Data sources for each ecoregion, including literature references for [PDF]

Table S1: Data sources for each ecoregion, including literature references for mined data sources and the names of contributed data sets. Contributed data sets are described in more detail in Table S2. Also included are the species represented by each data set in each ecoregion. Ecoregion

Data source

Species

Agulhas Bank Aleutian Islands

Contributed: South Africa Gansbaii Contributed: Estes NPRB

Bassian

Contributed: Kelp Cover Australia Victoria, Kelp Cover Temperate Australia Contributed: Konar Beaufort Sea

Ecklonia maxima Agarum clathrus, Pleurophycus gardneri, Nereocystis luetkeana, Laminaria yezoensis, Laminaria longipes, Eualaria fistulosa, Cymathaere triplicata, Agarum clathratum Undaria pinnatifida, Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessonia corrugata, Ecklonia radiata Laminaria solidungula, Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta Ecklonia radiata

Beaufort Sea Cape Howe Celtic Seas Central Chile Chiloense Gulf of Alaska

Gulf of Maine Gulf of St. Lawrence Houtman Humboldtian Leeuwin ManningHawkesbury Namaqua North American Pacific Fjordland

North Sea Northeastern New Zealand

Contributed: Kelp Cover Australia Victoria, Kelp Cover Temperate Australia Mined: 1, 2 Contributed: The Brittany Rebent Monitoring, Northern Ireland Summary Contributed: Northern Chile Fondecyt Contributed: Southern Chile Mined: 3 Contributed: Konar Gulf of Alaska

Mined: 4 Contributed: Steneck Gulf of Maine, Witman Gulf of Maine, Normandeau Associates Mined: 5, 6 Mined: 7,8,9 Contributed: Kelp Cover Temperate Australia, Australia Western Australia Wernberg Mined: 10 Contributed: Northern Chile Fondecyt Contributed: Australia Western Australia Wernberg Mined: 11,12,13 Mined: 14,15 Mined: 16, 17 Contributed: Haida Gwaii

Contributed: Norway Inner Coast (monitoring), Norway Inner Cast (assessment), Norway Monitoring Contributed: New Zealand Hakurai Gulf, Northern New Zealand

Northern and Central California

Mined: 18,19, 20 Contributed: Edwards Baja, San Nicholas Island, Channel Islands National Park, PISCO Subtidal

Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Is.

Mined: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 Contributed: PISCO Oregon, Vancouver Island

Undaria pinnatifida, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria ochroleuca, Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria digitata, Alaria esculenta Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessonia trabeculata Macrocystis pyrifera Saccharina latissima, Pleurophycus gardneri, Nereocystis luetkeana, Laminaria yezoensis, Laminaria longipes, Laminaria bongardiana, Eualaria fistulosa, Cymathaere triplicata, Costaria costata, Alaria marginata, Agarum clathratum Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, Alaria esculenta, Agarum clathratum Saccharina latissima, Alaria esculenta, Agarum clathratum Ecklonia radiata Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessonia trabeculata Ecklonia radiata Ecklonia radiata Laminaria pallida, Ecklonia maxima Saccharina latissima, Saccharina groenlandica, Pterygophora californica, Pleurophycus gardneri, Nereocystis luetkeana, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria yezoensis, Laminaria setchellii, Laminaria longipes, Saccharina groenlandica, Eualaria fistulosa, Egregia menziesii, Cymathaere triplicata, Costaria costata, Alaria marginata, Agarum clathrus, Agarum clathratum Saccharina latissima, Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria digitata Lessonia variegata, Ecklonia radiata Undaria pinnatifida, Pterygophora californica, Pleurophycus gardneri, Nereocystis luetkeana, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria setchellii, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria farlowii, Ecklonia arborea, Egregia menziesii, Dictyoneurum californicum, Costaria costata, Alaria marginata, Agarum fimbriatum Undaria pinnatifida, Saccharina latissima, Pterygophora californica, Pleurophycus gardneri, Nereocystis luetkeana, Macrocystis

Scotian Shelf South Australian Gulfs

Mined: 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Contributed: Kelp Cover Temperate Australia, Australia Connell Canopy Loss

South European Atlantic Shelf Southern California Bight

Contributed: The Brittany Rebent Monitoring

Southern Norway

Contributed: Norway Inner Coast (monitoring), Norway Inner Coast (assessment), Norway Monitoring Contributed: Kelp Cover Temperate Australia,

Western Bassian

Contributed: Edwards Baja, San Nicholas Island, Channel Islands National Park, PISCO Subtidal, Santa Barbara Coastal Long Term Ecological Research, Isla Natividad

pyrifera, Lessoniopsis littoralis, Laminaria setchellii, Laminaria farlowii, Ecklonia arborea, Egregia menziesii, Costaria costata, Alaria marginata, Agarum fimbriatum, Saccharina groenlandica Saccharina latissima, Laminaria digitata, Agarum clathratum Ecklonia radiata

