Idea Transcript
Architecting for IPv4Exhaustion & IPv6 Deployment in Broadband Networks
Arie Vayner, CCIE #12198 Solutions Architect Cisco Advanced Services
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IPv4 Exhaustion In Real Life
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The Key Challenge Global IPv4 address completion http://www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/index.html
Free pool of large IPv4 /8 blocks will expire sometime in 2011 timeframe
“Available IPv4 addresses dwindle below 10%”, January 2010 http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/011910-ipv4-addresses-dwindle.html
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The Plan An IPv6 Only Internet
IPv4 Free Pool
Size of the Internet
IPv6 Deployment Time
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The Reality IPv4 Pool Exhaustion
IPv4 Free Pool
Today
Size of the Internet
? IPv6 Deployment Time
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The Challenge Lack of End to End IPv6 Support
PSTN
ISP A
Dial
NAS Internet
DSL
DSLAM
BRAS
Enterprise
DOCSIS 3.0 Cable
Head-End
Data Center Access Ethernet 802.11
Video
Si
Mobile
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RAN
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The Challenge No direct IPv4 and IPv6 Interoperability IPv4 Hosts
IPv4-only Network
IPv6-only Hosts or Network
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The (Realistic) Solution Timeframe Public IPv4, Private IPv4, IPv6 Public IPv4
Public IPv4 Private IPv4
IPv6
Private IPv4
Services & Applications running over IPv6
IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence Infrastructure IPv6 Internet Preserve IPv4 Today
v4 run out
2010
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2012
Cisco Confidential
2020+
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The (Realistic) Solution Timeframe Public IPv4, Private IPv4, IPv6 Public IPv4
Public IPv4 Private IPv4
IPv6
Private IPv4
Services & Applications running over IPv6
IPv4/IPv6 Coexistence Infrastructure IPv6 Internet Preserve IPv4 Today
v4 run out
2010
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2012
Cisco Confidential
2020+
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Transition Technologies Spectrum of technologies
Today
Private IP/NAT
IPv4 over IPv6 over Dual-Stack IPv6 (DSIPv4 Lite) (6rd/6PE)
All IPv6 Business / Consumer
IP NGN
Prosper Prepare
Preserve
= IPv4 Presentation_ID
= Private IP
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= IPv6 Cisco Confidential
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When to Deploy IPv6?
RFC 5211: John Curran’s Internet Transition Plan for ISPs
2009 Preparation Phase: ISPs deploy a parallel IPv4+IPv6 service. ISPs and end users enable IPv6 access to their various servers.
2010 Transition Phase As users turn up IPv6, raise price of IPv4-only and IPv4+IPv6; introduce lower-price IPv6-only service.
2012 or Later Post-Transition Phase Turn down IPv4 when economics warrant.
Enterprise implication: Presume your ISP is doing this and act accordingly.
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We Are Starting to See Serious ISP IPV6 Deployment Commercial providers TATA, NTT, IIJ, and Space.Net have had IPv6 deployed for a while.
Free Telecom: 250,000+ IPv6 residential subscribers today. Others are coming on stream – and telling Cisco that they expect it to help them do so.
NRENS Many have deployed CERNET2: 100 universities connected IPv6-only.
Renater: throughout France. And so on.
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The Google Test Case An IETF Area Director challenged Google at the Vancouver IETF meeting in December 2007 to have IPv6 access to Google before they hosted the IETF in November 2008.
Ipv6.google.com was available for the March IETF meeting http://www.google.com was made available to “trusted sites” for the November meeting (Great job!) “Google over IPv6” program launched in Jan 2009 http://www.google.com/ipv6 “YouTube support of IPv6 seen in dramatic traffic spike”, February 2010 http://www.networkworld.com/news/2010/020110-youtubeipv6.html Presentation_ID
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IPv4 Exhaustion Mitigation Strategies
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Preferred Approach to Transition: RFC 4213 Dual-Stack Deployment
Solution: Hosts today are IPv4+IPv6:
IPv4+IPv6 Hosts
Windows Vista, Macintosh, Linux, BSD Not Windows XP Make the network IPv4+IPv6. When forced to deploy IPv6-only networks, they will be able to talk with other hosts.
IPv4+IPv6 Network
But… That depends on contract cycles, and we do have not enough time left to deploy dual-stack the way we would like. Presentation_ID
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IPv6-only Hosts or Network
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Native IPv6 and IPv4 dual stack Classic RFC 4213 solution Supported by most end hosts OSes
Does not solve IPv4 exhaust ; IPv4 shortage is expected before full deployment Can be easily combined with NAT44 to offer a solution, while allowing IPv6 deployment ramp-up.
