Cultura política de la democracia en Bolivia, 2012 - Vanderbilt University [PDF]

Cultura política de la democracia en Bolivia, 2012: Hacia la igualdad de oportunidades

Ciudadanía, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Acción Pública LAPOP, Proyecto de Opinión Pública en América Latina

Cochabamba, Bolivia Septiembre de 2012

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Cultura política de la democracia en Bolivia, 2012 6HULH+DFLDODLJXDOGDGGHRSRUWXQLGDGHV 3ULPHUDHGLFLyQ2FWXEUHGH ‹&LXGDGDQtD&RPXQLGDGGH(VWXGLRV6RFLDOHV\$FFLyQ3~EOLFD ‹/$323 Descriptores *RELHUQR 'HPRFUDFLD 3DUWLFLSDFLyQ GH OD SREODFLyQ ([FOXVLyQ VRFLDO 'LVFULPLQDFLyQ&RUUXSFLyQ&ULPLQDOLGDG,GHQWLGDG Depósito Legal:  ISBN:  Editores: &LXGDGDQtD&RPXQLGDGGH(VWXGLRV6RFLDOHV\$FFLyQ3~EOLFD Cuidado de Edición: 1HOED)XHUWHV6iQFKH] Imagen de la Portada: /$323 Diagramación: $OH[&RQGRUL,EDxH] Impreso en:

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  [email protected] [email protected] Cochabamba - Bolivia

Coordinador del estudio nacional 'DQLHO(0RUHQR0RUDOHV &RRUGLQDGRUFLHQWt¿FR\GHODVHULH 0LWFKHOO$6HOLJVRQ Investigadores en Ciudadanía, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Acción Pública (GXDUGR&yUGRYD(JXtYDU -DFTXHOLQH*DUULGR&RUWpV9LOOD]yQ 'DQLHO0RUHQR0RUDOHV 9LYLDQ6FKZDU]%OXP *RQ]DOR9DUJDV9LOOD]yQ Asistentes de investigación en Ciudadanía &ULVWKLDQ&ODXUH5RMDV 1HOED)XHUWHV6iQFKH] 'DQLHOD2VRULR0LFKHO Equipo de investigación en LAPOP )UHGHULFR%DWLVWD3HUHLUD 0ROOLH&RKHQ 0DULDQD5RGUtJXH] $P\(ULFD6PLWK 'DQLHO=L]XPER&ROXQJD Coordinación del trabajo de campo para la realización de la encuesta :LOOLDPV6DOD]DU6RVD 9LYLDQ6FKZDU]%OXP Sistemas informáticos *(16265/ © Ciudadanía, Comunidad de Estudios Sociales y Acción Pública, 2012

CONTENIDO RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ......................................................................................................................5 PRÓLOGO: ANTECEDENTES DEL ESTUDIO ...............................................................................9 AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................................................18 INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................22 LA ENCUESTA DE 2012 EN BOLIVIA .........................................................................................................22 /DPXHVWUDEROLYLDQRVVHOHFFLRQDGRVSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUDOSDtV ,QQRYDFLyQWHFQROyJLFD (OLQIRUPH\VXPHWRGRORJtD CAPÍTULO UNO: IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES ECONÓMICAS Y SOCIALES EN LAS AMÉRICAS ..........................................................................................................................................27 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ...............................................................................................................................27 II. ANTECEDENTES: LA IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES SOCIALES Y ECONÓMICAS EN LAS AMÉRICAS ..........29 III. LA IGUALDAD DE OPORTUNIDADES SOCIALES Y ECONÓMICAS EN BOLIVIA: UNA PERSPECTIVA DESDE EL BARÓMETRO DE LAS AMÉRICAS.............................................................................................36 ,,,/DRSLQLyQS~EOLFDVREUHODGHVLJXDOGDGUDFLDO\GHJpQHUR IV. LA OPINIÓN PÚBLICA HACIA PROPUESTAS COMUNES DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS .........................................51 ,97UDQVIHUHQFLDVFRQGLFLRQDOHVGHGLQHURHQHIHFWLYR\SURJUDPDVGHDVLVWHQFLD S~EOLFD ,9$FFLyQD¿UPDWLYD V. CONCLUSIÓN ..................................................................................................................................60 CAPÍTULO DOS: POBREZA, DISCRIMINACIÓN Y PARTICIPACIÓN POLÍTICA EN BOLIVIA ......................64 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ...............................................................................................................................64 II. POBREZA, EXCLUSIÓN Y FORMAS DE PARTICIPACIÓN ...........................................................................64 ,,3DUWLFLSDFLyQHOHFWRUDO ,,3DUWLFLSDFLyQSDUWLGDULD ,,&DELOGHRQRSDUWLGDULR ,,3URWHVWDV79 ,,3DUWLFLSDFLyQFtYLFD\FRPXQLWDULD III. OTRAS FORMAS DE PARTICIPACIÓN....................................................................................................87 IV. REFLEXIONES FINALES ....................................................................................................................89 V. CONCLUSIONES ..............................................................................................................................90 CAPÍTULO TRES: CONFIANZA Y LEGITIMIDAD DE LAS INSTITUCIONES EN BOLIVIA ...............................93 I. INTRODUCCIÓN ...............................................................................................................................93 II. CONFIANZA EN LAS INSTITUCIONES POLÍTICAS ...................................................................................95 ,,&RQ¿DQ]DHQOD3ROLFtD\ODV)XHU]DV$UPDGDV ,,&RQ¿DQ]DHQODVLQVWLWXFLRQHVGHUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\SDUWLFLSDFLyQHOHFWRUDO 

