Dinosaurs: History and Evolution Dinosaurs [PDF]

A. Infraorder Tetanurae. Orbit is higher & smaller than the antorbital fenestra. Heavy crests over the orbits. Mandibular fenestra is reduced. Suborder Theropoda. II. Advanced Theropods. A. Infraorder Tetanurae. 4 Groups. Family Megalosauridae. Family Allosauridae. Carcharodontosaurids. Clade Maniraptorifomres.

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Dinosaurs: History and Evolution

Dinosaurs: History and Evolution

Order Saurischia

Order Saurischia

“Lizard hipped” (primitive type) - Pubis points forward and the ischium back (Same as the Triassic basal archosaurs) Saurischian

Ornithischian

If teeth are reduced…typically lost from back to front. Tend to lack armor. Antorbital fenestra is retained.

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Order Saurischia Suborder Theropoda = “beast foot” Bipedal carnivores (most, but not all) Once divided into 2 main groups “Carnosaurs” = “Flesh lizards” = large “Coelurosaurs” = “Hollow tail lizards” = small

Theropods in General

Carnosaurs vs. Coelurosaurs Do not seem to be biological division, but are instead do to convergence ~ body size, lifestyle, etc. Cryolophosaurus – (6m, Antarctica)

Theropods in General Meat eaters

Meat eaters Runners

Theropods in General

Clawed hands (3 digits) Most have serrated teeth Teeth are compressed Teeth held loosely in jaw Often very large brains Some with large eyes Lightly built skull Held together loosely Mobile neck

Deinocheirus “terrible hand”

Runners 5 sacral vertebrae Large pelvis for muscles S-shaped femur Elongate foot – reduced digits Hollow bones Stiff tail

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Suborder Theropoda I. Basal Theropods A. Herrerasaurids - Late Middle Triassic of South America

Suborder Theropoda I. Basal Theropods B. Infraorder Ceratosauria - Late Triassic - Late Cretaceous (worldwide) - Fusion of the pelvic bones in the adults

B. Infraorder Ceratosauria Coelophysis = “hollow form” - 0.8-3.1 meters long Oldest ceratosaur Late Triassic of North America - New Mexico Well known (100’s of individuals)

Coelophysis

Coelophysis

B. Infraorder Ceratosauria Dilophosaurus = “two crested lizard” 2 crests on the head – Crests common to ceratosaurs Jurassic of North America and China 5-7 meters

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Dilophosaurus

Dilophosaurus

B. Infraorder Ceratosauria Ceratosaurus = “horned lizard” Pair of horns on the nasal bone Jurassic of North America 5-7 meters

B. Infraorder Ceratosauria Carnotaurus = “carnivorous bull” Horns above orbits Cretaceous of Argentina 7.5 meters

Ceratosaurus

Carnotaurus

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Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae – “stiff tail” Maxillary fenestra Tooth row does not extend past the antorbital fenestra Skull is short and narrow from side to side

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae Orbit is higher & smaller than the antorbital fenestra Heavy crests over the orbits Mandibular fenestra is reduced

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4 Groups Family Megalosauridae Family Allosauridae Carcharodontosaurids Clade Maniraptorifomres

Suborder Theropoda

Megalosaurus

II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 1. Family Megalosauridae Megalosaurus = “big lizard”- mid Jurassic, Europe

9 meters long

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Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 2. Family Allosauridae Allosaurus = “different lizard” - Late Jurassic of North America - 12 meters long

Allosaurus Allosaurus

Allosaurus

“Saurophaganax” = Allosaurus

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“Saurophaganax” = Allosaurus

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 3. Carcharodontosaurids Radiated worldwide Large carnivores Carcharodontosaurus = “shark-tooth lizard” 1.5m skull!

Carcharodontosaurus

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes = “hand thief shape” Share many derived characters with birds Elongate metacarpal III - reduced metacarpal I Modified caudal vertebrae Downwardly directed pubis Absence of the fourth trochanter on the femur

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes Compsognathus “delicate jaw” 3.5 kg. and 60 cm long

Compsognathus

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Suborder Theropoda

Deinonychus

II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes a. Family Dromaeosauridae – have sickle claw Deinonychus – “terrible claw” 3 meters long and about 1 meter high

Deinonychus

Deinonychus

Pack Hunting by Deinonychus?