NAT44
IPv4 Internet
IPv4 & IPv6
IPv4-Private IPv6-Public
Home Gateway
Access Node
BRAS
LSN
IPv6 Internet Presentation_ID
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Native IPv6 and IPv4 dual stack Broadband PPP Access
PPP Session
Dual-stack IPv6 and IPv4 supported over a shared PPP session with v4 and v6 NCPs running as ships in the night. Should not consume extra BRAS session state nor require Access-Node upgrades Note: Many PPPoE clients do not support IPv6
IPv4 IPv6
Broadband IPoE Access Form of supporting in “session” form remains to be determined. Possibilities include. -A Two session model, IPv4 and IPv6 independent sessions. -An L2 session model, IPv4 and IPv6 running on common L2/MAC session
VLAN IPv4 Session IPv6 Session L2 Session IPv4 IPv6
Mobile Access Four types of PDP/PDN contexts: PPP (legacy), IPv4, IPv6, new “IPv4v6” (introduced in 3GPP Rel 9) Dual-stack capable UEs are to request IPv4v6 PDN.
IPv4v6 PDN IPv4 IPv6
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Native IPv6 and IPv4 dual stack Pros
Cons
• Cost effective long term solution model
• Continuing to use public IPv4 doesn’t solve IPv4 exhaustion
• Supports legacy (IPv4) applications
• IPv6 alongside existing IPv4 infrastructure might cost extra in terms of opex and hardware changes
• Flexible: can be combined with NAT44 deployment for addressing IPv4 exhaustion
• Once services are on IPv6, IPv4 can simply be discontinued
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• In some forms of dual-stack deployments or implementations can lead to decreased network scalability
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Large Scale NAT44 (LSN44) Multiple customers multiplexed behind an SP managed NAT device (a Large Scale NAT)
Large Scale NAT44 • O(10G) throughput • O(10M) bindings
LSN44 multiplexes several customers onto the same public IPv4 address Each customer has unique private IPv4 address
•Transaction logging •Limited set of ALGs
AAA
NAT44
NAT44
IPv4 Internet
NAT
IPv4-Private
IPv4-Private Home Gateway
Access Node
BRAS
LSN
NAT44 can be deployed as centralized or distributed function.
CPE based NAT44 + LSN44 = NAT444 solution
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Large Scale NAT44 (LSN44) SP LSN NAT44
Pros
Cons
• ISPs can reclaim global IPv4 addresses from customers, replacing with non-routable private addresses and NAT • Addresses immediate IPv4 exhaust problem
• No change to subscriber CPE • No IPv4 re-addressing in home • Dense utilization of Public IP address/port combinations
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• SP NAT results in margin & competitive implications
• Does not solve address exhaust problem in the long term • Sharing IPv4 addresses could have user behavioral and liability implications • User control over NAT
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Native IPv6 and Large Scale AFT64 Deploy IPv6 only end-points
Use AFT64 to connect IPv6 end-points to Internet and legacy IPv4 user base NAT64
NAT
IPv4 Public
LSN64 IPv6 Public eNB
PDNGW
Serving Gateway
IPv6 Public
AFT64:= “stateful v6 to v4 translation” or “stateless IV-VI translation a.k.a IVI” See also draft-baker-behave-v4v6-framework, draft-bagnulo-behave-nat64, draft-bagnulo-behave-dns64, and related Presentation_ID
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NAT64/AFT64 Translation Framework Terminology
Stateful Each flow creates state in the translator. Supports only IPv6 host initiated communication Amount of state based on O(# of translations) N:1 mappings (like NAPT with NAT44)
Stateless Flow DOES NOT create any state in the translator
Algorithmic operation performed on packet headers 1:1 mappings (one IPv4 address used for each translation to an IPv6 host). For internet access public IPv4 address pool is required for each IPv6 host. Supports both IPv6 and IPv4 host initiated communication
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AFT64 Stateful Translators
•Any IPv6 address
•IPv6 addresses representing IPv4 hosts •“IPv4 Mapped” IPv6 Addresses •Format is: PREFIX (/96):IPv4 Portion: (optional Suffix)
NAT64
IPv6
IPv6 UE
PREFIX:: announced in IPv6 IGP
Stateful AFT64 • AFT keeps binding state between inner IPv6 address and outer IPv4+port (full cone) •NAT64 ALGs are still required
LSN IPv4 address IPv4 announced Public
NAT
LSN64
Responsible for Synthesizing IPv4-Mapped IPv6 addresses
N:1 Multiple IPv6 addresses map to single IPv4 “A” Records with IPv4 address
“AAAA” Records with synthesized Address: DNS64 PREFIX:IPv4 Portion
