Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and ... - University of Malta [PDF]

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta. **. Department of Philosophy

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Idea Transcript


DEPARTMENT OF PHARM ACY UNIVERSI TY OF MA LTA

TOWARDS A PHILOSOPHY OF RISK *

**

*

*

Maresca Attard Pizzuto , Claude Mangion , Anthony Serracino-Inglott , Lilian M. Azzopardi *

Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

**

Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

email: [email protected]

Department of Pharmacy University of Malta

INTRODUCTION

AIMS

RESULTS

Pharmacists constantly encounter situations

This research aims to propose different

Two approaches can be considered to answer the question, namely, the utilitarian approach and the deontological approach (Figure 1). The

which lead to a dilemma regarding the best

approaches that pharmacists can take

possible outcome for the patient. When

prior to deciding what action they are

faced with these situations, pharmacists

going

often ask themselves “What should I do?”

philosophical principles and theories and

There is no perfect answer to this question,

the risk associated with taking that

but considering in detail the reasoning used

decision.

to

take

based

utilitarian approach states that an action is right if it promotes happiness and well-being in the majority of the population.

guide decisions in difficult situations. Pharmacists, professionals,

like face

other

1

healthcare

ethical

problems

The deontology 4

approach states that an action is right or wrong depending on the inherent nature of the action, irrespective of its consequences.

on

within various scenarios would enable one to decide which ethical theory to adopt to

2,3

Figure 1: The approaches that guide decision-making

METHOD An extensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the different areas of philosophy related to morality

For example, if the pharmacist decides to dispense a valid, legal prescription for the oral contraceptive pill irrespective of his/her beliefs, the stakeholders involved, namely the pharmacy, the drug manufacturing company, the prescribing physician and the patient are going to benefit and only the pharmacist is going to be inconvenienced. This decision follows the utilitarian approach.

and decision-making processes, after

If the pharmacist decides not to dispense the prescription because s/he thinks that this action is contradicting the purpose of the

which, potential decisions taken by

pharmaceutical profession that of respect of human life, then this decision follows the deontological approach.

concordance with their professional code of

pharmacists

were

and

Reasoning logically is the foundation that enables one to decide upon ethical decisions. However, at times, fallacious logical reasoning can lead

conduct.

assessed

different

philosophical

to negative ethical judgement. Therefore, when engaged in reasoning, individuals, and in this case, pharmacists, must ensure they are not

sometime during their career and should be knowledgeable

on

how

to

act

in

by

approaches.

evaluated

reasoning fallaciously. By fallacies, we mean logical errors in reasoning, which can be either intentional or unintentional.

5

CONCLUSION

References

Approaches like utilitarianism and deontology guide decision-making and help in minimising risks involved in

1. Howell R. Choosing ethical theories and principles and applying them to the question: ‘Should the seas be owned?’ International Journal of Transdisciplinary Research 2010;5(1):1-28.

various pharmaceutical scenarios. Ethical decision-making is also based on reasoning, which can at times be fallacious, therefore, such theories make pharmacists more aware of the ethics of their daily decision-making activities.

2.Bentham J. Utilitarianism. London: Progressive Publishing Company;1890. P.5-6. nd

3.Popkin RH and Stroll A. Philosophy made simple. 2 ed. United States of America: Doubeday Division Group; 1993. 4.McCain R. Deontology, Consequentialism, and Rationality. Review of Social Economy 1991;49(2):168-95. 5.Wingfield J, Badcott D. Pharmacy Ethics and Decision Making. Great Britian: Pharmaceutical Press;2007. P.67-8, 95-110.

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