Idea Transcript
Cultural Democratization, East and West: How People around the World View Democracy
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall more than two decades ago, numerous public opinion surveys have been conducted to monitor and compare how ordinary citizenries have reacted to the democratization taking place around them. These surveys have revealed that a large majority of the global mass publics sees democracy as valuable and prefers it to autocratic regimes. On the basis of their findings, an increasing number of scholars and policymakers have recently begun to advocate the thesis that the entire world is becoming democratic. This course is designed to evaluate this thesis of global democratization by analyzing and comparing citizen views of democracy across regions in democratic transitions, including Africa, the Middle East, East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and Latin America. Conceptually, the course builds on the notion that democratization is a dynamic phenomenon that has multiple dimensions and levels, and takes place in individual citizens and their political institutions. Theoretically, it is grounded in the perspective that to operate properly, a democratic political system requires “software” congruent with the various components of its institutional hardware, and citizen orientations to democracy and their favorable reactions to its institutions are key components of the software required for democracy to work. Objectives: I have three objectives in teaching this course. The first is to review recent developments in the study of democratic culture. The second is to introduce regional and global public opinion surveys recently conducted to monitor citizen reactions to democratization. The third is to encourage students to develop the skills of evaluating theoretical and empirical claims. Requirements: Students should note that this is not a lecture course; it is a seminar featuring discussion of the debates and issues raised in the daily assigned readings. As a seminar, class will be conducted in a “conference” style. In each session, students will take turns in presenting the assigned readings. As discussion leaders, these students should draw the class into identifying the core questions (or issues) examined and overlooked in the assigned readings, and evaluating the answers and claims presented in those readings. All students should bring a short list of pertinent issues or questions (one paragraph) from the assigned readings and/or other sources. Finally, they should note that this seminar is a “thinking” course, not a “fact” or “quantitative analysis” course. What matters most in research on political life always includes organizing concepts, competing ideas, logical analyses, and theoretical claims. Because of the short period of the course, I do not require students to prepare a research paper. Instead, I ask them to prepare and present a short (2-3 pages) research proposal (or design) for the study of a conceptual, theoretical, or empirical issue, which concerns the emergence of democratic political culture in the non-Western world. Because of limited time between classes, I do not use any of the books recommended below as a required reading. For each class session, I will assign a few relatively short journal articles. Grading: Grading will be made according to the following weights: class attendance and participation, 60%, and a research proposal, 40%. 1
Recommended Books: Paul Blokker, Multiple Democracies in Europe: Political Culture in New Member States, Routledge, 2012. John Booth and Patricia Richard, Latin American Political Culture: Public Opinion and Democracy, CQ Press, 2014. Hans‐Dieter Klingemann, Dieter Fuchs, and Jan Zielonka, eds., Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2008. Michael Bratton, Robert Mattes, and E. Gyimah-Boadi, Public Opinion,Democracy, and Market Reform in Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2005. Russell J. Dalton and Christian Welzel eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, Cambridge University Press, 2014. Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner eds., How People View Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008. Pippa Norris. 2011. Democratic deficit. Critical citizens revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Doh Chull Shin, Confucianism and Democratization in East Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2012. Mark A. Tessler, Islam and the Search for a Political Formula: How Ordinary Citizens in the Muslim Middle East Think about Islam’s Place in Political Life, Indiana University Press, 2015. Christian Welzel, Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Resources Journals: Comparative Political Studies Comparative Politics Journal of Democracy Democratization Taiwan Journal of Democracy
International Public Opinion Surveys: Afrobarometer: www.afrobarometer.org AmericasBarometer: http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/about-americasbarometer.php Arab Barometer: www.arabbarometer.org Asian Barometer: www.asianbarometer.org Comparative Study of Electoral Systems: www.cses.org European Social Survey: http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/ Global Barometer Surveys: www.globalbarometers.org International Social Survey Programme: www.issp.org Latinobarómetro: www.latinobarometro.org/latino/latinobarometro.jsp New Europe Barometer: www.cspp.strath.ac.uk World Value Surveys: www.worldvaluessurvey.org
2
Datasets on Democracy and Democratization: Freedom House: Freedom in the World Reports: http://www.freedomhouse.org Ratings on the guarantee of political rights and civil rights in all countries worldwide. Data available from 1972 onward and yearly updated. BTI - Bertelsmann Transformations Index: http://www.bertelsmann-transformation-index.de Index developed by the Bertelsmann Foundation on the political and economic development status of 120 countries in transition (2003-2012). Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index: http://www.eiu.com Democracy index developed on the basis of expert evaluations of 60 factors from five areas (election process, civil rights, government capability, participation and political culture) in 167 countries in the years 2006, 2008 and 2010, 2012). Transparencies International: Global Corruption Barometer http://www.transparency.org/research/gcb/overview Corruption perception index as evidence of corruption in 107 countries. Global Democracy Ranking
http://www.democracyranking.org/en/index.htm Annual ranking of the quality of democracy Polity: http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm Classification of political systems on a scale between the two extremes autocracy and democracy. Yearly updated data available for 167 countries over the period 1800-2012. World Bank - Worldwide Governance Indicators: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.asp Indices for six governance dimensions based on the combination of data from a broad array of data sources. Available for 213 countries in the time span 1996-2009.