,,&RQ¿DQ]DHQODV*REHUQDFLRQHV\DXWRQRPtDVGHSDUWDPHQWDOHV  III. LEGITIMIDAD DEL GOBIERNO CENTRAL SEGÚN DESEMPEÑO INSTITUCIONAL ......................................... 118 IV. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................................124 CAPÍTULO CUATRO: CORRUPCIÓN, DELINCUENCIA Y DEMOCRACIA .................................................................127 I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................127 II. MIDIENDO LA CORRUPCIÓN............................................................................................................129 III. PERCEPCIÓN DE INSEGURIDAD Y VICTIMIZACIÓN POR DELINCUENCIA ..................................................135 IV. EL IMPACTO DE LA INSEGURIDAD Y LA CORRUPCIÓN EN EL APOYO AL SISTEMA POLÍTICO Y EL ESTADO DE DERECHO................................................................................................140 V. CONCLUSIÓN ................................................................................................................................144 CAPÍTULO CINCO: LEGITIMIDAD POLÍTICA Y TOLERANCIA EN BOLIVIA......................................................146 I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................146 II. APOYO AL SISTEMA POLÍTICO.........................................................................................................148 III. TOLERANCIA POLÍTICA ..................................................................................................................154 IV. ESTABILIDAD DEMOCRÁTICA ..........................................................................................................160 V. PREFERENCIA POR LA DEMOCRACIA ................................................................................................163 VI. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................................165 CAPÍTULO SEIS: GOBIERNOS LOCALES ..................................................................................................................168 I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................168 II. PARTICIPACIÓN A NIVEL LOCAL ......................................................................................................171 ,,$VLVWHQFLDDUHXQLRQHVPXQLFLSDOHV ,,3UHVHQWDFLyQGHVROLFLWXGHVDORVJRELHUQRVORFDOHV III. SATISFACCIÓN Y CONFIANZA EN LOS GOBIERNOS LOCALES ................................................................178 ,,,6DWLVIDFFLyQFRQORVVHUYLFLRVORFDOHV ,,,&RQ¿DQ]DHQORVJRELHUQRVORFDOHV IV. IMPACTO DE LA CONFIANZA Y EL APOYO AL SISTEMA .......................................................................191 V. CONCLUSIÓN ................................................................................................................................191 CAPÍTULO SIETE: EL ESTADO DE LA JUSTICIA EN BOLIVIA: UNA MIRADA DESDE LOS CIUDADANOS ...................................................................................................................................193 I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................193 II. CONFIANZA EN LAS INSTITUCIONES DEL SISTEMA JUDICIAL: PERSPECTIVA CIUDADANA .........................197 III. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................................ 211



CAPÍTULO OCHO: LA DEMOCRACIA EN BOLIVIA A TREINTA AÑOS DE SU RESTAURACIÓN....................213 I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................213 II. TREINTA AÑOS DE DEMOCRACIA EN BOLIVIA ...................................................................................213 ,,'HODFRQYXOVLyQDODFRQWLQXLGDG ,,/DGHPRFUDFLDGH%ROLYLDHQHOPXQGR III. OPINIONES SOBRE DEMOCRACIA, POBREZA Y EXCLUSIÓN ..................................................................218 ,,,3REUH]DH[FOXVLyQ\%ROLYLDFRPRSDtVGHPRFUiWLFR ,,,2SLQLyQVREUHODGHPRFUDFLD\VDWLVIDFFLyQFRQODGHPRFUDFLD IV. RELACIONES ENTRE EL ESTADO Y LA SOCIEDAD ..............................................................................226 ,95ROGHO(VWDGR ,9&LXGDGDQtD\UHSUHVHQWDQWHV V. LA DEMOCRACIA Y LOS “OTROS” ...................................................................................................232 VI. CONCLUSIONES ............................................................................................................................235 CAPÍTULO NUEVE: LOS BOLIVIANOS Y SUS IDENTIDADES ...................................................................................238 I. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................................................238 II. EL DEBATE DE LAS IDENTIDADES ÉTNICAS EN BOLIVIA: ENTRE LO RACIAL Y LO CULTURAL..................238 III. REGISTRANDO LAS IDENTIDADES EN BOLIVIA ..................................................................................241 IV. IDIOMA ........................................................................................................................................244 V. IDENTIDADES GRADUALES..............................................................................................................246 VI. IDENTIDAD DE CLASE ....................................................................................................................250 VII. RELIGIÓN.................................................................................................................................250 VIII. CONCLUSIÓN ............................................................................................................................253 BIBLIOGRAFÍA.................................................................................................................................256 LISTA DE FIGURAS .........................................................................................................................264 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS...............................................................................................................................264 LISTA DE TABLAS ..................................................................................................................................270 LISTA DE CUADROS ...............................................................................................................................270 LISTA DE MAPAS ...................................................................................................................................270 ANEXOS......................................................................................................................271 NEXOS I: CARTA DE CONSENTIMIENTO ..................................................................................................272 ANEXOS II: DISEÑO MUESTRAL ..........................................................................................................273 ANEXOS III: CUESTIONARIOS ..............................................................................................................281



Cultura Política de la Democracia en Bolivia, 2012

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Cultura Política de la Democracia en Bolivia, 2012

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