Dietary patterns of obese and normal-weight women of reproductive ... [PDF]

Home

> Journals > British Journal of Nutrition > Volume 116 Issue S1: Progress in dietary research in young children a... > Dietary patterns of obese and n...

English | Français

( http://www.cambridge.org/core/societies/nutrition-society)

Volume 116, Issue S1 (Progress in dietary research in young children and women in Indonesia and Myanmar) July 2016 , pp. S49-S56

Yulia (a1) (a2), Helda Khusun (a1) and Umi Fahmida (a1) https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516000015 Published online: 02 March 2016

Abstract Developing countries including Indonesia imperatively require an understanding of factors leading to the emerging problem of obesity, especially within low socio-economic groups, whose dietary pattern may contribute to obesity. In this cross-sectional study, we compared the dietary patterns and food consumption of 103 obese and 104 normal-weight women of reproductive age (19–49 years) in urban slum areas in Central Jakarta. A single 24-h food recall was used to assess energy and macronutrient intakes (carbohydrate, protein and fat) and calculate energy density. A principal component analysis was used to define the dietary patterns from the FFQ. Obese women had significantly higher intakes of energy (8436·6 (SD 2358·1) v. 7504·4 (SD 1887·8) kJ (2016·4 (SD 563·6) v. 1793·6 (SD 451·2) kcal)), carbohydrate (263·9 (SD 77·0) v. 237·6 (SD 63·0) g) and fat (83·11 (SD 31·3) v. 70·2 (SD 26·1) g) compared with normal-weight women; however, their protein intake (59·4 (SD 19·1) v. 55·9 (SD 18·5) g) and energy density (8·911 (SD 2·30) v. 8·58 (SD 1·88) kJ/g (2·13 (SD 0·55) v. 2·05 (SD 0·45) kcal/g)) did not differ significantly. Two dietary patterns were revealed and subjectively named ‘more healthy’ and ‘less healthy’. The ‘less healthy’ pattern was characterised by the consumption of fried foods (snacks, soyabean and roots and tubers) and meat and poultry products, whereas the more healthy pattern was characterised by the consumption of seafood, vegetables, eggs, milk and milk products and non-fried snacks. Subjects with a high score for the more healthy pattern had a lower obesity risk compared with those with a low score. Thus, obesity is associated with high energy intake and unhealthy dietary patterns characterised by consumption of oils and fats through fried foods and snacks.

Request permission (https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=BJN&title=Dietary%20patterns%20of%20obese%20and%20normalweight%20women%20of%20reproductive%20age%20in%20urban%20slum%20areas%20in%20Central%20Jakarta&publicationDate=2016-0302&author=%20Yulia,%20Helda%20Khusun,%20Umi%20Fahmida©right=COPYRIGHT:%20%C2%A9%20The%20Authors%202016%C2%A0&contentID=10.1017/S0007114516000015

Copyright COPYRIGHT: © The Authors 2016

Corresponding author * Corresponding author: H. Khusun, fax +62 21 391 3933, email [email protected]

Footnotes

Hide All

Publication of this paper was supported by unrestricted educational grants from PT Sarihusada Generasi Mahardhika and PT Nutricia Indonesia Sejahtera. The papers included in this supplement were invited by the Guest Editors and have undergone the standard journal formal review process. They may be cited. The Guest Editors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.



Footnotes References

Hide All

1. World Health Organization (2000) Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation, WHO Technical Series, no. 894. Geneva: WHO. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=1.+World+Health+Organization+ (2000)+Obesity:+Preventing+and+Managing+the+Global+Epidemic.+Report+of+a+WHO+Consultation+WHO+Technical+Series+no.+894.+Geneva:+WHO.) 2. Prentice AM (2006) The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. Int J Epidemiol 35, 93–99. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi272) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The+emerging+epidemic+of+obesity+in+developing+countries&publication+year=2006&author=Prentice+AM&journal=Int+J+Epidemiol&volume=35&doi=10.1093/ije/dyi272&pages=9399) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16326822) 3. Asia Pacific Cohort Study Collaboration (2007) The burden of overweight and obesity in the Asia-Pacific region. Obes Rev 8, 191–196. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00292.x) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=3.+Asia+Pacific+Cohort+Study+Collaboration+ (2007)+The+burden+of+overweight+and+obesity+in+the+Asia-Pacific+region.+Obes+Rev+8+191%E2%80%93196.) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17444961)