Undaria pinnatifida, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria ochroleuca, Laminaria hyperborea Undaria pinnatifida, Pterygophora californica, Pleurophycus gardneri, Nereocystis luetkeana, Macrocystis pyrifera, Laminaria setchellii, Saccharina latissima, Laminaria farlowii, Ecklonia arborea, Egregia menziesii, Dictyoneurum californicum, Costaria costata, Alaria marginata, Agarum fimbriatum Saccharina latissima, Laminaria hyperborea, Laminaria digitata Ecklonia radiata, Macrocystis pyrifera

Table S2. Contributed data set information, including the corresponding ecoregion, and the years covered, number of sites, contact person, and associated publications. Data Set Name

Ecoregion

Years

# Sites

Contact

Vancouver Island

Oregon, Washington Vancouver Coast and Shelf Northern California and Southern California Bight Gulf of Maine

1987-2011

8

Jane Watson

Associated Publications 44

1980-2011

7

Mike Kenner

45

1979-2014

4

Jon Witman

46, 47

Beaufort Sea

2003-2007

4

Brenda Konar

Northern California and Southern California Bight

1986-2011

16

David Kushner

Agulhas Bank

1992-1994

2

Rob Anderson

Central Chile

2013-2013

5

Alejandro Perez Matus

49

Central California and Southern California Bight Southern California Bight

1999-2012

146

2001-2014

8

Jenn Caselle Mark Carr Dan Reed

51

Bassian, Cape Howe, Houtman, South Australian Gulfs, Western Bassian Aleutian Islands

1992-2012

187

Graham Edgar Neville Barrett

1987-2010

147

Isla Natividad, Baja California, Mexico

Southern California Bight

2006-2014

5

New Zealand Hauraki Gulf Northern New Zealand The Brittany Rebent Monitoring

Northeastern New Zealand

2007-2011

1

Mike Kenner, Jim Estes Fiorenza Micheli, Jorge Torre (Comunidad y Biodiversidad, Asociacion Civil) Nick Shears

Northeastern New Zealand

1999-2011

12

Nick Shears

58, 59

Celtic Seas, South European Atlantic Shelf

2004-2013

25

Sandrine DerrienCourtel

60, 61, 62

Houtman and Leeuwin

2006-2011

6

Thomas Wernberg

63

Oregon, Washington Vancouver Coast and Shelf North Sea and Southern Norway Central Chile and Humboldtian

2001-2004

8

Mark Carr

1990-2013

31

2004-2007

4

Kjell Magnus Norderhaug Alejandro Perez Matus

Celtic Seas

1982-2012

226

North American Pacific Fjordland Chiloense

2010-2013

8

Julia Nunn and Claire Goodwin Anne Salomon

1

Alejandro Buschmann

San Nicolas Island Witman Gulf of Maine Konar Beaufort Sea Channel Islands National Park South Africa Gansbaai Central Chile Fondecyt # 11110351 & 1151094 PISCO Subtidal Santa Barbara Coastal Long Term Ecological Research Kelp Cover Temperate Australia Estes NPRB

The European Water Framework Directive Monitoring Australia Western Australia Wernberg PISCO Oregon Norway Monitoring Northern Chile Fondecyt # 1040425 Northern Ireland Summary Haida Gwaii Southern Chile

2012

48

52, 53, 54

55, 56

57

64, 65 66

67

Edwards Baja

Northern California and Southern California Bight

1997-2006

62

Matt Edwards

Kelp Cover Australia Victoria

Bassian and Cape Howe

1998-2011

45

Scott Ling

68

Australia Connell Canopy Loss Steneck Gulf of Maine Konar Gulf of Alaska Norway Inner Coast (monitoring) Norway Inner Coast (assessment) Normandeau Associates

South Australian Gulfs

1968-2008

2

Sean Connell

69

Gulf of Maine

1996-2003

16

Bob Steneck

Gulf of Alaska

2003-2012

4

Brenda Konar

North Sea/Southern Norway

1976-2012

1

Kjell Magnus Norderhaug

North Sea and Southern Norway

1975-2006

9

Gulf of Maine

1978-2011



70 71, 72

Frithjof E Moy 4

Paul Geoghegan

Error! Reference source not found.