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AFT64 Stateless Translators •IPv6 addresses assigned to IPv6 hosts •“IPv4 Translatable” IPv6 addresses •Format is: PREFIX:IPv4 Portion:(SUFFIX)
•IPv6 addresses representing IPv4 hosts •“IPv4 Mapped” IPv6 Addresses •Format is: PREFIX:IPv4 Portion:(SUFFIX)
NAT64
IPv6
IPv6 UE
0::0 announced in IPv6 IGP
Stateful AFT64 • AFT keeps no binding state • IPv6 <-> IPv4 mapping computed Algorithmically •NAT64 ALGs are still required
ISP’s IPv4 LIR address IPv4 announced Public
NAT
Stateless LSN64
Responsible for Synthesizing IPv4-Mapped IPv6 addresses
1:1 Single IPv6 addresses map to single IPv4 “A” Records with IPv4 address
“AAAA” Records with synthesized Address: DNS64 PREFIX:IPv4 Portion:(SUFFIX)
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Native IPv6 and Large Scale AFT64 Pros
Cons
• Allows IPv6 only clients access to IPv4 content
• IPv6 services and applications offered natively to consumers • SP network runs IPv6 only, avoiding IPv4 support costs • Stateless technique can be used for IPv4 to IPv6 access
• Technical viability of IPv6 only service (IPv6 stack not enabled on all hosts) • Does not address IPv4 customer base • ALGs required • DNS infrastructure must be modified to support NAT64 • Operations & troubleshooting of transient issues • Stateful NAT has many of the same implications as NAT44
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IP Tunneling IPv4 Tunnel
IPv6
IPv6
IPv6 Tunnel
IPv4
IPv4
Retains end-end IP semantics In theory requires “touching” only tunnel end-points In practice, given today’s transition from IPv4 to IPv6 the different tunneling approaches represent different philosophies: IPv6 Services and IPv6 end-point enablement (IPv6 over IPv4) IPv4 Services and IPv6 as an SP transport (IPv4 over IPv6) Source: RFC3439 Presentation_ID
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Tunneling
IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) – IPv6 in IPv4 A form of v6/v4 which traverses v4 aggregation clouds
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5569 For IPv6 traffic destined for the Home, the 6rd Relay pulls the RG’s IPv4 from within the destination IPv6 address
For IPv6 traffic destined to a nearby 6rd user, the RG pulls the target IPv4 tunnel endpoint from within the destination IPv6 address
6rd Relay
RG IPv4 Address
6rd CPE
Residence’s IPv6 Subnet is constructed from:
ISP’s IPv6 Prefix + RG IPv4 Address /64
+ SLA /128
For IPv6 traffic destined to the backbone, the RG uses the destination IPv4 of the 6rd Relay.
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Tunneling
IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) – IPv6 in IPv4 LAN-Side:
WAN-Side:
Production Native IPv6 Service + Global or Natted IPv4
IPv6 via IPv4 Global or Natted IPv4
IPv6 + IPv4 Dual Stack
IPv4 SP Network
IPv6 Internet Access delivered to home, allowing IPv6 enabled applications and content to remain unaffected by IPv4 Exhaustion
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IPv6 in SP Network evolves at its own pace, with its own balance of costs and incentives CPE: 6rd lives here
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Tunneling IPv6 Rapid Deployment (6rd) – IPv6 in IPv4 Pros
Cons
• It enables a v6 service to a routed CPE user • IPv6 can traverse existing IPv4 infrastructure. No new access CAPEX to enable v6.
• Continuing to use public IPv4 doesn’t solve IPv4 exhaustion. Solution may need to be combined with NAT44.
• Derives IPv6 from IPv4 addresses, eliminating need for much of IPv6 OSS
• May require dedicated device in the architecture (BR).
• Efficient local routing of user-user traffic • Stateless = easier to operate • Easily combined with NAT44 to solve IPv4x. Decouples NAT44 from IPv6 deployment • Operational models of v4 and v6 are very similar
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Tunneling
Dual Stack Lite – IPv4 in IPv6 Tunneling IPv4 using IPv6 transport. Two common options allowed by: http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-softwiredual-stack-lite-02 Dual-stack Lite with NAT44 Tunnel from CPE is to a LSN NAT44 device. LSN NAT44 is stateful. No CPE NAT44
NAT44 or A+P Routing
Dual-stack Lite Address+Port (A+P) Tunnel is between CPE and A+P Router CPE is doing port restricted NAT44
CMTS
CPE
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Tunneling
Dual Stack Lite – LSN44 IPv6-only AAA and/or DHCP ds-lite NAT
IPv4-Private + IPv6 Dual Stack Customer
Route
IPv6 CPE
IPv6 CMTS/BNG (IPv6)
IPv6 + IPv4 IPv4-Public
DS-Lite LSN44
CPE configuration. 1.