3
Course Schedule and Readings (For each session, the assigned readings will be selected from those listed below)
April 20
Introduction and Overview: What, Why, and How For this first session, students are asked to prepare a short essay (1-page) introducing their educational backgrounds, research interests, and career goals. They are also asked to visit one of regional barometer websites listed above, and share their reactions to it with other class members.
April 21
Thesis of Globalization Democratization: Theoretical Debates Francis Fukuyama, “At ‘the end of History’ still stands liberal democracy,” The Wall Street Journal (June 6, 2014). Amartya Sen, “Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy (July 1999), 3-17. Larry Diamond, “Why Wait for Democracy?” The Wilson Quarterly (winter 2013). Available online from http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/why-wait-for-democracy/ Giovannie Sartori, “How Far Can Free Government Travel,” Journal of Democracy (July 1995), 101-111. Timothy Stanley and Alexander Lee, “It is Still Not the End of History,” The Atlantic (September 1, 2014). Karlsten Struhl, “Is Democracy a Universal Value? Whose Democracy?” available from https://www.academia.edu/3457921/Is_Democracy_a_Universal_Value_Whose_Democracy
April 22
Definitions of Democracy Aristotle, “Constitutions and their Classification” (handout). Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, 1-16 (e-reserve). Richard Rose, “Choosing Democracy as the Lesser Evil” (e-reserve). Adam Przeworski, “Minimalist Conception of Democracy” (e-reserve). Tony Blair, “For True Democracy, the Right to Vote is not Enough,” New York Times (December 4, 2014). “What China Means by “Democracy”?” The Economist (November 2014). Mark Plattner, “Populism, Pluralism, and Liberal Democracy,” Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 81-92. Lise Strom, “An Elemental Definition of Democracy and its Advantages for Comparing Political Regime Types,” Democratization (2008) 15(2), 215-229. Thomas Insua, “A Maximalist Approach to Measure Democracy,” ( October 2014). Quincy Wright, “The Meaning of Democracy,” UNESCO, March 10, 1949.
April 23
Democratic Political Culture Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, Civic Culture (1963), 13-26. Aaron Wildavsky, “Democracy as a Coalition of Cultures” (handout). Robert Putnam, “What Makes Democracy Work?” National Civic Review, (1993), 101-107. Christian Welzel and Ronald Inglehart, “The Role of Ordinary People in Democratization” Journal of Democracy (January 2008), 126-40. 4
Russell Dalton and Doh Chull Shin, “Reassessing the Civic Culture Model,” in Russell Dalton and Christian Welzel, eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, 91-115. April 27
Public Opinion Research on Democracy Doh Shin, “Democratization: Perspectives from Global Citizenries,” in Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior eds. R. Dalton and H. Klingemann, New York: 2007. Ellen Carnaghan, “The Difficulty of Measuring Support for Democracy in a Changing Society: Evidence from Russia,” Democratization 18, no. 3 (2011): 682-706. Russell Dalton et al., “Understanding Democracy,” Journal of Democracy (2007), 142-156. Robert Mattes, “Public Opinion Research in Emerging Democracies,” in W. Donsbach and M.W. Traugott (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Public Opinion Research. London: Sage, 2007, 113–22. Norris. Pippa, “The Globalization of Comparative Public Opinion Research.” In Todd Landman and Neil Robinson, eds., The Sage Handbook of Comparative Politics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc., 2009.
April 28
Citizen Views of Democracy in Confucian East Asia Doh Shin, “The Asian Values Debate: a Reassessment” (March 2015). Doh Shin and Jason Wells, “Is Democracy the Only Game in Town?” Journal of Democracy (April 2005), 88-101. Min-Hua Hwang, “Understanding of Democracy in East Asian Societies,” presented at “23rd World Congress of Political Science,” held in Montreal, July 2014. Jie Lu and Tianjian Shi, “The Battle of Ideas and Discourses before Democratic Transition,” InternationalPolitical Science Review (January 2015), 36: 20-41. Yun-han Chu and Min-hua Huang. 2010. “Solving an Asian Puzzle,” Journal of Democracy 21 (4): 114-121. Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats, “Asians on Democracy,” available from http://cald.org/site/cald/?page_id=5265 “Contending Perspectives on the Sources of International Trust and Regime Support in East Asia: Special Issue,” Taiwan Journal of Democracy (July 2013), Larry Diamond, “Coming Wave,” Journal of Democracy (January 2012), 5-13.