Temperate Northern Atlantic Celtic Seas

●

●

North Sea

● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●●

−0.1

●

0.0

0.1

●

● ● ● ● ●

●

● ●

● ●

−0.1

South European Atlantic Shelf

Scotian Shelf ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

0.0

−0.10

Southern Norway

●

−0.05

●

Ecoregion

● ●

● ●

●

● ●

● ●

● ● ●

●

●

0.00

0.05

●

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25 −0.10

●

−0.05

0.00

0.05

●

0.00

0.05

Gulf of Maine

●

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

0.10

● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

−0.1

●

0.0

0.1

Gulf of St. Lawrence ●

●

●

●

0.0

0.1

0.2

Proportional change yr−1 Temperate South America Central Chile

Arctic

Humboldtian

●

Beaufort Sea

●

●

Ecoregion

Ecoregion

● ● ●

●

● ● ●

−0.3

−0.2

●

●

●

−0.1

0.0

−0.2

−0.1

Proportional change yr−1

●

0.0

−0.25

0.00

0.25

0.50

Proportional change yr−1

Figure S1. Black circles show site level estimates of mean slope with bars denoting 90% credible intervals (data from 1-72). Sites are grouped by ecoregion and realm, with solid black vertical lines showing ecoregion level mean slopes and shaded bars indicating 90% credible intervals. Dashed lines denote 0. Bars are colored red where there is a high probability (>95%) that the slope does not overlap with zero.

Temperate Northern Pacific

Ecoregion

Aleutian Islands

Gulf of Alaska ●

●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●

−0.2

−0.1

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

● ●

●

0.0

● ● ● ●●● ● ●●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ●● ●●

0.0

● ●

−0.05

Southern California Bight

−0.1

North American Pacific Fijordland

●

●

0.00

0.10

0.15

Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Is.

● ●

0.1

0.05

−0.10

−0.05

0.00

0.10

Namaqua ●

Ecoregion

● ● ●

● ● ●

●

● ● ●

−0.4

−0.3

−0.2

●

−0.1

0.0

0.1

0.00

0.05

Proportional change yr−1

Figure S1 continued

0.10

0.15

● ● ●●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ●●●

−0.1

Temperate Southern Africa ●

0.1

Northern and Central California

●

0.05

Proportional change yr−1

Agulhas Bank

0.0

●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

0.2

−0.1

0.20

0.0

●

● ● ● ●● ●

0.1

Temperate Australasia Bassian

●● ●

−0.2

Cape Howe

●● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ● ●●● ●

−0.1

0.0

● ● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●● ● ● ●●

●

0.1

−0.2

Leeuwin

−0.1

Houtman

● ●● ●● ● ●●

0.0

● ●

0.1

−0.1

Manning−Hawkesbury

●

0.0

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Ecoregion

● ● ● ● ●

●

0.00

0.04

0.08

−0.1

Western Bassian

0.0

0.1

−0.15

NE New Zealand

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

●

● ● ● ●

●

−0.2

−0.1

●

0.0

0.1

0.2

−0.10

−0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

Proportional change yr−1

Figure S1 continued

0.1

●

●

●

●

South Australian Gulfs

●

−0.04

● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

−0.10

−0.05

0.00

0.05

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Agulhas Bank mean slope: −0.177±0.164

1

0.5

1993

1994

1995

Study

Levitt_etal_2002

SA_Gansbaai_kelp_data

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Aleutian Islands

1

mean slope: −0.071±0.007

0.5

0.1

0.01 1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

Study

Estes_NPRB

Figure S2. Raw data by ecoregion with site and ecoregion level modeled slopes (data from 1-72). Data and slope estimates are colored and symboled by study (i.e., literature reference or contributed data set), while black lines show the ecoregion mean slope. Solid lines are used where site and ecoregion level slopes have a high probability (>95%) of being different from zero, and dashed lines are used where slopes do not meet this criterion. Shaded bands show the 90% credible interval around the mean rate of change (the black line).

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Bassian mean slope: −0.015±0.007

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1995

2000

2005

2010

Study

KelpCover_Australia_Victoria

KelpCover_Temperate_Australia

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Beaufort Sea − continental coast and shelf mean slope: 0.027±0.273

1 0.5

0.1

0.01

2004

2005

2006 Study

Konar_Beaufort_Sea

Figure S2 continued

2007

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Cape Howe

1

mean slope: 0.005±0.010

0.5

0.1

0.01 1995

2000

2005

2010

Study

KelpCover_Australia_Victoria

KelpCover_Temperate_Australia

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Celtic Seas mean slope: −0.010±0.010

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1990

2000

2010

Study

Davoult_etal_2011 Northern_Ireland_Summary

Figure S2 continued

REBENT_Brittany_NW_France Trowbridge_etal_2013

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Central Chile mean slope: −0.150±0.086