ISP IPv6 Prefix (DHCPv6 or SLAAC assigned)
2.
DS-Lite Tunnel Gateway address (IPv6)
3.
CPE has a dummy IPv4 address (eg 0.0.0.1). NAT44 is disabled
All user sourced IPv4 traffic is routed by the CPE onto point-point ds-lite IPv6 tunnel towards LSN
LSN44 performs NAT44 function on each subscriber’s IPv6 tunnel.
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Tunneling
Dual Stack Lite – A+P DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 ds-lite +PNAT44 IPv4-Private + IPv6 Dual Stack Customer
IPv6 + IPv4
NAT
Same IPv4 address but different port
range
IPv4-Private + IPv6 Dual Stack Customer
IPv4-Public
IPv6 CMTS/BNG (IPv6)
DS-Lite A+P Router
NAT
CPE
CPE configuration. 1.
ISP IPv6 Prefix (DHCPv6 or SLAAC assigned)
2.
DS-Lite Tunnel Gateway address (IPv6)
3.
CPE is dynamically assigned a public IPv4 address and a restricted range of IPv4 ports. Port restricted NAT44 is enabled.
All user sourced IPv4 traffic is NAT’ed by the CPE into the restricted IPv4 port space and passed onto IPv6 tunnel
A+P Router performs per user IPv4 port range routing.
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Tunneling
Dual Stack Lite – IPv4 in IPv6 Pros
Cons
• In theory: Single IPv6 stack network operation streamlined by limited exposure to IPv4
• In practice: Operation of IPv4 stack in the network will still continue…
• Consumers can transition from IPv4 to IPv6 without being aware of any differences in the protocols
• …And it will need to change due to IPv6.
• “A+P” model retains user control of NAT44
• Requires full IPv6 production grade network. Works well for those already there • “LSN44” Model has remaining drawbacks of NAT44 model
• “A+P” model likely to have lower address saving characteristics
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IPv4 Exhaust Technologies Summary NAT44 IPv4 Depletion Countermeasure
Dual Stack
DS-Lite Tunneling
Yes
Yes
Limited
Full IPv6. IPv4 depends on the number of IPv4 addresses or NAT44
Yes/No : stateless/stateful
Full IPv6. IPv4 depends on the number of IPv4 addresses or NAT44
Depends on whether IPv6 is deployed to the end-points and NAT44
IPv6 Support
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Coexistence with IPv6
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Operational complexity
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Low
High
Troubleshooting complexity
Moderate
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
IPv4 NAT when connecting to server scalability concerns
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
IPv6 NAT when connecting to server scalability concerns
No
No
Yes (with stateful NAT). No With stateless
No
No
CPE Changes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Limited
No
Yes
No
Limited
Most readily available
IPv6 access network & support is required
IPv6 access network & support is required
Can be easy. No IPv6 support.
IPv6 access network & support is required
SP NAT ALG support Phase-in (for the existing IPv4 infrastructure)
Yes
6RD Tunneling Yes
Scalability
Yes
NAT64
Any deployment of IPv6 is a countermeasure for IPv4 exhaustion DS-Lite is sort of a countermeasure against IPv4 depletion, but it's main focus is for IPv4 address exhaustion in the providers access network Presentation_ID
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Real Life Operator Examples
Subtitle
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Current Operator’s Approaches Operator
Business Driver (besides IPv4x)
Europe DSL/FTTx
Position as innovation in the market + overcome inhouse application NAT development challenges
USA Cable
Mounting operational costs Operating dual due to private IPv4 exhaust. stack network not Maintain IPv4 user growth seen as viable continuity. Be ready to offer v6 service to customers.