April 29
Citizen Views of Democracy in the Middle East Fares Braizat, “What Arabs Think,” Journal of Democracy (October 2010),131-138. Jamal Amaney and Mark Tessler, “Attitudes in the Arab World,” Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 97-110. Ephraim Yuchtman-Ya’ar and Yasmin Alkalay, “Political Attitudes in the Muslim World,” Journal of Democracy (July 2010), 122-134. Lindsay J. Benstead, “Why Do Some Arab Citizens See Democracy as Unsuitable for their Country?” Democratization (September 2014), 1-24. Larry Diamond, “Why are there no Arab Democracies?” Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 93-104. Lindsay Benstead, “Arabs and Democracy: It is Complicated,” (October 2014). 5
Sabrina de Regt, “Arabs Want Democracy, but What Kind?” Advances in Applied Sociology (2013), 37-46 Doherty, David and Jessica Mecellem, “Conceptions of Democracy in the Arab World.” (unpublished working paper). April 30
Citizen Views of Democracy in Africa Michael Bratton, “Anchoring the “D-Word in Africa,” Journal of Democracy (January 2010), 106-113. Nic Cheeseman, “Does African Middle Class Defend Democracy,” Afrobarometer Working paper 150 (December 2014). Carolyn Logan and Eric Little, “The Quality of Democracy and Governance in Africa,’ Afrobarometer Working Paper 108 (May 2009). Michael Bratton and Robert Mattes, “Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic or Instrumental?” British Journal of Political Science (2001) 31(3): 447–474. E. Gimah-Boadi, “Africa’s Waning Commitment to Democracy,” Journal of Democracy (January 2015), 101-113. Mattes, Robert and Michael Bratton, “Learning about democracy in Africa: Awareness, Performance, and Experience,” American Journal of Political Science (2007), 192-217. Dan Ottemoeller, “Popular Perceptions of Democracy: Elections and Attitudes in Uganda,” Comparative Political Studies (1998) 31 (1): 98-124. Elke Suern, “Democratization as Liberation: Competing African perspectives on Democracy,” Democratization (2009) 16(3): 585-603.
May 4
Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America Marta Lagos, “Latin America’s Diversity of Views,” Journal of Democracy (January 2008), 111-125. Damarys Canache, “Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structural Complexity, Substantive Content, and Political Significance,” Comparative Political Studies (2012) 45(9), 1132–1158. Julio Carrión, “Illiberal Democracy and Normative Democracy: How is Democracy Defined in the Americas?” In Mitchell Seligson, ed. Challenges to Democracy in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean: Evidence from the AmericasBarometer. VanderbiltUniversity, 2008. Ryan Carlin and Matthew Singer, “Support for Polyarchy,” Comparative Political Studies (October 2011). 1500-1526. Scott Mainwaring and Anival Perez-Linan, “Cross-currents in Latin America,” Journal of Democracy (January 2015), 114-127. Andrea Schedler and Rodolfo Sarsfield. 2007. “Democrats with Adjectives: Linking Direct and Indirect Measures of Democratic Support.” European Journal of Political Research (2007) 46 (5), 637-659. David Crow, “The Party’s Over: Citizen Conceptions of Democracy and Political Dissatisfaction in Mexico,” Comparative Politics (2010) 43(1), 41–61.
6
May 5
Citizen Views of Democracy in Europe Elenora Tafuro, “Support for Democracy in Russia: Where Next,” (April 25, 2013). Besir Ceska and Pedro Magalhael, “The Meaning of Democracy and its Determinants.” (2014, unpublished manuscript). Dieter Fuchs and Edeltraud Roller. “Learned Democracy? Support for Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe.” International Journal of Sociology (2006) 36 (3): 70-96. Christian Haerpfer and Kseniya Kisilov, “Support for Democracy in Postcommunist Europe and Post-Soviet Eurasia,” in Dalton and Welzel, eds., The Civic Culture Transformed, 158-183. Robert Rohrschneider, “Transitional Democracies: The East/West German Model,” Presented at “Rethinking Democracy in the New Millennium,” University of Houston, Houston, Texas, February 17-20, 2000. Monica Ferrin and Hanspeter Kriesi, “Europeans’ Understandings and Evaluations of Democracy.” Available from http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/permalink/800ea36f3a8d-11e4-95d4-005056b8065f.pdf. Dieter Fuch, “The Democratic Culture of United Germany.” In Pippa Norris (ed.), Critical Citizens. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1999, 123-145. Monica Pereira,“Types of Democrats in Europe: Hierarchy and Differences.” Paper presented at the Seminar in Politics and Society, Collegio Carlo Alberto, November 8 2012.
May 6
Global Democratization Thesis: Empirical Tests Doh Chull Shin, “Citizen Conceptions of Democracy: an Evaluation and Synthesis of Recent Public Opinion Research.” The Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine, March 2015. Pippa Norris, Democratic Deficit, chap. 8 “Democratic Knowledge,” 142-168. Christian Welzel, Freedom Rising, chap. 10 “Paradox of Democracy”, 307-331.
May 7
Presentations of Research Proposals
7