4. Wang Y & Lobstein T (2006) Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Int J Pediatr Obes 1, 11–25. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17477160600586747) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Worldwide+trends+in+childhood+overweight+and+obesity&publication+year=2006&author=Wang+Y&author=Lobstein+T&journal=Int+J+Pediatr+Obes&volume=1&doi=10.1080/17477160600586747&pages 25) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17902211) 5. Ezzati M, Vander Hoorn S, Lawes CM, et al. (2005) Rethinking the ‘diseases of affluence’ paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLoS Med 2, p. e133. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020133) |

Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Rethinking+the+%E2%80%98diseases+of+affluence%E2%80%99+paradigm:+global+patterns+of+nutritional+risks+in+relation+to+economic+development&publication+year=2005&author=Ezzati+M&auth 6. World Health Organization (2010) Global Status Report on Non Communicable Diseases. Geneva: WHO. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=6.+World+Health+Organization+ (2010)+Global+Status+Report+on+Non+Communicable+Diseases.+Geneva:+WHO.) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28184435) 7. Rowlands I, Graves N, De Jersey S, et al. (2010) Obesity in pregnancy: outcomes and economics. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 15, 94–99. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Obesity+in+pregnancy:+outcomes+and+economics&publication+year=2010&author=Rowlands+I&author=Graves+N&author=De+Jersey+S&pages=9499) 8. Jebb SA (2007) Dietary determinants of obesity. Obes Rev 8, Suppl. 1, 93–97. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00326.x) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+determinants+of+obesity&publication+year=2007&author=Jebb+SA&journal=Obes+Rev&volume=8&doi=10.1111/j.1467789X.2007.00326.x&pages=93-97) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17316310) 9. James WP (2008) The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic. Obes Rev 9, Suppl. 1, p. 6–13. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00432.x) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The+fundamental+drivers+of+the+obesity+epidemic&publication+year=2008&author=James+WP&journal=Obes+Rev&volume=9&doi=10.1111/j.1467789X.2007.00432.x&pages=6-13) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307693) 10. Du H (2010) Dietary determinants of obesity. Acta Cardiol 65, 377–386. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+determinants+of+obesity&publication+year=2010&author=Du+H&journal=Acta+Cardiol&volume=65&pages=377386) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20821929)

11. Kant AK & Graubard BI (2005) Energy density of diets reported by American adults: association with food group intake, nutrient intake, and body weight. Int J Obes (Lond) 29, 950–956. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802980) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Energy+density+of+diets+reported+by+American+adults:+association+with+food+group+intake+nutrient+intake+and+body+weight&publication+year=2005&author=Kant+AK&author=Graubard+BI&journa (Lond)&volume=29&doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0802980&pages=950-956) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15917854) 12. Ello-Martin JA, Ledikwe JH & Rolls BJ (2005) The influence of food portion size and energy density on energy intake: implications for weight management. Am J Clin Nutr 82, Suppl., 236S–241S. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The+influence+of+food+portion+size+and+energy+density+on+energy+intake:+implications+for+weight+management&publication+year=2005&author=ElloMartin+JA&author=Ledikwe+JH&author=Rolls+BJ&journal=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&volume=82&pages=236S-241S) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16002828) 13. Drewnowski A (2009) Obesity, diets, and social inequalities. Nutr Rev 67, Suppl. 1, S36–S39. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00157.x) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Obesity+diets+and+social+inequalities&publication+year=2009&author=Drewnowski+A&journal=Nutr+Rev&volume=67&doi=10.1111/j.17534887.2009.00157.x&pages=S36-S39) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453676) 14. Aguilar J (2010) The Fattening of America : Analysis of the Link between Obesity and Low Income. Stanford, CA: Leland Stanford Junior University. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=The+Fattening+of+America+:+Analysis+of+the+Link+between+Obesity+and+Low+Income&publication+year=2010&author=Aguilar+J) 15. Basic Health Research and Development Agency & Ministries of Health (2010) Riset kesehatan dasar. Jakarta: Health Research and Development Agency & Ministries of Health. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=15.+Basic+Health+Research+and+Development+Agency+&+Ministries+of+Health+ (2010)+Riset+kesehatan+dasar.+Jakarta:+Health+Research+and+Development+Agency+&+Ministries+of+Health.) 16. Basic Health Research and Development Agency & Ministries of Health (2013) Riset kesehatan dasar. Jakarta: Health Research and Development Agency & Ministries of Health. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar? q=16.+Basic+Health+Research+and+Development+Agency+&+Ministries+of+Health+ (2013)+Riset+kesehatan+dasar.+Jakarta:+Health+Research+and+Development+Agency+&+Ministries+of+Health.)

