Difference between 'contract of service' and 'contract for services' in [PDF]

In addition to defining IR35 status, contracts 'of service' and 'for services' bring rights and responsibilities for con

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Home | Articles | IR35 | IR35 Explained: ‘Contract of service’ and ‘contract for services’

IR35 Explained: ‘Contract of service’ and ‘contract for services’



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An understanding of the types of contracts between clients, agencies and contractors and employees is vital for a contractor to be able to determine whether they are working inside or outside of IR35. However, the debate over contracts of service and contracts for service has a long history in employment law, as has the employment status of agency workers long before the contracting sector took off and IR35 was introduced. This guide will explain the IR35 issues related to these types of contracts and how they affect you the contractor.

Please explain the differences between a ‘contract of services’ and a ‘contract for services’ – does it change my IR35 status? An easy way to explain the difference for IR35 purposes is:

- An employee-employer contract is a contract of service - A contractor-client contract is a contract for services

In each of these types of contract, both parties have specific rights and responsibilities, which differ according to the type of contract in place. Contractors should be aware of their rights and responsibilities when they have a contract for services between their limited company or contractor umbrella company and their agency or end-user client as it will affect their IR35 status.

Employer-employee contract of service Permanent employees have a contract of service with their employer. By definition, if a worker has a contract of service with an organisation, they are an employee for IR35 purposes. The key rights and responsibilities of employee status under a contract of service are:

Contractor Services

Mortgages

Pensions

- The worker is controlled by their employer – they must perform the tasks they are instructed to by a line manager according to their job description

Income Protection

- The worker is expected to work at a specific place during specific hours on specific days (even flexi-time has core hours) - The worker must present themselves for work and cannot send someone else as a substitute - Employees have statutory rights to holiday pay, sick pay, maternity and paternity rights and redundancy payments

Life Insurance

Private Health Insurance

- Employees have statutory rights regarding how they can be asked to leave their employment - Employees enjoy a range of additional benefits, which can vary according to the employer, but might include company cars, private health insurance, staff canteens, health clubs and gyms and so on

Accounting Services

- Employees are not personally liable for any errors they make when completing work for their employer, nor are they expected to make good in their own time.

Company closure / liquidation (MVL)

Business banking

There is also a relationship between an employee and employer called ‘mutuality of obligation’, often referred to in shorthand as ‘MOO’. Mutuality of obligation is one of the key tests of employment status and whether a contract is inside or outside of IR35. Mutuality of obligation means that an employer is obliged to provide work for an employee, and the employee is obliged to complete the work. Within the scope of their job description, employees have to complete the work that ‘comes down the pipe’, which is one of their fundamental distinctions from a contractor. If the employee fails to fulfil their obligations, the employer can take action that may ultimately result in the employee’s dismissal. Similarly, if the employer does not fulfil their obligation to the employee, the employee can take action that might result in an industrial tribunal. If you are investigated by HMRC they will consider all these issues when determining your IR35 status and they will ask you explain yourself if they find discrepancies.

Use the free online IR35 Test to establish your status After more than fifteen years of IR35 case law and legal precedents, IR35 has become a highly complex area of employment and tax law - so you should always seek expert opinion. After you have self-evaluated your status using our free online IR35 test, you can then consider if you need to hire the help of an IR35 legal expert to help resolve any issues. Expect to pay a minimum of £100 per hour for someone suitably qualified.

How does a ‘contractor-client contract for services’ affect my IR35 status? Contractors have a contract for services with their client or agency. Or to be more precise, the contractor’s limited company or umbrella company has a contract of service with the client or agency. A contract for services is a strictly business to business contract between two firms on a buyer and supplier basis. The client, or agency, is a buyer and the contractor’s limited company or umbrella company is the supplier. There is no question of any employment relationship. Contractor’s companies that enter into a contract for services with another organisation (including public sector organisations or not-for-profit companies) have clear rights and obligations. The key rights, obligations and responsibilities that a contractor’s limited company or umbrella company have under a contract for services include:

- A requirement to supply services to the client according to the contract schedule’s specification - A requirement to complete the project, and any milestones, according to the contract schedule - A requirement to provide services to the standard required by the client as agreed in the contract - An obligation to make right any errors or defective work, without additional remuneration - Liability for any errors or defects in work completed for clients, and this may expand to personal liability (assuming the contractor is a director) for worst-case scenarios, such as corporate manslaughter - The right to be paid the rate agreed in the contract, assuming the services have been provided according to the contract’s requirements - The right to be paid according to the terms agreed, such as within 7 days, or 30 days depending on the terms agreed in the contract - The right to provide a substitute to complete the work specified in the contract - Often the contractor is required to abide by any health and safety and security arrangements when working on the client’s site

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- The client is obliged to provide a safe working environment for the contractor.

As directors of their own limited companies, contractors also have a range of duties, responsibilities and potential liabilities under company law, which employees do not have. If either party fails to fulfil their obligations under the terms of the contract, they are in breach of contract and can take legal action to remedy the situation.

What did Renoir, our virtual status lawyer, think of the Christa Ackroyd IR35 case?

In effect, the relationship between a contractor’s limited company or umbrella company and the client or agency is no different from a major international corporation’s relationship with its suppliers. Contractors who are aware of the full range of issues surrounding contracts of service and contracts for service are in a much better position to judge whether their employment status is affected by IR35, and can seek professional assistance accordingly.

How to change your accountant – 4 steps for getting a better deal

How a specialist accountant can help you with IR35 The IR35 tax legislation, and ensuring it does not apply to you, is fundemantal to your contracting career. The majority of high street accountants will not understand the legislation, and will not be able to help you - which is why it is essential to choose an accounting firm that specialises in the contracting market. See our 10 tips for choosing an accountant Your chosen accountant will be able to guide you through our 10 easy steps to setting up your company and getting started. One of these steps will be to analyse your IR35 status and help ensure it does not apply to you.

CAM Ltd v Revenue & Customs: 5 key IR35 lessons for contractors

If you are just starting out and haven't yet chosen your accountant them please consider our chosen accounting partner who we recommend for providing specialist accounting services for contractors and who has expertise in IR35 matters. Updated: Monday, October 23, 2017

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Related Guides What is IR35? Does it apply to your contract? Contractor guide to Mutuality of obligation (MOO) and IR35 IR35 Rules: How to determine if your contract passes - 10 essential points IR35 contract problems: Top 10 reasons a contractor’s contract will fail Reviewing your contract for IR35 status – a guide for contractors Financial impact of IR35 on contractors

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