deep foundations [PDF]

The element of a structure that transfers loads to the underlying ground with performance consistent with the design of

47 downloads 17 Views 6MB Size

Recommend Stories


Piling and Deep Foundations
The butterfly counts not months but moments, and has time enough. Rabindranath Tagore

Mathematical Foundations of Deep Learning
Ask yourself: How do you feel about growing old someday? Next

Shallow and deep foundations in geotechnical engineering
Open your mouth only if what you are going to say is more beautiful than the silience. BUDDHA

[PDF] Review Agile Testing Foundations
You're not going to master the rest of your life in one day. Just relax. Master the day. Than just keep

[PDF] Foundations in Microbiology Review
Life is not meant to be easy, my child; but take courage: it can be delightful. George Bernard Shaw

[PDF] Foundations of Futures Studies
If you feel beautiful, then you are. Even if you don't, you still are. Terri Guillemets

Ebook pdf Agile Testing Foundations
Every block of stone has a statue inside it and it is the task of the sculptor to discover it. Mich

[PDF] Soil Mechanics and Foundations
Where there is ruin, there is hope for a treasure. Rumi

Best PDF Foundations in Microbiology
Pretending to not be afraid is as good as actually not being afraid. David Letterman

[PDF] Deep-Sky Companions
I cannot do all the good that the world needs, but the world needs all the good that I can do. Jana

Idea Transcript


14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

WHAT IS A FOUNDATION? • The element of a structure that transfers loads to the underlying ground with performance consistent with the design of the structure. • Loads are a combination of:

from Underground by David Macaulay (1976) Revised 9/2012

– – – –

Static Dynamic Horizontal Vertical From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes

Slide 1 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

WHAT IS A FOUNDATION?

Transcona Grain Elevator Winnipeg, Manitoba October 18, 1913 Tilt: 27° Photograph and Figure from Baracos (1957).

Revised 9/2012

Bridge Abutment on Piles - 30 inches of Settlement over 10 years Photograph courtesy of FHWA-NHI-132012 Soils and Foundations Workshop Participants Workbook

Slide 2 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

LEE ROY SELMON EXPRESSWAY, TAMPA, FL • Drilled Shafts sink 11ft • Repair Cost: $92,000,000 • 155 of 224 Shafts Strengthened Source: Tampa Bay Times

Photograph: St. Petersburg Times

Photograph: St. Petersburg Times

Revised 9/2012

Infographic: St. Petersburg Times

Slide 3 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

REASONS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS (a) Upper Strata Weak or Compressible

End Bearing

(b) Uplift

(c) Lateral Loading

Friction

Figure 7.1. FHWA NHI-05-042 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations - Volume I. Revised 9/2012

Slide 4 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

REASONS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS (d) Combined Uplift and Lateral Loading

Bridge Bent

Revised 9/2012

(e) Scour

(f) Liquefaction

Highway Signs Or Noise Barriers

Figure 7.1. FHWA NHI-05-042 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations - Volume I.

Slide 5 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

REASONS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Bridge Abutment Scour Photograph courtesy of FHWA-NHI-132012 Soils and Foundations Workshop Participants Workbook Revised 9/2012

Slide 6 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

REASONS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Scour at Bridge Abutment Photograph courtesy of FHWA-NHI-132012 Soils and Foundations Workshop Participants Workbook Revised 9/2012

Slide 7 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

REASONS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Example of Forces on a Bridge (Lateral – Ice and River, Vertical – Vehicle) Revised 9/2012

Photograph courtesy of FHWA-NHI-132012 Soils and Foundations Workshop Participants Workbook

Slide 8 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

REASONS FOR DEEP FOUNDATIONS (g) Fender Systems

(h) Underpinning

(i) Swelling Soils

Figure 7.1. FHWA NHI-05-042 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations - Volume I. Revised 9/2012

Slide 9 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

BOSTON AREA FOUNDATION CONCEPTS

Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes

Slide 10 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATIONS

Figure 8.1. FHWA HI-97-013 Driven Pile Design and Construction Volume I. Revised 9/2012

Slide 11 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATIONS Figure 8.1. FHWA NHI-05-042 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations Volume I.