17. Khusun H (2011) Explaining the heterogeneity in overweight and underweight amongst adult Indonesians, 1993–2007: the influence of compositional and contextual factors. PhD Thesis. School of Population Health, The University of Queensland, Australia. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Explaining+the+heterogeneity+in+overweight+and+underweight+amongst+adult+Indonesians+1993%E2%80%932007:+the+influence+of+compositional+and+contextual+factors&publication+year=2011&a 18. World Health Organization (2004) Public health appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet 363, 157–163. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=18.+World+Health+Organization+(2004)+Public+health+appropriate+bodymass+index+for+Asian+populations+and+its+implications+for+policy+and+intervention+strategies.+Lancet+363+157%E2%80%93163.) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726171)

19. Alves JG, Falcão RW, Pinto RA, et al. (2011) Obesity patterns among women in a slum area in Brazil. J Health Popul Nutr 29, 286–289. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v29i3.7876) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Obesity+patterns+among+women+in+a+slum+area+in+Brazil&publication+year=2011&author=Alves+JG&author=Falc%C3%A3o+RW&author=Pinto+RA&journal=J+Health+Popul+Nutr&volume=29&doi=10 289) 20. Gibson RS (2005) Principles of Nutritional Assessment, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Principles+of+Nutritional+Assessment&publication+year=2005&author=Gibson+RS) 21. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (2005) International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short last 7 days. www.ipaq.ki.se (http://www.ipaq.ki.se) (accessed September 2012). Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=21.+International+Physical+Activity+Questionnaire+ (2005)+International+Physical+Activity+Questionnaire+(IPAQ)-short+last+7+days.+www.ipaq.ki.se+ (accessed+September+2012).) 22. Goldberg GR, Black AE, Jebb SA, et al. (1991) Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut-off-limits to identify under-recording. Eur J Clin Nutr 45, 569–581. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Critical+evaluation+of+energy+intake+data+using+fundamental+principles+of+energy+physiology:+1.+Derivation+of+cut-offlimits+to+identify+underrecording&publication+year=1991&author=Goldberg+GR&author=Black+AE&author=Jebb+SA&journal=Eur+J+Clin+Nutr&volume=45&pages=569581) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1810719)

23. McCrory MA, Hadjuk CL & Roberts SB (2002) Procedures for screening out inaccurate reports of dietary intake. Public Health Nutr 5, 873–882. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2002387) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Procedures+for+screening+out+inaccurate+reports+of+dietary+intake&publication+year=2002&author=McCrory+MA&author=Hadjuk+CL&author=Roberts+SB&journal=Public+Health+Nutr&volume=5&do 882) 24. Khani BR, Ye W, Terry P, et al. (2004) Reproducibility and validity of major dietary patterns among Swedish women assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. J Nutr 134, 1541–1545. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Reproducibility+and+validity+of+major+dietary+patterns+among+Swedish+women+assessed+with+a+foodfrequency+questionnaire&publication+year=2004&author=Khani+BR&author=Ye+W&author=Terry+P&journal=J+Nutr&volume=134&pages=15411545) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15173426)

25. Ledikwe JH, Blanck HM, Khan LK, et al. (2005) Dietary energy density determined by eight calculation methods in a nationally representative United States population. J Nutr 135, 273–278. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+energy+density+determined+by+eight+calculation+methods+in+a+nationally+representative+United+States+population&publication+year=2005&author=Ledikwe+JH&author=Blanck+HM&author= 278) 26. Ledikwe JH, Blanck HM, Khan LK, et al. (2006) Dietary energy density is associated with energy intake and weight Status in US adults. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 1362–1368.

Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+energy+density+is+associated+with+energy+intake+and+weight+Status+in+US+adults&publication+year=2006&author=Ledikwe+JH&author=Blanck+HM&author=Khan+LK&journal=Am+J+Clin+N 1368) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16762948) 27. Ambrosini GL, Sullivan TAO, de Klerk NH, et al. (2012) Relative validity of adolescent dietary patterns : comparison of a food frequency questionnaire and 3-day food record. Br J Nutr 105, 625–633. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114510004137) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Relative+validity+of+adolescent+dietary+patterns+:+comparison+of+a+food+frequency+questionnaire+and+3day+food+record&publication+year=2012&author=Ambrosini+GL&author=Sullivan+TAO&author=de+Klerk+NH&journal=Br+J+Nutr&volume=105&doi=10.1017/S0007114510004137&pages=625633)

