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DESIGNING THE USER INTERFACE
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DESIGNING THE USER INTERFACE
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Figure 5.11 LabVIEW enables users to develop virtual instruments in a visual programming environment. In this simple demo, the program on the left controls the virtual instrument on the right. An animation of the program execution can be shown in the visual program, which is constructed by connecting sensors, gauges, counters, or logic components.
The rapid pace of change on the Internet is stimulated by the easy sharing of code and the capacity to build quickly on top of the work of other programmers. The frenzy is sometimes alarming but usually irresistible. The importance of the World Wide Web has led developers of many tools-including Tcl/Tk, Java, Flash, and Visual Basic-to enable their programs to run on the Web, and this capability provides a strong competitive advantage.
5.4
5.4
Evaluation and Critiquing Tools
Evaluation and Critiquing Tools
Software tools are natural environments in which to add procedures to evaluate or critique user interfaces. Even straightforward tools to check spelling or concordance of terms benefit interface designers. Simple metrics that report numbers of displays, widgets, or links between displays capture the size of a user-interface project, but the inclusion of more sophisticated evaluation procedures can allow interface designers to assess whether a menu tree is too deep or contains redundancies, whether widget labels have been used consistently, whether all buttons have proper transitions associated with them, and so on (Olsen and Halversen, 1988). A second set of tools is run-time logging software, which captures the users' patterns of activity. Simple reports-such as on the frequency of each error message, menu-item selection, dialog-box appearance, help invocation, form-field usage, or web-page access-are of great benefit to maintenance personnel and to revisers of the initial design. Experimental researchers can also capture performance a~
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web pages, 62 Privacy, 132 Process of design management, 115-117 Productivity, 462, 466-468. See also Quality of Service Programming compiling, 317 direct manipulation, 238--241 Java, 194 languages. See Languages windowing-system layer, 192-193 Programming in the user interface (PITU]), 239-240 Progress, measurement of, 167-169 Progressive evaluation, 241 PROLOG,317 Protocols, 318 Public spaces, 437-442 Pull-down menus, 272-274
Q Q&A (Symantec), 335-336 Quality Feedback System, 166 Quality of Service, 454-455 attitudes, 462--466 expectations, 462--466 models of response-time impacts, 455--462 performance challenges, 470--472 productivity, 466--468 variability in response time, 468--470 Queries, 318--319 Boolean, 574 dynamic, 568, 574-575 form-fillin, 564 natural language, 564 natural-language queries (NLQ), 335-337 text-database searching, 337 Query-by-example, 564 Questionnaire for User Interaction Satisfaction (QUIS),152 Quick reference cards, 523 manuals, 536 QWERTY keyboard layouts, 346, 348, 350
R Radiation exposure, 387 Radio buttons, 272 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 308 Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), 395 Rapid start-up, 463 Raster-scan cathode-rav tubes (CRTs), 386 Records, 561. See a/50 Databases; Documents error messages, 484 Refinement of queries, 569 Rehabilitation Act (1998 Amendment to Section 508/,31 Relate tasks, information visualization, 594-596 Relationships, Sec Information visualization Reliabilitv, 132 Remote controL 246 Remote usabilitv testing, 14'1
Subject Index Repetitive control tasks, 466 Reports continuous user-performance data logging, 164-165 expert reviews, 142-143 Requirements of usability, 12-14 Research interfaces, 40-42 theories, 84. See also Theories Response time choke,463 models of impacts, 455-462 variability in, 468-470 Resumption of roles, 510 Return-on-investment (ROD, 118 Reversal of action, 75 Review of results, queries, 568 RIM Blackberry, 419 Role-centered design, 508 Rules. See also Guidelines; Principles interface design, 74-76 Run-time logging software, 203
S Safety, 132 Sample tasks, 532 Satellites, Global Positioning System (GPS), 347 SATIN,198 Saving window states, 505 Scenario development, 127-129 Schemas, 561 consistency through grammars, 91-93 ScreenTips, 542 Scripts, 198-202 Scrolling, 366. See also Interaction devices menus,274 synchronized,504 Search engines, 337, 563. See also Searching Searching,42,560-563 animation, 574 design, 571 diagrams, 571 filtering, 574-580 Google,22 histories, 569 images, 571 information visualization, 580-602 maps, 571 metadata, 576-577 multilingual searches, 578 multimedia documents, 57D-573 sound,572 text, 563-570 text-database searching, 337-338 video, 572-573 visual searches, 579-580 Securitv, 132 Seeking. See Searching Selection of colors, 64-65 Selective dissemination of information (SOD, 574 Semantic levels, analysis theories, 86
Semantic webs, 560 Semiformal languages, 175 SeniorNet,34 Sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS), 347 Servers, 194 Services context-of-use theories, 94-95 design of, 6, 15 Sholes keyboard layout, 346 Short Messaging Systems (SMS), 433 Short-term memory, 459 10ad,75 Simple command sets, 322 Simple menu system transition diagrams, 178-179 Simple truncation, 329 Simultaneous menus, 280-282 Single menus, 270-280 Sliders, 275 Small device keyboards and keypads, 355-358 Small displays, menus for, 305-309 Small-group collaborative-learning environments, 444
SMART Board, 390 Smilies, 423 Soar, 91 Social impact statements, 129-131 Sociotechnical svstems, usabilitv motivations, 22-24' • Softkeys, 356 Software copyrights, 132 desktop publishing, 218 presentation, 218 user-interface software tools, 117 Software-engineering tools, 187-192 Software tools, 174-175 evaluation, 203-205 interface-building tools, 183-202 specification methods, 175-183 Sonification interfaces, 383 Sound,257 menus, 304-305 searching, 572 Spatial data management, 219-222 Spatial layouts, 509 Speaker-dependent training, 377 Speaker-independent training, 377 Specialized language layer, 198-202 Specification methods dialog-box trees, 178 grammars, 176-178 menu-selection, 178 software tools, 175-183 statecharts, 181-183 transition diagrams, 178-181 Specifici tv error messages, 480-481 naming-rul