Deinonychus

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Deinonychus Deinonychus

Deinonychus

Deinonychus

Velociraptor “speedy raider/thief” - 1.8 meters long (about 0.6 meters tall!)

Deinonychus (top skull) and Velociraptor (bottom)

Protoceratops vs. Velociraptor Protoceratops vs. Velociraptor

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Velociraptor

Velociraptor

Velociraptor

Velociraptor

Utahraptor – “Thief of Utah”

Microraptor 0.5 m – early K of China

5-7 meters long North America

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Microraptor (Dromaeosaur) Glider?

Microraptor

Microraptor

Suborder Theropoda

Oviraptor

II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes b. Family Oviraptoridae Oviraptor – “egg raider/thief” ???

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Oviraptor

Oviraptor – “egg raider/thief” ??? Bum rap?

Oviraptor – “egg raider/thief” ??? Bum rap….Yes!

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes

c. Arctometatarsalia – “Narrow column foot” 3 Families – All share: three central metatarsals are triangular in cross section and compressed - metatarsal III often does not articulate with the astragalus

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes

Tyrannosaurus - Up to 14 meters long - Short forelimbs - Extra joint on the mandible = wider gape

c. Arctometatarsalia - 3 Families 1. Family Tyrannosauridae Late Cretaceous of North America & Asia Tyrannosaurus = “tyrant lizard”

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Tyrannosaurus (left) and Dromaeosaur (right)

Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus

Tyrannosaurus

Sue (Tyrannosaurus rex)

Sue (T. rex)

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Sue (T. rex)

Sue (T. rex)

Sue (T. rex)

Sue (T. rex)

Skull of Sue (Tyrannosaurus rex) - Larson Brothers

Was Sue really female? – problems with negative evidence…

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Tyrannosaurus Hunter or Scavenger?

Tyrannosaurus Hunter or Scavenger? Large olfactory bulbs

Tyrannosaurus Hunter or Scavenger?

Tyrannosaurus Hunter or Scavenger?

Tyrannosaurus rex tooth Note serrations

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes

c. Arctometatarsalia - 3 Families 2. Family Troodontidae Late Cretaceous of North America & Mongolia Saurornithoides = “lizard bird form”

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Saurornithoides *Has been placed within the Dromaeosauridae by some workers

Long slender skull Binocular vision Large brain 3 functional digits only (metatarsal III is the longest)

Suborder Theropoda II. Advanced Theropods A. Infraorder Tetanurae 4. Clade Maniraptoriformes

c. Arctometatarsalia - 3 Families 3. Family Ornithomimidae Late Jurassic though Late Cretaceous Very bird like with long arms and legs Struthiomimus Ornithomimus Gallimimus

2 meters long

Family Ornithomimidae 1. Pelecanimimus polyodon 2. Harpymimus okladnikovi 3. Archaeornithomimus asiaticus 4. Archaeornithomimus bissektensis * 5. Garudimimus brevipes 6. Deinocheirus mirificus 7. Deinocheirus sp. * 8. Ornithomimus velox 9. Ornithomimus antiquus * 10. Ornithomimus edmontonicus * 11. Ornithomimus lonzeensis * 12. Ornithomimus sedens * 13. Sanchusaurus * 14. Orcomimus * 15. Gallimimus mongoliensis * 16. Gallimimus bullatus 17. Anserimimus planinychus * 18. Dromiceiomimus samueli * 19. Dromiceiomimus brevitertius 20. Struthiomimus altus

Struthiomimus

Struthiomimus = “ostrich mimic”

3.5 meters long (Late K of Alberta)

Ornithomimus = “bird mimic”

2.5-3 meters long Late K of North America

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Gallimimus = “Gallus or chicken mimic”

4-6 meters long (Mongolia)

Velociraptor!?

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