28. Newby PK, Sc D & Tucker KL (2004) Empirically derived eating patterns using factor or cluster analysis : a review. Nutr Rev 62, 177–203. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00040.x) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Empirically+derived+eating+patterns+using+factor+or+cluster+analysis+:+a+review&publication+year=2004&author=Newby+PK&author=Sc+D&author=Tucker+KL&journal=Nutr+Rev&volume=62&doi=10 4887.2004.tb00040.x&pages=177-203) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15212319) 29. Sichieri R (2002) Dietary patterns and their associations with obesity in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro. Obes Res 10, 42–48. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2002.6) |

Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+patterns+and+their+associations+with+obesity+in+the+Brazilian+city+of+Rio+de+Janeiro&publication+year=2002&author=Sichieri+R&journal=Obes+Res&volume=10&doi=10.1038/oby.2002.6&pa 48) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786600) 30. Hu FB, Rimm E, Smith-warner SA, et al. (1999) Reproducibility and validity of dietary patterns assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Am J Clin Nutr 69, 243–249. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Reproducibility+and+validity+of+dietary+patterns+assessed+with+a+food+frequency+questionnaire&publication+year=1999&author=Hu+FB&author=Rimm+E&author=Smithwarner+SA&journal=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&volume=69&pages=243-249) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9989687) 31. Field A. (2005) Discovering Statistic Using SPSS, 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications Ltd. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Discovering+Statistic+Using+SPSS&publication+year=2005&author=Field+A.)

32. Mokhtar N, Elati J, Chabir R, et al. (2001) Symposium : obesity in developing countries : biological and ecological factors diet culture and obesity in Northern Africa 1. J Nutr 131, Suppl., 887–892. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Symposium+:+obesity+in+developing+countries+:+biological+and+ecological+factors+diet+culture+and+obesity+in+Northern+Africa+1&publication+year=2001&author=Mokhtar+N&author=Elati+J&author 892)

33. Colditz GA, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. (1990) Patterns of weight change and their relation to diet in a cohort of healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 51, 1100–1105. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Patterns+of+weight+change+and+their+relation+to+diet+in+a+cohort+of+healthy+women&publication+year=1990&author=Colditz+GA&author=Willet+WC&author=Stampfer+MJ&journal=Am+J+Clin+Nutr& 1105) 34. Ma Y, Olendzki B, Chiriboga D, et al. (2005) Association between dietary carbohydrates and body weight. Am J Epidemiol 161, 359–367. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi051) |

Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Association+between+dietary+carbohydrates+and+body+weight&publication+year=2005&author=Ma+Y&author=Olendzki+B&author=Chiriboga+D&journal=Am+J+Epidemiol&volume=161&doi=10.1093/aje 367) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15692080) 35. Mills JP, Perry CD & Reicks M (2011) Eating frequency is associated with energy intake but not obesity in midlife women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19, 552–559. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2010.265) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Eating+frequency+is+associated+with+energy+intake+but+not+obesity+in+midlife+women&publication+year=2011&author=Mills+JP&author=Perry+CD&author=Reicks+M&journal=Obesity+ (Silver+Spring)&volume=19&doi=10.1038/oby.2010.265&pages=552-559) 36. Field AE, Willett WC, Lissner L, et al. (2007) Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the Nurses’ Health Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15, 967–976. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.616) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+fat+and+weight+gain+among+women+in+the+Nurses%E2%80%99+Health+Study&publication+year=2007&author=Field+AE&author=Willett+WC&author=Lissner+L&journal=Obesity+ (Silver+Spring)&volume=15&doi=10.1038/oby.2007.616&pages=967-976) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426332) 37. Ravussin E & Tataranni PA (1997) Dietary fat and human obesity. J Am Diet Assoc 97, Suppl., S42–S46. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00728-1) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+fat+and+human+obesity&publication+year=1997&author=Ravussin+E&author=Tataranni+PA&journal=J+Am+Diet+Assoc&volume=97&doi=10.1016/S00028223(97)00728-1&pages=S42-S46) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9216566) 38. Bes-Rastrollo M, Van Dam RM, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, et al. (2008) Prospective study of dietary energy density and weight gain in women. Am J Clin Nutr 88, 769–777. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Prospective+study+of+dietary+energy+density+and+weight+gain+in+women&publication+year=2008&author=BesRastrollo+M&author=Van+Dam+RM&author=Martinez-Gonzalez+MA&journal=Am+J+Clin+Nutr&volume=88&pages=769-777) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18779295)