IPv4 in IPv6 (Ds-lite) w/ NAT44
USA – DSL/FTTx
IPv4 user growth continuity past IPv4x along with incremental IPv6 readiness
NAT44 IPv6 in IPv4 (6rd)
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Constraints Access network not supporting IPv6
Limited resources available to enable IPv6
Exhaust Technologies IPv6 in IPv4 (6rd)
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Europe - DSL/FTTx Free - http://www.free.fr/ - is the most innovative Broadband SP in France Triple Play services for 30 euros/month, ADSL up to 20Mb/s, FTTH under deployment Including a large population of geeks
Support of IPv6 on the FreeBox was requested by users http://ipv6pourtous.free.fr/rani/
Free infrastructure includes IP aware DSLAM meaning they can’t get updated without a major cost impact Cisco core products are IPv6-Ready
Free has developed an innovative approach to offer IPv6 connectivity to their installed base, let’s call it “6rd” – Rapid Deployment New and innovative services will be offered using IPv6
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Free Telecom Deployment Timeline
• Nov 7, 2007 – Decision to Deploy 6rd • Nov 9, 2007 – Request IPv6 Prefix from RIPE • Nov 10, 2007 – Dual-Stack configured on Cisco CRS1, 6rd Prototype Ready in CE and BR • Dec 11, 2007 - “Opt-in” service made available to 3M subscribers, 250K sign up right away • March 2008 – Deployed “telesite” IPv6-only service to all 3M subscribers
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6rd Deployment IP-STB
Freebox DSLAM
Freebox ADSL
Up to 24Mbit/s
IP-STB
IPv4 only access & aggregation network
Freebox ADSL
Freebox DSLAM
6RD Gatewa y
Cat6500
IPv6 Internet CRS-1
IPv4 / IPv6 core network Cat6500
IP-STB
Freebox FTTH
CRS-1 100 Mbit/s
IPv4 / IPv6 access & Cat4500 aggregation FTTH Access network
IPv4 Internet
Native IPv6 IPv6 encapsulated in 6RD 39 Presentation_ID
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USA - Cable IPv6 enabled DOCSIS 3.0 CMTS and CPE
IPv6 initially used only for Cable Modem management CPE originated DS-Lite IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel to LSN44 CPE-to-LSN DS-lite CRS-1 C7609
IP/MPLS
IP/MPLS
D3 D3 modem Home G/W
LSN CRS-1
Backbone Network
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CRS-1
Regional Area Network
Cisco Confidential
M-CMTS
Access Hub
Access
Home
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USA – Wireline LSN + 6rd •Routed IPv6 6rd and IPv4 NAT CPE
•Agg1 & Agg2
Private IPv4 address. Global IPv6.
Subscriber VLAN termination. L2 security. IPv4 snooping
Multicast: IPv4 only now
VPLS IP v4 routing (unicast and multicast). IPv4 PBR.
• Access Node:
DHCP v4 relay.
1:1 VLAN to UNI
•IP Agg
IPv4 IGMP snooping for multicast
IPv6 and v4 routing.
DHCPv4 Option 82 insertion
Local service injection (VoD, etc). Internet access. (VHO) Carrier Grade NAT44 6rd Border Router Routed CPE
IP
dot1Q
Non Trunk UNI
HSI/VoIP
IPv4 & IPv6 STB MCast
Routed CPE
TV dot1Q
VPLS (no split horizon downstream)
IPv4
IPv4
NAT 44
Backbone
IPv6
Non Trunk UNI
6rd
IPv4
HSI/VoIP
IGMP
IP
dot1Q
PIM-SSM
STB
Subscriber
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AN
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Agg1
Agg2
IP Agg
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Summary
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Summary
Long term co-existence (transition) period is almost certain Not doing IPv6 increases the new service adoption risk and existing internet service costs over the long term. IPv6 is a long term solution to IPv4 exhaust.
Deploying IPv6 incrementally will be key
Risk of IPv4 exhaust before all services or content move to IPv6 is real. NAT44 provides a short term IPv4 exhaust solution that is relatively easy to adopt Presentation_ID
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Summary Multiple technology adoption scenarios IPv6 enabled endpoints
IPv4 address pool exhausted New end-systems deployment (handset/RG)
IPv4 enabled endpoints
IPv6 Internet (IPv6 only transport viable from a market perspective)
IPv6 only endpoints technically viable
Dual-Stack deployment
NAT64 6rd introduction
NAT46
Large Scale NAT (LSN) introduction
time
Exact adoption scenario is dictated by each operator’s IPv4x business drivers and constraints. Cisco offers a comprehensive technology toolset to enable the IPv6 transition– Cisco’s Carrier-Grade IPv6 Solution (CGv6) Presentation_ID
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Key Take Aways The Key Takeaways from this presentation are: • Primary business requirement: Maintain Internet Service • Choice made today lay down the technology adoption scenario for the future • IPv6 and NAT44 are not mutually exclusive. • Don’t be afraid of IPv6
•Start learning more •Start experimenting NOW
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