1 0.5

0.1

2006

2008

2010

2012

Study

Central_Chile_Fondecyt

Northern_Chile

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Gulf of Alaska mean slope: 0.014±0.041

1

0.5

0.1 1990

1995

2000

2005

Study

Dean_etal_2000

Figure S2 continued

konar_GulfOfAlaska

2010

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy mean slope: −0.028±0.020

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1980

1990

2000

2010

Study

Lambert_etal_1992 Normandeau

steneck_gom witman_gom

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Gulf of St. Lawrence − Eastern Scotian Shelf mean slope: 0.072±0.057

1 0.5

0.1 2000.5

2001.0

2001.5

2002.0

Study

Gagnon_atal_2005

Figure S2 continued

Gagnon_etal_2004

2002.5

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Houtman mean slope: 0.014±0.017

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1980

1990

2000

2010

Study

Aus_Marmion Australia_WA_Wernberg

KelpCover_Temperate_Australia

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Humboldtian mean slope: −0.073±0.067

1 0.5

0.1

1997.5

2000.0

2002.5

2005.0

Study

Northern_Chile

Figure S2 continued

Vasquez_etal_2006

2007.5

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Leeuwin mean slope: 0.009±0.038

1

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

Study

Australia_WA_Wernberg

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Manning−Hawkesbury mean slope: −0.005±0.046

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1985

1990

1995

2000

Study

Andrew_1991 Andrew_Jones_1990

Figure S2 continued

Ettinger_etal_2008

2005

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Namaqua mean slope: 0.105±0.035

1

0.5

1995

1998

2001

2004

2007

Study

Anderson_etal_ 2006 Pulfrich_etal_2003 South_Africa_Kwaaibaii

South_Africa_Mauritzbaai South_Africa_Pump_House

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

North American Pacific Fijordland mean slope: 0.043±0.059

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1975

1985

1995

2005

Study

Estes_Duggins_AK

Figure S2 continued

Haida_Gwaii

2015

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Northeastern New Zealand mean slope: 0.026±0.028

0.5

0.1

0.01 2000

2004

2008

2012

Study

New_Zealand_Hauraki_Gulf

Northern_New_Zealand

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Northern California mean slope: −0.020±0.008

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1980

1990

2000

2010

Study

Channel_Islands_National_Park Edwards_baja Gerard_ 1976

Figure S2 continued

PISCO_subtidal Schiel_etal_2004 SNI

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

North Sea

1

mean slope: −0.024±0.011

0.5

0.1

0.01 1980

1990

2000

2010

Study

norway_inner_coast_norderhaug−Ei norway_inner_coast_norderhaug−Gr norway_inner_coast_norderhaug−No

Norway_monitoring_kelp_data norway_moy_christie_with_Åsen_2

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Oregon, Washington, Vancouver Coast and Shelf mean slope: 0.000±0.019

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1990

1995

2000

2005

Study

Fox_etal_1999 Kvitek_etal_ 2001 PISCO_oregon

Figure S2 continued

Shaffer_2000 VancouverIsland−JaneWatson

2010

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Scotian Shelf mean slope: −0.019±0.020

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1960

1980

2000

Study

Nova_Scotia

Smith_ 1985

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

South Australian Gulfs mean slope: −0.059±0.027

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

Study

autralia_connell_canopyLoss

Figure S2 continued

KelpCover_Temperate_Australia

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Southern California Bight mean slope: 0.018±0.008

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1990

2000

2010

Study

Channel_Islands_National_Park Dayton_etal_1992 Dayton_etal_1999_Laminaria Dayton_etal_1999_Pterygophora

Edwards_baja isla_natividad PISCO_subtidal sbc_lter_longterm_community

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Southern Norway mean slope: −0.009±0.018

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 1980

1990

2000

2010

Study

Leinaas_Christie_1996 Norway_monitoring_kelp_data

Figure S2 continued

norway_moy_christie_with_Åsen_2

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

South European Atlantic Shelf mean slope: 0.114±0.055

1 0.5

0.1

0.01 2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Study

REBENT_Brittany_NW_France

Standardized Kelp Abundance+0.01

Western Bassian mean slope: −0.006±0.094

1 0.5

0.1

2006

2008

2010 Study

KelpCover_Temperate_Australia

Figure S2 continued

2012

600 400 200 0

Number of Sites



1952

1973

1978

1983

1988

1993

Year

1998

2003

2008

2013

Figure S3. The number of sites in the global data set by year (data from 1-72).

A

Slope ± 1SE

0.2

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Slope Figure S4. A) Site level slopes and associated standard error, plotted against study duration and colored according to sign (positive, negative, or no change) (data from 172). B) Distribution of site level slope estimates colored by sign (positive, negative, or no change).



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