39. Howarth NC, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, et al. (2006) Dietary energy density is associated with overweight status among 5 ethnic groups in the multiethnic cohort study. J Nutr 136, 2243–2248. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+energy+density+is+associated+with+overweight+status+among+5+ethnic+groups+in+the+multiethnic+cohort+study&publication+year=2006&author=Howarth+NC&author=Murphy+SP&author=W 2248) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857848)

40. Mendoza JA, Drewnowski A. & Christakis DA (2007) Dietary energy density is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 30, 974–979. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc06-2188) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+energy+density+is+associated+with+obesity+and+the+metabolic+syndrome+in+U.S.+adults&publication+year=2007&author=Mendoza+JA&author=Drewnowski+A.&author=Christakis+DA&journa 2188&pages=974-979) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17229942)

41. Stookey JD (2001) Energy density, energy intake and weight status in a large free-living sample of Chinese adults: exploring the underlying roles of fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and water intakes. Eur J Clin Nutr 55, 349–359. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601163) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Energy+density+energy+intake+and+weight+status+in+a+large+freeliving+sample+of+Chinese+adults:+exploring+the+underlying+roles+of+fat+protein+carbohydrate+fiber+and+water+intakes&publication+year=2001&author=Stookey+JD&journal=Eur+J+Clin+Nutr&volume=55 359)

42. Okubo H, Sasaki S, Murakami K, et al. (2008) Three major dietary patterns are all independently related to the risk of obesity among 3760 Japanese women aged 18–20 years. Int J Obes (Lond) 32, 541–549. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803737) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Three+major+dietary+patterns+are+all+independently+related+to+the+risk+of+obesity+among+3760+Japanese+women+aged+18%E2%80%9320+years&publication+year=2008&author=Okubo+H&author (Lond)&volume=32&doi=10.1038/sj.ijo.0803737&pages=541-549) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895884)

43. Esmaillzadeh A & Azadbakht L (2008) Major dietary patterns in relation to general obesity and central adiposity among Iranian women. J Nutr 138, 358–363. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Major+dietary+patterns+in+relation+to+general+obesity+and+central+adiposity+among+Iranian+women&publication+year=2008&author=Esmaillzadeh+A&author=Azadbakht+L&journal=J+Nutr&volume=1 363) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18203904)

44. Dugee O, Khor GL, Lye MS, et al. (2009) Association of major dietary patterns with obesity risk among Mongolian men and women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 18, 433–440. Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Association+of+major+dietary+patterns+with+obesity+risk+among+Mongolian+men+and+women&publication+year=2009&author=Dugee+O&author=Khor+GL&author=Lye+MS&journal=Asia+Pac+J+Clin+ 440) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786392)

45. Song Y, Joung H, Engelhardt K, et al. (2005) Traditional v. modified dietary patterns and their influence on adolescents’ nutritional profile. Br J Nutr 93, 943–949. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051435) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Traditional+v.+modified+dietary+patterns+and+their+influence+on+adolescents%E2%80%99+nutritional+profile&publication+year=2005&author=Song+Y&author=Joung+H&author=Engelhardt+K&journal= 949) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16022765) 46. Shi Z, Hu X, Yuan B, et al. (2008) Vegetable-rich food pattern is related to obesity in China. Int J Obes (Lond) 32, 975–984. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.21) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Vegetablerich+food+pattern+is+related+to+obesity+in+China&publication+year=2008&author=Shi+Z&author=Hu+X&author=Yuan+B&journal=Int+J+Obes+ (Lond)&volume=32&doi=10.1038/ijo.2008.21&pages=975-984)

47. Togo P, Osler M, Sorensen TIA, et al. (2001) Food intake patterns and body mass index in observational studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25, 1741–1751. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801819) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Food+intake+patterns+and+body+mass+index+in+observational+studies&publication+year=2001&author=Togo+P&author=Osler+M&author=Sorensen+TIA&journal=Int+J+Obes+Relat+Metab+Disord&volu 1751) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781753) 48. Hu FB (2002) Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology. Curr Opin Lipidol 13, 3–9. CrossRef (http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002) | Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup? title=Dietary+pattern+analysis:+a+new+direction+in+nutritional+epidemiology&publication+year=2002&author=Hu+FB&journal=Curr+Opin+Lipidol&volume=13&doi=10.1097/00041433200202000-00002&pages=3-9) | PubMed (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11790957)