Revised 9/2012

Slide 12 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: CAST-IN-PLACE (CIP) PILES Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

Revised 9/2012

Slide 13 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: CAST-IN-PLACE (CIP) PILES Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

Revised 9/2012

Slide 14 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: CAST-IN-PLACE (CIP) PILES Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

Revised 9/2012

ACIP – Auger Cast In Place DD – Drilled Displacement CFA – Continuous Flight Auger APG - Auger Pressure Grouted APGD - Auger Pressure Grouted Displacement

Slide 15 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: COMPOSITE PILES Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

Revised 9/2012

Slide 16 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: DRILLED SHAFTS Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

Revised 9/2012

Slide 17 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: MICROPILES (A.K.A. MINI, PIN) Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

Revised 9/2012

Slide 18 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: PRESSURE INJECTED FOOTING Table 8-1. FHWA NHI-05-042 (from NAVFAC DM7.02).

PIF – Pressure Injected Footings ; a.k.a. Franki Piles Revised 9/2012

Slide 19 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: PRESSURE INJECTED FOOTING

PIF – Pressure Injected Footings ; a.k.a. Franki Piles Revised 9/2012

Figure courtesy of Franki GRUNDAU.

Slide 20 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION EXAMPLES: CAST-IN-PLACE (CIP) PILES

Static Load Test on DD Pile Revised 9/2012

Photograph courtesy of WPC Inc.

CFA Rig Photograph courtesy of www.skanska.co.uk

Slide 21 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION EXAMPLES: DRILLED SHAFTS

Town Creek

West Tower

Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge Revised 9/2012

Photograph courtesy of WPC Inc. and Marvin Tallent, Palmetto Bridge Constructors

Slide 22 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION EXAMPLES: MICROPILES

Revised 9/2012

Static Load Test

Dynamic Load Test

50 Broad St., Charleston, SC

Hajduk et al. (2004)

Photographs courtesy of WPC Inc.

Slide 23 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION EXAMPLES: PIF

Excavated

LeLachuer Park, Lowell, MA

Photograph courtesy of www.geoforum.com

Photograph courtesy of www.peeepl.com

PIF – Pressure Injected Footings ; a.k.a. Franki Piles Revised 9/2012

Slide 24 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY • Development progressed independently worldwide.

by

and

large

• Different names are therefore associated with different construction methods or different geographical zones. All the names relate essentially to deep foundation elements constructed in place, differing from the prefabricated piles used in driving.

Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 25 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY NAMES: • Caissons (“Old Timers”, Midwestern US) • Cast in Drilled Hole Pile (California by Caltrans) • Drilled Piers (NCDOT, Midwestern US) • (Drilled) Shafts (Texas) • Bored Piles (outside the US) • Rock Sockets Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Open Caisson Jules Triger (1846)

Slide 26 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY CAISSONS: Very large footings which are sunk into position by excavation through or beneath the caisson structure. Used for hundreds of years. Notable Examples: • • •

Firth of Forth Bridge (Scotland) Brooklyn Bridge (1870’s) Eads Bridge (1870’s) Pneumatic Caisson, Firth of Forth Bridge (Mackay, 1990)

Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 27 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY Motivated by large building construction in cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and London with a subsurface consisting of thick layers of clay overlying a glacial till or bedrock. • Late 1800, hand dug “Chicago” and “Gow” caissons were excavated to a hardpan layer to act like a deep footing. Sections of permanent liners were placed to retain the soil. Usually very conservative design of about 380kPa (4tsf). Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 28 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

HISTORY: CAISSONS (ROGERS, 2006)

Chicago Method Gow Method Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 29 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY • 1908 – Early power driven auger, 0.3m diameter to a depth of 6 to 12m. • 1920 – Horse – driven rotary machines in Texas (swelling conditions). • 1931 – Hough Williams of Dallas built small machines for shallow hole excavation followed by truck mounted machines. • 1932 – A.H. Beck Company (Texas) begins constructing drilled shafts. Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 30 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY • 1937 - McKinney Drilling founded in Texas. • Before WW II – development of large scale, mobile, auger-type, earth-drilling equipment allowing for a more economical and faster construction of drilled shafts. • Late 1940’s and 1950’s – techniques for larger underreams, cutting in rock, casing and drilled mud (a process established by the oil industry).

Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 31 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DRILLED SHAFTS: HISTORY • 1960’s to Today - The development of theories for design and analytical techniques lagged behind the developments in the construction methods. The marked differences between driven piles and drilled shafts as well as the importance of quality control and inspection were realized.

Revised 9/2012

From Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture Notes and FHWA NHI-10-016

Slide 32 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

MICROPILES: HISTORY • Early 1950’s in Italy – Conceived to underpin historic structures and monuments damaged in WW II. • 1952 - Palo Radice (Root Pile) patented by Fondedile (Dr. Fernando Lizzi). Figure 1-2. Classical Arrangement of Root Piles for Underpinning. (FHWA SA-97-070) Revised 9/2012

From FHWA SA-97-020, Bruce (2008), and Bennett (2010)

Slide 33 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

MICROPILES: HISTORY • 1970 – Fondedile Corp. established in US. • 1972 – First use of Root Piles in US (Illinois). • 1980 to 90 – Decline and Closure of Fondedile in US. • Early 1980’s - Big “Push” by East Coast Contractors. Figure 1-2. Classical Arrangement of Root Piles for Underpinning. (FHWA SA-97-070) Revised 9/2012

From FHWA SA-97-020, Bruce (2008), and Bennett (2010)

Slide 34 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

MICROPILES: HISTORY • 1989 – Loma Prieta & Start of Micropile Seismic Retrofits on West Coast. • 1996 to 1998 – Williamsburg Bridge Retrofit (NYC). • 1993 to 1997 – “FHWA State of the Practice” Report. Micropile Seismic Retrofit (Photograph courtesy of Palmetto Gunite) Revised 9/2012

From FHWA SA-97-020, Bruce (2008), and Bennett (2010)

Slide 35 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

MICROPILES: HISTORY • 1996 to 1999 – FHWA Implementation Manual • 1997 – International Workshop on Micropiles (IWM) Founded • 2002 – ADSC develops FHWA/NHI Course • 2005 – International Society of Micropiles (ISM) Founded Micropile Seismic Retrofit (Photograph courtesy of Palmetto Gunite) Revised 9/2012

From FHWA SA-97-020, Bruce (2008), and Bennett (2010)

Slide 36 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN PROCESS

Revised 9/2012

Figure 2.1. FHWA NHI-05-042 Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations - Volume I.

Slide 37 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN PROCESS Field Exploration & Testing

Geomaterial Strength & Deformation Parameters

Static Analysis of Deep Foundation

Dynamic Analysis of Driven Piles

Superstructure Loading Evaluation

Deep Foundation Type/Construction Method

Laboratory Testing Deformation and Settlement

Bearing Capacity Vertical and Lateral Resistance Single/Group

Superstructure Loading Requirement Design •Geometry •Configuration •Installation Criteria

No Completed Substructure

Testing • material • performance • driving • integrity

QC Monitoring

Construction

Design Verification/ Modification • dynamic testing • static testing

? OK

Yes

Revised 9/2012

Figure 3. NCHRP Report 507 (Paikowsky et al., 2004).

Slide 38 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN AXIAL CAPACITY

Qtotal = Qskin + Qtip Where: Qtotal = Ultimate Pile Capacity Qskin = Skin Friction (i.e. Side) Capacity Qtip = Tip (i.e. Toe) Capacity Revised 9/2012

Slide 39 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATION DESIGN AXIAL CAPACITY

Qskin = fsAskin Where: fs = Unit Skin Friction Askin = Pile Skin Area

Revised 9/2012

Qtoe = qpAtoe Where: qp = Unit End Bearing Atoe = Pile Toe (i.e. Tip) Area

Slide 40 of 41

14.528 DRILLED DEEP FOUNDATIONS Definitions, Classifications, General Principles

DEEP FOUNDATIONS: EFFECTS OF PILE INSTALLATION

Revised 9/2012

Vesic (1977). Annotations from Dr. Paikowsky’s 15.530 Lecture.

Slide 41 of 41

Smile Life

When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, show life that you have a thousand reasons to smile

Get in touch

© Copyright 2015 - 2024 PDFFOX.COM - All rights reserved.