulus of elasticity in three point bending
Ls
–
Support span
d
–
Depth of tested beam
D
–
Maximum deflection of the center of the beam
m
–
Slope of the tangent to the initial straight-line portion of the load deflection curve
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Generally, bamboo is categorized as a grass and not a tree and bamboo also can be the world most sustainable resource. Bamboo is an interesting material due to its incredible strength, regenerative properties, and its natural aesthetic beauty. According to Lissa (2009), bamboo has a higher strength than many alloys of steel, and higher compressive strength than many mixture of concrete. Besides that, bamboo also can be categorized as the strongest growing woody plant on earth due to the weight-to-strength ratio and higher tensile strength. In engineering field, three point bending tests are widely used to determine the bending strength and the bending modulus. According to M. Shioya (1999), these methods are insufficient for advanced composite materials because the local fracture tends to occur at the loading points due to stress concentration. Therefore, to solve this problem, loading zigs have been developed.
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Fukuda purposed a method and loading zigs for the axial compression bending test in order to overcome this disadvantage of three point bending test. Fukuda come out with method where the axial compression tests are carried out on the specimens with small sizes without special loading zigs.
1.2
Objectives
The main objectives of the project are listed as follows: i.
To measure and determine the Young’s modulus for the three point bending test and compression test.
1.3
ii.
Effect of anisotropy/ variation according to height.
iii.
The effect of PVA impregnation.
Project Scope
In this project, the compression test and the three point bending are carried out using the Universal Testing Machine. The Young’s modulus, modulus of rupture and water absorption are determined. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is also included in this project.
2
1.4
Outline of Project Report
This project has 5 main chapters. The first chapter is the introduction. This chapter is about the project overview, problem statements, objectives and the project scope. The objectives need to be achieved in order to complete the project.
Chapter 2 is the literature review. This chapter discusses about the overview compression test, three point bending and water absorption. This chapter also included their effect on the test specimen.
Chapter 3 is the methodology. This chapter discusses the methods used in this project. As we know, the method used in the project is by compression and three point bending. The chapter also included water absorption, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and explained the software that been used in the project.
Chapter 4 is the results and discussion. This chapter shows the results obtained in the experiment are presented and compared to the theories. The data will be analyze and discussed and justified whether they are consistent with the existing theories. Results are presented in tables, graphs and calculations.
3
Chapter 5 is the conclusion and recommendations. This chapter summarizes the overall process and the important thing in the project. Further work or research which can be implemented to improve the project is also being discussed. Recommendations for improvisation on the integrity and reliability of the experiment are also stated.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
In this chapter, we discussed more about the overview of the compression test, three point bending test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and water absorption. These four major components are important and related to this project. Furthermore, we also discussed about their effect on the specimen.
5
2.2
Bamboo
Bamboo categorized as a grass ant not a tree and bamboo also can be the world most sustainable resource. Bamboo is an interesting material due to its incredible strength, regenerative properties, and its natural aesthetic beauty. Furthermore, bamboo has a higher strength than many alloys of steel, and higher compressive strength than many mixture of concrete.
Besides that, bamboo also can be categorized as the strongest growing woody plant on earth due to the weight-to-strength ratio and higher tensile strength. The bamboo allowed large flexural deformation since outer layer retains the tensile stress while the softer inner layer undergoes larger compression deformation
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2.3
Bending
Figure 2.1: Simply supported beam
Force, F
Figure 2.2: Bending under a distributed lateral In engineering mechanics, bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to an longitudinal axis of the element. Beam can be categorized as the structural element that is subjected to bending. Reactive forces are produced inside a beam due to bending as the beam attempts to accommodate the flexural load. In the case of the beam in figure 2.2, the distributed loadings are reacting from the top of material and the compressing occurs during the process.
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2.3.1 Fracture
Fracture mean separation of a body into two or more pieces in response to an imposed stress that is static and at temperatures those are low relative to the melting temperature of the material. Tensile, compression, shear and torsional stress are the example of facture stress.
2.3.2 Tensile strength
Tensile strength occur when material are necking. In the other words, tensile strength indicated by maxima of a stress-strain curve. There are three type of tensile strength.
i.
Yield strength
Yield strength means the stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has occurred.
ii.
Ultimate strength
Ultimate strength mean the maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to tension, compression or shearing. Generally, it is a maximum stress on the stress-strain curve.
8
iii.
Breaking strength Breaking strength mean the stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
9